State Revolving Fund (SRF)

Project Plan

October 8, 2014

Project No.: 13-0156

Prepared For: The Village of Paw Paw, Michigan

Village of Paw Paw ● State Revolving Fund (SRF) Project Plan

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1

Overview ................................................................................................................... 2 1.2

Results ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.3

2.0 Project Background ..................................................................................................... 6

Study Area Characteristics ........................................................................................ 6 2.1

2.1.1 Delineation of Study Area .................................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Land Use in the Study Area ................................................................................. 6

2.1.3 Surface and Ground Waters ................................................................................ 8

Water Supply ............................................................................................... 11 2.1.3.1

Economic Characteristics ........................................................................................ 11 2.2

2.2.1 Major Employers ................................................................................................ 11

2.2.2 Income Levels .................................................................................................... 11

2.2.3 Growth Potential ................................................................................................ 12

Existing Facilities ..................................................................................................... 13 2.3

2.3.1 Wastewater Treatment Facility ........................................................................... 13

2.3.2 Residuals Management Plan ............................................................................. 13

2.3.3 Collection System .............................................................................................. 13

Collection System East of Maple Lake ......................................................... 13 2.3.3.1

Collection System West of Maple Lake ........................................................ 14 2.3.3.2

Collection System Age and General Characterization .................................. 15 2.3.3.3

2.3.4 Industrial Users .................................................................................................. 17

2.3.5 Primary Pump Stations ...................................................................................... 19

No. 1 Lift Station........................................................................................... 19 2.3.5.1

No. 2 Lift Station........................................................................................... 20 2.3.5.2

North Street (Hi-Lift) Lift Station ................................................................... 21 2.3.5.3

Maple Street Lift Station ............................................................................... 22 2.3.5.4

South Kalamazoo Street Lift Station ............................................................. 23 2.3.5.5

2.3.6 Other Lift Stations .............................................................................................. 23

Need for the Project ................................................................................................. 24 2.4

2.4.1 Compliance Status ............................................................................................. 24

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2.4.2 Orders ................................................................................................................ 30

2.4.3 Water Quality Problems ..................................................................................... 30

2.4.4 Projected Needs for the Next 20 Years .............................................................. 30

2.4.5 Flow Data .......................................................................................................... 31

2.4.6 Future Environment without the Proposed Project ............................................. 32

Population Data. ...................................................................................................... 33 2.5

Environmental Setting .............................................................................................. 33 2.6

2.6.1 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................ 33

2.6.2 The Natural Environment ................................................................................... 34

Climate ......................................................................................................... 34 2.6.2.1

Air Quality .................................................................................................... 34 2.6.2.2

Wetlands ...................................................................................................... 35 2.6.2.3

Coastal Zones .............................................................................................. 35 2.6.2.4

Floodplains ................................................................................................... 35 2.6.2.5

Natural or Wild and Scenic Rivers ................................................................ 35 2.6.2.6

Major Surface Water .................................................................................... 35 2.6.2.7

Parks and Recreational Facilities ................................................................. 35 2.6.2.8

Topography Geology and Soils .................................................................... 39 2.6.2.9

Agricultural Resources ............................................................................ 39 2.6.2.10

Endangered or Threatened Species ........................................................ 39 2.6.2.11

Collection System Evaluation .................................................................................. 41 2.7

2.7.1 Infiltration and Inflow Study ................................................................................ 41

2.7.2 Rainfall ............................................................................................................... 42

2.7.3 Historical Data ................................................................................................... 42

2.7.4 Flow Monitoring Data ......................................................................................... 43

Dry Weather Flow ........................................................................................ 45 2.7.4.1

Wet Weather Flow ........................................................................................ 47 2.7.4.2

2.7.5 Analysis ............................................................................................................. 47

2.7.6 Hydraulic Model ................................................................................................. 50

Model Development And Calibration ............................................................ 50 2.7.6.1

Capacity Analysis ......................................................................................... 52 2.7.6.2

2.7.7 Collection System Alternatives ........................................................................... 54

Transport and Treat ..................................................................................... 54 2.7.7.1

Inflow Removal ............................................................................................ 54 2.7.7.2

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Storage ........................................................................................................ 54 2.7.7.3

2.7.8 Sanitary Sewer Evaluation Study (SSES) .......................................................... 55

Collection System Mapping .......................................................................... 55 2.7.8.1

Smoke Testing ............................................................................................. 55 2.7.8.2

Internal Inspection ........................................................................................ 59 2.7.8.3

Dye Testing and Illicit Connection Investigation ........................................... 68 2.7.8.4

3.0 Analysis of alternatives...............................................................................................71

Identification of Potential Alternatives ...................................................................... 71 3.1

3.1.1 No Action ........................................................................................................... 71

3.1.2 Regional Alternatives ......................................................................................... 71

3.1.3 Analysis of Principal Alternatives ....................................................................... 71

Facilities with Structural or Functional Deficiencies ...................................... 71 3.1.3.1

Transport and Treat Option .......................................................................... 76 3.1.3.2

Off-line Storage ............................................................................................ 76 3.1.3.3

I/I Removal and Lift Station Rerouting .......................................................... 77 3.1.3.4

3.1.4 The Monetary Evaluation ................................................................................... 78

Lifecycle Cost Breakdowns .......................................................................... 80 3.1.4.1

Summary of Lifecycle Cost Analyses ........................................................... 87 3.1.4.2

3.1.5 Staging Construction .......................................................................................... 87

4.0 Selected Alternative ....................................................................................................88

Description of the Selected Alternative .................................................................... 88 4.1

4.1.1 Structurally Deficient Pipe Projects .................................................................... 88

4.1.2 Lift Station Projects ............................................................................................ 89

4.1.3 I/I Removal and Rerouting ................................................................................. 89

Relevant Design Parameters ................................................................................... 90 4.2

Special Assessment District Projects ....................................................................... 90 4.3

Project Maps ............................................................................................................ 90 4.4

Sensitive Features ................................................................................................... 90 4.5

Mitigation of Environmental Impacts ........................................................................ 90 4.6

Schedule for Design and Construction ..................................................................... 91 4.7

Cost Summary ......................................................................................................... 93 4.8

Authority to Implement Selected Alternative............................................................. 93 4.9

User Costs ............................................................................................................... 93 4.10

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5.0 Evaluation of Environmental Impacts ........................................................................94

General .................................................................................................................... 94 5.1

5.1.1 Historical/Archealogical ...................................................................................... 94

5.1.2 Geological .......................................................................................................... 94

5.1.3 Cultural/Social .................................................................................................... 94

5.1.4 Recreational ....................................................................................................... 94

5.1.5 Water Quality/Surface Water ............................................................................. 95

5.1.6 Air Quality .......................................................................................................... 95

5.1.7 Wetlands/Coastal Zones/Floodplains ................................................................. 95

Wetlands ...................................................................................................... 95 5.1.7.1

Coastal Zones .............................................................................................. 95 5.1.7.2

Floodplains ................................................................................................... 95 5.1.7.3

5.1.8 Construction Impacts ......................................................................................... 95

5.1.9 Natural or Wild and Scenic Rivers ...................................................................... 96

5.1.10 Endangered Species .......................................................................................... 96

5.1.11 Prime and Unique Agricultural Land ................................................................... 96

5.1.12 Construction Material/Energy Consumption ....................................................... 96

5.1.13 Accidents ........................................................................................................... 96

5.1.14 Land Use ........................................................................................................... 97

Environmental Effects of the Selected Plan ............................................................. 97 5.2

5.2.1 Primary Environmental Impacts ......................................................................... 97

5.2.2 Secondary Environmental Impacts ..................................................................... 97

5.2.3 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts and Mitigative Measures .................................... 98

5.2.4 Relationship Between Local Short-Term Uses of The Environment And The

Maintenance of Long-Term Productivity ........................................................................ 99

5.2.5 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources .................................. 99

6.0 Public Participation .....................................................................................................99

Public Hearing Advertisement .................................................................................. 99 6.1

Public Hearing Transcript ......................................................................................... 99 6.2

Comments Received and Answered ........................................................................ 99 6.3

7.0 Adoption of Project Plan .............................................................................................99

Village of Paw Paw ● State Revolving Fund (SRF) Project Plan

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List of Figures

Figure 1: Study Area Map ......................................................................................................... 5

Figure 2: Existing Land Use Map .............................................................................................. 7

Figure 3: Basement Limitations within the Study Area ............................................................... 9

Figure 4: Depth to Ground Water Table ...................................................................................10

Figure 5: Wastewater Collection System Map ..........................................................................18

Figure 6: Existing Lift Stations ..................................................................................................25

Figure 7: Existing Wetlands and Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...........................................36

Figure 8: Existing Floodplains ..................................................................................................37

Figure 9: USGS Soil Survey Map .............................................................................................40

Figure 10: Flow Meter Locations ...............................................................................................46

Figure 11: Sites 5 & 10 vs. Site 4 Comparison .........................................................................48

Figure 12: Site 6 vs. Site 5 Comparison ...................................................................................48

Figure 13: Site 7 vs. Site 6 Comparison ...................................................................................49

Figure 14: Site 8 vs. Site 7 Comparison ...................................................................................49

Figure 15: Site 10 vs. Site 4 Comparison .................................................................................50

Figure 16: Component of RTK hydrograph ...............................................................................51

Figure 17: Total RTK Hyrdrograph ...........................................................................................52

Figure 18: Smoke Testing Results ...........................................................................................60

Figure 19: CCTV Inspection Plan .............................................................................................62

Figure 20: CCTV Results ..........................................................................................................63

Figure 21: Roof and Basement Investigation .............................................................................70

Figure 22: Proposed Collection System Improvements .............................................................92

Village of Paw Paw ● State Revolving Fund (SRF) Project Plan

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List of Tables

Table 1: 1997 The Village of Paw Paw Land Use ...................................................................... 7

Table 2: Major Employers ........................................................................................................11

Table 3: 2010 Village of Paw Paw Median Annual Household Income (MAHI) .........................12

Table 4: Known Collection System Issues ................................................................................17

Table 5: Lift Station Summary Table ........................................................................................19

Table 6: Lift Station Capacity Summary ...................................................................................19

Table 7: WWTP Flow Estimates - Existing ...............................................................................31

Table 8: WWTP Daily Flow Estimates - Future .........................................................................32

Table 9: Population Projections ................................................................................................33

Table 10: Paw Paw Historic Sites.............................................................................................33

Table 11: Parks and Recreation Facilities ................................................................................38

Table 12: Rainfall Data during Study Period .............................................................................42

Table 13: Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) Events ...................................................................43

Table 14: Dry Weather Flow Data ............................................................................................45

Table 15: Wet Weather Flow Data ...........................................................................................47

Table 16: 25 Year, 24-Hour Flow Projections ...........................................................................53

Table 17: Smoke Testing Results: Sources of Inflow and Infiltration ........................................55

Table 18: Smoke Testing Results: Cleanout Cap Sources of Inflow .........................................58

Table 19: Sanitary Sewer Pipeline Continuity ...........................................................................58

Table 20: Illicit Connections ......................................................................................................68

Table 21: Life Cycle Cost Parameters ......................................................................................78

Table 22: Cost Effective Analysis: Initial Project and Lifetime Cost Summary ...........................79

Table 23: Lifecycle Cost Analysis: North Street (Hi-Lift) Lift Station Reconstruction ..................80

Table 24: Lifecycle Cost Analysis: North Street (Hi-Lift) Lift Station Rehabilitation ....................81

Table 25: Lifecycle Cost Analysis - Transport and Treat Components ......................................82

Table 26: Lifecycle Cost Analysis - Transport and Treat Summary ...........................................83

Table 27: Lifecycle Cost Analysis - Offline Storage Components ..............................................84

Table 28: Lifecycle Cost Analysis - Offline Storage Summary ...................................................85

Table 29: Lifecycle Cost Analysis - I/I Removal and Rerouting Components and Summary ......86

Table 30: Anticipated Project Construction Schedule ...............................................................91

Table 31: Selected Project Alternatives .....................................................................................93

Table 32: Construction Impacts of Proposed Projects ..............................................................96

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List of Appendices

Appendix A: .................................................. Village of Paw Paw – NPDES Permit and Letter

Appendix B: ......................................................... Population Data for the Village of Paw Paw

Appendix C: ................................................................... Housing Data for Van Buren County

Appendix D: ............................................................... Wastewater Treatment Plan Flow Data

Appendix E: .................................................................................... Recent Overflow Records

Appendix F: ............................................................... Summary of Weather in the Study Area

Appendix G: ................................................................................................... Air Quality Data

Appendix H: ..................................................................................................... Model Profiles

Appendix I: ............................................................................................... System Schematics

Appendix J ...................................................................................................... Cost Estimates

Appendix K .............................................................................. Public Hearing Documentation

List of Abbreviations/Acronyms

CCTV ............................................................................................. Closed-Circuit Television

cfs ............................................................................................... Cubic Feet Per Second

CSO .......................................................................................... Combined Sewer Overflow

ft .....................................................................................................................Foot/Feet

gpcd ........................................................................................ Gallons Per Capita Per Day

gpd .......................................................................................................... Gallons Per Day

gph ......................................................................................................... Gallons Per Hour

gpm ...................................................................................................... Gallons Per Minute

I/I .......................................................................................................... Inflow/Infiltration

MDEQ ........................................................... Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

mgd ............................................................................................... Million Gallons Per Day

NPDES........................................................ National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

O&M ........................................................................................ Operation and Maintenance

SRF .................................................................................................. State Revolving Fund

SSES ................................................................................ Sanitary Sewer Evaluation Study

WWTP ....................................................................................... Wastewater Treatment Plant

Village of Paw Paw ● State Revolving Fund (SRF) Project Plan

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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION 1.1

The Village of Paw Paw is located in Southwestern Michigan in the eastern portion of Van

Buren County. The majority of the village is located north of I-94 with a small section south of

the interstate. The main downtown area is located near the intersection of Red Arrow Highway

(Michigan Avenue) and M-40 (Kalamazoo Avenue). The South and East Branches of the Paw

Paw River River flow through the Village and join just upstream of Maple Lake. A location map

is shown in Figure 1.

The Village of Paw Paw owns and operates its municipal wastewater sewer collection system.

Areas outside the Village boundaries that also are served by the Village collection system

include sections of Antwerp and Paw Paw Townships. All areas served by Paw Paw’s

wastewater collection systems are located within Van Buren County. The Village of Paw Paw,

along with the adjoining sewered townships, discharges their wastewater to lagoon system

located southwest of the village. Discharge from this facility is directed toward irrigation of

adjoining fields.

The Village is engaging in a comprehensive study to address issues within the collection system

that lead to elevated wet weather flows and utilize system capacity that could otherwise be

available to allow expansion of service and growth. The last documented study, performed in

1978 is out of date. This study will be the first undertaken in 35 years on a system that is

approaching 90 years old in certain areas. It was funded through an S2 Grant from the

Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ). Completion of this study by April 2016

satisfies the terms outlined in the grant award, provided the Village proceeds with construction

within two years of construction loan approval.

The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the condition of the Village’s existing

sanitary sewer system, identify excess wet weather flow and other system issues, and evaluate

alternative methods for cost effective improvements. Wet weather flow or Rainfall-Derived

Inflow and Infiltration (RDII) represents the flow that exceeds normal dry weather flow within the

wastewater collection system. RDII is of particular interest for separate wastewater collection

systems because this excess flow can lead to Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO) Events, backups,

and increased costs to pump and treat the resulting flow. RDII is divided into two key

components, Inflow and Infiltration, defined below:

Inflow is water that enters the wastewater collection system through direct physical connections.

These connections can include catch basins, vented manhole covers, roof drains, open

cleanouts, footing drains, and non-wastewater (groundwater)sump pumps.

Infiltration is water that enters the ground before entering the collection system through defects

in the pipes or manholes. These defect typically include, cracked pipes, leaky or defective pipe

joints, leaky manholes, and improper sealing at manhole connections.

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OVERVIEW 1.2

The study involved a comprehensive research, mapping, and inspection of the existing

wastewater collection system. Abonmarche utilized existing maps and incorporated record

drawings related to recent construction projects. The map was further supplemented with GPS

Survey information of the major collectors to provide the necessary accuracy for flow modeling

and capacity analysis.

A sewer metering plan was developed to effectively monitor and quantify average daily, dry

weather and wet weather flows at various points in the system. The network of meters allowed

the system to be evaluated for its flow capacity and the presence of Rainfall Derived Inflow and

Infiltration (RDII) during wet weather. This metering commenced in Spring 2013 and ran

through Fall 2013. A map of the meter layout is shown in Figure 10.

Next, Abonmarche was able to commence field investigations and testing to search out and

identify wastewater collection system defects. All lift stations were inspected for condition and

operating capacity. The entire collection system north of I-94 was smoke tested to identify

physical defects that would permit direct inflow of storm water. These defects were found to

include cross-connections to the storm sewer catch basins, open or leaky sewer manholes, and

missing caps that would allow surface water runoff to enter the wastewater system.

As preliminary metering results became available, they were used to target areas of the system

that exhibited significant response to wet weather. These areas were cleaned and inspected

with video televising equipment and their condition was rated using National Association of

Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO) Pipeline Assessment & Certification Program (PACP).

Structurally deteriorated pipes were identified for corrective action (Figure 20). Pipes exhibiting

potential for infiltration of groundwater were identified, and this information was used to

determine the potential for infiltration removal. The targeted areas were subjected to additional

field inspection using tracer dye and internal basement investigation to identify potential sources

of wet weather inflow (Figure 21).

The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) requires modeling the wastewater

collection system’s response during a theoretical 25-year 24- hour storm event. The final

results of flow metering were utilized to model the sewer system and evaluate the capacity of

the main collectors and lift stations compared to anticipated flows. System defects and capacity

limitations were used to develop options for corrective action. Per the MDEQ’s requirements

the consequences and costs related to No Action are evaluated against Capacity Improvements

(Transport and Treat), Offline Storage, and I/I elimination projects to determine the most cost

effective plan to address issues identified during the study.

RESULTS 1.3

The system is quite old and has been very well-maintained in order for it to be cost-effectively

operated for many years. As is common with aging systems, the time and cost associated with

this effort will continue to grow in an effort to simply maintain the current level of service.

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During the course of our study, we were able to look where Village crews were not and model

the system based upon current MDEQ standards. Therefore, our study identified several

sections of the Village’s Wastewater Collection System in need of rehabilitation or

reconstruction in order to provide reliable service to the public and avoid potential system

failures. These necessary structural improvements consist of the following:

Michigan Avenue Sewer Rehabilitation from Gremps Street to Van Buren Street

Gremps Street Sewer Reconstruction from Michigan Avenue to Pine Street and St.

Joseph Street

Niles Street Sewer Rehabilitation from St.Joseph Street to Elm Street

South Kalamazoo Street Sewer Rehabilitation

Cedar Street Sewer Reconstruction from Gremps Street to Kalamazoo Street

Oak Street Sewer Reconstruction from Gremps Street to Kalamazoo Street

Lagrave Street Sewer Reconstruction from Oak Street to St. Joseph Street

No. 1 Lift Station Partial Force Main Replacement

During the assessment of the lift stations, we noted several of these facilities are exhibiting

deterioration associated with age. These issues, detailed in the full report, wequire the following

action:

No. 1 Lift Station Improvements

South Kalamazoo Lift Station Replacement

Lakeview Terrace Lift Station Replacement

Lilac Street Control Panel and Telemetry Upgrade

Identifying and addressing excess flows due to RDII was a key part of the work performed as

part of this study. Modeling identified capacity shortfalls at No. 2 Lift Station and the North

Street (Hi-Lift) Lift Stations and in the gravity sewers on Gremps Street, Davis Street, and North

Kalamazoo Street. Comparing Lift Station No. 2 to the flow meter on Kalamazoo Street at the

Village limit, we noted the Village Contributes 74.5% of the flow to this lift station during dry

weather with the township contributing the remaining 25.5%. During wet weather we observed

that the sewers and inverted siphon between these two locations create a throttling effect such

that the flows at the lift station are less than those observed at the Village Limits. This makes it

difficult to predict the relative utilization of this station between township and village during wet

weather. Elsewhere in the system, high peaking factors observed during wet weather suggest

inflow related issues. Several alternatives were studied to determine their relative capital and

lifecycle costs. These included:

Capacity Improvements – This option would require significant capacity improvements to

Lift Stations and Significant Sections of gravity sewer along North Kalamazoo Street

Offline Storage - This alternative requires acquisition of real estate for the construction of

a 120,000 gallon off-line storage facility and pumping station to attenuate peak flows.

I/I Elimination – Addresses I/I through rehabilitation of leaking pipes, installation of inflow

countermeasures and removal of illicit connections. In combination with these removal

projects, this option proposes the rerouting of the North Street/Hi-Lift Lift Station to

Village of Paw Paw ● State Revolving Fund (SRF) Project Plan

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discharge its flow west of Maple Lake rather than the capacity-constrained sewers

flowing north on Kalamazoo Street and around Maple Lake to No. 2 Lift Station.

Based on our current flow and cost estimates, we believe I/I Elimination will be the most cost

effective solution to address capacity issues resulting from RDII associated with a 25-year 24-

hour storm event.

The total cost of the recommended improvements is $7,106,232.41. These improvements

would be expected to have a 50-year design life, putting the Village in good shape for many

years to come. It is expected that the final project plan will be submitted to MDEQ for inclusion

on the Project Priority List for funding at 2.0% over 20-years. The total impact of this would

average $ 10.25 per capita/month for rate payers. The specific approach to the new rate

structure is still to be determined.