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Leonid Gokhberg
STATE UNIVERSITY – HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICSSTATE UNIVERSITY – HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
Russian National Innovation System:Russian National Innovation System:Russian National Innovation System:
Trends and PoliciesTrends and PoliciesTrends and Policies
NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS OF BRICS COUNTRIES PROJECTOF BRICS COUNTRIES PROJECTOF BRICS COUNTRIES PROJECT
2
Outline
The Soviet NIS model
Contemporary NIS• Innovation activity• R&D trends
Policy challenges• The New Economy goals• Reform directions
First steps towards the innovative economy
• Budgetary reform• Priority setting• New human resources programme
3
The Soviet NIS Model
Influenced by:• political and military objectives• considerations of international prestige• imbalanced sectoral structure of the national
economy
Centrally planned
Resource-based vs. goal-oriented growth
Poor emphasis on economic payoff of S&T
Lack of efficient adjustment mechanisms
Consequences:• Strategy of the entire front of R&D and oversized
R&D base• Disproportions in the disciplinary structure of R&D
Engineering >70% of R&D totals• Lack of resources in perspective S&T fields (life
science, ICT, etc.)
4
General R&D Trends in the Transition Period
Influenced by:• Changes in political and social objectives• Formation of market economy grounds• Economic recession, budget deficit, low
investment activity• Disintegration of the USSR• Unstable political situation• Integration into the world economy
Consequences:• Decrease in budget R&D appropriations• Lack of industry demand for R&D• Low compensation and prestige of R&D
employment• Discontinued intra-USSR partnerships• Decentralisation of decision-making• Development of international S&T co-operation
5
National Innovation System in Russia
PresidentPresident Executive Council for ScienceExecutive Council for Science,,Technology and EducationTechnology and Education
GovernmentGovernment Federal AssemblyFederal Assembly
Parliamentary Committee for Parliamentary Committee for Education and ScienceEducation and Science
Ministry for Education and Ministry for Education and ScienceScience
Other Other ministriesministries
Committee of the Federal Committee of the Federal Assembly for ScienceAssembly for Science,, CultureCulture,,EducationEducation,, Health and EcologyHealth and Ecology
Federal Service for Science and Federal Service for Science and InnovationInnovation
Federal Service for EducationFederal Service for Education
Federal Service for Intellectual Federal Service for Intellectual PropertyProperty ,, Patents and Trademarks Patents and Trademarks
Federal Service for Control and Federal Service for Control and Supervision of Education and ScienceSupervision of Education and Science
Regional boards for science and Regional boards for science and educationeducation
Regional Executive BodiesRegional Executive Bodies
State State ActorsActors FinancialFinancial ActorsActors
Russian Foundation for Russian Foundation for Technology DevelopmentTechnology Development
Sectoral andSectoral and nonnon--budgetary foundationsbudgetary foundationsState foundationsState foundations
Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research
Russian Foundation for HumanitiesRussian Foundation for Humanities
Russian Foundation for Assistance to Small Russian Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative EnterprisesInnovative Enterprises
Venture foundationsVenture foundations
Infrastructure InstitutionsInfrastructure Institutions Centers forCenters for S&TS&T informationinformation Centers for technology transferCenters for technology transfer Centers for Centers for technology and technology and
innovationinnovationTechnoparksTechnoparks,, incubatorsincubators, , consultingconsulting, , marketing and training marketing and training ffirmsirms ScienceScience cities and special economic zonescities and special economic zones
Knowledge InstitutionsKnowledge Institutions
Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Academy of Sciences
Branch State AcademiesBranch State Academies
HEIsHEIs IndustrialIndustrial R&DR&D institutionsinstitutions
State research centersState research centers
Private Sector Private Sector ActorsActors
EnterprisesEnterprises Concerns and associationsConcerns and associations
Industrial financial groupsIndustrial financial groupsNGOsNGOs
6
Innovation Activity in Industry, %
16.317.3
19.5
5.6 5.24.7 5
6.2
10.69.6 9.8
10.310.5
9.3 9.4
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
7
Innovating Enterprises in Industry by Economic Activity: 2005, %
9.35.6
84.3
6.12.6 3.3
31.4
23.5
10.7 9.311.9
13.5
26.823.8
8.2
3.4 4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1. Total2. Mining3. Food, beverages & tobacco4. Textiles & wearing5. Leather & shoes6. Wood7. Paper & printing8. Coke & petrol9. Chemicals10. Rubber & plastic products
11. Other non-metallic mineral products12. Basic metals, fabricated metal
products13. Machinery & equipment14. Electrical equipment, electronics,
instruments15. Transport equipment16. Furniture, manufacturing n.e.c.17. Recycling18. Electricity, gas & water
8
Ranking of Innovation Objectives (Effects): 2006
2.3 2.2
1.81.5 1.4
1.6
2.32.0 2.1
1.61.8
2.11.8
2.2
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Product innovation1. Enlargement of product
range
Enlargement of new markets:2. Russia3. CIS countries4. EU/EFTA countries5. US and Canada6. Elsewhere7. Quality improvement
Process innovation8. Production
flexibility9. Increase in
production capacities
10. Reduction of labour costs
11. Reduction of material & energy costs
Market innovation12. Enlargement of
markets
All innovation13. Reduction of
environment pollution
14. Concordance with modern standards
9
Efficiency of Innovation:Low Competitiveness
²
²
²
²
²²
²
²
²
²
²35.6
47.4
58.3
38.5
27.031.5
48.8
22.8
37.7 37.6
0.91.21.42.22.32.83.13.43.95.06.4 7.0
Sw
eden
Ger
man
y
Fin
lan
d
Den
mar
k
Fran
ce
Au
stri
a
Ital
y
Gre
ece
Spai
n
Po
rtu
gal
Expenditure on technological innovation as a per cent of total salesInnovative products as a per cent of total sales
Rus
sia
²
10
Innovative vs. Non-Innovative Enterprises: 2006, %
0.50.52.32.3otherother
14.434.2Share of enterprises belonging to industrial groups
1.21.22.02.0EuropeanEuropean27.027.060.660.6nationalnational71.271.23535.2.2MarketsMarkets: : regionalregional18.521.3
Share of employees with a university degree
50.449.6Investment
52.048.0Sales
61.738.3Employment
90.69.4Number
NonNon--innovative innovative enterprisesenterprises
Innovative Innovative enterprisesenterprises
11
Policy Agenda:R&D Landscape in Russia
Research institutes – a principal form of R&D organisation~ 63% of R&D personnel (55% in 1990)
R&D-performing institutions by type
255255449449Industrial enterprisesIndustrial enterprises
417417453453Higher education institutionsHigher education institutions
5858593593Construction project and exploration Construction project and exploration organisationsorganisations
482482937937Design Design organisationsorganisations
2049204917621762Research institutesResearch institutes
3622362246464646TotalTotal
2006200619901990
12
Russian Science: Lack of Correspondence Between Demands of Business Sector and Society (% of GERD)
Priorities
24.724.735.435.4Industrial developmentIndustrial development
General advancement of knowledgeGeneral advancement of knowledge
EnvironmentEnvironment
HealthHealth 2.02.03.23.2
0.90.91.61.6
12.512.5
19941994
21.021.0
20062006
Institutions
USAUSA
EUEU--2525
ChinaChina
RussiaRussia
50501212 [1 [1 billionbillion $]$]272719901990
141422226464
21211010 [11.5 [11.5 billionbillion $]$]686820052005
1717
4 4 [0.97 billion[0.97 billion $]$]
UniversitiesUniversities
6969
66
EnterprisesEnterprises
1414
9090
Research institutesResearch institutes
13
R&D Personnel
819888
1061
391426519
442 387 354
7475101
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1995 2000 2006
Total
Researchers
Supporting staff
Technicians
Thousand
Supporting and other auxiliary personnel: 43%R&D personnel without a university degree: 38%
14
Transition Towardsthe Innovative Economy
Conception of a Long-Term Development – 2020
Institutions
1212--131366--77LLabour productivityabour productivity growth rates, %growth rates, %
Share of innovative products in total sales, %Share of innovative products in total sales, %
Share of highShare of high--tech sectors in value added, %tech sectors in value added, % 1818--20201010
2020--303066
20072007 20202020
Large enterprisesLarge enterprisesSmall firmsSmall firms
Government fundingGovernment fundingPrivate capital / venturesPrivate capital / ventures
Institutional barriersInstitutional barriersNetworkingNetworking
R&DR&DInnovationInnovation
Integration of institutions / policiesIntegration of institutions / policies
Companies / universitiesCompanies / universities
Nations Nations –– leaders of the New leaders of the New EconomyEconomy
Research institutesResearch institutes
Fragmented policiesFragmented policies
RussiaRussia
15
Transition Towardsthe New Economy
Orientation towards innovation in all domains of social and economic policy
Goals for the transition period
New Generation –Innovation Policy
From the Strategy of Development of Science and Innovationto the Strategy of Innovative Development
Launch of innovation in all sectors• including low-tech and services• local innovation• organisational and marketing innovations
Breeding of agents for innovation• Large companies-drivers• Medium enterprises: incremental innovation• Regional clusters• Small innovative enterprises
Creation of innovative culture
16
Creating the Innovation Economy: Directions of Reforms
Improving quality and increasing
supply from the S&T sector
Improving quality and increasing
supply from the S&T sector
Stimulation ofdemand for technologies
and innovation in theeconomy
Stimulation ofdemand for technologies
and innovation in theeconomy
Humancapital
development
Humancapital
development
² Efficient innovation² Support to the leaders² Complexity of reforms² Speed of reforms
² Efficient innovation² Support to the leaders² Complexity of reforms² Speed of reforms
• Government R&D sector reform
• Resources allocation:
- priorities
- centers of excellence
• Support to networks
• Government R&D sector reform
• Resources allocation:
- priorities
- centers of excellence
• Support to networks
• Promotion of market competition
• Support to innovators
• Innovation in the public sector
• Innovation infrastructure
• Promotion of market competition
• Support to innovators
• Innovation in the public sector
• Innovation infrastructure
• Education sector reform• Provision of an efficient contract, r ecovery of motivation
for scientists / teachers• Attraction and retention of young scientists
• Education sector reform• Provision of an efficient contract, r ecovery of motivation
for scientists / teachers• Attraction and retention of young scientists
Reform roadmap needed
17
Challenges for National S&T Policy
Institutional change• Centers of excellence: national research labs,
research universities (= incoming mobility centers)• Integration of science and education• Evaluation
IPR and technology commercialization
Involvement and adaptation of talents• Public prestige of scientific occupations• Incentives for university graduates
Career opportunities• Important target: age group 30-39• Replacement of inefficient scholars
Active role in international co-operation• Association to EU Framework RTD programmes
18
Increasing Budgetary Funding Efficiency
Structure of financing under limited resources• Institutional financing (e.g. leading universities),
projects, grants• Support of new institutional models (national
research centers, research universities, research and education centers, centers of excellence)
• Priorities• Long-term projects financing• System of grants
Peer review / evaluation
Non-public fund rising
19
Revision of S&T Priorities
Contribution to accelerating GDP growth and enhancing competitiveness of Russia’s national economyCapacity for enhancing Russia’s national security, including its technological security
Selection criteria
Methodology
technologies prioritiesproducts
Competitiveness, markets, production bases, investment required, qualified workforce
20
A Revised List of S&T Priorities
• Information and telecommunication systems
• Nanosystems industry and materials
• Living systems
• Rational use of natural resources
• Power engineering and energy saving
• Safety and terrorism counteraction
21
Federal Goal-Oriented Programme“S&T and Education Manpower for Innovating Russia” for 2009-2012 (emerging)
Objective – modernisation of manpower for science, education and high-tech sectors, e.g. by training, involvement and adaptation of young scholars
Support to:• Leading research & education centers• Research by leading professors and PhD students• Internal mobility in Russia• Participation in conferences• Research by young Russian scientists employed
abroad as guest scholars• Invitations to foreign researchers as guest
professors in modern S&T areas• Scientific projects at secondary schools• Investment in guest houses
Funding: 57.7 billion roubles
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