Statics on Int Erg Ration

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POCKET FACTS2010

Statistics on integration

2006

2007

2008

2009


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Pocket Facts 2010

Integration Statistics


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For further information about the statistics please contact:

Ministry of Employment, Sweden

Monir Dastserri, tel. +46 8-405 15 88

[email protected]

Pocket Facts 2010 - Integration Statistics

Ministry of Employment, Sweden, 2011ISBN 978-91-633-8060-0

Ministry of Employment, Sweden

Mster Samuelsgatan 70SE-103 33Stockholm

Printed by: Davidsons tryckeri AB, Vxj 2010

(Trn: A11.003)

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Contents

Introduction ....................................................4Swedish integration policy ..............................4

Concepts and terms ........................................7

Demography................................................11

Education......................................................28The labour market .........................................53

Income ..........................................................87

Housing .........................................................90

Participation and election turn-out................94

Health .........................................................100

Sources .......................................................107

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Introduction

Integration is a mutual process in that every member ofsociety is involved and shares responsibility regardless oftheir background. In a society of ethnic and culturaldiversity, people should complement each other andcontribute their skills and life experience so that thepotential inherent in diversity can be released andutilised. Segregation, voluntary or enforced, is just as

undesirable as enforced assimilation.

Swedish integration policyIntegration policy objectives

The overarching aim of the Swedish Governments

integration policy is: Equal rights, obligations and opportunities for all,

regardless of ethnic or cultural background.

Integration policy organisation on the national level

The current direction of integration policy was adopted

by the Swedish Parliament, the Riksdag, in 1997. Theaim is equal rights, obligations and opportunities for all,regardless of ethnic or cultural background.

As from 1 January 2011, the Ministry of Employment isresponsible for coordinating integration policy. TheMinistry also bears the responsibility for certain otherintegration issues such as helping newly arrived

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migrants establish themselves on the labour market andin social life, Swedish citizenship and anti-discrimination measures. As from 1 December 2010, the

Swedish Public Employment Service is responsible forcoordinating introduction activities for certain newlyarrived migrants.

The Governments policy

The Governments work on integration during 2008-2010 is based on seven strategically important areas:

an efficient system for the reception andintroduction of new arrivals.

more migrants in work and more migrantentrepreneurs

better results and greater equality in schools better language skills and more adult education

opportunities effective anti-discrimination measures positive development in urban areas with

widespread social exclusion common basic values in a society characterised by

increasing diversity

Based on these areas, the Government has implementeda number of concrete measures to improve theprerequisites for integration. The most comprehensivemeasure is the reform to speed up the introduction ofnewly arrived immigrants into working and social lifethat entered into force on 1 December 2010. One of the

consequences of the reform is that the Swedish Public5


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Employment Service has now taken over thecoordinating responsibility for introduction activitiesfrom the municipalities.

The current state and development of integration ismainly monitored by the relevant central agencies.Statistics Sweden also has the task of presentingintegration statistics on a regular basis.

Integration statistics

Integration affects all areas of society. In order to be ableto monitor and analyse social development from anintegration perspective, published statistics should bebroken down into foreign-born and native-born groupsor according to background, i.e. by people with aSwedish or a foreign background. Such statistics areessential in order to discover, highlight and combat

obstacles to integration such as discrimination. Theyalso function as a tool for monitoring and planning sothat integration policy objectives can be achieved. Thestatistics should also be broken down by gender. Thetables and diagrams in this book have been gender-disaggregated as much as possible.

Our intention with Pocket Facts - IntegrationStatistics is to give a picture of the state anddevelopment of integration in Sweden.

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Concepts and terms

Foreign-born: A person who is registered as resident inSweden but who is born in another country.

A person with a foreign background: A person born inanother country or in Sweden with two foreign-bornparents.

A person with a Swedish background: A person born in

Sweden with one or two native-born parents.

Migrant: A person who has moved from one country toanother to live there for a longer period of time. InSweden, this means they have been registered asresident here for at least 12 months.

Refugee:According to the UN Refugee Convention, aperson who, owing to a well-founded fear of beingpersecuted for reasons of race, nationality, membershipof a particular social group, religious or political opinionis outside the country of his nationality.

Sweden and about 100 other countries have ratified theConvention. This means that Sweden has pledged to

grant asylum to people in need of protection.

Period of residence: The total time a person has beenregistered as resident in Sweden. The latest migrationyear is counted as zero when calculating the total periodof residence.

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Grounds for residence: To be allowed to live in Sweden,a non-EU/EEA citizen must have a residence permit.Those who have been granted a residence permit are

divided intocategories based on their grounds forresidence as follows:

Refugee or equivalent

Family ties

Work

EducationLabour Force Surveys (LFS): Statistics Sweden has beenconducting Labour Force Surveys (LFS) since thebeginning of the 1960s. These form the basis of Swedensofficial employment and unemployment statistics. Theworking population (15-74 years old) is divided intocategories based on labour market status.

In the labour force: People who are able and want towork and who have sought or are seeking work, i.e.people who are available for work.

Not in the labour force: People who are neitheremployed nor unemployed, i.e. people who are not

available for work.

Employment: People who have done at least one hourswork during the survey reference week or who weretemporarily absent from work at that time. Thisincludes both employees and self-employed persons.

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People out of work: People who are not in work but areseeking work and have been able to work. According tointernational definitions, full-time students who have

sought work are included in the people out of workcategory and therefore also in the workforce.

Sickness or activity allowance:This concept replacesthe earlier concepts of disability pension and sicknessbenefit. If a persons capacity to work has been reducedby at least 25%, people aged 19-29 are entitled to activity

allowance and people aged 30-64 to sickness allowance.

Disposable income: Total taxable and tax-free incomeminus tax and other negative transfers.

Combined income: Consists of income fromemployment and income from business activities.

EU 27: All EU Member States: Austria, Belgium,Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom (UK).

The EEA Agreement: EEA stands for EuropeanEconomic Area and covers the 27 EU Member Statesplus the three EFTA countries of Norway, Iceland andLiechtenstein. The EEA is a free-trade area and theclosest cooperation the EU has with other countries.


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Former Yugoslavia: People born in one of the countriesmaking up the former Republic of Yugoslavia and havenot changed their country of birth on the population

register.

STATIV: A Swedish longitudinal population database.This database contains data on all individuals registeredas resident in Sweden on 31 December 1997 and up to2009. STATIV can provide background information fordescribing and analysing integration, segregation,

equality and migration. There is also some data on eachindividuals parents. The database is updated andrepublished every year in the spring.

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Demography

How have migration and the number of

foreign-born varied in Sweden over the last

hundred years?

Foreign-born, 1900-2009

(in 1000s)

0

200

400

600

800

10001200

1400

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Source: Statistics Sweden

Migration to Sweden 19002009

(in 1000s)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010


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At the beginning of the 1900s, Sweden had a populationof 5.1 million. Just under 36 000 were born in anothercountry. In 2004, Swedens population passed the 9

million mark and 1.1 million of these were foreign-born.Seen over the whole period (1900-2009) the number offoreign-born has gone from less than one percent toabout 14 percent, or 1.3 million. Migration began inearnest during the Second World War when a largenumber of refugees from the Nordic and Balticcountries were resident in Sweden. The countryexperienced high economic growth during the 1950s and1960s and many extra workers were needed. Migrationfrom the Nordic countries reached a peak in 1969-70when it exceeded 40 000 people, mainly as a result ofhigh unemployment in Finland. In 1967, Swedenintroduced new migration rules making it more difficult

for non-Nordic labour migrants to settle in Sweden.Ever since the influx of workers from non-Nordiccountries virtually came to an end in the mid-1970s,migration has been mostly made up of refugees andtheir close families from non-European countries.Sweden has received migrants from many of the worldstrouble spots, including Chile, Iran, Iraq, Somalia and

former Yugoslavia.

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How has migration both into and out of the

country affected the size of the population?

Migration into and out of Sweden 1960-2009 and forecast for2010-2060

Number

0

20000

40000

6000080000

100000

120000

140000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Forecast

Migration in

Migration out


Births and deaths 1960-2009 and forecast for 2010-2060

Number

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

ForecastBirths

Deaths


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Immigration and birth surplus 1980-2009

Number in 1000s

-10

10

30

50

70

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Immigrat ion surplus B irth surplus


Change in Swedens population during one year is

calculated thus: births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants,i.e.: birth surplus + immigration surplus,(both the birth surplus and immigration surplus can benegative figures).

The immigration surplus has by and large exceeded thebirth surplus for each of the last twenty years. Since1980, the Swedish population has increased by just over1 022 745. At the end of the 1990s, the birth surplus wasnegative but the population still rose as a result of theimmigration surplus.

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Swedish population 2000-2009 and forecast for 2010-2060

broken down into native and foreign-born

Number

0

2000000

4000000

6000000

8000000

10000000

12000000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

Native-born

Foreign-born

Forecast


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How many people have been granted residence

in Sweden in recent years and on what

grounds?Number

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

90 000

100 000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Refugee o r equiv C lose family/Adopted child Work Study EEA- agreement Source: Swedish Migration Board

Migrants from countries outside the EU/EEA must havea residence permit in Sweden and when applying forone must state why they wish to settle here, theirgrounds for residence. EU/EEA citizens who work,study or are close family have the right to reside inSweden but must register with the Swedish MigrationBoard no later than three months after their arrival.Nordic citizens may live in Sweden without a permitand without registering. The number of refugeesincreased dramatically from about 8 000 in 2005 to about20 600 in 2006. This increase was due to the temporaryasylum act in force between November 2005 and May2006. Labour immigration has risen sharply over the last

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three years from about 6 000 in 2006 to about 21 000 in2009. The most common grounds for residence for bothmen and women are because they already have close

family living here. There is a major difference betweenmen and women when it comes to immigration forwork or study.

Grounds for residence 2009 for migrants from countries outside

the EEA, women

Family ties

68%

Study

9%

Work

6%

Refugee

o r

equivalent

17%

Grounds for residence 2009 for migrants from countries outside

the EEA, men

Family ties

48%

Study

18%

Refugee

o r

equivalent

19%

Work

15%

Source: STATIV database, Statistics Sweden

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How many asylum-seeking unaccompanied

children have been given permission to stay in

Sweden?Number of residence permits granted to unaccompanied children

and young people and their close family 2007-2009

Number

869

793

1060

140

281

387

2007

2008

2009

Connection to unaccompanied children

Granted residence permits to unaccompanied children

Source: Swedish Migration Board

The majority of young people seeking asylum in Swedensay that they are between 15 and 17 years old and most ofthem are boys. Over the last three years (2007-2009), atotal of 2 722 unaccompanied children and young people

have been granted permanent residence. During thesame period, 808 persons (parents and siblings) havebeen granted residence on the grounds of theirconnection to an unaccompanied child.

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Which continents do migrants to Sweden come

from?

Number of people migrating to Sweden 1999-2009, by region ofbirth

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Sweden Nordic region

EU27 Rest of Europe

N America/Oceania S America

Asia Africa


The number of non-European migrants has increaseddramatically in recent years. A substantial proportion ofthem have arrived from Asia and Africa. Migrants fromNordic countries dominated for most of the 20thcentury. This trend was broken at the beginning of the1990s, however, when migrants from Asia outnumberedthose coming from other Nordic countries. In 2009, the

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percentage of people migrating to Sweden from Asiaand Africa was 31 and 14 percent respectively.

Immigration by country of birth, Number of migrants 2004-2009

Country of birth 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Sweden 11467 11066 12821 12340 13388 13985Iraq 3126 3094 11146 15642 13083 9543Somalia 1159 1355 3008 3941 4218 7021Poland 2552 3525 6442 7617 7091 5261China 1563 1749 2035 2485 2925 3462

Thailand 2175 2205 2571 2695 3235 3165Denmark 3203 3494 4365 4319 3371 3010Iran 1610 1365 2274 1795 2169 2976Germany 2010 2147 3100 3745 3492 2845Finland 2716 2793 2553 2494 2390 2385Turkey 1314 1316 1758 1681 1697 2213Norway 2573 2425 2477 2371 2239 1917Romania 395 415 422 2632 2595 1876India 887 1131 1108 1204 1629 1854Pakistan 529 730 1011 1346 1608 1850

UK 1229 1146 1601 1578 1763 1622USA 1174 1118 1223 1233 1526 1541Afghanistan 851 577 1592 816 971 1384Eritrea 264 554 669 725 1014 1197Source: Statistics Sweden

Breaking the figures down into individual countries, thelargest migrant group almost every year is made up ofSwedish-born returning to their homeland. The second-largest group is from Iraq followed by Somalia.

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Population by age, gender and region of birth, 2009

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

012345678

Women

4 002 129

M en

4 000 588

Native-born

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

012345678

Women

150 471

M en

116 048

No rdic region

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90100

012345678

Women

240 279

Men

236 093

Europe

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90100

012345678

Women

298 789

Men

296 285

Outside Europe


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What percentage of the population have a

foreign background?

Percentage of women in the population in 2009, by background

Native-born

with 2 fo reign-

born parents

4%

Swedish

background

81%

Foreign-born

15%

Number and percentage of women 2005-2009, by background

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total Number 4560820 4589464 4619026 4652653 4691668

Foreign Number 759254 789464 820643 854923 891693

background Percent 16.6 17.2 17.8 18.4 19.0of whomForeign- Number 586939 610512 634765 661514 689539born Percent 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.2 14.7

Swedish Number 3801566 3800000 3798383 3797730 3799975background Percent 83.4 82.8 82.2 81.6 81.0


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Percentage of men in the population in 2009 by background

Swedish

background

81%

Foreign-born

14%Native-born

with 2 fo reign-

born parents

5%

Number and percentage of men 2005-2009, by background

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total Number 4486033 4523161 4563939 4603708 4649014

Foreign Number 719657 752870 789059 824112 861634background Percent 16.0 16.6 17.3 17.9 18.5

Of whomForeign Number 538024 564096 593043 620081 648426born Percent 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 13.9

Swedish Number 3766376 3770291 3774880 3779596 3787380background Percent 84.0 83.4 82.7 82.1 81.5


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Which group of migrants has lived the longest

in Sweden?

Percentage of people with different periods of residence inSweden by region of birth, 2009

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Nordic

EU 27

Rest o f Europe

N A merica and Oceania

S America

Asia

Africa

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-19 yrs 20+ yrs


The period of residence in Sweden varies betweendifferent regions of birth. Nearly 40 and 30 percent ofpeople born in Africa and Asia respectively have beenresident in Sweden for less than five years. Those who

have lived the longest in Sweden are those born in theNordic region and South America.

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What are the 20 largest groups of foreign-born

in the Swedish population?

Foreign-born in Sweden in 2009, by country of birth

The 20 largest groups

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

India

USA

Romania

Syria

UK

China

Lebanon

Chile

Thailand

Somalia

Turkey

Norway

Denmark

Germany

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Iran

Poland

Fo rmer Yugoslavia

Iraq

Finland

1000swom en m en


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Which municipalities in Sweden have the

highest and lowest proportion of foreign-born ?

Municipalities in Sweden with the highest proportions of foreign-

born, 2009

PopulationNumber

Foreign-bornNumber

Percent of population

Haparanda 10 112 3 997 39.5Botkyrka 81 195 29 625 36.5

Sdertlje 85 270 26 182 30.7Malm 293 909 87 554 29.8Burlv 16 509 4 363 26.4Huddinge 95 798 24 034 25.1Sundbyberg 37 722 9 419 25.0Solna 66 909 16 160 24.2Landskrona 41 226 9 944 24.1vertorne 4 920 1 166 23.7

Eda 8 577 2 007 23.4Upplands Vsby 38 641 8 764 22.7Sigtuna 39 219 8 884 22.7Jrflla 65 295 14 633 22.4Gteborg 507 330 111 324 21.9Stockholm 829 417 181 090 21.8Haninge 76 237 16 152 21.2

Upplands-Bro 23 202 4 743 20.4Strmstad 11 690 2 297 19.6Eskilstuna 95 577 18 458 19.3Source: STATIV database, Statistics Sweden

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Municipalities in Sweden with the lowest proportions of foreign-

born, 2009

PopulationNumber

Foreign-bornNumber

Percent of population

Ovanker 11 530 430 3.7Lekeberg 7 123 282 4cker 12 292 519 4.2Pite 40 860 1 710 4.2Vansbro 6 876 299 4.3Berg 7 447 323 4.3Storuman 6 227 268 4.3Vilhelmina 7 156 314 4.4Gotland 57 221 2 634 4.6tvidaberg 11 498 536 4.7Rttvik 10 797 503 4.7Vnns 8 357 401 4.8Krokom 14 460 715 4.9Arvidsjaur 6 622 326 4.9Nordmaling 7 205 353 4.9Mrbylnga 13 834 671 4.9Karlsborg 6 784 342 5Boxholm 5 248 261 5Sderkping 14 042 696 5Robertsfors 6 880 353 5.1Source: STATIV database, Statistics Sweden

The municipalities with the highest proportion offoreign-born are in the border regions and metropolitanareas while those with the lowest proportion are mainlylocated in inland areas in the far north of the country.

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Education

Swedish for Immigrants (SFI)Results up to and including 2009 for students starting their

programmes in 2007, by gender, age and educational

background

Beginners in 2007 Total Completed Discontinued Still studyingnumber course course education

All students 34 104 61.8 23.4 14.8of whom: gender:

Women 17 856 65.9 20.1 14.0Men 16 248 57.3 26.9 15.8

of whom: aged:16-19 years 1 021 63.8 19.5 16.720-24 years 6 044 64.5 22.8 12.625-39 years 19 785 62.9 22.7 14.440-54 years 6 274 58.2 24.4 17.4

55 years- 980 42.3 38.4 19.3

of whom

with aneducation (no ofyears)

0-3 years 3 890 60.8 21.8 17.44-6 years 3 332 57.8 24.4 17.97-9 years 4 667 57.1 26.0 17.010-12 years 9 779 61.7 24.0 14.3

13 years or more 12 436 65.1 22.1 12.8Source: National Agency for Education

About 61 percent of all the students who started SFI in2007 completed their programme and gained at least apass grade. A larger proportion of women than mencompleted SFI.

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Results up to and including 2009 for students who started SFI

in 2007, students prioritised* according to highest approved

study path programme

Total Women Men

All students 34 104 17 856 16 248Completed a programme andgained at least a pass grade (%) of whom: 61.8 65.9 57.3Programme 1A 4.6 4.9 4.2

Programme 1B 2.5 2,8 2.3

Programme 2B 11.3 10.7 11.9

Programme 2C 8.2 7.9 8.5

Programme 3C 7.7 7.9 7.4Programme 3D 27.6 31.8 22.9

Discontinued/interrupted (%) 23.4 20.1 26.9Continuing to study (%) 14.8 14.0 15.8

Source: National Agency for Education, *) A SFI student can have successfully

completed more than one programme and in more than one study path. Such

students have been prioritised so that only the highest level study path programme is

presented. This means that they are only counted once but a consequence of the

prioritisation is that the number of students who have passed in the lower-level

programmes is underestimated in the tables.

Average time in weeks between the start and end dates up to

and including 2009 for students who started SFI in 2007,

students prioritized* according to highest approved programme

Total Women Men

All students 60 61 58Completed a programme andgained at least a pass grade (%) of whom: 59 60 59

Programme 1A 53 55 51Programme 1B 72 74 69

Programme 2B 56 57 54

Programme 2C 75 75 74Programme 3C 53 54 53

Programme 3D 58 58 58

Discontinued/interrupted 46 47 44Continuing to study 82 85 79

Source: National Agency for Education

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Percentage of persons having completed Swedish for Immigrants

during the academic year with a pass grade out of those

discontinuing/interrupting SFI during the academic year by

grounds for residence, 20-64 years old, 1997-2009

010

20

30

40

50

60

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Refugees and their c lose family Other migrants


Median number of days studied before gaining a pass grade in

SFI by grounds for residence, 20-64 years old, 1997-2009

Number

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Refugees and their c lose family Other migrants


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Compulsory school

Percentage of students eligible for upper secondary school

among ninth graders (15-16 years) in the spring terms 2004-2008 by gender, period of residence in Sweden and region of

birth

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10+ yrs

Nordic region

EU 27

Rest o fEurope

N America and

Oceania

S America

Asia

Africa


The proportion of those eligible for upper secondaryschool increases the longer the period of residence inSweden. Just over 56 and 59 percent of students fromAfrica and Asia respectively are eligible to study atupper secondary school. Among girls and boys born in

Sweden, the proportion of those eligible for uppersecondary school is 92 and 90 percent respectively.

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among ninth graders (15-16 years) in the spring terms of 2004-

2008, by period of residence in Sweden and region of birth

Girls0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10+ yrs Total

Sweden 92.0Nordic region 77.9 84.2 90.3 87.2EU 27 57.6 88.1 86.4 80.9Other European countries 47.1 75.0 85.2 80.2North America and Oceania 54.7 86.0 90.2 84.4South America 36.6 74.0 83.2 76.1

Asia 25.1 61.6 84.8 66.4Africa 21.5 61.6 79.9 57.5Source: STATIV database, Statistics Sweden

Boys0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10+yrs Total

Sweden 90.0

Nordic region 75.4 87.7 87.0 85.7EU27 52.6 84.3 84.5 78.0Other European countries 45.9 70.7 82.6 77.4North America and Oceania 42.5 77.0 86.0 78.3South America 29.7 75.6 82.4 75.4Asia 20.7 55.2 81.1 59.4Africa 22.3 59.2 75.6 56.5


Students arriving in Sweden towards the end of theircompulsory school years often dont attain the schoolsknowledge goals. The differences for those whomigrated prior to starting school are mainly explainedby socio-economic factors. The children of highlyeducated or working parents attain the schoolsknowledge goals more often than the children of low-

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educated and unemployed parents. This is true for bothnative-born and migrants, regardless of theirbackground.


among those registered in compulsory school in the spring term

of ninth grade between 2004 and 2008, by background

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 parents born in

Sweden

1 fo reign-born

parent

2 foreign-born

parents

Foreign-born

Boys

Girls

Source: Born in Sweden - but still different?, Statistics Sweden

Fewer students with two foreign-born parents are

eligible for upper secondary school than students with atleast one native-born parent. The proportion of thoseeligible is lowest among foreign-born boys.

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registered in compulsory school in the spring term of ninth grade

between 2004 and 2008, by Swedish and foreign background

and parents level of education

Girls, percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 p arents born in

Sweden

1 fo reign-born

parent

2 fo reign born

parents

Foreign-born

Compulsoryschool

Uppersecondary

Post-upper

secondary


Boys, percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2 p arents bor n in

Sweden

1 fo reign-born

parent

2 fo reign-born

parents

Foreign-born

Compulsory

school

Upper

secondary

Post-upper

secondary


The greatest differences in the proportion of those eligible forupper secondary school can be found between students withhigh- and low-educated parents respectively.

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Upper secondary school

Percentages of all 20-year-olds in 2004-2008 who have

graduated from upper secondary school, or who have beenregistered but failed to graduate, by Swedish and foreign

background,

Women, percent

0102030405060

708090

100

2 p arentsbo rn inSweden

1 fo reign-bornparent

2 f oreign-bo rn parents

Foreign-born

Never registered atupper secondary

Registered atupper secondarybut not g raduated

Graduated fromupper secondary


Men, percent

0

10

20

30

4050

60

70

80

90

100

2 parents

born in

Sweden

1 foreign-

born parent

2 f oreign-

born parents

Foreign-born

Never regist ered

at upper

secondary

Registered atupper secondary

but not graduated

Graduated f rom

upper secondary


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Choice of programmes in upper secondary

school

Breakdown of upper secondary programmes among students inyear1 one at upper secondary school, young people born 1984-

1988 by Swedish and foreign background

Women, percent

Born in Sweden with:Programme in year 1 2 parents 1 foreign 2 foreign Born

born born born overseasin Sweden parent parentsHigher education preparatory 54 54 56 51Vocational 30 25 21 21Individual programme 7 9 12 20Independent school 9 12 11 8Total 100 100 100 100Number 197 384 23 986 14 111 23 176Source: Born in Sweden - but still different?, Statistics Sweden

Men, percent


born born bornOversea

sin Sweden parent parents

Higher education preparatory 46 47 48 43

Vocational 35 30 24 23Individual programme 9 11 15 24Independent school 10 13 13 9Total 100 100 100 100Number 206 950 25 105 14 893 24 795


1 Some students retake courses. The table consists of students who registered for thefirst time in year one.

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Breakdown of upper secondary school programmes

among graduates born 1984-1988 by Swedish and

foreign background.

Women, percent


born born born Overseasin Sweden parent parents

Higher education preparatory 58 60 63 62Vocational 32 27 24 28

Individual programme 0 0 1 1

Independent school 10 13 12 9

Total 100 100 100 100

Number 158 646 17 702 10 034 14 622


Men, percent

Born in Sweden with:

Programme in year 1 2 parents 1 foreign 2 foreign Bornborn born born overseasin Sweden parent parents

Higher education preparatory 50 52 55 56

Vocational 39 33 29 31

Individual programme 1 1 1 2

Independent school 10 14 16 12

Total 100 100 100 100

Number 15 7415 17 127 9 318 13 352


The proportion of those who finish the individualprogramme is small. This is because the purpose of theindividual programme is to prepare students for anational programme.

37


39/110

Eligibility for higher education

Proportion of students who are eligible for higher education by

gender and region of birth, 2004-2008, percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sweden Nordic

region

EU 27 Rest o f

Europe

N America

and

Oceania

S A merica A sia A frica

M en

Women


Percentage of all 20-year-olds who were eligible for higher

education 2004-2008, by background and gender, percent

0

20

40

60

80

100

2 p arents born inSweden

1 fo reign-bo rnparent

2 foreign-bornparents

Foreign-born

M enWomen


38


40/110

What level of education do native and foreign-

born reach?

Level of education for 25-64 year-olds in 2009 by gender,percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Wo men M en To tal Wo men M en To tal Wo men M en To tal

Total Native-born Foreign-born

Compulsory school Upper secondary Post secondary No data available


Foreign-born have a slightly lower level of educationthan those born in Sweden. The difference is smallhowever, when it comes to post-secondary education,with 38 percent of native-born aged 25-64 having a

post-secondary education compared to 36 percent offoreign-born. A higher proportion of foreign-born thannative-born have only completed compulsory education,21 and 13 percent respectively. A larger proportion ofwomen than men have a higher education among bothnative- and foreign-born.

39


41/110

Level of education for 25-64 year-olds in 2009 by region of birth

and gender, percent.

Country of birth Gender Population

(number)

Compulsory

educationonly

Upper

secondaryeducation

Post-

uppersecondary

Un-

known

Native-born Total 3 957 420 13 48 38 0Women 1 937 104 11 46 43 0Men 2 020 316 16 50 33 0

Foreign-born Total 899 057 21 36 36 7Women 457 121 21 35 38 6Men 441 936 20 37 34 8

Nordic region (excl Total 161 485 22 43 29 5Sweden) Women 87 704 19 43 34 3

Men 73 781 25 43 24 8

EU 27 (excl Total 165 256 10 33 44 12Nordic region) Women 81 956 9 34 49 9

Men 83 300 11 33 40 16

Europe Total 154 077 26 43 27 4non EU 27 Women 78 043 28 39 29 4

Men 76 034 24 48 24 4Africa Total 72 021 25 35 29 11

Women 32 699 29 34 24 13Men 39 322 22 36 33 9

North America Total 20 273 8 24 60 8Women 9 494 7 24 62 8Men 10 779 8 25 59 8

South America Total 46 932 17 43 38 3

Women 24 404 16 40 41 3Men 22 528 17 45 35 3

Asia Total 271 513 24 30 39 7Women 139 007 26 29 38 7Men 132 506 23 31 39 7

Oceania Total 3 334 5 22 59 14Women 1 121 6 22 60 12Men 2 213 5 22 59 14


40


42/110

What do native and foreign-born study?

Level of education by specialisation for 25-64 year-old women in

2009, percentSpecialisation Upper secondary

schoolHigher education

Native-born

Foreign-born

Native-born

Foreign-born

General education 19.4 29.3 0.3 0.2Education and teachertraining

0.1 0.6 11.0 7.4

Arts subjects 4.9 3.6 6.8 8.2Social sciences, law, business,etc.

14.2 11.2 24.0 21.3

Natural sciences,mathematics and computers

0.4 1.5 7.5 11.3

Technology and manufacturing 35.8 27.6 31.9 28.3Farming and forestry,veterinary science

3.5 1.2 1.7 1.7

Health and medical care,

social care9.6 7.6 9.6 10.8

Services 9.5 8.2 6.9 3.3Unknown 2.6 9.2 0.3 7.5total 100 100 100 100


The proportion of foreign-born who have a technical

upper secondary education is lower while the proportionwho have a general upper secondary education is higherthan among native-born . However, regarding highereducation, it is more common for foreign-born to havea degree in natural sciences, mathematics and computersand less common to have a degree in education.

1


43/110

How many people with a foreign background

study at universities and university colleges in

Sweden?Number of first-year higher education students by Swedish and

foreign background in the 2008/2009 academic year

Number 2008/09Change in percent compared to2007/08

Total Women Men Total Women Men

Total* 69 540 41 175 28 365 7 4 11Swedish background 57 101 33 611 23 490 7 5 11

Foreign background 12 439 7 564 4 875 7 4 13of whom:Born in Sweden with twoforeign-born parents 3 800 2 200 1 600 9 5 14Foreign-born 8 700 5 300 3 300 6 3 13- lived in Sweden 6 years 2 300 1 300 1 000 9 8 10- lived in Sweden 7 years 6300 4 000 2 300 5 1 12

*) Total number of first-year students excluding foreign nationals and students with an

unknown background.Source: Statistics Sweden

42


44/110

What are the trends in undergraduate

education?

The trend in the percentage of first-year undergraduates with aSwedish and foreign background respectively, 1999/00-2008/09

99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09

Total*Swedish

background 88 87 86 85 84 84 84 83 82 82

Born in Sweden

with two

foreign-born

parents 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5Foreign-born 9 9 10 11 12 11 11 12 13 12

WomenSwedish

background 88 87 86 85 84 84 84 82 81 82

Born in Sweden

with two foreign-

born parents 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5

Foreign-born 9 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 13

MenSwedishbackground 88 87 86 86 85 85 85 84 83 83

Born in Sweden

with two foreign-

born parents 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6

Foreign-born 8 9 10 10 11 11 10 11 11 12

*Total number of first-year students excluding foreign nationals and students with anunknown background.Source: Statistics Sweden

The proportion of first-year undergraduates with aforeign background has increased over the last ten years.There have been no major changes in the proportion ofnative-born with two foreign-born parents. On theother hand, the proportion of foreign-born has increasedand the proportion of those with a Swedish background

3


45/110

has decreased during the specified time period. Amongforeign-born women, the proportion of first-yearundergraduates has gone up from 9 to 13 percent during

this period. The increase in foreign-born mainlydepends on the decrease in the number of first-yearundergraduates with a Swedish background.

44


46/110

Age distribution of first-year higher education students by

Swedish and foreign background, academic year 2008/09,

percent

21years

2224 2529 3034 3564 Total

Total*Swedish background 59 17 9 5 10 100

Born in Sweden with two

foreign-born parents 71 10 7 4 7 100

Foreign-born 38 13 15 12 22 100

WomenSwedish background 57 17 9 5 12 100

Born in Sweden with twoforeign-born parents 69 10 8 5 8 100

Foreign-born 36 12 15 13 24 100

MenSwedish background 61 18 9 4 8 100Born in Sweden with two

foreign-born parents 74 10 7 3 5 100

Foreign-born 41 16 14 11 18 100*Total number of first-year undergraduates excluding foreign nationals and students

with an unknown background.Source: Statistics Sweden

There were differences in age between foreign-born andnative-born. More young people born in Sweden withtwo foreign-born parents can be found in the under 22age group compared to young people with a Swedishbackground.

5


47/110

What proportion of the population have begun

their higher education studies by the age of

25?

Percentage of the population who have started Swedish higher

education by the age of 25 by background, 1999-2008, percent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3540

45

50

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Swedish background Foreign backgroundBorn in Sweden with two foreign-born parents foreign-born


Among 25-year-olds with a foreign background, theproportion who have started higher education increasedfrom 27 to 37 percent between 1999 and 2008. Thecorresponding trend among persons with a Swedish is anincrease from 40 to 45 percent.

46


48/110

Which continents do the students with a

foreign background come from?

Percentage of 25-year-olds who have started Swedish highereducation studies by region of birth

Region of birthForeign-born

Born in Sweden with twoforeign-born parents*

Total Women Men Total Women Men

Nordic region excl Sweden 36 48 26 31 36 26The EU excl the Nordic region 43 47 38 47 54 40Europe excl the EU andNordic region 36 44 27 37 46 28Africa 28 34 23 45 53 37North America 28 36 22 44 60 25South America 33 37 30 42 53 33Asia 39 44 35 52 56 47Oceania 31 29 33 100 100 100

*) Native-born with two foreign-born parents are presented under their parents

country of birth


Among the foreign-born contingent of those born in1983, and who turned 25 in 2008, there were majordifferences in the proportion of those starting highereducation by the age of 25. Among foreign-born from

within the EU, 43 percent had started higher educationby the age of 25. The second-highest proportion, 39percent, was among foreign-born with an Asianbackground. The difference between men and womenwas greatest among foreign-born persons with a Nordicbackground and least among persons with an Oceanicbackground.

7


49/110

Many with an Iranian background are starting

higher education studies

Proportion of foreign-born 25-year-olds who had started Swedishhigher education by 2008 by country

Country of birth Foreign-bornTotal Women Men

Iran 60 64 56Iraq 26 33 21Bosnia and Herzegovina 46 59 34Yugoslavia 22 27 18

Chile 31 35 27Lebanon 27 31 24Turkey 36 43 27Somalia 16 20 13Poland 47 51 42Syria 40 47 35Source: Statistics Sweden

Two countries with a relatively large group of 25-year-olds registered as resident in Sweden, but with asignificantly smaller proportion who had started highereducation studies, were Iraq and former Yugoslavia. Thelowest proportion who had started higher educationstudies by the age of 25 was in the Somali group with 16

percent of 25-year-olds having started to study. Howlong a person has lived in Sweden was of considerablesignificance for both level of education and work. Thisexplains the low proportion of Somalis as they onaverage have shorter periods of residence in Swedenthan those born in other countries.

48


50/110

Which vocational degree programmes have the

highest proportion of first-year students with a

foreign background?Vocational degree programmes with the highest percentage of

first-year students with a foreign background in 2008/09

Vocational degree programme* Percentage with a foreign backgroundTotal Women Men

Drug dispenser 69 68 71Pharmacist 59 60 54

Biomedical analyst 49 47 55Radiographer 47 45 56Dentist 38 34 43Dental hygienist 37 36 63Study and career guidance officer 24 23 25Graduate engineer 23 22 23Graduate social worker 20 19 28Occupational therapist 18 16 38Source: Statistics Sweden, *) Only programmes with more than 60 first-year

undergraduates are presented

The highest percentage was among drug dispenserprogrammes, where 69 percent of first-years had aforeign background, 58 percent were foreign-born and 11percent were born in Sweden with two foreign-born

parents.

9


51/110

Number of first-year doctoral students by Swedish and foreign

background in the 2008/09 academic year

Number 2008/09 Change in percentcompared to 2007/08

Total Women Men Total Women MenTotal* 2 310 1 230 1 080 12 16 8Swedish background 1 940 1 040 910 12 16 8Foreign background 370 200 170 12 13 11of whom Born in Sweden with

twoforeign-born parents 80 40 40 23 48 5

Foreign-born 290 160 130 9 6 13 lived in Sweden 6years

40 20 10 33 38 27

lived in Sweden 7years

250 140 120 6 2 10

*Total number of first-year doctoral students excluding foreign nationals andstudents with an unknown background.Source: Statistics Sweden

In the academic year of 2008/09, 16 percent of first-yeardoctoral students had a foreign background (exclvisiting foreign students). The number of first-yearswith a foreign background was 370. Of these, 290 wereforeign-born and 80 were born in Sweden with twoforeign-born parents. The number of first-years with aforeign background has increased compared to the

previous academic year. Of the 290 foreign-bornstudents, 40 had arrived in Sweden at the age of six orearlier and 250 at the age of seven or later.

There were no differences between male and femalefirst-year doctoral students with a Swedish and foreignbackground in the 2008/09 academic year.

50


52/110

51


53/110

How well-educated are foreign nationals in

Sweden in an international perspective?

Proportion of foreign nationals with a university education2,25-64 years, average in 2002-03

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Austria

Germany

France

Portugal

Greece

Belgium

Switzerland

The Netherlands

Finland

Canada

Australia

Denmark

Spain

Sweden

USA

Norway

UK

Ireland

Proportion, percent

Source: OECD (2005)

In an international perspective, Sweden has a highproportion of academics among foreign nationals (31percent).

2 USA, Canada and Australia = foreign-born, Source: OECD (2005),Table 1.12.

52


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The labour market

Foreign-born are a heterogeneous group in terms oforigin, period of residence in Sweden, level of educationand age. There are therefore major differences inemployment, unemployment and labour forceparticipation within the group.

The employment rate for native-born has been over orvery close to 80 percent for the entire 2000s. Every year,however, it is significantly lower for foreign-born.Between 2005 and 2008, the employment rate increasedfor foreign-born from 64 to 67 percent. It has since gonedown to just over 65 percent in 2009.

The employment rate is lower for women than for menand the difference between women and men is greateramong foreign-born than among native-born.

53


55/110

54


56/110

55

In

labourforce

W:

83.8%

M:

88.7%

Inwork,usuallyworking

Full-time

35hrsPart-time2034hrsPart-time119hrs

W.5

2,6%

W:22.8%

W:3.8%

M:7

4.4%

M:

6.4%

M:2.2%

Mainactivity

Workin

gathome

Study

Pens

ion

Sickness

Other

W:1.3%

W:3.8%

W:1

.4%

W:7.6%

W:2.1%

M:

0%

M:3.0%

M:1

.6%

M:4.8%

M:1.9%

Native-born

(20-64yrs),2009

Women(W):

2174800

Men(M):

2303400

Notin

labourforce

W:

1

6.2%

M:

1

1.3%

Unemployed

W:

5.4%

M:

6.3%

Inwo

rk

W:

79.3%

M:

83.1%

F

ull-timestudy

W:

1%

M:

1%

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:2.0%

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

Tot:

6.1%

1

.5%

3.4%

0.7%

1

3.7%

3.0%

14.3%

6

3.8%

81.2%

5.9%

1%

86.3%

Source:StatisticsSweden,LabourForceSurveys(LFS)


57/110

How has the proportion of people employed

varied?

Proportion of people employed 1987-2009, native and foreign-

born aged 20-64 years, percent and index3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0 8 09

Native-born Foreign-born Index

Changes between 2005 and previous years must be interpreted withconsiderable caution.Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Surveys (LFS), own calculations

During the first half of the 1990s, employment droppeddramatically for everyone and especially for foreign-

born . A recovery has since taken place, but the levels arestill considerably lower than at the end of the 1980s.

3 Index= the employment rate for foreign-born divided by theemployment rate for native-born multiplied by 100.

56


58/110

The employment index is a measure of the extent towhich the employment rates among Swedish andforeign-born persons are converging. An index value of

100 means that the two employment rates are exactlythe same. An index value of less than 100 means thatemployment is lower for foreign-born than for native-born. When the index value approaches 100, the twoemployment rates also start to converge. The differencebetween 100 and the index value is known as theemployment gap.

The employment gap increased noticeably during therecession of the 1990s, from just under 90 at thebeginning of the decade to about 71 in 1997. In 2009, theemployment index stood at 79.7.

57


59/110

Proportion of people employed 1987-2009, native- and foreign-

born aged 20-64 years, women, percent and index

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09


Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Surveys (LFS), own calculations

Proportion of people in work 1987-2009, native- and foreign-

born aged 20-64 years, men, percent and index

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 0 8 09


Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Surveys (LFS), own calculations

58


60/110

Proportion of people employed 1987-2009, native- and foreign-

born aged 20-64 years by gender, percent and index

years Women Men

Native Foreign Index Native Foreign Index

1987 83.2 74.0 88.9 88.6 80.4 90.81988 84.3 73.6 87.2 89.2 81.2 91.11989 84.9 73.6 86.7 89.9 80.6 89.61990 85.5 73.6 86.0 90.1 79.7 88.51991 84.4 69.7 82.6 88.3 75.8 85.91992 82.0 64.5 78.7 84.3 69.5 82.51993 78.5 58.8 74.9 79.5 62.6 78.71994 77.1 55.9 72.5 78.8 61.0 77.41995 77.3 54.3 70.2 80.1 59.7 74.61996 76.7 53.0 69.1 80.1 58.6 73.11997 75.8 52.2 68.9 79.4 58.4 73.61998 76.2 53.1 69.6 80.6 60.2 74.71999 77.3 55.7 72.0 81.6 63.5 77.92000 78.4 58.6 74.7 82.6 66.6 80.62001 79.4 60.9 76.8 83.2 69.1 82.92002 79.6 61.9 77.7 82.9 67.9 82.02003 79.1 60.9 76.9 82.5 66.6 80.72004 78.4 60.0 76.5 82.2 65.7 79.92005 78.4 60.3 76.9 83.0 67.8 81.72006 79.0 60.5 76.6 83.7 69.4 82.82007 80.4 61.3 76.3 84.9 72.1 84.92008 80.7 61.3 75.9 85.2 73.6 86.42009 79.3 60.3 76.0 83.1 69.5 83.6Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Surveys (LFS), own calculations

59


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What role does the period of residence in

Sweden play?

People employed by period of residence in Sweden 1987-2009,foreign-born women aged 20-64 years

Proportion, percent

0

20

40

60

80

100

87 88 99 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-19 yrs>= 20 yrs Native-bo rn

Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Surveys (LFS)

People employed by period of residence in Sweden 1987-2009,

foreign-born men aged 20-64 years

Proportion, percent

0

20

40

60

80

100

87 88 99 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-19 yrs

>= 20 yrs Native-born


60


62/110

The period of residence in Sweden is very significant.The longer the period of residence, the higher theemployment rate, although even those who have lived in

Sweden for 20 years or more have a lower employmentrate than native-born.

61


63/110

How has the proportion of people employed

varied among persons born in different regions

of the world over the last ten years?The employment rate by region of birth, 20-64 year-olds, 1997-

2009

Percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009


Europe excl. Nordic region Outside Europe


The employment rate increased from 2005 to 2008 for

persons born outside Europe but then dropped from 63.3to 59.3 percent in 2009.

62


64/110

In addition to period of residence, the region of birth isalso very significant. Since region of birth and period ofresidence often coincide, breakdowns into region of

birth should always consider how long the people havelived in Sweden. The employment rate increases at pacewith the period of residence in Sweden for all foreign-born. This increase is especially noticeable among thoseborn in countries outside Europe and in Europeexcluding the Nordic region. The labour market can becategorised by region of birth. The employment rateamong those born in countries outside Europe is lowerthan among those born in other regions. Thiscategorisation into regions of birth cannot be explainedby differences in age, level of education and civil status(2005 Integration report).

63


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The employment rate by region of birth and period of residence

in Sweden, 1997-2009

Percentage, period of residence 0-4 years for foreign-born

women

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009




Percentage, period of residence 0-4 years for foreign-born men

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009




64


66/110

Percentage, period of residence 20 years or more for foreign-born

women

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009




Percentage, period of residence 20 years or more for foreign-born

men

0

20

40

60

80

100

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009




65


67/110

Percentage in different vocational groups with post-upper

secondary education and background in 2008

BackgroundLeading

positions

Vocations that

require postsecondary

qualificationsOther

vocationsTotal

numberBorn in Sweden with:2 parents born in

Sweden 10 73 18 118 97811 parent born

in Sweden 9 71 20 105 5622 foreign-born

parents 8 68 24 40 470

Foreign-born 5 58 36 186 847


The percentage of individuals with vocations thatmatch their level of education (for those with a post-upper secondary education) is significantly lower amongforeign-born, 58 percent. Persons born in Sweden withtwo native-born parents occupy the highest proportionof leading positions, 10 percent compared to 5 percentamong foreign-born.

66


68/110


69/110

covered by the new Act on introduction activities forcertain newly arrived migrants (SFS 2010:197).

Percentage of people employed among refugees etc., received bySwedish municipalities between 1997 and 2007 by period of

residence in Sweden, 20-64 years, women

0

10

20

3040

50

60

70

1 yr 2 yrs 3 yrs 4 yrs 5 yrs 6 yrs 7 yrs 8 yrs 9 yrs 10 yrs 11 yrs

A rrived 97 A rrived 99 A rrived 01

A rrived 03 A rrived 05 A rrived 07

1years

2years

3years

4years

5years

6years

7years

8years

9years

10years

11years

1997 5.8 11.9 21.7 30.6 37 40 42 44 51 54 54

1998 6.5 15.3 24 29.9 34 38 40 44 48 50

1999 6.8 14.4 19.6 24.8 30 32 37 42 46

2000 6.3 11.9 17.4 21.9 26 34 38 42

2001 5.9 10.4 15.2 19.7 27 33 36

2002 5.4 9.7 14.3 22.4 29 32

2003 5.8 10.2 18.1 23.8 30

2004 5.5 10.1 17.1 23.7

2005 7.7 14.6 22.2

2006 7.9 14.9

2007 4.9Source: STATIV database, Statistics Sweden

68


70/110

Percentage of people employed among refugees etc., received by

Swedish municipalities between 1997 and 2007 by period of

residence in Sweden, 20-64 years, men

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1yr 2 yrs 3 yrs 4 yrs 5 yrs 6 yrs 7 yrs 8 yrs 9 yrs 10 yrs 11yrs

Arrived 97 Arrived 99 Arrived 01

Arrived 03 Arrived 05 Arrived 07

1years

2years

3years

4years

5years

6years

7years

8years

9years

10years

11years

1997 13.2 22.9 38 45.5 49.7 52.4 53.8 54.2 58.8 63.1 64

1998 15.5 30.8 40.8 45.1 49.3 51.6 53.5 58.1 64.2 64.1

1999 19.4 29.6 36.6 42.4 45.9 47.9 53.6 60.4 61.9

2000 15 24.4 31.9 38.8 42.5 49.6 55.8 57

2001 12.8 22 30.4 35.9 44.4 53.2 56.1

2002 12.6 22.5 30.7 41.5 51.1 55.1

2003 15.1 24.2 36.3 46.9 51.3

2004 15.4 28 40.5 48.2

2005 22.8 37.5 49.6

2006 23.8 35.4

2007 13.8


69


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The employment rate is around 18 percent after one yearin Sweden, although it increases to around 50 percentfor men and 30 percent for women after five years.

70


72/110

How do the differences on the Swedish labour

market between foreign- and native-born

compare with other countries?Percentage of people employed in the population, 15-64 years,

2009

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Norway

Portugal

Luxembourg

Canada

USA

Denmark

Netherlands

UK

Greece

Czech Rep

Hungary

Austria

Finland

Germany

Italy

Sweden

Ireland

Slovakia

Spain

France

Belgium

Foreign-

born

Native-

born

Source: OECD, International Migration Outlook 2010

71


73/110

When making international comparisons, it is importantto bear in mind the differences between countries asregards the proportion of labour force migrants and

percentage of foreign-born coming from countrieswhere they speak similar languages. Southern Europeancountries have much higher numbers of labour forcemigrants and in English-speaking countries, many comefrom countries where English is spoken. Even in France,Portugal and Spain, many foreign-born come fromcountries where the new countrys language is spoken orat least generally understood. Out of 19 OECD countries,the employment rate among foreign-born in Sweden ishigher than in Spain, Slovakia, France, Belgium andIreland. The differences in the employment rates ofnative-born and foreign-born are greatest in Sweden(12.1 percentage points), followed by the Netherlands,

Belgium, Germany and Denmark (between 8 and 12percentage point difference).

72


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Percentage of people employed in the population, 15-64 years,

by gender and differences in percentage points between

foreign/native-born in 2009

OECD countries: Women MenNative Foreign difference Native Foreign difference

Netherlands 73.5 59.2 -14.3 83.5 74.8 -8.8Denmark 74.3 63.2 -11.1 788 73.5 -5.3Norway 75.3 66.5 -8.8 78.8 74.0 -4.9Austria 68.3 57.5 -10.8 77.7 72.5 -5.3Germany 68.5 55.7 -12.8 76.4 71.7 -4.7Sweden 72.8 57.9 -14.9 75.6 66.7 -8.9UK 66.3 57.4 -8.9 74.8 75.1 0.3Canada 70.7 63.4 -7.2 74.0 73.9 -0.1Czech Republic 56.7 56.8 0.1 73.8 74.6 0.7Greece 48.7 51.1 2.4 72.7 80.5 7.8Portugal 61.2 65.6 4.4 70.8 74.8 4.0USA 64.5 57.2 -7.2 70.7 78.4 7.7Finland 68.2 59.9 -8.4 69.6 67.7 -1.9Luxembourg 54.4 60.3 5.9 69.2 78.1 8.9

France 61.4 50.8 -10.6 68.9 65.7 -3.2Belgium 58.2 43.4 -14.8 68.1 61.4 -6.8Italy 45.9 50.2 4.3 67.7 77.3 9.6Spain 52.4 54.9 2.5 67.7 61.1 -6.6Slovakia 52.8 50.2 -2.6 67.5 72.2 4.6Ireland 57.6 56.1 -1.6 66.0 67.7 1.7Hungary 49.7 59.3 9.6 60.9 73.9 13.0Source: OECD, International Migration Outlook 2010

There are major differences between women and men.Among the 21 OECD countries, Sweden is in ninth placeas regards the percentage of people among foreign-bornwomen but in eighteenth place for foreign-born men.

73


75/110

Number of people out of work in the population, 15-64 years,

2009, percent

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Norway

Luxembourg

UK

Hungary

Austria

Czech RepUSA

Denmark

Canada

Italy

Netherlands

Greece

GermanyPortugal

Slovakia

France

Sweden

Finland

Ireland

Belgium

Spain

Foreign-

born

Native-

born

Source: OECD, International Migration Outlook 2010

Spain has the highest percentage of people out of workamong foreign-born and Sweden is ranked fifth.Unemployment is a problem, but also a sign that thereare jobseekers available for work.

74


76/110

What has been the unemployment trend

among foreign-born over the last five years?

Percentage of people out of work in the labour force among

foreign- and native-born in Sweden, 20-64 years, 1987-2009

Percent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

Women native-born Women foreign-born

Men nat ive-born Men foreign-born


Unemployment is higher among foreign-born thanamong native-born. It is highest among foreign-bornmen and lowest among native-born men. The

percentage of people out of work among both foreign-born and native-born decreased up until 2008 but hassince increased. This increase was greater among menthan among women for both foreign-born and native-born.

75


77/110

What has been the unemployment trend

among foreign-born with different periods of

residence in Sweden?Percentage of people out of work in the labour force among

foreign-born in Sweden, 20-64 years, 1987-2009

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

87 88 99 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-19 yrs >= 20 yrs Native-bo rn


Those who have been in Sweden for a shorter time (upto 10 years) are, as in many other western Europeancountries, particularly vulnerable to business cyclefluctuations on the labour market.

76


78/110

Women, percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

87 88 99 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-19 yrs >= 20 yrs Native-bo rn


Men, percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

87 88 99 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09

0-4 yrs 5-9 yrs 10-19 yrs >= 20 yrs Native-born


77


79/110

Percentage of people out of work in the labour force among

foreign- and native-born young people in Sweden, 15-24 years,

2005-2009

Women Men Total

Native Foreign Native Foreign Native Foreign

2005 21.5 30.0 22.1 31.8 21.8 30.92006 20.8 33.9 19.9 29.9 20.3 31.72007 18.7 29.3 17.6 27.0 18.1 28.02008 20.0 27.9 19.2 24.2 19.6 26.02009 22.8 32.3 24.9 37.6 23.9 35.2Source: Statistics Sweden, Labour Force Surveys (LFS)

Unemployment has been highest among young peopleaged 15-24 in Sweden. It decreased between 2006 and2008 for both foreign- and native-born. In 2009, it washighest among foreign-born young men, 37.6 percent,and lowest among young women born in Sweden, 22.8

percent.

78


80/110

How has employment in the industrial sector

changed for foreign-born between 1988 and

2008?Number of people employed in industry as a percentage of all

those in work, 1988-2008, 20-64 years

Proportion, percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Native in industry Fo reign in industry

Nat ive in serv ice sec tor Foreign in serv ice sec tor

Source: Register-based labour market statistics (RAMS), Statistics Sweden

Considerable restructuring has taken place with asubstantial decrease in the percentage of people workingin the industrial sector. This decrease has affectedforeign-born in particular. At the end of the 1980s,nearly 40 percent of all foreign-born in work worked inindustry. This percentage was almost halved by 2008.Now, the proportion of people in the service sector ishigher among foreign-born than among native-born.The proportion of people in the service sector hasincreased from about 60 to just over 78 percent.

79


81/110

What are the differences between foreign-born

and native-born in different economic sectors?

Percentage of people among foreign-born and native-born byeconomic sector, 20-64 years, 2009, percent

0 5 10 15 20 25

No data available

Farming, forestry and fishing

Information and communication

Construction

Public administration, etc.

Personal and cultural services

Transport

Hotel and restaurant

Education

Trade

Manufacturing, mining and quarrying,

energy and environment

Financial and business services

Health and social care

Nat ive-born Foreign-born


80


82/110

Percentage of people employed by gender and economic sector,

20-64 years, 2009

Economic sector men women

Native-born

Foreign-born

Native-born

Foreign-born

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 3.0 0.8 0.9 0.6Manufacturing, mining and quarrying,energy and environment

20.7 19.2 6.7 7.0

Construction 12.6 6.5 1.0 0.7Trade 13.1 13.1 10.8 9.6Transport 7.5 10.1 2.7 2.8

Hotel and restaurant 1.7 8.3 2.6 5.8Information and communication 5.8 4.0 2.5 2.2Financial and business services 16.2 17.3 14.7 15.7Public administration etc. 5.3 3.2 7.5 5.6Education 5.3 5.4 17.4 16.0Health and social care 4.8 8.0 27.4 28.8Personal and cultural services 4.0 3.7 5.6 5.0

No data available 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


81


83/110

Percentage of people employed among foreign- and native-born

by economic sector, 20-64 years, 2008-2009, percent

2008 2009

Economic sector Native-

born

Foreign-born

Native-

born

Foreign-born

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 2.0 0.6 2.0 0.7Manufacturing, mining andquarrying, energy and environment

14.8 15.3 14.1 13.2

Construction 7.2 3.4 7.1 3.7Trade 12.1 10.8 12.0 11.4

Transport 5.1 5.9 5.2 6.5Hotel and restaurant 2.1 7.2 2.1 7.1Information and communication 4.3 3.0 4.2 3.1Financial and business services 15.3 15.5 15.4 16.5Public administration etc. 6.1 4.1 6.4 4.3Education 10.9 11.2 11.0 10.6Health and social care 15.5 18.4 15.5 18.2Personal and cultural services 4.5 4.3 4.7 4.3No data available 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3Total 100 100 100 100


In which sector do foreign-born work?

Number and percentage of foreign-born and native-born

employees in different sectors, 20-64 years, 2009

SectorNumber ofemployees

Native-born (%)

Foreign-born (%)

State 230.8 89.2 10.8Private 2 517.1 85.4 14.6Local/regional authority, of which: 1 038.7 85.9 14.1

County council 242.8 87.5 12.5Primary municipality 796.0 85.5 14.5

Total 3786.6 85.5 14.5

82


84/110


Number and percentage of foreign-born and native-born

employees in different sectors, 20-64 years, 2009, Women,

percent

2008 2009

SectorNative-

bornForeign-

bornNative-

bornForeign-

bornState 89.0 11.0 88.0 11.9Private 85.3 14.7 84.2 15.8Local/regional authority 85.9 14.1 86.4 13.6

County council 87.4 12.6 89.3 10.7Primary municipality 85.4 14.6 85.5 14.5Total 85.6 14.4 85.2 14.8


Percentage of foreign-born and native-born employees in

different sectors, 20-64 years, 2009, Men, percent

Sector 2008 2009Native-

bornForeign-

bornNative-

bornForeign

bornPublic 90.2 9.8 90.3 9.6Private 86.3 13.7 86.1 13.9Local/regional authority 86.5 13.6 84.2 15.8

County council 84.1 15.9 81.1 18.9Primary municipality 87.1 12.9 85.2 14.8

Total 86.2 13.8 85.8 14.2


83


85/110

What proportion are self-employed?

Percentage of self-employed persons (18-64 years) among

native-born and foreign-born in the working population, 2008WomenNumber

percent MenNumber

percent

Native-born 91 723 5.1 228 913 11.7Foreign-born 16 804 6.4 34 831 12.3Of whom born in:Nordic region excl

Sweden 3 614 5.8 5 916 11.9

EU 27 excl Nordic region 4 194 8.5 7 359 13.3Other European countries 2 356 4.9 6 531 11.6North America andOceania 522 8.2 849 9.9South America 562 3.5 889 5.2Asia 5 173 7.8 11 903 15.8Africa 376 2.6 1 375 6.8Other 7 10.8 9 9.5

Total 108 527 5.3 263 744 11.8


The proportion of self-employed people in the workingpopulation was 11.8 percent in 2008. More foreign-bornthan native-born were self-employed, 12.3 percentcompared to 11.7 percent. The percentage of self-

employed persons was highest among those born inAsia. The gender differences are considerable in boththe native-born and foreign-born groups. In bothgroups, twice as many men as women were self-employed.

84


86/110

What is the percentage of self-employed

persons among foreign-born with different

periods of residence in Sweden?Percentage of foreign-born self-employed persons (18-64 years)

among the working population by period of residence in Sweden,

2008

Period ofresidence

NumberWomen

PercentNumber

MenPercent

TotalNumber

Percent

0-2 years 602 7.5 1041 6.0 1643 6.5

3-4 years 1034 8.1 1766 8.6 2800 8.45-9 years 2096 6.8 3679 10.8 5775 8.910-19 year 4313 5.3 9537 11.4 13850 8.420+ years 8759 6.7 18808 14.8 27567 10.7Total 16804 6.4 34831 12.3 51635 9.5Source: STATIV database, Statistics Sweden

The percentage of self-employed persons amongforeign-born men increases the longer the period ofresidence in Sweden.

What is the age distribution among foreign-

born and native-born self-employed persons?

Percentage of native-born and foreign-born self-employed

persons (18-64 years) among the working population, by gender

and age group, 2008

Women MenAge groups Native-born Foreign-born Native-born Foreign-born

18-24 years 1.1 2.2 1.9 3.325-44 years 4.3 6.0 9.6 11.045-64 years 6.9 7.4 16.4 15.8Total 5.1 6.4 11.7 12.3


85


87/110

How well-educated are self-employed persons?

Level of education for foreign- and native-born self-employed

persons, by gender, 18-64 years, 2008Women Men

Level of education Native-born Foreign-born Native-born Foreign-born

Compulsory school 13.1 18.2 21.1 23.6Upper secondary 51.7 41.0 53.0 42.3Post-upper secondary 35.1 38.2 25.7 30.5No data available 0.1 2.6 0.2 3.6

Total 100 100 100 100


The percentage of both self-employed men and womenwith a post-upper secondary education is higher among

foreign-born than among native-born.

86


88/110

Income

Are there big differences in income betweennative-born and foreign-born?

Combined income, 20-64 year-olds by gender in 2008, median

values, SEK (thousands)

Women Men Total

Native-born 232 297 262

Foreign-born 172 215 191

Total 225 287 253


Combined income by region of birth and gender in 2008, 20-64

year-olds, median values, SEK (thousands)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Nordic region excl. Sw eden

EU 15 excl Nordic region

Oceania

North America

Europe excl EU 15 andNordic region

South America

Africa

Asia Men

Women

Total

m


87


89/110

Combined income by period of residence and gender in 2008,

20-64 year-olds, median values, SEK (thousands)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Born in

Sweden

0-2 yrs in

Sweden

3-4 yrs in

Sweden

5-9 yrs in

Sweden

10-19 yrs

in Sw eden

20- yr in

Sweden

Women Men Total


Income increases the longer the period of residence inSweden. People who have lived in Sweden for more than20 years still have lower incomes than native-born.

Foreign-born women have lower incomes compared toforeign-born men regardless of how long they have livedin Sweden.

88


90/110

Disposable income per unit of consumption, 1995-2008, by

region of birth and number of years in Sweden.

Median values in SEK (thousands) in 2008 year prices

0

50

100

150

200

250

1995

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

1995

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

1995

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

1-10 yrs in Sw eden 11-20 yrs in Sw eden 21 - yrs in Sw eden

Nordic region excl Sw eden Other EU15 + 6*

Other countries Born in Sw eden

*) Australia, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, USA and EU 15 excl.

Sweden, Denmark and Finland.

Source: Statistics Sweden, Household Economics Unit

There are major differences in disposable incomedepending on where the person was born and how longs/he has lived in Sweden. Disposable income is lowestfor persons born outside the Nordic region and Europeand highest among native-born. Disposable income hasincreased for all groups between 1995 and 2008 but theincrease was largest for native-born.

89


91/110


92/110

Segregation index in three metropolitan areas, 1997-

2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Gteborg

Malm

Stockholm


Segregation has decreased in Greater Malm in recentyears while the trend in Greater Stockholm is towardsgreater segregation.

Segregation index in seven municipalities, 1997-2009

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Uppsala

Norrkping

Helsingborg

rebro

Vsters

Ume

Borlnge

Karlskrona

19972009


1


93/110

Even the trends among medium-sized municipalitiesdiverge. In Uppsala, segregation has decreased while ithas increased in the other medium-sized municipalities.

Percentage of foreign-born per municipality, 1997 and 2009

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Stockho lm Gteborg Malm Uppsala Hels ingborg rebro Vsters Ume

20091997


92


94/110

What proportion of foreign-born and native-

born are houseowners?

Form of housing, percentage distribution by region of birth,2008

Proportion, percent

01020304050

60708090

100

Sw eden Nordicregion

EU/EFTAexcl.

Nordic

region

Rest of thew orld

Rentedhousing

Housingcooperative

House


Ethnic housing segregation can partly be explained bydifferences in the type of property native-born andforeign-born persons live in. Housing areas where

foreign-born persons are overrepresented are, as a rule,areas that are also dominated by rented accommodation.The proportion of houseowners is just under 20 percentamong foreign-born while the corresponding proportionamong native-born is 56 percent.

3


95/110

Participation and election turn-

outAre there differences in election turn-out

between foreign-born and native-born?

General election turn-out in 2002 and 2006 by gender, foreign-

born and native-born, parents origin and age

Percentage turn-out of those eligible to vote

2002 2006Year Women Men Total Women Men TotalForeign-born 68.4 66 67.3 65.1 68.5 66.918-44 years 64.5 57.2 60.8 60.1 64.6 62.5

45- years 71.5 75.9 73.4 69.3 71.3 70.4

Native-born 82.7 82.3 82.5 84.1 85.2 84.7With two foreign-

born parents 62.5 60.9 61.6 71.3 78.0 74.4

With one foreign-born parent 83.1 77.6 80.4 79.6 84.2 81.8

With two native-

born parents 83.3 83.2 83.2 84.8 85.5 85.1Total 81.4 81 81.2 82.4 83.5 82.9

Source: Statistics Sweden, the table is based on a recurrent sample survey on election

turn-out produced by Statistics Sweden.

The difference in election turn-out between foreign-

born and native-born was 17.8 percentage points in 2006.Younger people are clearly more inclined to vote thanolder people. In the native-born group, election turn-outdiffers depending on whether the parents are native-born or foreign-born. Among native-born with twoforeign-born parents, 74.4 percent voted in 2006 while

94


96/110

the figure for those with two native-born parents was85.1 percent.

General election turn-out in 2006 by gender and region of birth,

percent

Region of birth Women Men Total

Sweden 85.2 84.1 84.7Nordic region excl Sweden 73.4 73.7 73.5

EU 25 excl Nordic region 72.0 70.0 71.2Europe excl EU 25 and Nordic region 60.8 59.2 59.9Africa 56.2 60.1 58.3Asia 67.0 61.2 64.2North America 76.7 80.9 78.8South America 74.9 70.9 73.0

All 83.5 82.4 82.9


The election turn-out estimates for foreign-born are based on relativelyfew observations and are therefore more unreliable.

5


97/110

General election turn-out in 2006 among foreign nationals who

have become Swedish citizens, by gender and age, percent

Men Women Total

Those who have become Swedishcitizens18 - 29 years 58.7 60.9 59.830 - 44 years 68.2 72.2 70.245 - 64 years 70.3 75.2 72.965 - years 68.6 66.4 67.318 - years 67.0 70.1 68.6Those who have always beenSwedish citizens18 - 29 years 76.6 81.5 79.030 - 44 years 84

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