Statistics on Water in Mexico - gob.mx · 2019-05-14 · Statistics on Water in Mexico 2008 ISBN 978-968-817-896-6 First edition 2008 Author ... water purification plants and wastewater

Statistics on Water in Mexico

2008 edition

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Statistics on Water in Mexico2008 edition

www.conagua.gob.mx

AcknowledgementsVarious areas of the National Water Commission of Mexico took part in the preparation of this document, as well as the institutions that

make up the Thematic Water Group of the Statistics and Geographical Information Technical Committee of the Environment and Natural

Resources Sector. Special thanks go to the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of

Ecology and the Federal Commission for Electricity.

DisclaimerThe unaltered reproduction of the material contained in this publication is authorized, for non-profit motives and quoting the source.

TitleStatistics on Water in Mexico 2008ISBN 978-968-817-896-6First edition 2008

AuthorNational Water Commission of MexicoInsurgentes Sur No. 2416Col. Copilco el BajoC.P. 04340, Coyoacan, Mexico City, D.F.Mexicowww.conagua.gob.mx

EditorMinistry of the Environment and Natural ResourcesBoulevard Adolfo Ruiz Cortines No. 4209Col. Jardines de la MontañaC.P. 14210, Tlalpan, Mexico City, D.F.Mexico

Printed in Mexico

Distributed free of charge. Not for sale

The use of this publication is forbidden for purposes other than that of social development

Contact usYour opinion and feedback are very important to us. Contact us through the Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning.

E-mail: [email protected]. Telephone: (55) 5174 4000.

Photo credits

Capt. Ricardo Garrido

Dr. Manuel Maass

The photograph on the cover is Tlaloc, the god of rain and fertility, courtesy of the Museum of Anthropology and History, INAH.

3

National Water Commission of Mexico

Director General’s Office

Coordination of Advisors to the Director General

Deputy Director General’s Office for Administration

Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management

Deputy Director General’s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation

Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure

Deputy Director General’s Office for Legal Affairs

Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning

Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs

General Coordination for Attention to Emergencies and River Basin Councils

General Coordination for Institutional Attention, Communication, and Water Culture

General Coordination for Fiscal Revision and Payments

General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service

Internal Control Agency

4

Introduction

In Mexico, the management and preservation of water resources is a complex task that requires the col-laborative work of several federal, state and municipal dependencies, as well as society at large. To achieve this task, these stakeholders must have at their dis-posal information that is reliable, up-to-date and appropriate on all aspects related with water manage-ment, from variables related to the components of the hydrologic cycle to the socio-economic aspects that affect the use of water.

In this context, the National Water Commission of Mexico has been promoting the dissemination of statistical information on water since 1999, through the Basic Compendium of Water in Mexico and up to today with the 2008 edition of “Statistics on Water in Mexico”, in which we aim to present the reader with a clear and up-do-date overview of the situation as regards water in Mexico, comparing this situation to other countries in the world. This document has been produced as part of the National Information System on Water Quantity, Quality, Uses and Conservation (SINA in Spanish), which is made up of information provided by the various institutions and organizations that take part in the management and preservation of water.

One of the aims of the 2007-2012 National Water Program is to improve the technical, administrative and financial development of the water sector. One of the strategies to achieve this is through the strategic information system and indicators of the water sec-tor, for which the goal has been stated of designing and implementing the SINA 100% by 2012. It is in this framework that the present document has been produced.

The document includes eight chapters, in which

we present information on the geographical and socio-economic context of the country and the way in which water occurs and is used. Similarly, informa-tion is included on the index and degree of poverty, precipitation, runoff, aquifer recharge, meteorological phenomena and water quality. In the theme of water infrastructure we include storage dams, aqueducts, water purification plants and wastewater treatment plants, amongst others. In the same way, the tools that exist in Mexico to carry out a better manage-ment of water resources are mentioned. Additionally, information is provided on the relationship between water and the themes of health and the environment, while offering an overview up to 2030 and the aspects related with water planning. Finally, several indicators are compared which allow us to place the information on Mexico into context with other countries.

In addition to the printed version of this docu-ment, an interactive compact disk has been prepared, which includes more detailed information for those interested in going deeper into the themes and data presented, as well as the digital information files.

We are sure that the publication we are presenting will be of interest and use, and will without doubt con-tribute to enhancing the appreciation of the situation as regards water in Mexico, supporting the raising of awareness on the responsible use and fair payment for water, a vital resources for life and our nation’s eco-nomic development, as well as for the preservation of the environment.

Director General´s Office of the National Water Commission of MexicoMexico City, September 2008.

5

Contents

Introduction 4

Contents 5

1. Geographical and Socio-Economic Context 7 1.1 Geographical and Demographic Aspects 8 1.2 Population Centers 10 1.3 Economic Indicators 11 1.4 Index and Degree of Poverty 12 1.5 The Hydrological-Administrative Regions for Water Management 14 1.6 Regional Contrast between Development and the Availability of Water 15 1.7 Summary of Data by Hydrological- Administrative Region and State 16

2. State of Water Resources 21 2.1 Mexico’s Catchments and Aquifers 22 2.2 Mean Natural Availability of Water 24 2.3 Meteorological Phenomena 30 2.4 Surface Water 35 2.5 Groundwater 42 2.6 Water Quality 44

3. Uses of Water 53 3.1 Classification of the Uses of Water 54 3.2 Distribution of the Uses throughout Mexico 54 3.3 Agricultural Use 59 3.4 Use for Public Water Supply 59 3.5 Use in Self-Supplying Industry 59 3.6 Use in Thermoelectric Plants 59 3.7 Use in Hydropower Plants 60 3.8 Water Stress 61 3.9 Virtual Water in Mexico 63

4. Hydraulic Infrastructure 65 4.1 Mexico’s Hydraulic Infrastructure 66 4.2 Mexico’s Main Dams 66 4.3 Hydro-Agricultural Infrastructure 71 4.4 Drinking Water and Sanitation Infrastructure 78 4.5 Water Treatment and Reuse 86 4.6 Emergency Attention 92

5. Water Management Tools 93 5.1 Institutions Related with Water in Mexico 94 5.2 Legal Framework for the Use of the Nation’s Water 96 5.3 Economy and Water Finances 100 5.4 Participation Mechanisms 111 5.5 Water-Related Standards 118

6 Water, Health and the Environment 123 6.1 Water and Health 124 6.2 Vegetation 127 6.3 Biodiversity 128 6.4 Wetlands 130

7. Future Scenarios 133 7.1 Growth Trends 134 7.2 National Development Plan 2007-2012 140 7.3 National Water Program 2007-2012 140

8. Water in the World 143 8.1 Socio-Economic and Demographic Aspects 144 8.2 Components of the Hydrologic Cycle in the World 146 8.3 Uses of Water and Infrastructure 152

Annexes 165Annex A. Data by Hydrological-Administrative Region 166Annex B. Data by State 179Annex C. Characteristics of the Hydrological Regions 211Annex D. List of Over-exploited Aquifers 212Annex E. Characteristics of the Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS) 215Annex F. Bibliography for the Production of Statistics on Water in Mexico 2008 218Annex G. Glossary 220Annex H. Abbreviations and Acronyms 225Annex l. Units of Measurement 226Annex J. Analytical Index 227

7

Chapter 1

Geographical and

Socio-Economic

Context

Given that catchments or river basins are the basic units of water resources management, the country has been divided into 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions with the aim of organizing the management and preservation of the nation’s water.

In this first chapter, it may be appreciated that Mex-ico has a substantial territorial extension and a great length of coasts; furthermore, it has gone through an accelerated population growth in recent years, which has seen the population go from being predominantly rural to mainly urban. Economic and social inequalities are presented, as well as inequalities in availability of water resources. Additionally, new concepts such as the index and degree of poverty are presented.

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1 Geographical and Socio-Economic Context

T1.1 Mexico’s position and surface area

Surface areaTotal area: 1 964 375 km2

Mainland area: 1 959 248 km2

Island area: 5 127 km2

Exclusive Economic Zone of territorial sea: 3 149 920 km2 Total surface area: 5 114 295 km²

Borders3 152 km with the United States of America 956 km with Guatemala 193 km with Belize

Length of the coastline:11 122 km 7 828 km in the Pacific Ocean 3 294 km in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea

Extreme geographical coordinates:North: 32° 43´ 06´´ latitude north, marked at Monument 206, on the border with the United States of America.South: 14° 32´ 27´´ latitude north. At the mouth of the Suchiate River, at the border with Guatemala. East: 86° 42´ 36´´ longitude west. Extreme southwest of Mujeres Island in the Mexican Caribbean.West: 118° 27´ 24´´ longitude west. Tip of Elephant Rock on Guadalupe Island in the Pacific Ocean.

SOURCE: INEGI. Yearbook of Statistics by State, 2007 Edition. Mexico, 2007.

Mexico covers a total area of 1 964 375 km², of which 1 959 248 km² is the mainland area and 5 127 km² are islands. Additionally, the Exclusive Economic Zone of territorial sea, covering 3 149 920 km² should be added to this area. As a result, the country’s overall surface area is 5 114 295 km².

Mexico is between the longitudes of 118°42’ and 86°42’ west and the latitudes of 14°32’ and 32°43’ north, the same latitudes as the Sahara and Arabian des-erts. Due to Mexico’s relief characteristics, there exists a great variety of climates. Two thirds of the territory of Mexico is considered arid or semi-arid, whereas the southeast is humid, with annual precipitations which exceed 2 000 mm per year in some zones. Of the country’s population, 63% lives in areas at least 1 000 meters above sea level.

Mexico is made up of 31 states and a Federal District (known as the D.F. in Spanish), which can be further broken down into 2 449 municipalities and 16 delega-tions of the D.F. respectively.

Between 1950 and 2005, the country’s population quadrupled, and went from being predominantly rural (57.4%) to mainly urban (76.5%). During the same time period, the mean annual birth rate decreased sig-nificantly. The highest rate was during the period from 1960 to 1970 (3.40%), but it then fell to 1.02% in the period from 2000 to 2005. In the table of G1.1, the growth rates of the rural, urban and total population are shown for the period from 1950 to 2005.

1.1 Geographical and demographic aspects

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Geographical and Socio-Economic Context 1

Approximately 10% of the rural population may be found spread out in small localities of less than 100 inhabitants, to whom it is particularly expensive to provide drinking water and sanitation services.

According to the latest Census from 2005, there are 187 938 inhabited localities in Mexico, spread out as follows, according to their population:

G1.1 Population of Mexico, from 1950 to 2005

Evolution of the population in Mexico, from 1950 to 2005(Millions of inhabitants)

Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Rural 14.80 17.23 18.58 19.93 21.24 22.55 22.93 23.30 23.73 24.16 24.71 24.28

Urban 11.02 17.76 23.10 28.43 36.45 44.47 51.34 58.21 62.73 67.25 72.98 79.20

Total 25.82 34.99 41.68 48.36 57.69 67.02 74.27 81.51 86.46 91.41 97.69 103.48

NOTE: The population was interpolated on December 31st of each year, based on data from the Censuses. [Translator´s Note: In Mexico there are two types of Census, referred to as “Censo” and “Conteo”. Both are carried out every ten years, the “Censo” in years ending with 0 and the “Conteo” in years ending in 5. For the purpose of this publication, they will only be referred to by the English term “Census”.]The rural population is considered as that which lives in localities of less than 2 500 inhabitants, whereas the urban population refers to populations of 2 500 inhabitants or more. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses.

T1.2 Distribution of the population, by the size of the locality, 2005

Population of the locality Number of localities Population(Millions of inhabitants)

Percentage of the overall population

More than 500 000 34 29.12 28.20

Between 50 000 and 499 999 162 26.45 25.61

Between 2 500 and 49 999 2 994 23.41 22.67

Between 100 and 2 499 47 233 21.84 21.15

Less than 100 137 515 2.44 2.36

Total 187 938 103.26 100.00

SOURCE: INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005.NOTE: The data in the table is as of the date of the Census, and for that reason it differs from the data in graphic G1.1, which was interpolated.

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a A metropolitan zone is defined as the sum of two or more municipalities which includes a city of 50 000 or more inhabitants, the urban area, functions and activities of which go beyond the municipal limit in which they were originally confined, incorporating mainly urban neighboring municipalities either completely or in their direct area of influence, with which they maintain a high degree of socio-economic integration; this definition also includes those municipalities which, due to their particular characteristics are relevant for urban planning and politics. b Includes the 16 delegations of the D.F.

M1.1 Population centers of more than 500 000 inhabitants, projection for 2007

In Mexico there are 56 metropolitan zonesa in which, in 2005, 57.9 million inhabitants, or 56.0% of the total population, were concentrated. The area covered by the metropolitan zones is 167 028 km², spread out over 345 municipalitiesb.

There are 30 population centers in the country with more than 500 000 inhabitants, of which 27 refer to one of the metropolitan zones (MZ) and the others are individual municipalities. In the following figure these population centers are shown:

1.2 Population centers

NOTE: Includes metropolitan zones and single municipalities.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the Metropolitan Zones in Mexico 2005. Mexico, 2007.INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005.

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T1.3 Mexico’s five metropolitan zones with the largest population, 2007

No. Metropolitan Zone

States Population in 2007(millions of inhabitants)

Number of municipalities and/or delegations

of the D.F.

Surface area

1 Valley of Mexico DF-Hidalgo-State of Mexico 19.35 76 7 854

2 Guadalajara Jalisco 4.26 8 2 734

3 Monterrey Nuevo Leon 3.90 12 6 704

4 Puebla-Tlaxcala Puebla-Tlaxcala 2.58 38 2 217

5 Toluca State of Mexico 1.72 14 2 038

Total 31.81 148 21 557

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005.SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the Metropolitan Zones of Mexico 2005. Mexico, 2007CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico 2007, interpolated in December every year.

T1.4 Mexico’s Main Economic Indicators, from 1990 to 2007

Indicators Year

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in billions of dollars 262.7 286.2 580.8 767.7 840.0 893.4

GDP per capita in dollars 3 157 3 140 5 928 7 447 8 060 8 479

Inflation based on the National Consumer Price Index (December each year)

29.93% 51.97% 8.96% 3.33% 4.05% 3.76%

SOURCE: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook. United States of America, 2008.Bank of Mexico’s Annual Report 2007, April 2008 www.banxico.org.mx. Mexico, 2008.

The metropolitan zones of the Valley of Mexico, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla-Tlaxcala and Toluca, concentrate 30.8% of the country’s population, or 31.81 million inhabitants, as shown in the following table:

1.3 Economic Indicators Mexico’s GDP per capita in 2007 was close to

8 500 dollars and inflation has been maintained in recent years to levels of around 4%, much lower than the rate in the previous decade.

As part of the United Nations’ recommendations as regards national accounting, in Mexico the damage caused to the environment and natural resources in general is quantified in physical and monetary terms, as a result of economic processes.

In this sense, research headed by INEGI with the sup-port of different sectors and public institutions, including the Conagua, has allowed the cost of exhausting natu-ral resources and the degradation of the environment through human economic activities to be determined.

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T1.5 Municipalities with the highest index and degree of poverty, 2005

No. Municipality State Total population

Poverty Index Degree of Poverty

1 Cochoapa el Grande Guerrero 15 572 4.49541 Very high

2 Batopilas Chihuahua 13 298 3.40930 Very high

3 Coicoyan de las Flores Oaxaca 7 598 3.26255 Very high

4 Sitala Chiapas 10 246 3.22790 Very high

5 Del Nayar Nayarit 30 551 3.11527 Very high

6 Acatepec Guerrero 28 525 3.11212 Very high

7 Metlatonoc Guerrero 17 398 3.07010 Very high

8 San Juan Petlapa Oaxaca 2 717 2.97982 Very high

9 Jose Joaquin de Herrera Guerrero 14 424 2.92035 Very high

10 Chalchihuitan Chiapas 13 295 2.90154 Very high

11 Tehuipango Veracruz de Ignacio de la LLave 20 406 2.86560 Very high

12 Mixtla de Altamirano Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 9 572 2.82344 Very high

13 Santiago Amoltepec Oaxaca 11 113 2.79609 Very high

14 San Jose Tenango Oaxaca 18 120 2.73941 Very high

15 Santa Lucia Miahuatlan Oaxaca 3 023 2.70057 Very high

16 Copanatoyac Guerrero 17 337 2.69112 Very high

17 San Martin Peras Oaxaca 12 406 2.61753 Very high

18 Santa Cruz Zenzontepec Oaxaca 16 773 2.61703 Very high

19 Santiago el Pinar Chiapas 2 854 2.60073 Very high

20 Mitontic Chiapas 9 042 2.59529 Very high

Total 274 270

SOURCE: CONEVAL. Poverty Maps in Mexico. 2007.

It is estimated that these costs have monetary values of between 8% and 9% of the GDP. With these costs, it is possible to estimate the Environmentally-adjusted net Domestic Product (EDP) and the Ecological Gross Domestic Product (EGDP).

1.4 Index and degree of povertya

The definition, identification and measurement of poverty in Mexico is one of the responsibilities of the National Council for the Evaluation of the Social Devel-opment Policy (CONEVAL, its initials in Spanish), a body created in 2006 under the General Law for Social Development. The CONEVAL developed the Poverty Index taking into account the multi-dimensional char-acter of poverty. The index includes aspects of educa-

tion, access to health and other basic services, quality housing and spaces, and household assets. The data used was obtained from the definitive results of the II Census of Population and Housing 2005. It should be mentioned that the Poverty Index is an indicator of defi-ciencies that is estimated at three geographical levels: state, municipality and local. With this index, the aim is to contribute to the generation of information as a decision-making tool on social policies at various levels of operation, thus facilitating the identification of areas for priority attention.

According to the value of the Poverty Index, the degree of poverty is determined, which may be very low, low, medium, high or very high. The following table presents the index and degree of poverty of the country’s poorest municipalities.

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a Translator´s Note: The Index is known in Spanish as the “Indice de Rezago Social” and the degree is referred to as the “Grado de Rezago Social”.

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The states of Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca have a very high degree of poverty, in accordance with their level of low incomes. The main reason for this backlog may be found in the fact that these states have a high level of educational poverty, very low coverage of basic services and very low access to social security. These deficiencies, together with their low incomes, underpin the high poverty rates in these states. In the following map the index and degree of social poverty are shown by municipality.

M1.2 Municipal Poverty Index 2005

SOURCE: CONEVAL. Poverty Maps in Mexico. 2007. “Indice de Rezago Social”.

In the 106 municipalities with a very high degree of poverty, the occurrence of food deficiency is above 40 percent: 1.4 million inhabitants live in these municipalities.

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M1.3 Hydrological-Administrative Regions

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on the By-Laws of the CONAGUA and the CONAGUA’s River Basin Organizations’ Territorial Constituency Agreement, published in the Official Government Gazette on December 12th, 2007.

1.5 The Hydrological-Administrative Regions for water management

Given that the catchment is the basic unit for the management of water resources, the country has been divided into 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions, with the aim of organizing the management and preservation of the nation’s waters. The Hydrological-Administrative Regions are made up by grouping together catchments, respecting the municipal limits so as to facilitate the integration of socio-economic information.

The National Water Commission of Mexico (CONAGUA), an administrative, standard-bearing, technical and consultative agency in charge of water management in the country, carries out its functions through 13 River Basin Organizations (formerly known as Regional Departments), the scope of competence of which are the Hydrological-Administrative Regions, shown in the following figure:

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The cities in which the River Basin Organizations have their headquarters are shown in the following table:

The Hydrological-Administrative Regions were defined according to the limits of the country’s catch-ments, and are made up of whole municipalities. The municipalities that make up each one of these Hydro-logical-Administrative Regions are indicated in River Basin Organizations’ Territorial Constituency Agree-ment, published in the Official Government Gazette on December 12th, 2007.

In addition, the CONAGUA has 20 Local Offices (formerly known as State Departments “Gerencias Estatales”) in the states in which no River Basin Orga-nization has its headquarters.a

T1.6 Host cities of the River Basin Organizations

River Basin Organization Host city

I Baja California Peninsula Mexicali, Baja California

II Northwest Hermosillo, Sonora

III Northern Pacific Culiacan, Sinaloa

IV Balsas Cuernavaca, Morelos

V Southern Pacific Oaxaca, Oaxaca

VI Rio Bravo Monterrey, Nuevo Leon

VII Central Basins of the North Torreon, Coahuila de Zaragoza

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guadalajara, Jalisco

IX Northern Gulf Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas

X Central Gulf Xalapa, Veracruz

XI Southern Border Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas

XII Yucatan Peninsula Merida, Yucatan

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

Mexico City, Federal District

SOURCE: By-Laws of the CONAGUA. Mexico, 2006.

1.6 Regional contrast between development and the availability of water

The country may be divided into two main zones: the north, center and northwest zone, which con-centrates 77% of the population, where 87% of the Gross Domestic Product is generated, but only 31% of the renewable water may be found; and the south and southeast zone, where 23% of the population lives, 13% of the GDP is generated and 69% of the renewable water occurs. The figure M1.4 illustrates the disparity between these two zones as regards their availability of water and economic activity.

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a There are 31 States and one Federal District (D.F.) in Mexico. For the purpose of this publication, all 32 will be referred to as “States”.

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M1.4 Regional contrast between development and the availability of water, 2007

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.INEGI. 2004 Economic Censuses. Mexico, 2005.

1.7 Summary of data by Hydrological-Administrative Region and State

The following table shows the main geographical and socio-economic data for each Hydrological-Administra-tive Region. It should be mentioned that the majority of the country’s economic activity is concentrated in the Hydrological-Administrative Regions XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico, VI Rio Bravo, VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific and IV Balsas, which between them generate two thirds of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

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T1.7 Geographical and socio-economic data, by Hydrological-Administrative Region

Hydrological-Administrative Region Population in 2007a

(inhabitants)

Mainland areab (km2)

Population density in 2007 (inhabitants/km2)

GDP 2006 (%)

Municipalities and/or Delegations

of the D.F.c (number)

I Baja California Peninsula 3 580 948 145 386 25 4.22 10

II Northwest 2 572 252 205 218 13 2.86 79

III Northern Pacific 3 959 279 152 013 26 3.00 51

IV Balsas 10 535 977 119 247 88 12.00 422

V Southern Pacific 4 116 080 77 525 53 1.81 362

VI Rio Bravo 10 703 815 379 552 28 15.66 141

VII Central Basins of the North 4 120 949 202 562 20 2.66 83

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 20 625 203 190 366 108 14.14 329

IX Northern Gulf 4 941 244 127 166 39 6.60 154

X Central Gulf 9 583 822 104 790 91 4.43 445

XI Southern Border 6 502 913 101 231 64 2.89 139

XII Yucatan Peninsula 3 903 937 137 753 28 4.22 124

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 21 090 206 16 438 1 283 25.50 116

Total 106 236 625 1 959 248 54 100 2 455

NOTE: a Calculated based on the CONAPO’s 2005-2030 projections. Population as of December.b INEGI, Municipal Geostatistical Framework, Version 3.1.1. 2008.c Calculated based on the Gross Censual Added Value by Municipality for 2006.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses.

G1.2 Percentage of the national Gross Domestic Product, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2006

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005.INEGI. 2004 Economic Censuses. Mexico, 2007.

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T1.8 Geographical and socio-economic data by state

State Population in 2007a

(inhabitants)

Mainland areab (km2)

Population density in 2007 (inhabitants/km2)

GDP 2006c (%)

Municipalities and/or Delegations

of the D.F.b (number)

1 Aguascalientes 1 115 304 5 618 199 1.27 11

2 Baja California 3 036 393 71 463 42 3.60 5

3 Baja California Sur 544 556 73 922 7 0.62 5

4 Campeche 782 130 51 352 15 1.22 11

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 2 587 917 151 623 17 3.29 38

6 Colima 589 327 5 625 105 0.54 10

7 Chiapas 4 435 911 73 178 61 1.62 118

8 Chihuahua 3 343 408 247 478 14 4.55 67

9 Durango 1 541 433 123 287 13 1.30 39

10 Federal District 8 832 734 1 496 5 905 21.52 16

11 Guanajuato 5 008 063 30 609 164 3.46 46

12 Guerrero 3 147 680 63 652 49 1.60 81

13 Hidalgo 2 402 682 20 824 115 1.29 84

14 Jalisco 6 931 957 78 598 88 6.21 125

15 State of Mexico 14 536 860 22 357 650 9.69 125

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 3 984 577 58 614 68 2.13 113

17 Morelos 1 655 138 4 882 339 1.34 33

18 Nayarit 965 641 27 815 35 0.56 20

19 Nuevo Leon 4 365 090 64 225 68 7.52 51

20 Oaxaca 3 552 685 93 524 38 1.52 570

21 Puebla 5 567 191 34 283 162 3.68 217

22 Queretaro Arteaga 1 674 737 11 707 143 1.82 18

23 Quintana Roo 1 243 989 38 784 32 1.58 8

24 San Luis Potosi 2 467 651 61 112 40 1.90 58

25 Sinaloa 2 645 933 57 377 46 1.89 18

26 Sonora 2 475 658 179 484 14 2.85 72

27 Tabasco 2 034 507 24 743 82 1.27 17

28 Tamaulipas 3 135 501 80 243 39 3.22 43

29 Tlaxcala 1 112 200 4 006 278 0.53 60

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 7 251 626 71 846 101 4.25 212

31 Yucatan 1 886 161 37 409 50 1.41 106

32 Zacatecas 1 381 991 75 313 18 0.75 58

Total 106 236 625 1 946 449 54 100 2 455

NOTE: a Calculated based on the CONAPO’s 2005-2030 projections. Population as of December.b The total does not add up the total surface area of 1 959 248 km2 since there are still seven areas of the country that have not yet been assigned in version 3.1.1 of the Municipal Geostatistical Framework, 2008, for a total area of 12 798 km2. c Calculated based on the Gross Censual Added Value by Municipality for 2006.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from INEGI. General Censuses.

The following table presents geographical and socio-economic data on the states of Mexico, as well as a graph showing the contribution of each of them to the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. It is worth mentioning that the Federal District concentrates more than a fifth of the national GDP.

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G1.3 Percentage of the national Gross Domestic Product, by State, 2006

SOURCE: INEGI. 2004 Economic Censuses. Mexico, 2007.

21

Chapter 2

The state of water

resources

This chapter presents the various elements of the hydrologic cycle, from precipitation to runoff into rivers and streams, and aquifer recharge, as well as the evolution in availability of water in Mexico. The list of the country’s main rivers is also elaborated on.

On the subject of meteorological phenomena, the intense hurricanes that have hit Mexico since 1970 are presented, as is the opposite phenomena, droughts, which are discussed in greater depth in this edition.

As regards the information related to the quality of surface and groundwater, the evolution in recent years is also included.

22

2 The state of water resources

2.1 Mexico’s Catchments and AquifersIn the hydrologic cycle, a significant proportion of

the precipitation returns to the atmosphere in the form of evapotranspiration, whereas the rest runs off to the country’s rivers and streams, grouped together in catch-ments, or filters through to the country’s aquifers.

As a result of work carried out by the CONAGUA, INEGI and INE, 1471 catchments or river basins (“cuen-cas hidrograficas”) have been identified in Mexico. For the purpose of this work, the terms “catchment” and

Hydrological Regions:1. Baja California Northwest2. Baja California Central-West3. Baja California Southwest4. Baja California Northeast5. Baja California Central-East6. Baja California Southeast

7. Colorado River8. Sonora North9. Sonora South10. Sinaloa11. Presidio-San Pedro12. Lerma-Santiago13. Huicicila River

14. Ameca River15. Jalisco Coast16. Armeria-Coahuayana17. Michoacan Coast18. Balsas19. Greater Guerrero Coast20. Lower Guerrero Coast

M2.1 Hydrological Regions

“river basin” are used indiscriminately to translate the Spanish term “cuenca hidrografica”. For the purpose of the publication of surface water, they have been grouped and/or divided into 728 watersheds (“cuencas hidrologicas”).

The country’s catchments have been organized into 37 hydrological regions, which are in turn covered by the 13 Hydrological-Administrative Regions mentioned in the previous chapter.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

23

The state of water resources 2

As regards groundwater, the country is divided into 653 aquifers or hydrogeological units, as published in the Official Government Gazette on December 5th, 2001, and as shown in the following map:

21. Oaxaca Coast22. Tehuantepec23. Chiapas Coast24. Bravo-Conchos25. San Fernando-Soto La Marina26. Panuco

27. North of Veracruz (Tuxpan-Nautla Rivers)28. Papaloapan29. Coatzacoalcos30. Grijalva-Usumacinta31. Yucatan West

32. Yucatan North33. Yucatan East34. Closed Catchments of the North35. Mapimi36. Nazas-Aguanaval37. El Salado

M2.2 Limits of the aquifers by Hydrological-Administrative Region

The CONAGUA has 4 058 stations in operation to measure climate and hydrometric variables. The climate stations measure the temperature, precipitation, evapo-ration, wind speed and direction. The stream gages

measure the levels and flows of water in rivers and the volumes of water stored in dams, as well as the with-drawal for the purpose of sampling. The hydroclimate stations take climatic and hydrometric measurements.


24


Includes 1 062 reference climate stations (see the glossary). Additionally, the CONAGUA, through the National Meteorological Service, operates 79 observa-tories and 146 automatic meteorological stations.

2.2 Mean Natural Availability of WaterEvery year, Mexico receives around 1 488 billon

cubic meters of water in the form of precipitation. Of this water, 72.5% evaporates and returns to the atmo-sphere, 22.1% runs off into rivers and streams and the remaining 5.4% fi lters through to the subsoil and recharges the aquifers, in such a way that every year

T2.1 Number of climate and stream gagesin Mexico, 2007

Type of station Number of stations

Climate Stations1 3 348

Stream gages 499

Stations 211

Total 4 0581 DOf a total of 5 880 climate stations, 3 348 are in operation. Of the latter, 1 062 are considered reference stations. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Offi ce for Technical Affairs.

I

E

Precipitation1 488 192

Sheet (mm)759.6Period

1971-2000

Evapotranspiration1 079 404

Mean natural internal

surface runoff329 137

Mean aquifer recharge79 651

Total mean natural surface

runoff378 449

Mean aquifer recharge79 651

Total mean natural availability

458 100

G2.1 Mean annual values of the components of the hydrologic cycle in Mexico (millions of cubic meters, hm3)

the country has 458 billion cubic meters of renewable freshwater, which is referred to as its mean natural avail-ability. The diagram below shows the components and values of this availability.

The imports from other countries refer to the volume of water generated in the shared catchments with the three countries with which Mexico has borders (United States of America, Guatemala and Belize) and which runs off to Mexico. The exports refer to the volume of water that Mexico delivers to the United States of America as part of the 1944 Water Treaty.

In addition to the freshwater that is renewed by rainfall, Mexico has reserves of water stored mainly in its aquifers, but also in the country’s natural and artifi -cial lakes; however, this water is not considered in the calculation of mean natural availability, since it is not renewable.

The mean natural per capita availability, which can be calculated by dividing the national value by the number of inhabitants, has decreased from 18 035 m³/inhabitant/year in 1950 to only 4 312 in 2007. In the graph G2.2, it may be observed how this value has decreased.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Offi ce for Technical Affairs.

1-92.indd 241-92.indd 24 10/11/08 15:13:5110/11/08 15:13:51

I = Imports from other countries = 49744 h E= Exports to other countries = 432 hmm 33

25


It is worth mentioning that the availability should be analyzed from three perspectives:

• Seasonaldistribution,sinceinMexicothereisagreat variation in availability throughout the year. The majority of the rainfall occurs in the summer, whereas the rest of the year is relatively dry.

• Geographicaldistribution,sincesomeregionsofthe country have an abundant precipitation and low population density, whereas in others exactly the opposite occurs.

• Theareaofanalysis,sincewaterproblemsarepre-dominantly local in scale. Indicators calculated on a greater scale may hide some strong variations which exist throughout the country.

In some Hydrological-Administrative Regions, such as XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico, VI Rio Bravo and VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific, the mean natural per capita availability is alarmingly low. In the following table the availability for each of the Hydrological-Administrative Regions may be observed:

G2.2 Variation in the mean natural per capita availability of water, from 1950 to 2005 (m³/inhabitant/year)

NOTE: The total natural availability, in millions of cubic meters per year, is 458 100.For the years 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000, the population data was interpolated on December 31st every year based on the figures from INEGI’s Censuses. For 1995 and 2005, interpolation was also carried out on December 31st of each year, based on INEGI’s Censuses. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs. Mexico, 2008.

26


Precipitation The country’s normal precipitation in the period

from 1941 to 2000 was 759.6 mm. According to the WMO, the “normal” values correspond to periodic measurements, calculated for a uniform and relatively long period, which must be at least 30 years of data, which is considered as a minimum representative cli-matalogical period, and which starts on January 1st of a year ending with one, and ends on December 31st of a year ending in zero.

It is worth mentioning that the monthly distribu-tion of the precipitation in particular accentuates the problems related with the availability of water, since 68% of the normal monthly precipitation falls between the months of June and September.

T2.2 Mean natural per capita availability, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Hydrological-Administration Region

Total mean natural

availabilitya (hm³/year)

Population in December 2007

(millions of inhabitants)

Mean natural per capita availability

2007 (m³/inhabitant/year)

Total mean natural surface

runoff (hm³/year)

Mean total groundwater

rechargea (hm³/year)

I Baja California Peninsula 4 616 3.58 1 289 3 367 1 249

II Northwest 8 204 2.57 3 192 5 074 3 130

III Northern Pacific 25 627 3.96 6 471 22 364 3 263

IV Balsas 21 651 10.54 2 055 17 057 4 601

V Southern Pacific 32 794 4.12 7 960 30 800 1 994

VI Rio Bravo 12 024 10.70 1 124 6 857 5 167

VII Central Basins of the North 7 780 4.12 1 888 5 506 2 274

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 34 037 20.63 1 650 26 351 7 686

IX Northern Gulf 25 500 4.94 5 162 24 227 1 274

X Central Gulf 95 455 9.58 9 964 91 606 3 849

XI Southern Border 157 754 6.50 24 270 139 739 18 015

XII Yucatan Peninsula 29 645 3.90 7 603 4 329 25 316

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 3 008 21.09 143 1 174b 1 834

Total 458 100 106.23 4 312 378 449 79 651

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely due to the rounding up or down of the figures.The quantities expressed in this table are indicative and for planning purposes only; they may be used themselves to carry out water concessions or to determine the feasibility of any given project. a The mean values refer to historical values, according to the availability of hydrological studies.b Includes the wastewater produced in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.

27


The following table presents the normal precipita-tion by state in the period from 1971 to 2000. It may be observed, for example, that in Tabasco, the rainiest state, the precipitation during this period was almost 13 times more than in Baja California Sur, the driest

G2.3 Normal monthly precipitation in Mexico, in the period 1971-2000 (millimeters)

T2.3 Monthly normal precipitation, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, in the period from 1971-2000 (millimeters)

Hydrological-Administrative Region

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual

I Baja California Peninsula 23.1 21.8 17.1 4.2 1.1 0.5 9.0 22.6 25.4 11.5 11.2 20.7 168.3

II Northwest 25.4 22.9 13.2 5.6 4.8 18.1 112.9 107.3 57.6 28.3 19.7 32.3 448.1

III Northern Pacific 26.7 12.5 6.8 5.3 9.0 63.2 187.6 191.3 134.8 52.5 29.2 28.7 747.7

IV Balsas 14.7 5.2 6.3 13.9 51.9 186.9 198.1 191.9 188.3 82.5 16.1 7.2 963.0

V Southern Pacific 9.0 8.1 7.7 20.4 79.3 243.5 205.0 223.8 247.4 110.6 20.6 9.1 1 184.6

VI Rio Bravo 16.0 12.3 9.6 16.1 29.9 48.8 75.1 81.0 80.4 35.4 14.8 16.5 435.9

VII Central Basins of the North 15.8 6.2 5.2 12.2 27.0 58.9 86.5 85.0 71.5 31.9 13.1 14.4 427.6

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 21.3 6.2 3.8 6.5 23.7 131.4 202.9 185.6 148.7 58.4 17.3 12.2 817.9

IX Northern Gulf 26.3 17.2 20.9 40.5 75.8 140.3 143.3 129.6 176.6 81.6 30.4 28.5 910.9

X Central Gulf 44.3 34.4 29.7 40.3 84.6 224.4 252.7 252.6 279.4 163.6 86.9 59.8 1 552.8

XI Southern Border 59.4 53.6 38.2 52.1 136.9 275.0 219.1 266.1 332.6 222.5 112.9 77.3 1 845.6

XII Yucatan Peninsula 46.6 31.6 28.4 37.9 84.6 170.7 161.1 175.8 212.2 144.7 73.7 51.9 1 219.2


9.3 8.3 12.6 27.9 56.1 105.2 115.7 105.9 98.7 50.8 12.6 7.0 610.2

Total 25.0 17.2 13.6 18.4 41.4 104.4 136.9 139.8 136.4 69.3 30.6 26.5 759.6

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

state. In the majority of states, the precipitation occurs mainly between June and September, with the excep-tion of Baja California and Baja California Sur, where the rainfall is mainly in the winter.


28


T2.4 Normal monthly historical precipitation by state, in the period from 1971 to 2000 (millimeters)

State Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual

1 Aguascalientes 18.1 5.7 2.8 7.2 21.1 75.9 130.2 114.7 78.8 35.8 10.8 11.3 512.5

2 Baja California 30.8 34.6 30.6 7.8 1.7 0.6 3.9 8.0 9.0 10.9 13.5 24.2 175.7

3 Baja California Sur 15.6 9.1 3.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 14.2 37.0 41.5 12.1 8.9 17.2 161.0

4 Campeche 48.2 32.3 26.2 33.6 79.3 190.3 174.5 204.3 240.4 166.9 86.4 54.5 1336.8

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 14.4 10.2 8.3 16.9 33.4 48.7 54.7 61.4 69.7 33.0 14.1 14.2 379.0

6 Colima 29.1 3.3 1.5 0.8 13.6 130.7 206.7 217.0 217.2 88.8 27.2 10.5 946.4

7 Chiapas 40.6 37.5 31.9 51.7 148.1 287.5 229.1 275.3 333.3 191.3 84.9 52.6 1763.9

8 Chihuahua 17.1 13.7 7.4 7.5 12.3 39.0 113.2 109.0 75.4 30.6 15.9 20.9 462.0

9 Durango 20.1 7.1 4.7 6.2 13.9 67.4 138.3 136.7 99.5 38.2 18.8 19.7 570.6

10 Federal District 9.6 6.6 12.3 29.6 69.2 168.6 194.0 192.3 161.4 73.6 12.9 7.2 937.4

11 Guanajuato 13.0 5.8 5.7 13.7 36.1 101.6 142.4 121.8 96.8 41.2 10.2 8.5 596.8

12 Guerrero 13.3 4.2 3.7 6.8 45.2 237.7 234.4 245.4 262.5 117.7 16.8 7.3 1195.0

13 Hidalgo 20.0 17.5 22.2 39.3 67.7 124.5 131.3 119.5 155.7 82.2 32.3 19.6 831.8

14 Jalisco 22.9 6.4 3.4 4.5 20.6 150.2 224.1 201.0 162.7 64.7 20.5 12.2 893.1

15 State of Mexico 13.3 8.1 10.2 23.0 61.9 155.7 176.5 165.7 145.1 66.9 15.5 8.8 850.6

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 21.8 4.3 4.0 6.9 30.8 157.2 208.6 197.6 175.4 77.7 18.2 8.7 911.1

17 Morelos 10.8 4.0 5.7 14.8 62.1 211.0 193.8 199.9 187.2 72.5 14.0 5.5 981.4

18 Nayarit 28.8 8.8 2.2 1.8 9.7 138.1 311.2 315.5 252.5 74.5 23.6 19.2 1185.8

19 Nuevo Leon 24.0 16.0 18.4 35.5 64.8 78.1 56.8 79.5 118.7 53.1 20.1 19.5 584.5

20 Oaxaca 14.3 13.8 12.9 27.8 90.2 225.3 205.9 214.1 223.7 101.6 33.1 19.2 1181.8

21 Puebla 19.1 17.0 21.4 39.5 83.3 183.6 166.9 160.3 190.6 95.9 35.7 20.7 1034.1

22 Queretaro Arteaga 15.4 10.2 15.6 27.3 52.6 120.4 133.9 117.7 133.4 60.8 22.4 14.8 724.4

23 Quintana Roo 53.9 35.2 32.9 44.7 96.8 167.8 155.6 160.4 204.0 144.5 79.5 59.2 1234.4

24 San Luis Potosi 20.5 10.7 13.0 29.7 59.8 110.8 126.5 98.8 127.0 56.5 19.8 19.3 692.5

25 Sinaloa 25.3 12.2 6.5 4.2 4.5 43.3 184.0 194.4 136.2 57.7 32.8 29.0 730.1

26 Sonora 24.5 22.3 13.0 5.2 4.0 14.7 105.4 101.0 53.4 27.2 18.9 31.7 421.2

27 Tabasco 114.6 101.0 57.4 55.3 107.6 241.2 191.4 242.3 332.3 315.1 194.5 149.3 2102.0

28 Tamaulipas 26.1 15.3 19.1 40.0 75.9 116.1 99.4 107.7 145.9 67.2 24.0 26.9 763.6

29 Tlaxcala 8.0 8.9 15.7 38.5 75.3 130.9 120.8 116.9 107.9 55.1 14.6 7.5 700.0

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

53.1 40.1 33.6 43.1 84.2 217.8 250.7 246.4 293.5 178.7 97.9 71.4 1610.6

31 Yucatan 38.8 29.4 28.1 37.3 80.1 148.3 148.6 152.6 184.5 120.1 54.3 44.5 1066.6

32 Zacatecas 17.9 6.2 3.2 7.4 21.4 69.4 103.7 99.5 71.8 33.9 12.9 13.7 460.8

National 25.0 17.2 13.6 18.4 41.4 104.4 136.9 139.8 136.4 69.3 30.6 26.5 759.6


29


M2.3 Distribution of the annual precipitation in Mexico (1971-2000)

The accumulated precipitation in the Mexican Republic from January 1st to December 31st, 2007 reached a sheet of 812.2 mm, which was 6.9% higher than the normal historical mean for the period from 1971 to 2000 (759.6 mm).

Normal precipitation in the period from 1971 to 2000 (759.6 mm)

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Precipitation 766.1 739.0 796.1 872.5 788.2 808.2 812.2

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service. 2008.

G2.4 Annual precipitation, period from 2001 to 2007 (millimeters)

NOTE: Calculated based on the Geobase.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

30


2.3 Meteorological PhenomenaTropical cyclones

Tropical cyclones are natural phenomena that should be given high priority, since the majority of the move-ment of sea humidity to the semi-arid zones of the countries occurs through them. In various regions of the country, cyclonic rains represent the majority of the annual precipitation.

Cyclones are classified according to the intensity of the maximum winds sustained. When they are stronger than 119 km/h (33.1 m/s), they are referred to as hur-ricanes; when they are between 61 km/h (16.9 m/s) and 119 km/h (33.1 m/s), they are tropical storms; and when the winds are less than 61 km/h (16.9 m/s), they are tropical depressions.

Between 1970 and 2007, 162 tropical cyclones hit Mexico’s coasts. The following table lists the number that has hit the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, through which it may be observed that despite the fact that a greater number of cyclones has hit the Pacific Coast, there have been more intense hurricanes in the Atlantic side.

T2.5 Tropical cyclones that hit Mexico between 1970 and 2007

Ocean Tropical depressions

Tropical storms Moderate hurricanes

(H1 and H2)

Intense hurricanes(H3-H5)

Total number

Atlantic 22 18 10 11 61

Pacific 20 38 35 8 101

Total 42 56 45 19 162

G2.5 Tropical cyclones that hit Mexico between 1970 and 2007

The table T2.6 presents the number of tropical cyclones that hit Mexico in the period from 1970 to 2007, according to their category.


31


M2.4 Intense hurricanes (categories 3, 4 and 5), in the period from 1970 to 2007

The following shows a map and a chronological list of the 19 intense hurricanes (categories 3, 4 or 5) that hit Mexico between 1970 and 2007.

T2.6 Intense hurricanes that hit Mexico, according to the starting date, in the period from 1970 to 2007

No. Name of the hurricane

Place(s) in which it hit grounda Date of occurrence Maximum speed (km/h)

Categoryb Costa

1 Ella Akumal, Quintana Roo, [La Pesca,Tamaulipas]

Sep 8th - 13th, 1970 55 [195] TD [H3] Atlantic

2 Carmen Punta Herradura, Quintana Roo Aug 29th - Sep 10th, 1974 222 H4 Atlantic

3 Caroline La Pesca, Tamaulipas Aug 24th - Sep 1st, 1975 185 H3 Atlantic

4 Olivia Villa Union, Sinaloa Oct 22nd - 25th, 1975 185 H3 Pacific

5 Liza La Paz BCS, [Topolobampo, Sinaloa]

Sep 25th - Oct 2nd, 1976 220 [215] H4 Pacific

(continues)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.

32


T2.6 Intense hurricanes that hit Mexico, according to the starting date, in the period from 1970 to 2007

No. Name of the hurricane

Place(s) in which it hit grounda Date of occurrence Maximum speed (km/h)

Categoryb Costa

6 Madeline B. Petacalco, Guerrero Sep 28th - Oct 8th, 1976 230 H4 Pacific

7 Anita La Pesca, Tamaulipas Aug 29th - Sep 3rd, 1977 280 H5 Atlantic

8 Allen Lauro Villar, Tamaulipas Jul 31st -Aug 11th, 1980 185 H3 Atlantic

9 Tico Caimanero, Sinaloa Oct 11th - 19th, 1983 205 H3 Pacific

10 Gilbert Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo[La Pesca, Tamaulipas]

Sep 8th - 20th, 1988 287[215] H5 [H4] Atlantic

11 Kiko Los Muertos Bay, Baja California Sur Aug 24th - 29th, 1989 195 H3 Pacific

12 Roxanne Tulum, Quintana Roo [Martinez de la Torre, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave][Punta Canoas, Baja California]

Oct 8th - 20th, 1995 185 [45] H3 [TD] Atlantic

13 Pauline Puerto Angel, Oaxaca [Acapulco, Guerrero]

Oct 6th - 10th, 1997 195 [165] H3 [H2] Pacific

14 Isidore Telchac Puerto, Yucatan Sep 14th - 26th, 2002 205 H3 Atlantic

15 Kenna San Blas, Nayarit Oct 21st - 25th, 2002 230 H4 Pacific

16 Emily 20 km North of Tulum, Quintana Roo[El Mezquite, Tamaulipas]

Jul 10th - 21st, 2005 215 H4 [H3] Atlantic

17 Wilma Isla Cozumel [Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo]

Oct 15th - 25th, 2005 230[220] H4 Atlantic

18 Lane Cruz de Elota, Sinaloa Sep 13th - 17th, 2006 205 H3 Pacific

19 Dean Puerto Bravo, Quintana Roo [Tecolutla, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave]

Aug 13th - 23th, 2007 260 [155] H5 [H2] Atlantic

NOTE: a When the hurricane hit ground in two places, the second is indicated in brackets.b Categories:TD= Tropical depression (a tropical cyclone in which the mean maximum surface wind is 62 km/h or less).TS= Tropical storm (a well-organized tropical cyclone with a hot core in which the mean maximum surface wind is between 63 km/h and 117 km/h).H= Hurricane (a tropical cyclone with a hot core in which the mean maximum surface wind is 118 km/h or more).

The Saffir / Simpson Hurricane Scale, according to the wind speed in km/h:H1 119 to 153H2 154 to 177H3 178 to 209H4 210 to 250H5 More than 250

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.National Weather Service of the United States of America. www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml. June 2007.

(continued)

33


M2.5 Conditions of drought at the end of the dry season, 2007

DroughtsAugust 2007 was warmer than normal, with an

average temperature of 24.2 °C, whereas the normal temperature is 23.5 °C. Nationwide, the precipitation in May was 38.8 millimeters, slightly below the climato-logical average which is 40.2 millimeters. The National Meteorological Service (NMS) ranked May 2007 as the 37th wettest month since 1941.

The maximum average temperatures showed that May was 32.2 °C on average. The maximum average temperatures extended over the northwest of Sonora, the states of the Eastern Sierra Madre mountain range, affect-

ing the northwest of Chihuahua, Sinaloa and a part of the west side of Durango, Nayarit, Guanajuato, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas.

Conditions of extreme drought (D3) and severe drought (D2) spread through the northwest and west of Mexico in May, in response to the persistent drought conditions that developed the previous November. The above-average temperatures in this region exacerbated the drought conditions, despite the reserve levels remaining higher than the previous year (2006). The severe drought (D2) and extreme drought conditions

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.http://smn.cna.gob.mx/productos/sequia

34


M2.6 Drought conditions at the end of the rainy season, 2007

also intensified in Guerrero, Michoacan and Jalisco as a result of a very dry period from November to May with a warm climate at the end of spring.

In April 2007, abnormally dry drought conditions (D0) were observed in Veracruz and moderate drought conditions (D1) spread through Tabasco and Chiapas. The maximum conditions of severe drought (D2) to moderate drought (D0) were observed in the Yucatan peninsula in the middle of May, but the strong rainfall at the end of the month began to invert the drought that had intensified since the last rainfall.

In November 2007, the country’s average precipi-tation was 23.9 millimeters, 24% below the climato-logical average. The National Meteorological Service

classified this month as the 17th driest November in the period 1941-2006. The states with rainfall above the climatological average were: Baja California Sur, Sonora, Baja California, Chihuahua, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave and Quintana Roo. The rest of the country registered rainfall below the normal level, in particular: Morelos, Guerrero, Colima, Nayarit, Aguascalientes, Oaxaca, Campeche and Chiapas.

In the south of the Baja California peninsula and in some regions of the northwest of Sonora, the drought conditions diminished compared to the previous month. However, a new area classified as D1 was registered in the extreme south of the peninsula.

The areas of D0 drought in the northeast region of

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs, General Coordination of the National Meteorological Service.http://smn.cna.gob.mx/productos/sequia

35


M2.7 Main rivers with their catchments or river basins

Mexico increased, especially in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. The classification (D1) remains strong in Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Zacatecas, Jalisco and Michoacan.

In the southeast of the country, a new region with a classification of D0-D1 developed, in the south and east of Chiapas, as well as a new area (D0) in the territory of Campeche. To the east of the Yucatan peninsula, the moderate drought conditions deteriorated to the clas-sification of severe (D1-D2).

The aforementioned is based on the North American Drought Monitor (NADM), which is drawn up monthly between Mexico, Canada and the United States of America.

2.4 Surface waterRivers

Mexico’s rivers and streams constitute a hydro-graphic network of 633 thousand kilometers, in which 50 main rivers stand out since 87% of the country’s surface runoff flows through them, and their catchments cover 65% of the country’s mainland surface area.

Two thirds of the surface runoff belongs to seven rivers: Grijalva-Usumacinta, Papaloapan, Coatzacoalcos, Balsas, Panuco, Santiago and Tonala. The surface area of their catchments represents 22% of the country’s surface. The Balsas and Santiago flow into the Pacific Ocean and the other five flow into the Gulf of Mexico. For the surface they cover, the catchments of the

NOTE: The main rivers are those that are accommodated in catchments of more than 200 000 square kilometers.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning.Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

36


Grande and Balsas rivers stand out, and for their length, the Grande and Grijalva-Usumacinta rivers. The Lerma, Nazas and Aguanaval are inland rivers. In the following

map, the most important data on the country’s rivers is presented, according to the water body into which they flow:

T2.7 Characteristics of the main rivers that flow into the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California, ordered by their mean natural surface runoff

No. River Hydrological-Administrative Region

Mean natural surface runoffa

(millions of cubic meters/year)

Area of the catchment

(km2)

Length of the river

(km)

Maximum order

1 Balsas IV Balsas 16 587 117 406 770 7

2 Santiago VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 7 849 76 416 562 7

3 Verde V South Pacific 5 937 18 812 342 6

4 Ometepec V South Pacific 5 779 6 922 115 4

5 Fuerte III North Pacific 5 176 33 590 540 6

6 Papagayo V South Pacific 4 237 7 410 140 6

7 San Pedro III North Pacific 3 417 26 480 255 6

8 Yaqui II Northwest 3 163 72 540 410 6

9 Culiacan III North Pacific 3 161 15 731 875 5

10 Suchiateb XI Southern Border 2 737 203 75 2

11 Ameca VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2 236 12 214 205 5

12 Sinaloa III North Pacific 2 126 12 260 400 5

13 Armeria VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2 015 9 795 240 5

14 Coahuayana VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1 867 7 114 203 5

15 Coloradob I Baja California Peninsula 1 863 3 840 160 6

16 Baluarte III North Pacific 1 838 5 094 142 5

17 San Lorenzo III North Pacific 1 680 8 919 315 5

18 Acaponeta III North Pacific 1 438 5 092 233 5

19 Piaxtla III North Pacific 1 415 11 473 220 5

20 Presidio III North Pacific 1 250 6 479 NA 4

21 Mayo II Northwest 1 232 15 113 386 5

22 Tehuantepec V South Pacific 950 10 090 240 5

23 Coatanb XI Southern Border 751 605 75 3

24 Tomatlan VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 668 2 118 NA 4

25 Marabasco VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 648 2 526 NA 5

26 San Nicolas VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 543 2 330 NA 5

27 Elota III North Pacific 506 2 324 NA 4

28 Sonora II Northwest 408 27 740 421 5

29 Concepcion II Northwest 123 25 808 335 230 Matape II Northwest 90 6 606 205 4

31 Tijuanab I Baja California Peninsula 78 3 203 143 4

32 Sonoyta II Northwest 16 7 653 311 5

Total 81 781 563 906 8 318

NOTES: 1 hm³ = 1 million cubic metersa The data on mean natural surface runoff represent the mean annual value of their historical registry and include the runoff of the transboundary catchments.b The mean natural surface runoff of this river includes imports from other countries. The area and length of the catchment refer only to the Mexican part. NA: Not available.Order determined according to the Strahler method. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

37


T.2.8. Characteristics of the main rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, ordered by their mean natural surface runoff





(km2)

Length of the river (km)

Maximum order

33 Grijalva-Usumacintab XI Southern Border 115 536 83 553 1 521 7

34 Papaloapan X Central Gulf 44 662 46 517 354 6

35 Coatzacoalcos X Central Gulf 28 093 17 369 325 5

36 Panuco IX Northern Gulf 20 330 84 956 510 7

37 Tonala XI Southern Border 11 389 5 679 82 5

38 Tecolutla X Central Gulf 6 095 7 903 375 5

39 Bravob,c VI Rio Bravo 5 588 226 280 2 018 7

40 Jamapa X Central Gulf 2 563 4 061 368 4

41 Nautla X Central Gulf 2 217 2 785 124 4

42 La Antigua X Central Gulf 2 139 2 827 139 5

43 Soto La Marina IX Northern Gulf 2 086 21 183 416 6

44 Tuxpan X Central Gulf 2 076 5 899 150 4

45 Candelaria XII Yucatan Peninsula 2 011 13 790 150 4

46 Cazones X Central Gulf 1 712 2 688 145 4

47 San Fernando IX Northern Gulf 1 545 17 744 400 5

48 Hondo XII Yucatan Peninsula 533 7 614 115 4

Total 248 572 550 848 7 192

NOTES: a The data on mean natural surface runoff represent the mean annual value of their historical registry.b The mean natural surface runoff of this river includes imports from other countries. The area and length of the catchment refer only to the Mexican part. c Length of the border between Mexico and the United States of America.Order determined according to the Strahler method. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

T2.9 Characteristics of the main inland rivers, ordered by the mean natural surface runoff





(km2)

Length of the river (km)

Maximum order

49 Lermab VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 4 742 47 116 708 6

50 Nazas-Aguanaval VII Central Basins of the North 1 912 89 239 1 081 7

Total 6 654 136 355 1 789

NOTES: a The data on mean natural surface runoff represent the mean annual value of their historical registry.b This river is considered an inland river because it flows into Lake Chapala.Order determined according to the Strahler method. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

38


Mexico’s transboundary catchments or river basinsMexico shares eight catchments in total with its

neighboring countries: three with the United States of America (Grande, Colorado and Tijuana), four with Guatemala (Grijalva-Usumacinta, Suchiate, Coatan and Candelaria) and one with both Belize and Guatemala (River Hondo).

T2.10 Characteristics of the rivers with transboundary catchments, by Hydrological-Administrative Region


Country Mean natural surface runoff



(km2)

Length of the river

(km)

1 Grande VI Rio Bravo

Mexico 5 588 225 242 NA

USA 502 241 697 1 074

Binational NA NA 2 034

2 Colorado I Baja California Peninsula

Mexico 13 10 029 160

USA 18 500 616 771 2 063

Binational NA NA 29

3 Tijuana I Baja California PeninsulaMexico 78 3 203 143

USA 92 1 221 9

4 Grijalva-Usumacinta XI Southern BorderMexico 71 716 83 553 1 521

Guatemala 43 820 44 837 390

5 Suchiate XI Southern BorderMexico 184 203 75ª

Guatemala 2 553 1 084 60

6 Coatan XI Southern BorderMexico 354 605 75

Guatemala 397 280 12

7 Candelaria XII Yucatan PeninsulaMexico 1 750 13 790 150

Guatemala 261 1 558 8

8 Hondo XII Yucatan Peninsula

Mexico 533 7 614 115b

Guatemala NA 2 873 45

Belize NA 2 978 16NOTAS: 1 hm³ = 1 million cubic metersa The 75 km belong to the border between Mexico and Guatemalab The 115 km belong to the border between Mexico and BelizeNA = Not ApplicableSOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

The waters of the Grande, Colorado and Tijuana rivers are shared according to the indications of the Treaty on the Distribution of International Waters between the United Mexican States and the United States of America, signed in Washington, D.C. on February 3rd, 1944.

In the case of the Colorado River, the Treaty speci-fies that the United States of America must deliver 1 850.2 million cubic meters (1.5 million AF) each year to Mexico.

39


As regards the Tijuana River, the Treaty only estab-lishes that both countries, through the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), will make recommendations for the equitable distribution of its waters, will draw up projects for storage infrastructure and flood control, will estimate the costs and build the infrastructure that is agreed upon, sharing the con-struction and operation costs equitably.

As regards the Rio Grande (referred to in Mexico as the Rio Bravo), the distribution of its waters, shown in table T2.11, is established in the Treaty.

In the Treaty, three criteria are established regard-ing the six Mexican channels previously referred to, which should be mentioned:

1. The volume that Mexico must provide to the United States of America, as part of the third of the volume in the six aforementioned Mexican channels, shall not be greater on the whole, on average and in consecutive five-year cycles than 2 158.6 hm³ (1 750 000 AF), the equivalent of supplying a mini-mum volume of 431.72 hm³ (350 000 AF) each year during the five-year cycle.

G2.6 Annual volume of water from the Colorado River delivered by the United States of America, annual series from 1945 to 2007 (millions of cubic meters, hm³)

T2.11 Distribution of the Rio Grande´s watersThe United Mexican

States’ shareThe United States of America’s share

•ThetotaloftherunoffoftheAlamo and San Juan rivers.

•Thetotaloftherunofffromthe Pecos and Devils riv-ers, from the Goodenough spring and from the Alamito, Terlingua, San Felipe and Pinto streams.

•Twothirdsofthewaterthatenters the mainstream of the Rio Grande from the following six Mexican channels: the Con-chos, San Diego, San Rodrigo, Escondido and Salado rivers, and the Las Vacas stream.

•Onethirdofthewaterthatenters the mainstream of the Rio Grande from the following six Mexican channels: the Con-chos, San Diego, San Rodrigo, Escondido and Salado rivers, and the Las Vacas stream.

•Onehalfoftherunoffnotassigned in the Treaty that reaches the main channel, between Fort Quitman and Falcon.

•Onehalfoftherunoffnotassigned in the Treaty that reaches the main channel, between Fort Quitman and Falcon.

•OnehalfoftherunoffoftheRio Grande watershed, down-stream from Falcon.

•OnehalfoftherunoffoftheRio Grande watershed, down-stream from Falcon.


40


2. In cases of extraordinary drought or a serious accident in the hydraulic systems of the Mexican tributaries that might make it difficult for Mexico to allow the 431.72 hm³ to flow, the remaining flow that exists at the end of the five-year cycle will be added to the following cycle with water from the same tributaries.

3. In the event that the United States of America’s assigned capacity in the international dams shared by both countries (La Amistad and Falcon) is covered, the five-year cycle is considered finished and all volumes not yet delivered will be totally covered, a new cycle starting from that point.

T2.12 Capacities assigned in the international dams, 2007(millions of cubic meters, hm³)

Country La Amistad Falcon

Mexico 1 703 1 355

United States of America 2 185 1 918

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Coordination of Advisors of the Director General’s Office.

41


Mexico’s Main LakesLake Chapala is the biggest inner lake in Mexico. It

has an extension of 1 116 km² and has an average depth of between 4 and 6 m.

G2.7 G2.7 Volumes stored in Lake Chapala, from 1942 to 2007a

(Millions of cubic meters)

T2.13 Area and storage volume of Mexico’s main lakes, by Hydrological-Administrative Region and state, 2007

No. Lake Area of the catchment

(km2)

Storage capacity

(hm³)

Hydrological-Administrative Region State(s)

1 Chapala 1 116 8 126 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco and Michoacan de Ocampo

2 Cuitzeo 306 920a VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo

3 Patzcuaro 97 550a VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo

4 Yuriria 80 188 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guanajuato

5 Catemaco 75 454 X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

6 Tequesquitengo 8 160a IV Balsas Morelos

7 Nabor Carrillo 10 12a XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico State of Mexico

NOTE: a The data refers to the mean volume stored; no updated studies exist on their storage capacity.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

NOTES: 1 hm³ = 1 million cubic meters.a The values indicated are on October 1st of every year.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

42


2.5 GroundwaterThe importance of groundwater is manifest due to

the magnitude of the volume employed by the main users; close to 37% (28.9 hm3/year) of the total vol-ume assigned for offstream uses is from groundwater sources. For the purpose of groundwater management, the country has been divided into 653 aquifers, the official names of which were published in the Official Government Gazette on December 5th, 2001. At the time of closing this edition, the availability of ground-water in 282 aquifers had been published in the Official

T2.14 Mexico’s aquifers, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007


Number of aquifers

Total Overexploited With saltwater intrusion

Suffering from the phenomenon

of soil saliniza-tion and brackish

groundwater

Average recharge

(hm³)

I Baja California Peninsula 87 7 9 4 1 249

II Northwest 63 13 5 0 3 130

III Northern Pacific 24 2 0 0 3 263

IV Balsas 46 2 0 0 4 601

V Southern Pacific 35 0 0 0 1 994

VI Rio Bravo 100 15 0 4 5 167

VII Central Basins of the North 68 24 0 8 2 274

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 127 32 1 0 7 686

IX Northern Gulf 40 2 0 0 1 274

X Central Gulf 22 0 2 0 3 849

XI Southern Border 23 0 0 0 18 015

XII Yucatan Peninsula 4 0 0 1 25 316

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 14 4 0 0 1 834

Total 653 101 17 17 79 651


Government Gazette. This information may be found in the compact disk that accompanies this edition.

Overexploitation of aquifersFrom the 1970s onwards, the number of overex-

ploited aquifers has been growing steadily, from 32 in 1975, 36 in 1981, 80 in 1985, 97 in 2001, 102 in 2003 and 104 in 2006. However, in 2007 this num-ber was reduced to 101. From these aquifers 58% of groundwater is extracted for all uses.

43


M2.8 Overexploited aquifers by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

To consult more detailed information on Mexico’s overexploited aquifers, we recommend you read Annex D of the compact disk which accompanies this edition.

Aquifers with saltwater intrusion and/or suffering from the phenomenon of soil salinization and brackish groundwater

Saltwater intrusion is understood as the phenom-enon in which seawater is introduced by the subsoil into the inner continent, causing the salinization of the groundwater; this occurs when the withdrawal of water causes the groundwater level to fall below sea level, thus

altering the dynamic natural balance between seawater and freshwater.

The phenomenon of soil salinization and brackish groundwater are factors that affect groundwater; the former by causing the recharge with saltwater and the latter by inducing the transport of connate saltwater.

There are 17 aquifers in Mexico with problems of saltwater intrusion, situated in the states of Baja Cali-fornia, Baja California Sur, Colima, Sonora and Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave. Among these are Maneadero and San Quintin in Baja California, Santo Domingo in Baja California Sur, Caborca, Hermosillo Coast, Guaymas Valley and San Jose de Guaymas in Sonora.


44


2.6 Water QualityMonitoring of water quality

In 2007, the National Monitoring Network had 1 014 sites, distributed throughout the country as described in the following table:

The physio-chemical and biological determinations are carried out in the National Laboratory Network, which is made up of 13 laboratories in the River Basin Organizations, 17 in the local offices and one National Reference Laboratory in Mexico City.

In 2007, 191 surface water bodies were covered in 96 catchments, including 34 of the 50 water bodies of national importance, with fixed sites to evaluate the evolving trends in time (Primary Network).

In addition to the aforementioned physio-chemical and microbiological parameters, since 2005 biological monitoring has been carried out in some regions of the country, which allows water quality to be evaluated, using simple low-cost methods (the benthic organisms diversity index).

T2.15 Sites of the National Monitoring Network, 2007

Network Area Sites (number)

Primary Network

Surface bodies 207

Coastal zones 52

Groundwater 130

Secondary Network

Surface bodies 241

Coastal zones 19

Groundwater 25

Special Studies

Surface bodies 81

Coastal zones 47

Groundwater 123

Groundwater Reference Network

89

Total 1 014


T2.16 Samples for biological monitoring, by selected Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007


No. of samples

IV Balsas 14

VII Central Basins of the North 30

IX Northern Gulf 1

X Central Gulf 9

XI Southern Border 1

Total 55


Evaluation of water qualityThe evaluation of water quality is carried out by

using three indicators, five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD

5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The BOD5 and COD

are used to determine the quantity of organic matter present in water bodies, mainly from municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges.

The BOD5 determines the quantity of biodegrad-

able organic matter whereas the COD measures the total quantity of organic matter. The increase in the concentration of these parameters has an impact on the decrease of the dissolved oxygen content in the water bodies with the consequent affectation of aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, the increase in COD indicates the presence of substances coming from non-municipal discharges.

The TSS originate in wastewater and through soil erosion. The increase in the levels of TSS results in the water body losing its capacity to support the diversity of aquatic life. These parameters allow levels to be identified that vary from a relatively normal condition or with no influence of human activity, to water which shows significant signs of municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges, as well as areas with severe deforestation.

It should be mentioned that the sites with water quality monitoring are situated in areas with a high anthropogenic influence.

45


T2.17 Scales of classification of water quality

Criteria Classification Color

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)

mg/LBOD

5 3

ExcellentNot polluted Blue

3 < BOD5 ≤ 6 Good quality

Surface water with a low content of biodegradable organic matter Green

6 < BOD5 ≤ 30 Acceptable

With some signs of pollution. Surface water with a capacity of self-purification or with biologically treated wastewater discharges

Yellow

30 < BOD5 ≤ 120 Polluted

Surface water with raw wastewater discharges, mainly of municipal origin Orange

BOD5 > 120 Heavily polluted

Surface water with a strong impact of raw municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges

Red

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

COD ≤ 10ExcellentNot polluted Blue

10 < COD ≤ 20Good qualitySurface water with a low content of biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter

Green

20 < COD ≤ 40AcceptableWith some signs of pollution. Surface water with a self-purification capacity or with biologically treated wastewater discharges

Yellow

40 < COD ≤ 200Polluted Surface water with raw wastewater discharges, mainly of municipal origin Orange

COD > 200Heavily pollutedSurface water with a strong impact of raw municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges

Red

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

TSS ≤ 25ExcellentExceptional, very high quality Blue

25 < TSS ≤ 75

Good QualitySurface water with a low suspended solids content, generally in natural conditions. Favors the conservation of aquatic communities and unrestricted agricultural irrigation

Green

75 < TSS ≤ 150AcceptableSurface water with some signs of pollution. With biologically treated wastewater discharges. A regular condition for fish. Restricted agricultural irrigation

Yellow

150 < TSS ≤ 400PollutedPoor quality surface water with raw wastewater discharges. Water with a high suspended material content

Orange

TSS > 400Heavily pollutedSurface water with a strong impact of raw municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges with a high polluting load. Poor conditions for fish

Red


46


M2.9 Water quality by BOD5 indicator in surface water monitoring sites, 2007

The evaluation of water quality in 2007 for these quality indicators was carried out at the sites mentioned in the following table:

T2.18 Monitoring sites, for each water quality indicator, 2007

Water quality indicator Number of monitoring sites

Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD

5)

437

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 397

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 501

NOTE: The total number of sites is 503; however, the stations without data were not considered. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

NOTE: Includes water quality monitoring sites in interior surface water bodies (rivers, streams, lakes, lagoons, dams, channels, drains and outlets) and in coastal zones (lagoons, estuaries, marshes and bays).SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

47


M2.10 Water quality according to COD indicator, in surface water monitoring sites, 2007

G2.8 Percentage distribution of surface water quality monitoring sites, by category of BOD5, 2007



48


M2.11 Water quality by TSS indicator, in surface water monitoring sites, 2007

G2.9 Percentage distribution of surface water quality monitoring sites, by category of COD, 2007



49


The following graphic shows the trends in water quality as percentages in the period 2003-2007, based on three indicators, BOD

5, COD and TSS.

G2.10 Percentage distribution of surface water quality monitoring sites, by category of TSS in Mexico, 2007

G2.11 Percentage distribution of water quality monitoring sites, by category of BOD5, 2003-2007

Year Excellent Good quality Acceptable Polluted Heavily Polluted

2003 51.8 12.9 15.7 14.3 5.3

2004 41.3 21.8 21.3 10.3 5.3

2005 42.2 21.6 19.2 12.4 4.6

2006 40.4 25.3 17.6 11.3 5.4

2007 38.2 30.2 17.6 9.4 4.6


SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs. Mexico, 2008.

50


G2.12 Percentage distribution of the water quality monitoring sites, by category of COD, 2003-2007

Year Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Polluted Heavily Polluted

2003 28.8 21.4 18.4 20.4 11.0

2004 23.9 18.5 19.6 26.2 11.8

2005 25.6 16.9 18.1 28.3 11.1

2006 19.5 18.9 23.8 26.8 11.0

2007 21.9 23.7 21.9 22.4 10.1

G2.13 Percentage distribution of the water quality monitoring sites, by category of TSS, 2003-2007

Year Excellent Good Quality Acceptable Polluted Heavily Polluted

2003 44.4 28.7 16.5 7.7 2.7

2004 45.3 29.6 13.1 7.6 4.4

2005 49.4 32.0 11.9 5.3 1.4

2006 45.3 33.0 14.0 5.4 2.3

2007 35.9 41.5 14.6 5.8 2.2



51


Groundwater qualityOne of the parameters that allows groundwater

salinization to be evaluated is the total solids. Accord-ing to its concentration, groundwater is classified as fresh (< 1,000 mg/L), lightly brackish (1,000-2,000 mg/L), brackish (2,000-10,000 mg/L) and salty (> 10,000 mg/L).

The limit between freshwater and lightly brackish coincides with the maximum concentration indicated by the modification of the Official Mexican Stan-dard NOM-127-SSA1-1994, which “establishes the maximum permissible limits that should be adhered to for water for human consumption and treatment as regards water quality for human consumption”.

Water quality on beachesThrough the Clean Beach Program, the sanitation

of beaches and the watersheds and aquifers associated with them is promoted. The finality of the program is to prevent and turn back the pollution of Mexico’s beaches, respecting the native ecology, making them competitive and thus raising the quality and stan-dard of living of the local population and increasing tourism.

For the development of the program, Beach Com-mittees have been set up in various tourist destinations, which are headed by the President of the municipality in which the beach is found (in chapter 5, you will find a complete list of the Beach Committees set up). Additionally, in order to support the program, an inter-institutional group has been created, whose activities commenced in April 2006, and which is made up of staff from the SEMARNAT, PROFEPA, SEMAR, Sector, COFEPRIS and the CONAGUA.

In order to evaluate water quality on beaches, the values of the enterococcus faecalis indicator are deter-mined. The qualification criteria are the following:

•Aptforrecreationaluse:0orlessthan 500 MLN/100 mL.•Notaptforrecreationaluse: > 500 MLN/100 mL.MLN; Most likely number of organisms or entero-

coccus faecalis.

52


M2.12 Bacteriological water quality in the beaches of tourist destinations, 2007

According to the Water Quality Monitoring Pro-gram on Beaches carried out by COFEPRIS, between 2003 and 2007, water quality on beaches improved, as shown in the following table:

The following map shows the bacteriological qual-ity on the beaches of tourist destinations in 2007.

T2.19 Results of the water quality monitoring program on beaches, annual series from 2003 to 2007

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Number of tourist destinations 35 37 44 45 46

Number of beaches 226 209 259 274 276

Number of coastal states 17 17 17 17 17

Samples that comply with quality criteria (%) 93.7 94.5 96.5 96.2 98.4

SOURCE: SEMARNAT. CONAGUA. PROFEPA. SEMAR. SECTUR and COFEPRIS. Clean Beach Program, Mexico, 2007.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from SEMARNAT, CONAGUA, PROFEPA, SEMAR, SECTUR and COFREPIS. Clean Beach Program, Mexico, 2008.

53

Chapter 3

Uses of Water

This chapter presents the various uses of water by Hydrological-Administrative Region and State. For the purpose of this document, the twelve uses of water as defined in the Public Registry of Water Rights (REPDA, its initials in Spanish) have been reduced to five main headings; agricultural, public supply, self-supplying industry, thermoelectric and hydropower. For each use, among other aspects, the volumes allocated are shown, as well as the source of withdrawal, from both surface and groundwater.

It is worth mentioning that the theme of virtual water has been incorporated into the present edition. This theme has been gaining significance in current affairs and may serve as a reference to situate Mexico in the section on water in the world.

Finally, the level of water stress by Hydrological-Administrative Region is shown, by means of which we can observe that almost two thirds of the territory of Mexico is already under high pressure on its water resources.

3 Uses of Water

54

G3.1 Distribution of offstream waters uses in Mexico

3.1 Classification of the uses of waterIn the Public Registry of Water Deeds (REPDA),

the volumes allocated (or assigned) to the users of the nation’s water are registered. In this Registry, the uses of water are classified into 12 groups, which for practical purposes have been grouped into five head-ings; four that correspond to offstream uses, namely agricultural, public supply, self-supplying industry and thermoelectric, as well as hydropower, which is con-sidered separately since it corresponds to an instream use of water.

As may be observed in the figure, the greatest vol-ume allocated for offstream uses of water is the one corresponding to agricultural activities, since Mexico is one of the countries with the most substantial irriga-tion infrastructures in the world.

Distribution in percentages of the volumes allocated for offstream uses, 2007

Of the water used in Mexico for offstream use, 63% comes from surface sources (rivers, streams and lakes), whereas the remaining 37% comes from sources of groundwater (aquifers).

As regards hydropower plants (instream use), 122.8 billion cubic meters of water (km³) were used in 2007. It should be pointed out that for this use the same water is used and counted several times, in all the country’s plants.

T3.1 Offstream uses, according to the origin of the source of withdrawal, 2007(billions of cubic meters, km³)

Use Origin Total volumeSurface Groundwater

Agriculturala 40.5 20.1 60.6

Public supplyb 4.2 6.9 11.1

Self-supplying industryc

(excluding thermoelectric)

1.7 1.4 3.1

Thermoelectricd 3.6 0.5 4.1

Total 50.0 28.9 78.9

NOTE: 1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.The data corresponds to volumes allocated on December 31st, 2007.a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification, as well as the volumes of water still pending registration (2.05 km³).b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification.c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, service and trade headings of the REPDA classification.d Includes all energy generation plants that are not hydropower plants.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

NOTE: This data comes from the volumes of water declared for the payment of duties for the withdrawal and use of water. It should be mentioned that the volume registered in the REPDA for the use in hydropower plants was 161.2 km² in December 2007.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

Uses of Water 3

55

M3.1 Intensity of the offstream uses of water by municipality, 2007

3.2 Distribution of the uses throughout Mexico

The following map shows the volume assigned for offstream uses in 2007, by municipality.

The following figure shows the way in which vol-umes of water have been allocated for offstream uses in Mexico. It may be observed that the Hydrological-Administrative Regions with the largest allocation of water are: VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific, IV Balsas, III Northern Pacific and VI Bravo. It is also worth men-tioning that the use for agriculture is more than 80% of the total of all allocations in these regions, with the exception of IV Balsas, where the thermoelectric plant in Petacalco, situated near the mouth of the river Bal-sas, occupies a significant volume of water.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

3 Uses of Water

56

G3.2 Volumes allocated for offstream uses, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

T3.2 Volumes allocated for offstream uses, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007 (millions of cubic meters, hm³)


Total volume Allocated

Agriculturala Public supplyb Self-supplying industry excluding

thermoelectricc

Thermoelectricd

I Baja California Peninsula 3 503.9 2 889.3 327.4 88.2 199.0

II Northwest 7 572.8 6 517.1 976.7 79.0 0.0

III Northern Pacific 10 376.5 9 674.5 640.9 61.1 0.0

IV Balsas 10 778.1 6 324.3 1 014.3 269.3 3 170.2

V Southern Pacific 1 343.2 990.6 331.7 20.9 0.0

VI Rio Bravo 9 191.3 7 690.4 1 182.2 203.4 115.3

VII Central Basins of the North 3 834.3 3 367.6 370.1 58.3 38.3

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 13 872.9 11 443.7 2 002.4 402.3 24.5

IX Northern Gulf 4 681.4 3 630.5 524.7 460.6 65.6

X Central Gulf 4 867.3 2 872.8 742.9 877.3 374.3

XI Southern Border 2 128.7 1 588.1 446.0 94.6 0.0

XII Yucatan Peninsula 2 133.7 1 343.4 461.1 319.8 9.4

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 4 665.4 2 239.6 2 137.6 198.6 89.6

Total 78 949.5 60 571.9 11 158.0 3 133.4 4 086.2

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely to the total, due to the rounding up or down of figures.The regionalization of volumes was carried out based on the location of the use as registered in the REPDA, rather than the place of allocation of the corresponding deeds.a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification.b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification.c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, service and trade headings of the REPDA classification.d Includes the total volume allocated for the generation of electricity, not including hydropower.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on the volumes registered in the REPDA on December 31st, 2007.

NOTE: The regionalization of volumes was carried out based on the location of the use as registered in the REPDA, rather than the place of allocation of the corresponding deeds.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on the volumes registered in the REPDA on December 31st, 2007

Uses of Water 3

57

The following figure shows the information on the volumes of water allocated by State, among which

Sinaloa and Sonora stand out, for their extensive areas under irrigation.

G3.3 Volume allocated for offstream uses, by State, 2007 (millions of cubic meters, hm³)

NOTE: The volumes are up to December 31st, 2007.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning.Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

3 Uses of Water

58

T3.3 Volumes allocated for offstream uses, by State, 2007(millions of cubic meters, hm³)

State Total volume allocated

Agriculturea Public supplyb Self-supplying industry excluding

thermoelectricc

Thermoelectricd

1 Aguascalientes 625.3 495.0 118.9 11.4 0.0

2 Baja California 3 104.6 2 563.7 265.9 79.9 195.1

3 Baja California Sur 399.3 325.7 61.5 8.2 3.9

4 Campeche 619.0 476.8 125.4 16.8 0.0

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 1 940.0 1 606.3 185.3 73.5 74.9

6 Colima 1 650.7 1 561.0 61.5 24.4 3.8

7 Chiapas 1 676.7 1 385.9 261.4 29.4 0.0

8 Chihuahua 5 148.4 4 593.0 476.1 51.7 27.6

9 Federal District 1 122.5 1.2 1 089.8 31.5 0.0

10 Durango 1 558.8 1 375.1 153.4 18.8 11.5

11 Guanajuato 4 059.2 3 395.6 587.1 56.0 20.5

12 Guerrero 4 259.6 838.0 287.0 12.5 3 122.1

13 Hidalgo 2 336.7 2 019.7 168.0 66.4 82.6

14 Jalisco 3 663.5 2 815.0 717.7 130.7 0.1

15 State of Mexico 2 741.7 1 250.0 1 338.4 156.4 6.9

16Michoacan de Ocampo

5 068.9 4 606.6 271.9 142.2 48.2

17 Morelos 1 233.6 916.1 258.5 59.0 0.0

18 Nayarit 1 186.6 1 025.9 105.0 55.7 0.0

19 Nuevo Leon 2 017.7 1 421.7 511.7 79.9 4.4

20 Oaxaca 1 087.7 847.7 200.8 39.1 0.0

21 Puebla 2 491.9 1 989.0 382.8 113.6 6.5

22 Queretaro Arteaga 1 019.0 660.3 291.7 61.3 5.7

23 Quintana Roo 459.8 93.0 91.1 275.7 0.0

24 San Luis Potosi 1 333.3 1 092.3 170.8 29.2 41.0

25 Sinaloa 9 164.3 8 608.3 509.6 46.4 0.0

26 Sonora 7 394.2 6 361.6 954.6 78.0 0.0

27 Tabasco 395.2 153.5 182.8 58.9 0.0

28 Tamaulipas 3 775.6 3 300.2 317.7 103.7 54.0

29 Tlaxcala 283.8 178.9 85.5 19.4 0.0

30Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

4 591.7 2 504.7 568.5 1 150.6 367.9

31 Yucatan 1 102.7 814.5 245.1 33.6 9.5

32 Zacatecas 1 427.5 1 295.5 112.5 19.5 0.0

Total 78 949.5 60 571.9 11 158.0 3 133.4 4 086.2

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely to the total, due to the rounding up or down of figures.The volumes are up to December 31st, 2007.Due to the rounding up and down of the figure, the national total may also differ from the sum of the values by State.a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification.b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification.c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, service and trade headings of the REPDA classification.d Includes the total volume allocated for the generation of electricity excluding hydropower.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

Uses of Water 3

59

3.3 Agricultural useThe main use of water in Mexico is for agriculture,

which mainly refers to the water used for the irriga-tion of crops. The area assigned to agricultural work in Mexico varies between 20 and 25 million hectares, with a harvested area of between 18 and 22 million hectares per year. The value of the direct production is

the equivalent of 6.5% of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. Furthermore, the population occupied under this heading varies between 4 and 5 million individu-als, and it is estimated that around 25 million Mexicans depend directly on this activity, the majority of them among the rural population.

Mexico is in sixth place worldwide in terms of the area with irrigation infrastructure, with 6.46 million hectares. 54% of the surface under irrigation corre-sponds to 85 Irrigation Districts and the remaining 46% to more than 39 000 Irrigation Units.

3.4 Use for public water supplyThe use for public supply includes all water deliv-

ered through the drinking water networks, which supplies domestic (home) users, as well as the various industries and services connected to these networks.

According to the Censuses of Capture, Treatment and Water Supply carried out by INEGI on the country’s water utilities, it was calculated that in 2003, 82% of the water supplied by the drinking water networks was for domestic use and the remaining 18% for industries and services. Additionally, comparing the data from the

1998 Census with the 2003 version, it may be observed that in this five-year period the volume of water used by water utilities increased by 22%. Another relevant fact is that in 2003, the percentage of water billed compared to the total of water used by water utilities was 49%, which indicates that the remaining 51% of this volume was lost in leaks, was used illegally or cor-responds to deficiencies in the roster of users.

3.5 Use in self-supplying industryThis heading includes the industry that takes its

water directly from the country’s rivers, streams, lakes or aquifers.

The main industrial uses are those that correspond to the chemical industry and the production of sugar, petroleum, cellulose and paper

3.6 Use in thermoelectric plants The water included under this heading refers to

that used in steam, dual, coal-electric, combined cycle, turbo-gas and internal combustion plants.

In 2007, thermoelectric plants generated 198.79 TWh, which represented 87.0% of the total of electricity produced in the country. The corresponding plants have an installed capacity of 38 799 MW, or 77.8% of the country’s total.

It should be noted that 76% of the water assigned to thermoelectric plants in Mexico corresponds to the coal-electric plant in Petacalco, situated on the Guer-rero coast, very close to the mouth of the river Balsas.

3 Uses of Water

60

3.7 Use in hydropower plantsThe uses described up to now are known as off-

stream uses, since water is diverted from a source to carry out a specific activity according to the type of use. On the other hand, the generation of hydro-power is an instream use, since the water used is taken directly from the source. Nationwide, the two Hydrological-Administrative Regions with the largest allocation of water for this use are XI Southern Border and IV Balsas, since in these regions the rivers with the heaviest flow and as a result the country’s larg-est hydropower plants are located. It should be noted that the region XII Yucatan Peninsula does not have a hydropower plant.

T3.4 Generation of thermoelectricity and the capacity installed, annual series from 1999 to 2007

Parameter / Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Generation of thermoelectricity (TWh) 147.07 157.39 167.11 174.60 181.95 181.24 188.78 191.78 198.79

Total generation of electricity (TWh) 179.07 190.00 194.92 198.88 200.94 205.39 215.63 221.00 228.49

Thermoelectric capacity installed (MW) 25 449 25 995 28 312 30 971 34 348 35 423 35 306 37 572 38 799

Total capacity installed (MW) 34 839 35 385 37 691 40 350 43 727 45 687 45 576 47 857 49 854

NOTE: 1 TWh = 1000 GWhSOURCE: Federal Commission for Electricity. www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmpresa/igenerationelectricity

T3.5 Volumes declared for the payment of duties for the use of water in hydropower plants, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, annual series from 1999 to 2007(millions of cubic meters, hm³)


Volume of water declared

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007I Baja California Peninsula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II Northwest 2 758 3 369 2 740 2 613 1 987 1 014 3 251 2 929 3 351

III Northern Pacific 7 950 8 309 9 479 5 859 5 168 7 284 11 598 10 747 11 184

IV Balsas 41 524 32 596 25 992 45 588 30 969 35 207 32 141 21 820 31 099

V Southern Pacific 2 075 2 104 1 891 1 705 1 925 2 049 1 890 1 949 2 140

VI Rio Bravo 2 503 2 867 2 067 1 550 1 110 462 2 074 2 263 2 890

VII Central Basins of the North 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 13 468 6 122 4 126 5 572 7 792 10 418 7 361 4 658 10 517

IX Northern Gulf 1 230 1 230 1 180 989 997 1 598 1 488 810 1 105

X Central Gulf 19 407 16 844 15 510 12 602 12 108 16 043 13 978 17 835 14 279

XI Southern Border 62 322 92 365 65 821 44 454 34 056 36 454 41 573 77 246 46 257

XII Yucatan Peninsula 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 33 38 42 50 52 54 31 39 11

Total 153 269 165 844 128 848 120 982 96 164 110 581 115 386 140 295 122 832

NOTE: The sums may not add up precisely to the total, due to the rounding up or down of figures.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

Uses of Water 3

61

In 2007, the country’s hydropower plants employed a volume of 122.8 billion cubic meters of water, which allowed 29.70 TWh of electricity to be generated, or 13.0% of the total generated in Mexico. The installed

T3.6 Generation of hydropower and installed capacity, annual series from 1999 to 2007

Parameter / Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Generation of hydropower (TWh) 32.01 32.61 27.81 24.28 18.99 24.16 26.85 29.22 29.70

Total generation of electricity (TWh) 179.07 190.00 194.92 198.88 200.94 205.39 215.63 221.00 228.49

Hydropower capacity installed (MW) 9 390 9 390 9 379 9 379 9 379 10 264 10 270 10 285 11 055

Total capacity installed (MW) 34 839 35 385 37 691 40 350 43 727 45 687 45 576 47 857 49 854

NOTE: 1 TWh = 1000 GWhSOURCE: Federal Commission for Electricity. www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmpresa/generacionelectricity

T3.7 Water stress, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Hydrological-Administrative Region Total volume of water allocated

(hm³)

Mean natural availability

(hm³)

Water stress(%)

Classification of the degree

of stress

I Baja California Peninsula 3 503.9 4 616 75.91 High

II Northwest 7 572.8 8 204 92.30 High

III Northern Pacific 10 376.5 25 627 40.49 High

IV Balsas 10 778.1 21 657 49.77 High

V Southern Pacific 1 343.2 32 794 4.10 Low

VI Rio Bravo 9 191.3 12 024 76.44 High

VII Central Basins of the North 3 834.3 7 780 49.28 High

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 13 872.9 34 037 40.76 High

capacity in the hydropower plants is 11 055 MW, which corresponds to 22.2% of the total installed in the country.

3.8 Water stress The percentage of water used for offstream uses as

compared to the total availability is an indicator of the water stress in any given country, catchment or region. It is considered that if the percentage is greater than 40%, there is strong water stress.

On the whole, Mexico is experiencing 17% water stress, which is considered moderate; however, the central, northern and northwest area of the country is experiencing 47% water stress, which is considered as a strong degree of stress. In the following table, this indicator is shown for each of the country’s Hydrolog-ical-Administrative Regions.

(continues)

3 Uses of Water

62

M3.2 Water stress by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

T3.7 Water stress, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Hydrological-Administrative Region Total volume of water allocated

(hm³)

Mean natural availability

(hm³)

Water stress(%)

Classification of the degree

of stress

IX Northern Gulf 4 681.4 25 500 18.36 Moderate

X Central Gulf 4 867.3 95 455 5.10 Low

XI Southern Border 2 128.7 157 754 1.35 Low

XII Yucatan Peninsula 2 133.7 29 645 7.20 Low

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 4 665.4 3 008 155.OO High

Total 78 949.5 458 100 17.23 Moderate

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely to the total, due to the rounding up or down of figures.Water stress = 100* (Total volume of water allocated / Mean natural availability of water).SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

(continued)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

Uses of Water 3

63

3.9 Virtual water in Mexico Virtual water is defined as the total quantity of

water used by or embedded in a product, good or ser-vice. For example, in order to produce one kilogram of wheat in Mexico, on average 1 000 liters of water is required, whereas to put a kilogram of beef on some-body’s table requires 13 500 liters. These values vary between countries.

Through Mexico’s commercial exchanges with other countries, in 2007 Mexico exported 5 936 million cubic meters of virtual water, and imported 33 977, meaning that it had a net import of 28 041 million cubic meters of virtual water. Of this quantity, 57% is related with agricultural products, 36% with animal products and the remaining 7% with industrial products.

The three products that consume the most virtual water that were exported in 2007 were edible fruit with 1 042 million cubic meters, meats and edible

remains with 767 million cubic meters and different types of vegetables with 740 million cubic meters. The industrial products which export the most virtual water were the iron and steel industry with 656 mil-lion cubic meters and the petrol industry with 155 million cubic meters.

On the other hand, the three products with which the most virtual water was imported were cereals, with 11 367 million cubic meters, meats and edible remains with 10 046 million cubic meters and grains and fruit with 6 815 million cubic meters. As regards industry, the greatest imports were obtained in the field of iron and steel, with 908 hm³ and organic chemical prod-ucts with 357 hm³.

Evolution of imports and exportsThe following figure presents the annual evolution

of virtual water imports and exports in the period from 2000 to 2007.

G3.4 Virtual water imports and exports in Mexico 2000-2007

SOURCE: CONAGUA, Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

3 Uses of Water

64

The behavior of the net virtual water imports (the imports minus the exports) for agricultural products, animals and industry, mark an increase in recent years. The growth in the net virtual water import through agricultural products is noteworthy.

Between 2000 and 2007, Mexico’s virtual water exports increased by 33% with a maximum in 2007, whereas the imports grew by 40%, which a maximum in 2006. The net virtual water imports grew 41% in this period.

T3.8 Net virtual water imports in Mexico from 2000 to 2007 (millions of cubic meters per year)

Concept/Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Virtual water export 4 461 40 045 4 022 4 488 5 251 5 884 5 396 5 936

Virtual water import 24 304 26 864 27 596 28 617 31 405 30 097 35 255 33 977

Net import of virtual water (difference)

19 843 22 819 23 575 24 129 26 154 24 213 29 859 28 041


G3.5 Net virtual water imports from 2000 to 2007


65

Chapter 4

Hydraulic

Infrastructure

Mexico is a country with a great hydraulic tradition, with the construction of large hydraulic infrastructure being a constant from the beginning of the National Irrigation Commission to nowadays.

As a part of this strategic infrastructure of national security, and in order to make appropriate use of the nation’s water, this chapter focuses on its large storage dams, aqueducts, treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants. It is worth mentioning that one of the goals of the current administration is to increase the coverage of wastewater treatment, which explains why a significant increase in the construction of this type of infrastructure may be noted. On the other hand, as regards reuse, this chapter shows the reuse of both municipal and non-municipal water.

Due to the importance of irrigation in Mexico, a section of this chapter focuses on this subject, as well as on the evolution in drinking water and sanitation coverage.

66

4 Hydraulic Infrastructure

4.1 Mexico’s Hydraulic InfrastructureAmong the hydraulic infrastructure available within

the country to provide the water required for the vari-ous national users, the following stands out:

4 000 storage dams.6.46 million hectares with irrigation.2.74 million hectares with technified rainfed

infrastructure.541 drinking water treatment plants in operation.1 710 municipal wastewater treatment plants in

operation.2 021 industrial wastewater treatment plants in

operation.3 000 km of aqueducts.

4.2 Mexico’s Main DamsThere are approximately 4 000 dams in Mexico, of

which 667 are classified as large dams, according to the definition of the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).

The storage capacity of the country’s dams is 150 billion cubic meters. The volume stored in these dams, in the period from 1990 to 2007, is shown in the following figures, both nationally and regionally. This volume depends on the precipitation and runoff in the various regions of the country.

G4.1 Volume stored in Mexico’s main dams, annual series from 1990 to 2007 (millions of cubic meters)

1 hm3 = 1 million cubic metersNOTE: Volume stored until October 1st every year.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

67

Hydraulic Infrastructure 4

G4.2 Storage percentage by Hydrological-Administrative Region in Mexico’s main dams, annual series from 1990 to 2007

NOTE: In the regions I and XII, there are no dams which, for their storage capacity, are included in the list of the country’s main dams.Useful volume stored on October 1st of each year, as regards the capacity at the normal pool elevation. As a result, the values may be higher than 100%.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

68


The country’s 52 dams with the greatest storage capacity represent almost 70% of the country’s total storage capacity. Their location is shown in the follow-ing figure:

M4.1 Main dams in Mexico for their storage capacity, 2007

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

69


(continues)

T4.1 Storage capacity and use of Mexico’s main dams, 2007

No. Official name Common name

Total capacitya

(hm3)

Height of the curtain

(m)

Year of completion

Hydrological-Administrative

Region

State Uses Effective capacity

(MW)

1 Belisario Dominguez La Angostura 10 727 143 1974 Southern Border Chiapas G 900

2 Netzahualcoyotl Malpaso 9 605 138 1964 Southern Border Chiapas G 1 080

3 Infiernillo Infiernillo 9 340 149 1963 Balsas Guerrero – Michoacan

G, C 1 000

4 Presidente Miguel Aleman

Temascal 8 119 76 1955 Central Gulf Oaxaca G, C 354

5 Solidaridad Aguamilpa 5 540 186 1993 Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Nayarit G, I 960

6 General Vicente Guerrero

Las Adjuntas 3 900 60 1971 Norther Gulf Tamaulipas I, A

7 Internacional La Amistad

La Amistad 3 887 77 1969 Rio Bravo Coahuila – Texas

G, I, A, C

66

8 Internacional Falcon Falcon 3 273 50 1953 Rio Bravo Tamaulipas – Texas

A, C, G 32

9 Adolfo Lopez Mateos El Humaya 3 087 106 1964 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 90

10 Alvaro Obregon El Oviachic 2 989 90 1952 Northwest Sonora G, I 19

11 Plutarco Elias Calles El Novillo 2 925 139 1964 Northwest Sonora G, I 135

12 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

El Mahone 2 921 81 1956 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 60

13 Luis Donaldo Colosio Huites 2 908 165 1995 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 422

14 La Boquilla Lago Toronto 2 903 80 1916 Rio Bravo Chihuahua G, I 25

15 Lazaro Cardenas El Palmito 2 873 105 1946 Central Basins of the North

Durango I, C

16 Leonardo Rodriguez Alcaine

El Cajon 2 282 186 2006 Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Nayarit G 750

17 Jose Lopez Portillo El Comedero 2 250 134 1983 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 100

18 Gustavo Diaz Ordaz Bacurato 1 860 116 1981 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 92

19 Carlos Ramirez Ulloa El Caracol 1 414 126 1986 Balsas Guerrero G 600

20 Manuel Moreno Torres Chicoasen 1 376 261 1980 Southern Border Chiapas G 2 400

21 Ing. Fernando Hiriart Zimapan 1 360 203 996 Northern Gulf Hidalgo G 292

22 Venustiano Carranza Don Martin 1 313 35 1930 Rio Bravo Coahuila de Zaragoza

I, A, C

23 Miguel de la Madrid Cerro de Oro 1 250 70 1988 Central Gulf Oaxaca G, I 360

24 Cuchillo-Solidaridad El Cuchillo 1 123 44 1994 Rio Bravo Nuevo Leon A,I

25 Angel Albino Corzo Peñitas 1 091 58 1986 Southern Border Chiapas G 420

26 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Mocuzari 950 62 1955 Northwest Sonora G, I 10

27 Benito Juarez El Marques 947 86 1961 Southern Pacific Oaxaca I

28 Marte R. Gomez El Azucar 824 49 1946 Rio Bravo Tamaulipas I

29 Solis Solis 728 52 1980 Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Guanajuato I

jvasqueza


-Querétaro

jvasqueza


70


(continued)

T4.1 Storage capacity and use of Mexico’s main dams, 2007

No. Official name Common name

Total capacitya

(hm3)

Height of the curtain

(m)

Year of completion

Hydrological-Administrative

Region

State Uses Effective capacity

(MW)

30 Lazaro Cardenas La Angostura 703 73 1942 Northwest Durango I, C

31 Sanalona Sanalona 673 81 1948 Northern Pacific Sinaloa G, I 14

32 Constitucion de Apatzingan

Chilatan 601 105 1989 Balsas Jalisco I

33 Estudiante Ramiro Caballero

Las Animas 571 31 1976 Northern Gulf Tamaulipas I

34 Jose Maria Morelos La Villita 541 73 1968 Balsas Michoacan – Guerrero

G, I 280

35 Josefa Ortiz de Dominguez

El Sabino 514 44 1967 Northern Pacific Sinaloa I

36 Cajon de Peña Tomatlan 467 68 1976 Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Jalisco I

37 Chicayan Paso de Piedras 457 30 1976 Northern Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

I

38 El Gallo El Gallo 441 30 1991 Balsas Guerrero G 60

39 Tepuxtepec Tepuxtepec 425 43 1972 Lerma-Santiago- Pacific

Michoacan G, I 79.5

40 Valle de Bravo Valle de Bravo 418 56 1944 Balsasb State of Mexico A

41 Aurelio Benassini Vizcaino

El Salto 415 73 1986 Northern Pacific Sinaloa I

42 Manuel M. Dieguez Santa Rosa 403 114 1964 Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Jalisco G 61

43 Francisco Zarco Las Tortolas 365 40 1968 Central Basins of the North

Durango C, I

44 Luis L. Leon El Granero 356 62 1968 Rio Bravo Chihuahua I, C

45 Plutarco Elias Calles Calles 350 67 1931 Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Aguascalientes I

46 Francisco I. Madero Las Virgenes 348 57 1949 Rio Bravo Chihuahua I

47 Manuel Avila Camacho Valsequillo 304 85 1946 Balsas Puebla I

48 Guillermo Blake Aguilar El Sabinal 300 81 1985 Northern Pacific Sinaloa C. I

49 Jose Lopez Portillo Cerro Prieto 300 50 1984 Rio Bravo Nuevo Leon A, I

50 Vicente Guerrero Palos Altos 250 67 1968 Balsas Guerrero I

51 General Ramon Corona Madrigal

Trigomil 250 107 1993 Lerma-Santiago- Pacific

Jalisco I

52 Federalismo Mexicano San Gabriel 247 44 1981 Rio Bravo Durango I, A

TOTAL 103 466 10 661.5

NOTES: a The total capacity is at the normal pool elevation.G: Generation of electricityI: IrrigationA: Public useC: Flood controlb This dam is part of the Cutzamala System which is operated by the Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

71


4.3 Hydro-Agricultural InfrastructureThe area in Mexico under irrigation is 6.46 million

hectares, of which 3.50 corresponds to 85 Irrigation Districts, and 2.96 to more than 39 000 Irrigation Units.

The Irrigation Districts and Units were designed according to the prevalent technology for the applica-tion of water to plots, by means of gravity. In many cases, only the main channel and drain networks were built, with the plot work remaining the responsibility of the users. This situation, along with the deteriora-tion of the infrastructure, made worse over decades through the scarcity of economic resources destined

M4.2 Irrigation Districts in Mexico, 2007

NOTE: The numbers correspond to the code of each Irrigation District, which are listed in the following table. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

to their conservation and improvement, brought about a decrease in the overall efficiency of water management.

Irrigation DistrictsIrrigation Districts are irrigation projects developed

by the federal government since 1926, the year in which the National Irrigation Commission was created, and include various works, such as storage basins, direct diversions, pumping plants, wells, channels and pathways, among others.

72


T4.2 Location and surface area of the Irrigation DistrictsNo. Code Irrigation District Hydrological-Administrative

RegionState Total surface

area (hectares)

1 001 Pabellon VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Aguascalientes 11 938

2 002 Mante IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 18 094

3 003 Tula XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Hidalgo 51 825

4 004 Don Martin VI Rio Bravo Coahuila de Zaragoza y Nuevo Leon 29 605

5 005 Delicias VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 82 324

6 006 Palestina VI Rio Bravo Coahuila de Zaragoza 12 964

7 008 Metztitlan IX Northern Gulf Hidalgo 4 876

8 009 Juarez Valley VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 24 492

9 010 Culiacan-Humaya III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 212 141

10 011 Upper Lerma River VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guanajuato 112 772

11 013 State of Jalisco VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco 58 858

12 014 Colorado River I Baja California Peninsula Baja California y Sonora 208 805

13 016 State of Morelos IV Balsas Morelos 33 654

14 017 Lagoon Region VII Central Basins of the North Coahuila de Zaragoza y Durango 116 577

15 018 Colonias Yaquis II Northwest Sonora 22 794

16 019 Tehuantepec V Southern Pacific Oaxaca 44 074

17 020 Morelia-Querendaro VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 20 665

18 023 San Juan del Rio IX Northern Gulf Queretaro Arteaga 11 048

19 024 Chapala Marshes VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 45 176

20 025 Lower Rio Grande VI Rio Bravo Tamaulipas 248 001

21 026 Lower San Juan River VI Rio Bravo Tamaulipas 86 102

22 028 Tulancingo IX Northern Gulf Hidalgo 753

23 029 Xicotencatl IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 24 021

24 030 Valsequillo IV Balsas Puebla 49 932

25 031 Las Lajas VI Rio Bravo Nuevo Leon 3 693

26 033 State of Mexico VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific State of Mexico 18 080

27 034 State of Zacatecas VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Zacatecas 18 060

28 035 La Antigua X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 21 851

29 037 Altar Pitiquito Caborca II Northwest Sonora 57 587

30 038 Mayo River II Northwest Sonora 97 046

31 041 Yaqui River II Northwest Sonora 232 944

32 042 Buenaventura VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 7 718

33 043 State of Nayarit VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Nayarit 47 253

34 044 Jilotepec IX Northern Gulf State of Mexico 5 507

35 045 Tuxpan IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 19 376

36 046 Cacahoatan-Suchiate XI Southern Border Chiapas 8 473

37 048 Ticul XII Yucatan Peninsula Yucatan 9 689

38 049 Verde River IX Northern Gulf San Luis Potosi 3 507

39 050 Acuña-Falcon VI Rio Bravo Tamaulipas 12 904

40 051 Hermosillo Coast II Northwest Sonora 66 296

41 052 State of Durango III Northern Pacific Durango 29 306

42 053 State of Colima VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Colima 37 773

43 056 Atoyac-Zahuapan IV Balsas Tlaxcala 4 247

44 057 Amuco-Cutzamala IV Balsas Guerrero 34 515

45 059 Blanco River XI Southern Border Chiapas 8 432

46 060 El Higo (Panuco) IX Northern Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 2 250

47 061 Zamora VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 17 982

(continues)

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T4.2 Location and surface area of the Irrigation DistrictsNo. Code Irrigation District Hydrological-Administrative

RegionState Total surface

area (hectares)

48 063 Guasave III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 100 125

49 066 Santo Domingo I Baja California Peninsula Baja California Sur 38 101

50 068 Tepecoacuilco-Quechultenango IV Balsas Guerrero 1 991

51 073 La Concepcion XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico State of Mexico 964

52 074 Mocorito III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 40 742

53 075 Fuerte River III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 227 518

54 076 El Carrizo Valley III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 51 681

55 082 Blanco River X Golfo Centro Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 21 657

56 083 Papigochic II Northwest Chihuahua 8 947

57 084 Guaymas II Northwest Sonora 16 667

58 085 La Begoña VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Guanajuato 10 823

59 086 Soto La Marina River IX Golfo Norte Tamaulipas 35 925

60 087 Rosario-Mezquite VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Michoacan de Ocampo 63 144

61 088 Chiconautla XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico State of Mexico 4 498

62 089 El Carmen VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 20 805

63 090 Lower Conchos River VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 13 313

64 092 Panuco River, Las Animas IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 44 483

65 092 Panuco River, Chicayan IX Northern Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 54 882

66 092 Panuco River, Pujal Coy I IX Northern Gulf San Luis Potosi 41 382

67 093 Tomatlan VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco 19 773

68 094 Southern Jalisco VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific Jalisco 16 940

69 095 Atoyac V Southern Pacific Guerrero 5 016

70 096 Arroyozarco IX Northern Gulf State of Mexico 18 866

71 097 Lazaro Cardenas IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 71 593

72 098 Jose Maria Morelos IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 5 083

73 099 Quitupan-Magdalena IV Balsas Michoacan de Ocampo 5 120

74 100 Alfajayucan XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Hidalgo 39 211

75 101 Cuxtepeques XI Southern Border Chiapas 8 267

76 102 Hondo River XII Yucatan Peninsula Quintana Roo 27 182

77 103 Florido River VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 8 964

78 104 Cuajinicuilapa (Ometepec) V Southern Pacific Guerrero 6 720

79 105 Nexpa V Southern Pacific Guerrero 14 549

80 107 San Gregorio XI Southern Border Chiapas 11 227

81 108 Elota-Piaxtla III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 27 104

82 109 San Lorenzo River III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 69 399

83 110 Verde-Progreso River V Southern Pacific Oaxaca 5 030

84 111 Presidio River III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 8 435

85 112 Ajacuba XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico Hidalgo 8 500Irrigation Zone Labores Viejas, Chihuahuaa VI Rio Bravo Chihuahua 3 712

Irrigation Zone Fuerte-Mayo, Sinaloab III Northern Pacific Sinaloa 15 073

Irrigation Zone Fuerte-Mayo, Sonorab III Northern Pacific Sonora 7 510

Total 3 496 902

NOTE: In 2005, the Irrigation District 081 State of Campeche became a Coordination of Irrigation Units.a The surface area of this irrigation zone depends operatively and administratively on the Irrigation District 005 Delicias, Chihuahua.b The surface area of this irrigation zone depends operatively and administratively on the Irrigation District 076 Carrizo Valley, Sinaloa.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

(continued)

74


The productivity of water in the Irrigation Districts is a key indicator to evaluate the efficiency with which water is used for food production, and depends upon the efficiency with which water is piped to the plots and applied there. It should be added that this indica-tor may vary significantly according to the meteoro-logical conditions.

G4.3 Volume of water used in Irrigation Districts, agricultural years from 1989-1990 to 2006-2007 (billions of cubic meters)

G4. Physical surface irrigated in the Irrigation Districts, agricultural years from 1989-1990 to 2006-2007

NOTES: The agricultural year in Mexico includes the period from October to September of the following year.1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.* Preliminary data.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

NOTE: * Preliminary data.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

75


With the creation of the CONAGUA in 1989 and the passing of the new National Water Law in 1992, the transfer of the Irrigation Districts to the users began, supported by a program of partial rehabilitation of the infrastructure that was assigned via irrigation modules to user associations.

Up to December 2007, 99% of the total surface of the Irrigation Districts had been transferred to the users. Up to that time, only three Districts had not been totally transferred to the users.

G4.5 Productivity of water in the Irrigation Districts, series of agricultural years from 1994-1995 to 2006-2007 (kg/m³)

T4.3 Partially transferred Irrigation Districts, 2007 (Situation as of December 31st)

No. Name State Percentage transferred

003 Tula Hidalgo 53.87

018 Colonias Yaquis Sonora 83.39

100 Alfajayucan Hidalgo 98.16

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

NOTES: The agricultural year in Mexico includes the period from October to September of the following year.The gross volume corresponds to that used during the vegetative cycle, thus explaining why it does not match the annual volumes used.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

76


Irrigation UnitsThe Irrigation Units (known as URDERALES in

Spanish) are operated by small landholders, who in some cases are organized within the Units and in others not. As a result of their complexity, variety and generally reduced extension, no up-to-date and detailed informa-tion exists on the beneficiaries, areas, growth patterns, production statistics and volumes used in the Irrigation Units.

T4.4 Number of Irrigation Units areas, by State, 1998

State Irrigation Units

(number)

Total irrigation

surface area (ha)

1 Aguascalientes 1 203 54 206

2 Baja California 1 800 62 194

3 Baja California Sur 130 24 796

4 Campeche 316 18 951

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 532 149 313

6 Colima 2 399 64 155

7 Chiapas 1 531 56 080

8 Chihuahua 916 185 087

9 Federal District 17 2 035

10 Durango 1 545 106 055

11 Guanajuato 1 308 291 606

12 Guerrero 5 160 39 286

13 Hidalgo 495 62 114

14 Jalisco 496 161 633

15 State of Mexico 1 880 160 930

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 2 360 224 819

17 Morelos 253 24 030

18 Nayarit 248 55 417

19 Nuevo Leon 1 155 143 012

20 Oaxaca 640 52 635

21 Puebla 2 020 122 290

22 Queretaro Arteaga 564 38 972

23 Quintana Roo 254 10 946

24 San Luis Potosi 1 255 101 306

25 Sinaloa 469 45 013

26 Sonora 925 128 027

27 Tabasco 186 15 127

28 Tamaulipas 1 148 174 431

29 Tlaxcala 585 29 710

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 933 96 373

31 Yucatan 1 024 35 732

32 Zacatecas 5 745 219 751

Total 39 492 2 956 032

NOTE: Includes 974 units with a surface area of 102 000 ha, which corresponds to mixed Irrigation Units.The data is from 2004, and there is no more up-to-date data.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

77


Technified Rainfed DistrictsIn the tropical and subtropical plains of the country,

which have an excess of humidity and constant floods, the federal government has created the Technified Rainfed Districts, in which hydraulic works have been

T4.5 Characteristics of the Technified Rainfed Districts, 2007 (Situation up to December 31st)

No. Code Technified Rainfed District Hydrological-Administrative Region

State Surface (thousands

of ha)

Users (number)

1 001 La Sierra XI Southern Border Tabasco 32.1 1 178

2 002 Zanapa Tonala XI Southern Border Tabasco 106.9 6 919

3 003 Tesechoacan X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

18.0 1 139

4 005 Pujal Coy II IX Northern Gulf San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas

220.0 9 987

5 006 Acapetahua XI Southern Border Chiapas 103.9 5 050

6 007 Centro de Veracruz X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

75.0 6 367

7 008 Oriente de Yucatan XII Yucatan Peninsula Yucatan 667.0 25 021

8 009 El Bejuco III Northern Pacific Nayarit 25.4 2 261

9 010 San Fernando IX Northern Gulf Tamaulipas 505.0 13 975

10 011 Margaritas-Comitan XI Southern Border Chiapas 48.0 5 397

11 012 La Chontalpa XI Southern Border Tabasco 91.0 5 000

12 015 Edzna-Yohaltuna XII Yucatan Peninsula Campeche 85.1 1 120

13 016 Sanes Huastecaa XI Southern Border Tabasco 26.4 1 321

14 017 Tapachula XI Southern Border Chiapas 94.3 5 852

15 018 Huixtla XI Southern Border Chiapas 107.6 6 010

16 020 Margaritas-Pijijiapan XI Southern Border Chiapas 68.0 4 712

17 023 Isla Rodriguez-Clara X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

13.7 627

18 024 Zona Sur de Yucatan XII Yucatan Peninsula Yucatan 67.3 880

19 025 Rio Verde XII Yucatan Peninsula Campeche 134.9 1 984

20 026 Valle de Ucuma XII Yucatan Peninsula Quintana Roo 104.8 1 739

21 027 Frailescaa XI Southern Border Chiapas 56.8 3 083

22 035 Los Naranjosa X Central Gulf Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

92.6 6 045

Total 2 743.8 115 667

NOTE: a Technified Rainfed Districts that have not yet been transferred to the users.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

built to remove the excess water. Similarly to the Irrigation Districts, the Technified

Rainfed Districts have gradually been transferred to organized users.

78


4.4 Drinking Water and Sanitation InfrastructureDrinking water coverage

The CONAGUA considers that drinking water coverage includes those who have tap water in their household; outside of their household, but within the grounds; from a public tap or from another household. Covered inhabitants do not necessarily dispose of water of drinking quality.

Bearing in mind this definition and the results of the Census on Population and Housing from 2005, up to October 17th that year, 89.2% of the population had drinking water coverage. The CONAGUA estimates that at the end of 2007, the drinking water coverage was 89.9%. The following table shows the evolution of the drinking water coverage to the population of Mexico.

Sanitation coverageOn the other hand, the CONAGUA considers that

sanitation coverage includes those connected to the sanitation network or a septic tank, overflow, ravine, crevice, lake or sea. It should be added that for the

T4.6 Composition of the national drinking water coverage, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005

Date With tap water

in their groundsa

(%)

Other forms of supplyb

(%)

Total(%)

March 12th, 1990 75.4 3.0 78.4

November 5th, 1995 83.0 1.60 84.6

February 14th, 2000 83.3 4.5 87.8

October 17th, 2005 87.1 2.1 89.2

NOTE: a Refers to tap water within their household, and outside of the household but within their grounds.b Refers to water obtained by transport, from a public tap or from another household.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing and Water,Uses of Water and Hypercube. Analysis of the Information on Water in the Censuses from 1990 to 2005.September 2007.National Water Program 2007-2012. This is how we’re doing... Progress 2007 and Targets for 2008.INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing. INEGI. Information published in various formats.

T4.7 Composition of the national sanitation coverage, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005

Date Connected to the public

network (%)

Connected to a septic

tank (%)

Othersa

(%)Total(%)

March 12th, 1990 50.1 8.6 2.8 61.5

November 5th, 1995 57.5 11.7 3.2 72.4

February 14th, 2000 61.5 11.4 3.3 76.2

October 17th, 2005 67.6 15.9 2.1 85.6

NOTE: a Refers to an overflow, ravine, crevice, lake or seaSOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing and Water,Uses of Water and Hypercube. Analysis of the Information on Water in the Censuses from 1990 to 2005.September 2007.National Water Program 2007-2012. This is how we’re doing... Progress 2007 and Targets for 2008.INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing. INEGI. Information published in various formats.

purpose of this document, sanitation and sewerage are considered as synonyms.

Bearing in mind this definition and the results of the 2005 Census on Population and Housing, up to October 17th of that year, 85.6% of the population had sanitation coverage. The CONAGUA estimates that at the end of 2007, the sanitation coverage was 86.1%. The following table shows the evolution of the national sanitation coverage:

79


In the following table, the drinking water and sani-tation coverage is indicated by Hydrological-Adminis-trative Region. It may be observed that the greatest

T4.8 Coverage of the population with drinking water and sanitation coverage, in urban and rural zones in Mexico, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005

Population 1990 CensusMarch 12th, 1990

(%)

1995 CensusNovember 5th, 1995

(%)

2000 CensusFebruary 14th, 2000

(%)

2005 CensusOctober 17th, 2005

(%)

Drinking waterUrban 89.4 93.0 94.6 95.0

Rural 51.2 61.2 68.0 70.7

Total 78.4 84.6 87.8 89.2

SanitationUrban 79.0 87.8 89.6 94.5

Rural 18.1 29.6 36.7 57.5

Total 61.5 72.4 76.2 85.6

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing and Water, Uses of Water and Hypercube. INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing. INEGI. Information published in various formats.

T4.9 Coverage of the population with drinking water and sanitation by Hydrological-Administrative Region, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005


Drinking water(%)

Sanitation (%)

Mar. 12th, 90 Nov. 05th, 95 Feb. 14th, 00 Oct. 17th, 05 Mar. 12th, 90 Nov. 05th, 95 Feb. 14th, 00 Oct. 17th, 05

I Baja California Peninsula 81.3 87.4 92.0 92.9 65.2 75.8 80.6 89.0

II Northwest 89.7 93.2 95.2 94.8 62.6 71.5 76.5 84.1

III Northern Pacific 78.7 85.6 88.8 89.0 51.7 63.9 69.9 82.6

IV Balsas 72.8 81.1 83.2 84.4 48.8 63.0 67.5 81.4

V Southern Pacific 59.2 69.0 73.2 73.5 33.3 46.5 47.4 63.3

VI Rio Bravo 91.8 94.4 96.1 96.1 73.9 84.0 88.2 93.8

VII Central Basins of the North

83.2 87.9 90.9 93.3 55.4 65.3 73.3 85.6

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 84.2 90.3 92.2 93.4 68.0 79.8 82.5 90.1

IX Northern Gulf 57.6 67.8 75.5 80.9 33.9 42.2 50.0 65.3

X Central Gulf 58.8 64.6 71.9 77.2 45.9 55.9 60.1 74.8

XI Southern Border 56.7 65.4 73.3 74.4 45.5 62.3 67.7 80.7

XII Yucatan Peninsula 74.0 84.9 91.9 94.1 45.1 57.5 63.2 76.3


92.5 96.3 96.9 96.5 85.9 93.1 94.4 97.2

Total 78.4 84.6 87.8 89.2 61.5 72.4 76.2 85.6

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing and Water, Uses of Water and Hypercube. INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing.

backlogs in both aspects are found in the regions V Southern Pacific, XI Southern Border and X Central Gulf.

80


The greatest backlogs in drinking water coverage are to be found in Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas, whereas for sanitation, Oaxaca, Guerrero and Yucatan are the states with the lowest percentages of coverage.

T4.10 Coverage of the population with drinking water and sanitation services by Hydrological-Administrative Region, series of Censual years from 1990 to 2005

State Drinking water(%)

Sanitation(%)

Mar. 12th, 90 Nov. 05th, 95 Feb. 14th, 00 Oct. 17th, 05 Mar. 12th, 90 Nov. 05th, 95 Feb. 14th, 00 Oct. 17th, 05

1 Aguascalientes 95.5 98.0 97.9 97.8 85.2 93.7 94.5 96.9

2 Baja California 79.8 86.7 91.9 93.8 65.4 76.0 80.7 88.9

3 Baja California Sur 89.4 90.9 92.5 87.7 64.4 74.6 79.9 89.7

4 Campeche 69.8 78.3 84.7 88.4 44.2 58.5 60.8 78.4

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 91.9 94.6 97.0 97.3 67.3 76.1 83.3 91.5

6 Colima 93.0 95.8 97.1 97.8 81.8 93.9 93.1 98.2

7 Chiapas 57.3 65.6 73.5 73.5 38.4 52.6 59.3 74.7

8 Chihuahua 87.6 91.8 93.1 92.9 65.8 79.0 84.3 89.8

9 Federal District 96.1 97.7 97.9 97.6 93.3 97.7 98.1 98.6

10 Durango 84.6 89.6 91.6 90.9 52.5 64.7 71.8 82.6

11 Guanajuato 82.4 88.9 92.0 93.4 58.0 70.6 75.3 85.8

12 Guerrero 55.1 64.7 69.1 68.0 34.8 46.3 49.7 64.2

13 Hidalgo 69.4 79.5 83.9 87.2 41.6 56.2 64.0 79.1

14 Jalisco 85.7 91.3 92.4 93.3 80.3 89.5 91.2 95.8

15 State of Mexico 84.6 91.5 92.8 93.2 72.5 83.4 84.9 91.2

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 78.2 86.4 88.2 89.4 55.5 69.3 72.9 84.2

17 Morelos 88.3 90.3 91.6 91.6 67.0 81.2 83.6 92.6

18 Nayarit 83.4 86.7 89.6 91.4 59.1 75.0 78.8 90.9

19 Nuevo Leon 92.9 94.5 95.6 95.6 80.8 88.6 91.1 95.3

20 Oaxaca 57.2 67.0 72.0 73.3 28.5 42.0 42.9 60.0

21 Puebla 70.2 78.6 82.8 85.4 45.3 56.5 62.8 79.0

22 Queretaro Arteaga 82.8 89.2 92.3 93.7 54.0 67.2 73.7 85.6

23 Quintana Roo 88.7 89.1 93.8 94.5 54.3 76.1 81.3 89.5

24 San Luis Potosi 65.5 73.5 78.2 82.7 46.2 53.5 59.2 74.2

25 Sinaloa 79.8 88.0 91.8 93.1 53.5 67.3 73.1 86.4

26 Sonora 91.0 94.0 95.7 95.2 64.9 73.5 78.2 85.4

27 Tabasco 55.4 65.1 72.8 76.4 60.6 82.0 84.4 93.4

28 Tamaulipas 80.9 88.9 94.1 94.7 57.8 65.6 73.4 82.4

29 Tlaxcala 90.9 95.6 96.3 97.3 57.1 75.5 81.9 90.6

30Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

57.5 62.2 69.9 76.3 50.1 60.4 64.6 77.7

31 Yucatan 70.2 85.5 93.7 96.1 42.1 48.8 54.6 68.2

32 Zacatecas 74.8 82.7 88.0 92.8 45.0 58.0 69.3 84.2

Total 78.4 84.6 87.8 89.2 61.5 72.4 76.2 85.6

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on:CONAGUA. Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing and Water, Uses of Water and Hypercube. INEGI. General Censuses of Population and Housing.

81


AqueductsThere are more than 3 000 kilometers of aqueducts

in Mexico that take water to various cities and rural communities around the country, with a total capacity

T4.11 Main aqueducts in Mexico, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

No. Aqueduct Hydrological-Administrative

Region

Length(km)

Flow by design (L/s)

Year of comple-

tion

Supplies Operated by

1 Rio Colorado-Tijuana

I Baja California Peninsula

130 4 000 1982 Cities of Tijuana and Tecate and the village of La Rumorosa in Baja California

Water Service Commission of the State of Baja California (COSAE)

2 Vizcaino-Pacifico Norte


206 62 1990 Localities of Bahia Asuncion, Bahia Tortugas and the fishing villages of Punta Abreojos in Baja California

Water utility of the municipality of Mulege, Baja California

3 Cutzamala System

IV Balsas and XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

162 19 000 1993 The Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico with water from the Valle de Bravo, Villa Victoria and El Bosque dams, among others

CONAGUA, Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organi-zation

4 Linares Monterrey

VI Rio Bravo 133 5 000 1984 The metropolitan area of the city of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, with water from the Cerro Prieto dam

Water and Sanitation Services of Monterrey, I. P. D.

5 El Cuchillo-Monterrey

VI Rio Bravo 91 5 000 1994 The metropolitan area of the city of Monterrey with water from the El Cuchillo dam

Water and Sanitation Services of Monterrey. I. P. D

6 Lerma VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific and XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

60 14 000 1975 Mexico City with water from the aquifers located in the upper area of River Lerma

Water System of Mexico City (SACM)

7 Armeria-Manzanillo

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

50 250 1987 City of Manzanillo, Colima Manzanillo Drinking Water, Drainage and Sanitation Com-mission, Colima

8 Chapala-Guadalajara


42 7 500 1991 The metropolitan zone of the city of Guadalajara with water from Lake Chapala

Intermunicipal System for Drinking Water and Sanitation Services (SIAPA)

9 Presa Vicente Guerrero-Ciudad Victoria

IX Northern Gulf 54 1 000 1992 Victoria City, Tamaulipas, with water from the Vicente Guerrero dam

Municipal Drinking Water and Sanitation Commission (COMA-PA Victoria)

10 Uspanapa-La Cangreja

X Central Gulf 40 20 000 1985 22 industries located in the southern part of the state of Veracruz

CONAGUA

11 Yurivia-Coatzacoalcos y Minatitlan

X Central Gulf 64 2 000 1987 Cities of Coatzacoalcos and Minatitlan, Veracruz with water from the rivers Ocotal and Tizizapa

Coatzacoalcos Municipal Water and Sanitation Commission, Ve-racruz (CMAPS Coatzacoalcos)

12 Rio Huitzilapan-Xalapa

X Central Gulf 55 1 000 2000 City of Xalapa de Enriquez, Ve-racruz de Ignacio de la Llave

Xalapa Municipal Water and Sanitation Commission (CMAS)

13 Chicbul-Ciudad del Carmen

XII Yucatan Peninsula 122 420 1975 Localities of Sabancuy, Isla Aguada and City of El Carmen, Campeche

Campeche Municipal Drinking Water System City of El Car-men, Campeche

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation.

of more than 112 cubic meters per second. As regards their length and flow, the following

stand out:

82


Cutzamala SystemThe Cutzamala System, which supplies 11 delega-

tions of the Federal District and 11 municipalities of the State of Mexico, is one of the biggest drinking water supply systems in the world, not only for the quantity of water that it transports (approximately 480 million cubic meters every year), but also because of the difference in elevation (1 100 m) that it over-comes. The system is made up of 7 weirs and storage

T4.12 Characteristics of the elements that make up the Cutzamala System

Element Type Capacity Elevation(MALS)

Comments

Tuxpan Weir 5 hm³ 1 751 Surcharge pool elevation height 1 763

El Bosque Storage dam 202 hm³ 1 741 Surcharge pool elevation height 1 743

Ixtapan del Oro Weir 0.5 hm³ 1 650 Surcharge pool elevation height 1 700

Colorines Weir 1.5 hm³ 1 629 Surcharge pool elevation height 1 678

Valle de Bravo Storage dam 395 hm³ 1 768 Surcharge pool elevation height 833

Villa Victoria Storage dam 186 hm³ 2 545 Surcharge pool elevation height 2 608

Chilesdo Weir 1.5 hm³ 2 396 Surcharge pool elevation height 2 359

Pumping plant 1 Pumps 20 m3/s 1 600

Pumping plant 2 Pumps 24 m3/s 1 722 Operates in conjunction with pumping plants 3 and 4



Pumping plant 5 Pumps 29.1 m3/s 2 497

Pumping plant 6 Pumps 5.1 m3/s 2 324

Los Berros Treatment plant Treatment plant 20 m3/s 2 540

NOTE: MASL: Meters above sea levelSOURCE: CONAGUA. Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization.

dams, 6 pumping stations and one water treatment plant with the characteristics that are shown in the following table.

The figure G4.6 shows the difference in eleva-tion that has to be overcome from the lowest part of pumping plant No. 1 to deliver the water to Oscillation Tower No. 5 and then deliver it by gravity to the Met-ropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico.

83


T4.13 Volumes and flows supplied by the Cutzamala System, annual series from 1991 to 2007Year Delivery to the Federal District Delivery to the State of Mexico Total

Volume(hm³/year)

Average flow(m3/s)

Volume(hm³/year)

Average flow(m3/s)

Volume (hm³/year)

Average flow (m3/s)

1991 238.92 7.59 78.11 2.49 317.03 10.08

1992 224.89 7.05 89.66 2.81 314.55 9.85

1993 251.79 8.10 90.44 2.91 342.23 11.02

1994 304.34 9.67 106.31 3.38 410.65 13.05

1995 309.12 9.80 121.39 3.85 430.51 13.65

1996 305.63 9.62 145.66 4.57 451.29 14.18

1997 320.71 10.16 159.17 5.05 479.88 15.21

1998 313.07 9.93 141.64 4.49 454.72 14.42

1999 319.30 10.21 159.45 5.10 478.75 15.30

2000 306.70 9.68 176.55 5.57 483.25 15.24

2001 303.14 9.64 173.35 5.51 476.49 15.15

2002 303.66 9.65 175.99 5.60 479.65 15.26

2003 310.70 9.77 185.23 5.83 495.93 15.59

2004 310.67 9.84 177.73 5.64 488.40 15.48

2005 310.39 9.84 182.80 5.64 493.19 15.48

2006 303.53 9.61 177.26 5.61 480.79 15.21

2007 303.90 9.72 174.56 5.58 478.46 15.30

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization.

G4.6 Profile of the Cutzamala System

NOTE: MASL: Meters above sea level SOURCE: CONAGUA. Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization. Statistics from the Region XIII. 2007.

84


Treatment plantsWater treatment plants condition the water qual-

ity of surface and/or groundwater sources for public urban use. In 2007, 86.4 m³/s were treated in the 541 plants in operation in the country.

T4.14 Treatment plants in operation, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Hydrological-Administrative Region Number of plants in operation Capacity installed(m3/s)

Flow treated(m3/s)

I Baja California Peninsula 38 11.17 6.38

II Northwest 20 2.89 1.58

III Northern Pacific 150 9.08 7.23

IV Balsas 21 23.18 17.58

V Southern Pacific 8 3.18 2.59

VI Rio Bravo 58 25.96 15.82

VII Central Basins of the North 48 0.37 0.25

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 73 19.37 12.11

IX Northern Gulf 40 6.59 5.83

X Central Gulf 7 6.40 4.58

XI Southern Border 40 13.17 8.22

XII Yucatan Peninsula 1 0.01 0.01

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 37 5.12 4.23

Total 541 126.49 86.39

a Includes the Los Berros treatment plant, in the locality of the same name in the municipality of Villa de Allende, State of Mexico, which is part of the Cutzamala System and is operated by the Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organization.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation.

G4.7 Flow of treated water, annual series from 1996 to 2007 (cubic meters / second, m³/s)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from Deputy Director General’s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation.

85


T4.15 Treatment plants in operation by State, 2007State Number of plants in

operationCapacity installed

(m3/s)Flow treated

(m3/s)

1 Aguascalientes 2 0.04 0.02

2 Baja California 26 10.70 6.02

3 Baja California Sur 12 0.47 0.36

4 Campeche 2 0.03 0.02

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza 18 2.13 1.71

6 Colima 25 0.01 0.01

7 Chiapas 4 4.50 2.51

8 Chihuahua 4 0.65 0.38

9 Federal District 33 3.66 3.01

10 Durango 30 0.03 0.02

11 Guanajuato 9 0.34 0.28

12 Guerrero 11 3.28 2.97

13 Hidalgo 2 0.13 0.13

14 Jalisco 24 16.20 9.49

15 State of Mexico 10 22.14 16.72

16 Michoacan de Ocampo 6 2.95 2.50

17 Morelos 0 0.00 0.00

18 Nayarit 0 0.00 0.00

19 Nuevo Leon 8 14.40 7.15

20 Oaxaca 6 1.29 0.77

21 Puebla 4 0.72 0.55

22 Queretaro Arteaga 6 0.27 0.21

23 Quintana Roo 0 0.00 0.00

24 San Luis Potosi 14 1.13 0.82

25 Sinaloa 142 9.07 7.22

26 Sonora 20 2.89 1.58

27 Tabasco 35 8.65 5.70

28 Tamaulipas 55 14.22 11.49

29 Tlaxcala 0 0.00 0.00

30 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave 8 6.60 4.76

31 Yucatan 0 0.00 0.00

32 Zacatecas 25 0.005 0.005

Total 541 126.49 86.39

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation.

T4.16 Main treatment processes applied, 2007Central process Purpose Plants Flow treated

No. % m3/s %Softening Elimination of hardness 11 2.0 0.65 0.75

Adsorption Elimination of organic traces 13 2.4 1.27 1.47

Conventional treatment Elimination of suspended solids 184 34.0 58.25 67.43

Patented treatment Elimination of suspended solids 137 25.3 6.58 7.62

Reversible electrodialysis Elimination of dissolved solids 2 0.4 0.12 0.14

Direct filtration Elimination of suspended solids 58 10.7 14.58 16.87

Slow filters Elimination of suspended solids 6 1.1 0.04 0.05

Reverse osmosis Elimination of dissolved solids 114 21.1 1.43 1.65

Removal of iron and manganese 16 3.0 3.48 4.02

Total 541 100.0 86.39 100.0


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4.5 Water Treatment and ReuseWastewater discharges

Wastewater discharges are classified as either municipal of industrial. The former correspond to those which are managed in the municipal urban and rural sewerage systems, whereas the latter are those that are discharged directly to national receiving water bodies, as is the case for self-supplying industry.

Wastewater treatmentMunicipal wastewater treatment plants

In 2007, the 1 710 plants in operation in Mexico treated 79.3 m³/s, or 38.3% of the 207 m³/s, col-lected in sewerage systems.

T4.17 Municipal and non-municipal wastewater discharges, 2007

Urban centers (municipal discharges)

Wastewater 7.66 km³/year (243 m³/s)

Collected in sewerage 6.53 km³/year (207 m³/s)

Treated 2.50 km³/year (79.3 m³/s)

Generated 2.07 Millions of tons of BOD5 per year

Collected in sewerage 1.76 Millions of tons of BOD5 per year

Removed from treatment systems

0.53 Millions of tons of BOD5 per year

Industrial uses (non-municipal)

Wastewater 5.98 km³/year (188.7 m³/s)

Treated 0.94 km³/year (29.9 m³/s)

Generated 6.95 Millions of tons of BOD5 per year

Removed from treatment systems

1.10 Millions of tons of BOD5 per year

NOTE: BOD5 Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand.

1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation and Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

87


G4.8 Flow of municipal wastewater treated, annual series from 1996 to 2007 (cubic meters per second, m³/s)

The following table indicates the wastewater treat-ment plants in operation by Hydrological-Administra-tive Region.

T4.18 Municipal wastewater treatment plants in operation, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Hydrological-Administrative Region Number of plants

in operation Capacity installed

(m3/s)Flow treated

(m3/s)

I Baja California Peninsula 41 7.71 5.77

II Northwest 80 4.28 3.09

III Northern Pacific 229 8.08 6.16

IV Balsas 138 7.24 5.13

V Southern Pacific 78 2.55 1.58

VI Rio Bravo 181 25.53 21.78

VII Central Basins of the North 106 5.15 4.01

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 421 22.55 17.27

IX Northern Gulf 84 2.26 1.96

X Central Gulf 122 4.67 2.64

XI Southern Border 95 3.33 2.50

XII Yucatan Peninsula 52 2.24 1.72

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 83 10.70 5.70

Total 1 710 106.27 79.29


SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage, and Sanitation.

88


M4.3 Municipal wastewater treatment plants up to December 2007

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation.

89


T4.19 Municipal wastewater treatment plants in operation, by State, 2007State Number of

plants in operation

Capacity installed

(m3/s)

Flow treated(m3/s)




4 Campeche 10 0.08 0.05

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza

20 3.77 2.97

6 Colima 50 1.44 0.95

7 Chiapas 24 1.51 1.18

8 Chihuahua 119 8.72 6.31

9 Federal District 27 6.48 2.81

10 Durango 165 3.53 2.58

11 Guanajuato 36 5.74 4.26

12 Guerrero 35 1.94 1.07

13 Hidalgo 12 0.22 0.21

14 Jalisco 96 3.77 3.39

15 State of Mexico 75 7.22 4.90

16 Michoacan de Ocampo

25 3.52 2.47

17 Morelos 27 1.33 1.06

18 Nayarit 60 1.96 1.20

19 Nuevo Leon 61 13.09 11.87

20 Oaxaca 65 0.91 0.69

21 Puebla 67 3.02 2.42


23 Quintana Roo 29 2.08 1.60


25 Sinaloa 120 5.02 4.18

26 Sonora 66 4.19 3.00

27 Tabasco 70 1.81 1.32

28 Tamaulipas 33 3.63 3.57

29 Tlaxcala 52 1.23 0.87


87 4.68 2.65

31 Yucatan 13 0.08 0.07

32 Zacatecas 35 0.48 0.42

Total 1 710 106.27 79.29


T4.20 Main municipal wastewater treatment processes, 2007

Process Number Flow treated(m3/s)

Percentage

Biodisks 6 0.47 0.59%

Biological filters 74 3.56 4.49%

Stabilization lagoons 646 14.24 17.96%

Aired lagoons 26 6.08 7.66%

Activated sludge 417 35.14 44.32%

Primary 13 2.07 2.61%

Advanced primary 14 8.68 10.95%

A.R.F.R.a 111 1.04 1.31%

Enzymatic reactor 59 0.11 0.14%

Imhoff tank 59 0.39 0.49%

Septic tank 77 0.13 0.16%

Wetland 130 0.48 0.61%

Oxidation ditches 20 2.18 2.75%

Others 58 4.73 5.97%

Total 1 710 79.29 100.0%

NOTE: a Anaerobic Rising Flow Reactor.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation.

G4.9 Main municipal wastewater treatment processes, 2007


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Industrial wastewater treatment plants In 2007, industry treated 29.9 m³/s of wastewa-

ter, in 2 021 plants in operation nationwide.

T4.21 Industrial wastewater treatment plants in operation, by State, 2007

State Number of plants in operation

Capacity installed

(m3/s)

Flow treated(m3/s)




4 Campeche 49 0.49 0.16

5 Coahuila de Zaragoza

70 0.95 0.64

6 Colima 8 0.44 0.31

7 Chiapas 18 0.69 0.69

8 Chihuahua 20 0.66 0.29

9 Federal Distrit 123 0.41 0.41

10 Durango 33 0.68 0.34

11 Guanajuato 45 0.40 0.18

12 Guerrero 7 0.05 0.04

13 Hidalgo 41 1.65 0.98

14 Jalisco 33 1.51 1.51

15 State of Mexico 292 3.75 2.75

16 Michoacan de Ocampo

45 3.55 2.47

G4.10 Flow of industrial wastewater treated, annual series from 1996 to 2007 (cubic meters per second, m³/s)

T4.21 Industrial wastewater treatment plants in operation, by State, 2007

State Number of plants in operation

Capacity installed

(m3/s)

Flow treated(m3/s)

17 Morelos 80 2.83 2.72

18 Nayarit 4 0.16 0.16

19 Nuevo Leon 83 4.13 3.00

20 Oaxaca 13 1.08 0.76

21 Puebla 97 0.62 0.43


23 Quintana Roo 2 0.01 0.01


25 Sinaloa 42 2.82 0.46

26 Sonora 23 0.36 0.16

27 Tabasco 108 0.61 0.15

28 Tamaulipas 46 1.60 0.83

29 Tlaxcala 107 0.30 0.26


160 11.63 8.64

31 Yucatan 36 0.11 0.07

32 Zacatecas 7 0.15 0.04

Total 2 021 44.79 29.87

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs. (continues)

(continued)


91


Wastewater reuseIt is estimated that in Mexico in 2007, 4 722 million

cubic meters of water were reused (equivalent to a flow of 150 m³/s).

In the reuse of water of municipal origin, the transfer of wastewater collected in sewerage networks to agri-cultural crops stands out. To a lesser degree wastewater is also used in industry, as well as thermoelectric sta-

T4.22 Types of industrial wastewater treatment, 2007Type of treatment Purpose No. of

plants Flow

(m3/s)Percentage

Primary Adjusting the pH and removing organic material, and/or inorganic materials in suspension with a size equal to or greater than 0.1 mm

589 10.63 35.6

Inorganic in suspension with a size equal to or more than 0.1 mm

Secondary Removing colloidal and dissolved organic materials 1 119 15.09 50.5

Tertiary Removing dissolved materials that include gases, natural and synthetic organic substances, ions, bacteria and viruses

59 0.64 2.1

Not specified 254 3.51 11.8

Total 2 021 29.87 100.0


G4.11 Reuse of municipal and non-municipal wastewater, 2007

tions, as is the case in the Villa de Reyes thermoelectric station in San Luis Potosi.

In the reuse of industrial wastewater (non munici-pal), the wastewater used by the sugar industry in growing sugar cane in the state of Veracruz stands out.

In the following figure the different transfers of water between uses can be identified.

NOTE: m³/s = cubic meters per second, 1 hm³/year= 1 million m³ per year.1 m³/s = 31.536 hm³/year SOURCE: CONAGUA. Estimations of the Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

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4.6 Emergency AttentionThe CONAGUA has set up 13 Regional Emergency

Attention Centers (CRAEs in Spanish) in various areas of the country, with the aim of supporting the states and municipalities in the supply of drinking water and sanitation in situations of risk.

Among the equipment at the disposal of the CRAEs

M4.4 Location of the Regional Emergency Attention Centers (CRAEs), 2007

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the General Coordination for Attention to Emergencies and River Basin Councils.

are mobile water treatment plants, pumping equip-ment, independent electricity plants, pipe trucks and transport equipment for the machinery. This emer-gency attention is carried out by the CONAGUA in coordination with the states, municipalities and fed-eral dependences.

93

Chapter 5

Water

Management Tools

In this chapter, the country’s legal, normative, eco-nomic financial and consultation tools are presented, which aim to foster a responsible use of water and contribute to its preservation.

This chapter also indicates the investments and budgets in the drinking water, sanitation and sewerage sub-sector, applied by various stakeholders in water management in Mexico. New maps of availability of published groundwater and surface water are included, and on the subject of tariffs, a new section has been added.

Amongst the participation mechanisms, the River Basin Councils are fundamental, so a whole section has been included on them and their auxiliary bodies.

Finally, in several sections the relationship between the CONAGUA and other agencies and institutions is mentioned, as well as the evolution of its budget, among other issues.

5 Water Management Tools

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5.1 Institutions Related with Water in Mexico

The National Water Commission of Mexico (CONAGUA), an administrative, normative, techni-cal, consultative and decentralized agency of the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), has the following:

MissionTo manage and preserve the nation’s water and its

inherent public goods to achieve a sustainable use of these resources, with the co-responsibility of the three levels of government and society-at-large.

VisionTo be a technical authority and a promoter of the

participation of society and governmental instances in Integrated Water Resources Management and its inherent public goods.

Up to December 2007, the CONAGUA had 14 592 employees, of which 3 965 occupied upper and middle management positions and 10 627 corresponded to staff of the basic and mid-level payroll. 84% of the staff was assigned to the River Basin Organizations and Local

T5.1 Institutions and organizations with which the National Water Commission coordinates

Institution Example of the coordination carried out

Ministry of Finance and Public Credit Defining the annual budget assigned to the institutions related to the water sector and the corresponding calendar of payments, contributing to favoring a flexible and appropriate use of the assigned resources; if applicable, authorizing multi-annual investment programs

Congress of the Union Agreeing on the policies and budget required for water resources, as well as evalu-ating and if appropriate approving the requests for modification of the National Water Law and its By-Laws.

States and municipalities Programs and actions to restore the country’s watersheds, support the supply of drinking water and sanitation services to the population, stimulate the efficient use of water in productive activities, such as irrigation and industry, and actions for the attention of meteorological events.

Ministry of Health Support the municipalities so that their inhabitants receive water suitable to be consumed and foster among the population the habits and customs associated with hygiene that will afford them a better standard of living.

Offices and the remaining 16% to the central offices. It is worth adding that the institution’s staff has been reduced significantly. In 1989, the year of creation of the CONAGUA, it had 38 188 members of staff whereas in 2000 it had 21 599. It was in this year that the Federal Government’s Voluntary Retirement Program com-menced, which contributed to the present reduction in staff numbers.

In order to carry out the functions assigned to it, the CONAGUA works in conjunction with various federal, state and municipal instances, as well as water user associations and companies and institutions of the pri-vate sector and civil society. The following table shows the main institutions with which it coordinates for the achievement of the goals of the 2007-2012 National Water Program.

According to article 115 of the Constitution of Mexico, municipalities are responsible for providing drinking water, sewerage and sanitation services.

To carry out these tasks, municipalities generally resort to drinking water, sewerage and sanitation utilities.

(continues)

Water Management Tools 5

95

T5.1 Institutions and organizations with which the National Water Commission coordinates

Institution Example of the coordination carried out

Ministry of Public Education Actions aimed at school children to promote the efficient use and preservation of water, including specific sections on taking care of water and the environment in text books.

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fishing and Food

Actions to promote a more efficient use of water in agriculture and to increase the productivity of agriculture based on the country’s food requirements, the type of soil and the availability of water.

Ministry of the Interior Necessary programs and actions for the prevention and attention of droughts and floods.

Federal Commission for Electricity Build and operate dams which are used to generate electricity, water supply to cities, irrigation or flood protection.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Promote the technical and financial coordination with agencies and institutions of the United States of America to carry out programs associated with the manage-ment and preservation of water in the transboundary catchments and aquifers.

Ministry of Tourism Actions to attain a better use and preservation of water in tourist sites and rec-reational areas.

Ministry of the Economy Take part in the formulation of the official standards for the water sector.

National Forestry Commission Soil and water conservation actions in the upstream parts of catchments, with the aim of decreasing the dragging of solids to riverbeds and dams.

Attorney General’s Office for Environmental Protection

Actions to monitor water quality in the country’s rivers and lakes and applying the corresponding sanctions.

Mexican Institute for Water Technology

Carry out water-related research and technological actions.

Ministry of Civil Service Promote actions of good governance and institutional development, coordinate the actions associated with the certification of capacities in the federal civil service.

River Basin Councils and their auxiliary bodies

Take part in the Integrated Water Resources Management of watersheds and aquifers, in such a way that social wellbeing, economic development and the preservation of the environment are favored.

Water Advisory Council Strategies for a better use and preservation of water.

Research and Technology Institutes Research and technological development for the preservation of water.

Ministry of Social Development Support rural communities for the development of drinking water, sewerage and sanitation infrastructure.

SOURCE: CONAGUA, National Water Program 2007-2012, Mexico, 2007.

(continued)


96

5.2 Legal Framework for the Use of the Nation’s Water

The National Water Law establishes that the use of the nation’s waters will be carried out through a concession granted by the Federal Executive Branch, through the CONAGUA, by means of the River Basin Councils, or directly by the CONAGUA when appro-priate, according to the rules and conditions disposed within the National Water Law and its By-Laws. Similarly, for wastewater discharges, it is necessary to have a discharge permit issued by the CONAGUA. The concession and discharge permit deeds are recorded in the Public Registry of Water Rights (REPDA), which was established in 1992, with the issuing of the National Water Law.

Deeds registered in the Public Registry of Water Rights

Up to December 2007, 354 238 national water deeds had been registered in the REPDA, correspond-ing to an assigned volume of 78 950 million cubic meters (hm³) for offstream uses and 161 239 hm³

T5.2 Deeds registered in the REPDAUse Deeds registered in the REPDA

Number PercentageAgriculturala 208 569 58.88

Public supplyb 135 846 38.34

Self-supplying industrycc 9 720 2.75

Total offstream uses 354 135 99.97

Instream uses (Hydroelectric)

103 0.03

Total 354 238 100.00

NOTE: One concession deed may cover one or more uses or permits. a Includes the agricultural, livestock, aquaculture, multiple and other headings of the REPDA classification.b Includes the public urban and domestic headings of the REPDA classification.c Includes the industrial, agro-industrial, services and trade headings of the REPDA classification.


T5.3 Deeds registered in the REPDA, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007(number of deeds)

Hydrological-Administrative Region Concessions and/or allocationsa Discharge permits

Federal zone permits

Material withdrawal Surface water Groundwater

I Baja California Peninsula 2 331 9 565 615 1 447 347

II Northwest 4 593 18 768 644 2 936 66

III Northern Pacific 12 365 12 508 547 8 699 352

IV Balsas 15 256 12 414 1 524 8 086 277

V Southern Pacific 8 472 16 389 322 8 012 225

VI Rio Bravo 6 467 36 389 573 5 772 52

VII Central Basins of the North 3 556 26 668 921 3 312 48

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 18 443 45 205 2 172 19 233 549

IX Northern Gulf 7 472 12 557 731 10 277 174

X Central Gulf 12 100 16 468 1 481 17 643 573

XI Southern Border 24 249 7 440 638 11 406 152

XII Yucatan Peninsula 168 21 159 2 699 74 3

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1 095 2 141 574 1 571 0

Total 116 567 237 671 13 441 98 468 2 818

NOTE: a One concession deed may cover one or more uses or permits.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

for instream uses (hydroelectricity). The distribution of these deeds by their use is shown in the following table:

jvasqueza


jvasqueza


jvasqueza


dddddd

jvasqueza



97

M5.1 Prohibition zones for groundwater withdrawal, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Prohibition zonesWith the aim of diminishing the overexploitation

of the country’s aquifers and watersheds, the federal government has issued prohibitions to restrict water withdrawals in various areas.

In the case of groundwater, 145 prohibition zones are currently valid, published between 1943 and 2007. In the following figure, the areas of the country with some type of prohibition to restrict groundwater withdrawal are shown.

In the case of surface water, the existing prohibi-tions are from the years 1929 to 1975.

Publication of mean annual water availabilitiesThe National Water Law establishes that, in order

to grant the concession deeds, the mean annual availability of the watershed or aquifer in which the water will be used will be taken into account. The CONAGUA is bound to publish this availability, and for this purpose the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CNA-2000 has been created, “Conservation of water resources – which establishes the specifications and the method to determine the mean annual availability of the nation’s waters”, in which the methodology to do so is indicated.



98

M5.2 Watersheds with published availability according to the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CNA-2000

Up to December 31st, 2007, the availability of 252 hydrogeological units or aquifers, from which 75% of the country’s groundwater is withdrawn, had been published in the Official Government Gazette, as well as that of 480 watersheds. Furthermore, between January 1st and June 30th, 2008, the mean availability of 30 additional aquifers and 113 watersheds was

published, bringing the total number of aquifers and watersheds with published availability to 282 and 593 respectively.

The following maps show the location of the coun-try’s watersheds and aquifers with their availability published in the Official Government Gazette up to June 30th, 2008.


Administrador

Stamp


99

M5.3 Aquifers with published availability according to the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CNA-2000

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs


100

M5.4 Availability zones for the billing of duties, by municipality, 2008

5.3 Economy and Water FinancesDuties for the use of the nation’s waters

In order to charge duties for the use of water, Mexico has been divided into nine availability zones. The list of the municipalities that belong to each avail-ability zone may be found in article 231 of the 2008 Federal Duties Law. In general the cost per cubic meter is higher in the zones of lesser availability

NOTE: The duty referred to in this section will be paid on a monthly basis, within the first 17 days of the month immediately after the one corresponding to the payment.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on the Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2008.


101

For the billing of duties for wastewater discharges, the receiver bodies (rivers, lakes, lagoons, etc.) are classified into three types: A, B or C, according to the effects caused by the pollution, the C-type receiver bodies being those in which the pollution has the

T5.4. Duties for the use of the nation’s waters, by availability zone, 2008(Mexican pesos cents per cubic meter)

Use Availability zone

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

General Regimea 1656.65 1325.27 1104.38 911.13 717.83 648.76 488.31 173.49 130.02

Drinking water, consumption more than 300 L/inhabitant/day

65.64 65.64 65.64 65.64 65.64 65.64 30.56 15.26 7.60

Drinking water, consumption equal to or less than 300 L/inhabitant/day

32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 32.82 15.28 7.63 3.80

Agricultural, without exceeding the assigned volume

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Agricultural, for every m³ that it exceeds the assigned volume

11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73 11.73

Spas and recreational centers 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.46 0.22 0.10

Generation of hydropower 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

Aquaculture 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.06 0.03

NOTE: No payment is made for the withdrawal of seawater, or for brackish water with concentrations of more than 2 500 mg/L of total dissolved solids (when certified by the CONAGUA). The duty referred to in this section will be paid on a monthly basis, within the first 17 days of the month immediately after the one corresponding to the payment.a Refers to any use other than those mentioned.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on the Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2008.

T5.5 Duties for material withdrawal, 2008(Mexican pesos per cubic meter)

Material Zone 1 Zone 2Gravel 15.81 10.16

Sand 15.81 10.16

Clay and mud 12.42 7.91

Raw material 12.42 7.91

Stone 13.55 9.03

Others 5.65 3.39

NOTE: Zone 1 includes the states of Baja California, Guanajuato, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave and Zacatecas.Zone 2 includes the states not included in zone 1 and the Federal District.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Federal Duties Law. Mexico, 2008.

strongest effects. The list of the receiver bodies that belong to each category can be found in the Federal Duties Law for water resources.

The wastewater discharge duties are related to the volume of the discharge and the load of the pollutants and may be consulted in article 278C of the Federal Duties Law.

Revenues of the CONAGUA

In the following figure, we may observe the CONAGUA’s revenues for the billing of duties, which includes the following concepts: use of the nation’s waters; use of receiver bodies; material withdrawal; block water supply to urban and industrial centers; irrigation services; use of federal zones; and various, such as transaction services, VAT and fines, among others.


102

It is worth mentioning that the payment of duties for wastewater discharges (use of receiver bodies) is the equivalent of 0.6% of the total revenues, even though the level of treatment is still very low.

T5.6 Revenues of the CONAGUA for the billing of duties by concept, annual series from 1999 to 2007(millions of Mexican pesos at constant 2007 prices)

Concept 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Use of the nation’s waters 6 326.0 6 634.4 6 434.2 6 907.1 7 436.2 7 043.3 7 059.5 6 673.2 7 114.3

Block water supply to urban and industrial centers

1 395.6 1 185.0 1 204.1 1 167.9 1 331.5 1 250.2 1 476.7 1 369.9 1 446.8

Irrigation 153.7 151.8 173.9 174.6 159.2 162.3 166.5 159.4 189.9

Material withdrawal 40.6 41.9 45.3 35.0 31.5 40.0 36.7 54.3 36.3

Wastewater discharges 49.0 46.1 82.4 64.1 74.1 73.0 55.5 50.3 57.2

Use of federal zones 21.4 26.5 25.6 25.6 27.3 34.9 29.3 27.6 34.3

Various (transaction services, VAT and fines, among others)

422.1 298.4 248.9 241.7 120.2 81.1 81.2 121.1 93.8

Total 8 408.4 8 384.1 8 214.4 8 616.0 9 180.0 8 684.8 8 905.4 8 455.8 8 972.6

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely due to the rounding up or down of figures.The conversion of pesos at current prices to constant 2007 prices was carried out based on the average National Consumer Price Index for each year. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

G5.1 Revenues of the CONAGUA for the billing of duties, annual series from 1989 to 2007 (millions of Mexican pesos at constant 2007 prices)



103

Nearly 80% of the CONAGUA’s revenues cor-respond to the withdrawal and use of the nation’s waters. The following table shows the revenues cor-responding to each of the uses indicated in article 223 of the Federal Duties Law for water resources.

T5.7 Revenues of the CONAGUA, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007(millions of Mexican pesos at constant 2007 prices)

Concept


Use of the nation’s waters

Block water supply to urban and industrial centers

Irrigation Material withdrawal

Wastewater discharges

Use of federal zones

Various (transaction services, VAT

and fines, among others)

Total


125.8 0.0 51.3 9.9 1.1 3.6 4.8 196.5

II Northwest 443.0 0.0 26.8 1.4 1.3 0.5 2.8 475.8

III Northern Pacific 182.7 0.0 48.5 8.4 1.0 2.0 2.7 245.3

IV Balsas 512.3 1.0 3.6 0.5 1.3 2.1 4.3 525.1

V Southern Pacific 156.6 0.0 1.3 2.2 0.2 0.6 2.0 162.9

VI Rio Bravo 1 034.9 0.0 15.6 0.4 4.7 6.6 4.9 1 067.1


499.4 0.0 13.3 2.4 1.6 1.0 2.0 519.7


1 604.3 0.0 10.4 4.0 29.2 5.9 20.9 1 674.7

IX Northern Gulf 335.9 0.0 8.1 0.4 2.4 3.9 7.9 358.6

X Central Gulf 392.6 47.7 2.9 0.6 5.6 0.7 13.8 463.9

XI Southern Border 232.5 0.0 0.2 6.0 2.4 1.0 1.8 243.9

XII Yucatan Peninsula 131.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 0.2 4.8 142.7


1 462.4 1 398.1 7.9 0.0 0.7 6.2 21.1 2 896.4

Total 7 114.3 1 446.8 189.9 36.2 57.3 34.3 93.8 8 972.6

NOTE: The sums may not add up precisely due to the rounding up or down of figures.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.


104

The volumes declared, meaning the volumes that the users of the nation’s waters reported for the period 1999 – 2007, are the following:

T5.8 Revenues for the withdrawal and use of the nation’s waters, annual series from 2000 to 2007 (millions of Mexican pesos at constant 2007 prices)

Use 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

General Regimea 5 565.0 5 497.8 5 261.8 5 362.5 4 952.4 4 847.5 4 609.0 4 948.9

Urban public 486.3 459.4 1 205.9 1 722.1 1 683.8 1 802.6 1 589.8 1 710.2

Hydroelectric 558.3 451.1 415.0 349.6 386.7 388.4 453.6 435.2

Spas and recreational centers 24.6 25.5 24.1 1.1 19.8 20.4 20.3 19.5

Aquaculture 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.5

Total 6 634.4 6 434.3 6 907.2 7 436.2 7 043.3 7 059.4 6 673.0 7 114.3

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely due to the rounding up or down of figures.a Refers to any use other than those mentioned.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

T5.9 Volumes declared for the payment of duties, annual series from 2000 to 2007(millions of cubic meters, hm³)

Use 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

General Regimea 1 392.2 1 079.1 1 117.7 1 222.6 1 369.3 1 265.2 1 306.3 1 763.9

Urban public 661.5 1 682.1 4 182.5 6 549.6 6 397.5 7 082.6 8 240.1 7 584.4

Hydroelectric 165 842.5 128 848.9 120 982.0 96 163.5 110 581.1 115 385.8 140 294.9 122 831.6

Spas and recreational centers 164.4 128.1 115.5 32.0 80.5 93.8 115.0 83.5

Aquaculture 92.2 192.0 176.5 211.0 285.0 397.1 159.0 307.9

Total 168 152.8 131 930.2 126 574.2 104 178.7 118 713.4 124 224.5 150 115.3 132 571.3



105

T5.10 Revenues for the withdrawal or use of the nation’s waters, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007 (millions of Mexican pesos at constant 2007 prices)

Use


General Regimea

Urban public Hydroelectric Spas and recreational

centers

Aquaculture Total

I Baja California Peninsula 55.0 70.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 125.8

II Northwest 333.2 98.4 11.3 0.0 0.0 442.9

III Northern Pacific 78.6 65.9 37.9 0.1 0.1 182.6

IV Balsas 291.6 112.5 105.6 2.3 0.3 512.3

V Southern Pacific 102.6 46.9 7.2 0.0 0.0 156.7

VI Rio Bravo 719.1 288.9 26.6 0.3 0.0 1 034.9

VIICentral Basins of the North

424.7 74.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 499.4

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1 227.2 334.2 36.1 6.8 0.0 1 604.3

IX Northern Gulf 290.3 40.4 5.1 0.1 0.0 335.9

X Central Gulf 305.9 37.9 48.7 0.1 0.0 392.6

XI Southern Border 67.0 8.9 156.5 0.1 0.0 232.5

XII Yucatan Peninsula 106.7 25.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 131.9

XIIIWaters of the Valley of Mexico

946.9 505.6 0.1 9.7 0.1 1 462.4

Total 4 948.8 1 710.2 435.1 19.6 0.5 7 114.2



106

Budget of the CONAGUAThe budget authorized to the CONAGUA by the

Chamber of Deputies for 2008 was 29 442 million Mexican pesos, of which 3 243 million pesos cor-responds to staff services and 26 199 million pesos to the concepts of material and supplies, services, real estate, compensation, public works and related services.

T5.11 Volumes declared for the payment of duties for withdrawal or use of the nation’s waters, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007(millions of cubic meters, hm³)


Use

General Regimea

Urban public Hydroelectric Spas and recreational

centers

Aquaculture Total

I Baja California Peninsula 35.0 429.9 0.0 1.5 2.5 468.9

II Northwest 141.3 408.7 3 350.7 0.3 0.1 3 901.1

III Northern Pacific 27.7 381.4 11 183.9 3.0 19.0 11 615.0

IV Rio Bravo 127.4 724.4 31 099.4 25.2 127.3 32 103.7

V Southern Pacific 20.1 164.5 2 139.6 0.0 0.3 2 324.5

VI Rio Bravo 140.4 832.3 2 889.6 6.1 0.8 3 869.2

VII Central Basins of the North 73.8 342.2 0.0 1.1 2.9 420.0

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 226.6 1 581.4 10 516.6 30.1 35.9 12 390.6

IX Northern Gulf 153.2 223.7 1 105.3 5.1 51.3 1 538.6

X Central Gulf 411.5 372.9 14 279.1 4.7 51.4 15 119.6

XI Southern Border 74.0 234.8 46 256.8 0.1 4.2 46 569.9

XII Yucatan Peninsula 185.1 198.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 383.7

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 147.8 1 689.7 10.6 6.2 12.2 1 866.5

Total 1 763.9 7 584.4 122 831.6 83.5 307.9 132 571.3


G5.2 Expenditure budget, authorized original, 2008

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Administration.


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G5.3 Evolution of the CONAGUA’s exercised budget, annual series from 1997 to 2007 (millions of Mexican pesos)

T5.12 Investments by heading in the drinking water, sewerage and sanitation sub-sector(millions of Mexican pesos at constant 2006 prices)

Year Drinking water Sewerage Sanitation Improving efficiency

Othersa Total

2002 4 747 5 378 2 038 1 592 109 13 864

2003 6 298 5 997 1 470 1 137 214 15 116

2004 5 978 6 078 1 595 1 211 79 14 941

2005 8 697 8 537 3 385 1 651 122 22 392

2006 5 445 5 823 1 821 2 393 246 15 728

NOTE: a Others: studies, projects and supervision.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking water, Sewerage and Sanitation.

NOTE: The conversion of Mexican pesos at current prices to constant 2007 prices was carried out based on the average National Consumer Price Index from January to December for each year.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Administration.


108

Water tariffsDrinking water tariffs are set differently for each

municipality, depending on the provisions of each state’s legislation. In some states, the tariffs are

T5.13 Investment by program and origin of the resources, 2006 (millions of Mexican pesos)

Concept / Source Federal State Municipal Credit/Private initiative/

others

Total

The CONAGUA’s Investments 5 152.7 2 514.0 2 542.7 916.4 11 125.8

Drinking Water and Sanitation in Urban Zones 2 208.3 2 016.1 1 002.3 498.9 5 725.6

Valley of Mexicoa 418.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 418.9

Duty Returns 1 495.8 0.0 1 495.8 0.0 2 991.6

Clean Water 29.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 64.0

PROSSAPYSb 822.0 462.9 19.1 0.0 1 303.9

PROMAGUAb 178.7 0.0 25.5 417.5 621.7

Other agencies 618.6 185.3 274.7 3 524.2 4 602.8

SEDESOL 346.9 131.4 224.2 27.4 729.9

CONAVI 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 496.7 5 691.0

CDI 271.7 53.9 50.5 0.1 564.0

Total 5 771.3 2 699.3 2 817.4 4 440.6 15 728.6

NOTES: The sums may not add up precisely due to the rounding up or down of figures.a Resources of the 1928 Fund, with contributions from the Government of the Federal District and on behalf of the state of Mexico.b The state investment includes the municipal resources.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking water, Sewerage and Sanitation. Contributions from other agencies: SEDESOL, BANOBRAS, CONAVI, CDI and service providers.

approved by the local State Congress, whereas in others they are approved by the government body or Board of Governors of the municipality’s or locality’s drinking water utility or the State Water Commission.

In general the tariffs are different for domestic users and companies or industries and are generally based on progressive tariff blocks, meaning that the price per cubic meter is higher for greater water consumption.

Water tariffs generally include:• Fixed costs, independent from the volume used,• Costs for the water supplied, associated with the volume used,• Costs for sewerage and wastewater treatment, generally applied as a percentage of the costs for water supply,• Taxes (non-existent in the case of State of Mexico)The following figure shows the drinking water, sew-

erage and/or sanitation tariffs per cubic meter for some cities in Mexico, for domestic use with a consumption of 30 m³/month and with the highest applicable tariff.


109

The following figure shows the tariff structure for domestic use in the Federal District. As may be observed, the tariff per cubic meter is higher when the consumption is higher. Similarly, the tariff increases for 2008 were higher for the upper levels.

G5.4 Domestic drinking water, sewerage and/or sanitation tariffs in selected cities, 2007 (Mexican pesos/m³)

NOTE: The highest applicable tariff for a consumption of 30 m³/month.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking water, Sewerage and Sanitation.


110

In the figure G5.6, the tariffs for domestic, industrial and commercial use are shown, in several localities in Mexico, assuming a consumption of 30 m³/month.

G5.5 Water tariffs in the Federal District for domestic use (Current Mexican pesos)

G5.6 Comparison of tariffs for domestic, industrial and commercial use in selected cities, 2007 (Mexican pesos/m3)

NOTE: The highest applicable tariff for a consumption of 30 m³/month.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General´s Office for Drinking water, Sewerage, and Sanitation.

NOTE: The tariff structure is bi-monthly and was converted to cubic meters per month.SOURCE: Financial Code of the Federal District, 2007 and 2008.Published on December 30th, 2006 and December 27th, 2007 in the Official Gazette of the Federal District.


111

M5.5 Location of the River Basin Councils, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

5.4 Participation MechanismsRiver Basin Councils and auxiliary bodies

The National Water Law establishes that the River Basin Councils are collegiate entities of mixed mem-bership, and will be coordination bodies providing sup-port, consultation and advice, between the CONAGUA, including the corresponding River Basin Organization, and the dependencies and entities of the federal, state or municipal instances and the representatives of the

waters users and of civil society organizations, from the respective watershed or hydrological region.

Up to December 31st, 2007, 25 River Basin Councils had been established, with the Council referred to as Central Pacific Coast yet to be established. The loca-tion of these River Basin Councils is shown in the fol-lowing figure:

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning.Produced based on data from the General Coordination for Attention to Emergencies and River Basin Councils.


112

T5.14 Characteristics of the River Basin Councils, 2007 (situation up to December 31st)

No. Code River Basin Council Date of establishment Hydrological-Administrative Region

1 01 Baja California Sur Mar 03rd, 00 I Baja California Peninsula2 02 Baja California Dec 07th, 99 I Baja California Peninsula3 03 Upper Northwest Mar 19th, 99 II Northwest4 04 Rivers Yaqui and Matape Aug 30th, 00 II Northwest5 05 River Mayo Aug 30th, 00 II Northwest6 06 Rivers Fuerte and Sinaloa Dec 10th, 99 III Northern Pacific7 07 Rivers Mocorito to Quelita Dec 10th, 99 III Northern Pacific8 08 Rivers Presidio to San Pedro Jun 15th, 00 III Northern Pacific9 09 River Balsas Mar 26th, 99 IV Balsas

10 10 Guerrero Coast Mar 29th, 00 V Southern Pacific11 11 Oaxaca Coast Apr 07th, 99 V Southern Pacific12 12 Rio Bravo Jan 21st, 99 VI Rio Bravo13 13 Nazas-Aguanaval Dec 01st, 98 VII Central Basins of the North14 14 Altiplano Nov 23th, 99 VII Central Basins of the North15 15 Lerma-Chapala Jan 28th, 93 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific16 16 Santiago River Jul 14th, 99 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific17 18 Rivers San Fernando-Soto La Marina Aug 26th, 99 IX Northern Gulf18 19 River Panuco Aug 26th, 99 IX Northern Gulf19 20 Rivers Tuxpan to Jamapa Sep 12th, 00 X Central Gulf20 21 River Papaloapan Jun 16th, 00 X Central Gulf21 22 River Coatzacoalcos Jun 16th, 00 X Central Gulf22 23 Chiapas Coast Jan 26th, 00 XI Southern Border23 24 Rivers Grijalva and Usumacinta Aug 11th, 00 XI Southern Border24 25 Yucatan Peninsula Dec 14th, 99 XII Yucatan Peninsula25 26 Valley of Mexico Nov 11th, 96 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

SOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination for Attention to Emergencies and River Basin Councils.


113

In the process of consolidation of the River Basin Councils, it was necessary to attend very specifi c prob-lems in more localized geographic zones, as a result of which River Basin Commissions were created to attend sub-basins, River Basin Committees for micro-basins, Technical Groundwater Committees for aquifers and Clean Beach Committees in the country’s coastal zones.

93-164.indd 113 10/11/08 15:05:08


114

T5.15 Characteristics of the River Basin Commissions, 2007

No. Code River Basin Commission Date of establishment Hydrological-Administrative Region

1 02A Colorado River Dec 07th, 99 I Baja California Peninsula

2 03A River Concepción Sep 29th, 04 II Northwest

3 03B River Sonora Dec 14th, 04 II Northwest

4 03C San Pedro Oct 24th, 07 II Northwest

5 04A River Matape Feb 17th, 04 II Northwest

6 09A River Cupatitzio Aug 04th, 04 IV Balsas

7 09B River Apatlaco Sep 12th,07 IV Balsas

8 12A River Conchos Jan 21st, 99 VI Rio Bravo

9 15A River Turbio Jun 15th, 07 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

10 15B Lake Chapala Basin Sep 02nd, 98 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

11 15C Lake Patzcuaro May 18th, 04 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

12 15D Lake Cuitzeo Aug 18th, 06 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

13 15E Zapotlan Lagoon May 30th, 07 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

14 16A River Calderon Feb 28th, 06 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

15 17A Ayuquila-Armería Oct 15th, 98 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

16 17B River Ameca Aug 09th, 04 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

17 19A River San Juan (Panuco) Aug 01st, 97 IX Northern Gulf

18 24A Lower Basin of the Rivers Grijalva and Carrizal

Oct 26th, 07 XI Southern Border

19 26A Valle de Bravo Oct 16th, 03 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

20 26B Tecocomulco Lagoon Jul 14th, 05 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico

21 26C Guadalupe Dam Jan 11th, 06 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico



115

M5.7 Location of the River Basin Committees by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007 (situation up to December 31st)

In the following figure and table, the location of the 25 River Basin Committees established nationwide is shown:



116

T.5.16 Characteristics of the River Basin Committees, 2007No. Code River Basin Committee Date of

establishmentState Hydrological-Administrative

Region1 10a River Huacapa–River Azul Aug 01st, 03 Guerrero V Southern Pacific

2 10b River la Sabana-Tres Palos Lagoon Dec 11th, 03 Guerrero V Southern Pacific

3 10c Coyuca Lagoon-Mitla Lagoon Sep 27th, 07 Guerrero V Southern Pacific

4 11a River Los Perros Nov 18th, 99 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

5 11b River Salado May 18th, 01 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

6 11c River Copalita Apr 19th, 02 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

7 11d River Atoyac Aug 07th, 02 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

8 11e River Verde Jun 10th, 04 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

9 11f River Tonameca Aug 20th, 04 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

10 11g River Tehuantepec Dec 06th, 05 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

11 12a Central Region of the State of Coahuila

Nov 22nd, 05 Coahuila de Zaragoza VI Rio Bravo

12 13a Parras-Paila Jun 27th, 07 Coahuila de Zaragoza VII Central Basins of the North

13 19a River Valles Dec 10th, 02 San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf

14 21a River Blanco Jun 16th, 00 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave X Central Gulf

15 23a River Zanatenco Aug 23th, 02 Chiapas XI Southern Border

16 23b River Lagartero Sep 11th, 03 Chiapas XI Southern Border

17 23c River Coapa Oct 15th, 03 Chiapas XI Southern Border

18 23d River Coatan Aug 31st, 05 Chiapas XI Southern Border

19 24a River Sabinal Mar 22nd, 03 Chiapas XI Southern Border

20 24b River Cuxtepec May 02nd, 03 Chiapas XI Southern Border

21 24c Montebello Lagoons Apr 20th, 06 Chiapas XI Southern Border

22 24d Catazaja Lagoon Jun 05th, 06 Chiapas XI Southern Border

23 24e River San Pedro-Missicab Nov 17th, 06 Tabasco XI Southern Border

24 24f Valley of Jovel Jun O5th, 07 Chiapas XI Southern Border

25 26a Cañada de Madero Jun 30th, 00 Hidalgo XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico


Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS)With the aim of achieving a sustainable use of water

in the aquifers of the country, Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS in Spanish) have been created. Up to December 31st, 2007, 78 COTAS had been created.

A summary of the number of COTAS in each Hydrological-Administrative Region is shown in the table T5.17, as well as a complete list in annex.

T5.17 Technical Groundwater Committees

Hydrological-Administrative Region Number of COTAS

I Baja California Peninsula 19

II Northwest 5

III Northern Pacific 5

IV Balsas 3

V Southern Pacific 1

VI Rio Bravo 10

VII Central Basins of the North 9

VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 17

IX Northern Gulf 6

X Central Gulf 2

XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1

Total 78



117

Clean Beach CommitteesThe Clean Beach Committees are auxiliary entities of

the River Basin Councils, with the aim of promoting the sanitation of beaches and the watersheds and aquifers associated with them, as well as preventing and rectify-ing pollution to protect and preserve Mexico’s beaches,

T5.18 Characteristics of the Clean Beach Committees, 2007(situation up to December 31st)

No. Name Date of establishment

State River Basin Council Hydrological-Administrative Region

1 Ensenada Jul 22nd, 05 Baja California Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

2 Tijuana May 27th, 04 Baja California Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

3 Rosarito Mar 12th, 04 Baja California Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

4 La Paz Jul 22nd, 03 Baja California Sur Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

5 Los Cabos Oct 17th, 03 Baja California Sur Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

6 State of Sonora Nov 18th, 03 Sonora Upper Northwest and Yaqui–Matape

II Northwest

7 Municipal Clean Beaches of Puerto Peñasco, Sonora

Mar 03rd, 06 Sonora Upper Northwest II Northwest

8 Municipal Clean Beaches of Huatabambo

Mar 02nd, 07 Sonora River Mayo II Northwest

9 Bahia de Altata Feb 27th, 06 Sinaloa River Mocorito to Quelita III Northern Pacific

10 Mazatlan City Jun 27th, 03 Sinaloa Rivers Presidio to San Pedro III Northern Pacific

11 Municipality of Lazaro Cardenas Michoacan

Jul 21st, 05 Michoacán de Ocampo

River Balsas IV Balsas

12 Municipality of Santa Maria Huatulco

Oct 15th, 03 Oaxaca Oaxaca Coast V Southern Pacific

13 Puerto Escondido Municipality of San Pedro Mixtepec and Lagoon Complex of Manialtepec Tututepec, Juquila

Mar 26th, 04 Oaxaca Oaxaca Coast V Southern Pacific

14 Puerto Angel and Zipolite and Municipality of San Pedro Pochutla

May 24th, 05 Oaxaca Oaxaca Coast V Southern Pacific

15 IIxtapa – Zihuatanejo, Municipality of Jose Azueta, Guerrero

Mar 14th, 06 Guerrero Guerrero Coast V Southern Pacific

16 Acapulco Apr 07th, 06 Guerrero Guerrero Coast V Southern Pacific

17 Technical Clean Beach Committee of the States of Jalisco and Nayarit

Aug 04th, 03 Jalisco and Nayarit Central Pacific Coast VIII Lerma Santiago Pacific

18 Manzanillo, Colima Jul 11th, 03 Colima Central Pacific Coast VIII Lerma Santiago Pacific

19 Panuco in the State of Tamaulipas Sep 11th, 03 Tamaulipas River Panuco IX Northern Gulf

20 Veracruz – Boca del Rio May 13th, 04 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

Rivers Tuxpan to Jamapa X Central Gulf

21 Tapachula Mar 31st, 05 Chiapas Chiapas Coast XI Southern Border

22 Tonala Jul 20th, 05 Chiapas Chiapas Coast XI Southern Border

23 Municipal of Centla, Tabasco Mar 16th, 06 Tabasco Rivers Grijalva and Usumacinta XI Southern Border

24 Municipal of Paraiso, Tabasco Mar 20th, 06 Tabasco Rivers Grijalva and Usumacinta XI Southern Border

25 Municipal of Cardenas, Tabasco Mar 23rd, 07 Tabasco Rivers Grijalva and Usumacinta XI Southern Border

26 North Coast of the State of Yucatan

Mar 08th, 05 Yucatán Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula

27 Cancun – Riviera Maya Aug 28th, 03 Quintana Roo Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula

28 Campeche Serp 23rd, 04 Campeche Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula

respecting the native ecology and raising the quality and the standard of living of the local population, of tourism and the competitivity of the beaches. Up to December 31st, 2007, 31 Committees had been set up.

(continues)


118

Water Advisory CouncilThe Water Advisory Council is a civil-society, multi-

stakeholder, independent, non-profit organization, created as an association under Mexican law in March 2000.

The Council is integrated by individuals or institu-tions of an altruistic vocation, recognized for their activities in the academic, civil society and economic sectors, and sensitive to water-related problems and the need to solve them.

The Council’s main objective is to promote and support the necessary strategic shift for the rational use and sustainable management of water in Mexico, advising with this aim to public and private sectors and civil society.

The Council has two types of advisors, personal and institutional, according to whether they are individuals or organizations. It currently has 22 advisors, of which 14 are personal and 8 are institutional. The institu-tional advisors are:

• National Association of Water and Sanitation Utilities of Mexico; • National Association of Irrigation Users; • Business Coordination Council; • Communication Council; • National Chamber of the Radio and Television Industry; • National Polytechnic Institute; • Monterrey Technological and Higher Studies Institute, and • National Autonomous University of Mexico.It should be mentioned that the National Water

Commission is not a member of the Council, but is invited as a permanent guest.

NOM-001-Semarnat-1996 Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges in national waters and goods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on January 6th, 1997 and came into effect the following day. This standard was complemented by the clarification published in the same means of communication on April 30th, 1997.

5.5 Water-Related Standards Official Mexican Ecological Standards and those of the water sector

In the following, the Mexican environmental standards related to the theme of water are presented. The name of the standards changed from ECOL to SEMARNAT according to the modifications of names specified in the Official Government Gazette on April 23rd, 2003.

T5.18 Characteristics of the Clean Beach Committees, 2007(situation up to December 31st)

No. Name Date of establishment

State River Basin Council Hydrological-Administrative Region

29 Champoton Nov 09th, 04 Campeche Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula

30 Mayan Coast of the State of Quintana Roo

Mar 24th, 07 Quintana Roo Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula

31 Playa del Carmen, Campeche Apr 13rd, 07 Campeche Yucatan Peninsula XII Yucatan Peninsula


(continued)


119

T5.19 Dates of completion of the NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996Municipal discharges

Modified dates of completion from: Population range (according to the 1990 Census)

Number of localities (according to the 1990 Census)

January 1st, 2000 More than 50 000 inhabitants 139

January 1st, 2005 From 20 001 to 50 000 inhabitants 181

January 1st, 2010 From 2 501 to 20 000 inhabitants 2 266

Non-municipal discharges

Modified dates of completion from: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (tons/day)

Total Suspended Solids (tons/day)

January 1st, 2000 More than 3.0 More than 3.0

January 1st, 2005 From 1.2 to 3.0 From 1.2 to 3.0

January 1st, 2010 Less than 1.2 Less than 1.2

NOM-002-SEMARNAT-1996 Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges to urban and municipal sewerage systems. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on June 3rd, 1998 and came into effect the following day.

NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1997 Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants for treated wastewater that is reused in services to the public. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 21st, 1998 and came into effect the following day.

NOM-004-SEMARNAT-2002 Environmental protection.- Sludge and biosolids.- Specifications and maximum permissible limits of pollutants for their use and final disposal. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 15th, 2003 and came into effect the following day.

NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003 Specifications of environmental protection for the selection of the site, design, construction, operation, monitoring, closing and complementary works of final disposal sites for solid urban waste and special management. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on October 20th, 2004 and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.

NOM-022-SEMARNAT-2003 Establishes the specifications for the preservation, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of coastal wetlands in areas of mangrove swamps. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on April 10th, 2003, and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.There exists an agreement that adds the specification 4.43 to the Official Mexican Standard NOM-022-SEMARNAT-2003, which establishes the specifications for the preservation, conservation, sustainable use and restoration of the coastal wetlands in areas of mangrove swamps. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on May 7th, 2004 and came into effect the following day.

NOM-141-SEMARNAT-2003 Establishes the procedure to characterize mine tailings, as well as the specifications and criteria for the characterization and preparation of the site, project, construction, operation and post-operation of main tailing dams. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 13th, 2004 and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.


120

With the aim of complying with its obligation to publish the availability of water in the watersheds and aquifers of the country, the CONAGUA issued the standard NOM-011-CNA-2000.

Additionally, the CONAGUA has issued standards that establish the dispositions, specifications and test methods that guarantee that the products and services tendered to drinking water, sewerage and sanitation system water utilities comply with the objective of using and preserving water in quantity and quality. The Official Mexican Standards in effect are the following:

NOM-011-CNA -2000 Conservation of water resources. Establishes the specifications and the method to determine the mean annual availability of the nation’s waters. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on April 17th, 2002, and came into effect on June 17th, 2002.

NOM-001-CNA-1995 Sanitary sewerage systems – Hermiticism specifications. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on October 11th, 1996. Came into effect on February 8th, 1997.

NOM-002-CNA-1995 Home outlet for drinking water supply - Specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on October 14th, 1996. It came into effect on April 12th, 1997.

NOM-003-CNA-1996 Requirements during the construction of water-withdrawal wells to prevent the pollution of aquifers. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on February 3rd, 1997, and came into effect on May 4th, 1997.

NOM-004-CNA-1996 Requirements for the protection of aquifers during the maintenance and rehabilitation of water-withdrawal wells and for the closing of wells in general. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 8th, 1997, and came into effect on February 3rd, 1998.

NOM-005-CNA-1996 Flux meters - Specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on July 25th, 1997. It came into effect on January 21st, 1998.

NOM-006-CNA-1997 Pre-manufactured septic tanks - Specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on January 29th, 1999, and came into effect on January 30th, 1999.

NOM-007-CNA-1997 Security requirements for the construction and operation of water tanks. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on February 1st, 1999 and came into effect on June 1st, 1999.

NOM-008-CNA-1998 Showers used for corporate hygiene - Specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on June 25th, 2001, and came into effect on December 22nd, 2001.

NOM-009-CNA-1998 Lavatories for sanitary use. Specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 2nd, 2001, and came into effect on November 30th, 2001.

NOM-010-CNA-1999 Inlet and discharge valves for lavatory tanks. Specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 2nd, 2003, and came into effect on February 29th, 2004. .

NOM-013-CNA-2000 Drinking water distribution networks. Hermiticism specifications and testing methods. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on February 4th, 2004. Came into effect on June 3rd, 2004.


121

This standard establishes:• Permissible limits of bacteriological characteris-tics (fecal coliforms and total coliforms);• Permissible limits of physical and sensory charac-teristics (color, smell, taste, and cloudiness);• Permissible limits of chemical characteristics (which include 34 parameters, such as aluminum, arsenic, barium, etc);• Treatment methods which should be applied according to the pollutants encountered.

In the following, some other standards of impor-tance for the health sector are indicated:

NOM-127-SSA1-1994 Environmental health. Water for human use and consumption. Permissible limits of quality and treatment to which water should be submitted for its treatment. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on January 18th, 1996, and came into effect the following day. On November 22nd, 2000, a modification was published in the Official Government Gazette that came into effect ninety calendar days following its publication.

NOM-013-SSA1-1993 Health requirements that the tanks of vehicles must comply with for the transport and distribution of water for human use and consumption. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 12th, 1994, and came into effect the following day.

NOM-014-SSA1-1993 Health procedures for water samples for human use and consumption in public and private supply systems. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on August 12th, 1994, and came into effect the following day.

NOM-179-SSA1-1998 Vigilance and evaluation of the control of water quality for human use and consumption, distributed by public supply systems. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on September 24th, 2001, and came into effect the following day.

NOM-230-SSA1-2002 Environmental health. Water for human use and consumption, health requirements that should be complied with in public and private supply systems as part of water management. Health procedures for sampling. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on July 12th, 2005, and came into effect sixty calendar days following its publication.

NMX-AA-120-SCFI-2006 Establishes the requirements and specifications of sustainability of beach quality. It was published in the Official Government Gazette on July 6th, 2006 and came into effect on the date of its publication.

Official Mexican Standards of the Ministry of HealthWater supply for human use and consumption

with appropriate quality is fundamental, among other aspects, to prevent and avoid the transmission of gastrointestinal and other diseases, for which it was necessary to establish permissible limits as regards their microbiological, physical, sensory, chemical and radioactive characteristics. The standard that estab-lishes the permissible limits of water quality is the following:

Other standardsWith the aim of monitoring water quality on the

country’s beaches, the following standard on beach quality was issued:

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Chapter 6

Water, Health and

the Environment

The concept of Integrated Water Resources Management includes a large number of complex interactions with ecosystems, which requires the par-ticipation of different disciplines.

That is why in this chapter the link between water and health aspects is presented, as well as its rela-tionship with the environment. As regards the health aspects, it may be observed that increases in drinking water and sanitation coverage contribute to diminish-ing the mortality rates from water-borne diseases. As regards the environment, the evolution of the vegeta-ble coverage in recent years is presented.

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6 Water, Health and the Environment

6.1 Water and HealthThe child population is the most susceptible to ail-ments related to the poor quality of water. The following table shows the mortality rate through diarrheal diseases, observed for 100 000 children under five years old, for 2005 and 2006, from which

G6.1 Mortality through diarrheal diseases in children under five years old, by state, 2005 and 2006

it becomes apparent that in the majority of the states in Mexico apart from Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Hidalgo, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas and Yucatan, reductions in this rate were recorded during this period.

NOTE: The rate observed corresponds to the mortality for every 100 000 children under five years old.Calculated based on CONAPO’s population projections from the II Census of Population and Housing 2005.SOURCE: Ministry of Health. General Office for Performance Evaluation. http://evaluacion.salud.gob.mx/indicators/indicators2.html, June 2008.

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Water, Health and the Environment 6

Additionally, it has been shown that an increase in the drinking water and sanitation coverage contributes to reducing the mortality rate for diarrheal diseases, as demonstrated by the following figure:

G6.2 Percentage of drinking water coverage and mortality rate through diarrheal diseases in children under 5 years old, annual series from 1990 to 2006

The purpose of disinfecting water is to destroy or inactivate pathogenic agents and other micro-organisms, with the aim of ensuring that the con-sumer receives water that is suitable for human consumption.

The effectiveness of the disinfection procedure of the water that is supplied to the population is evaluated through the determination of residual free chlorine, which is a fundamental indicator, and the presence of which in the domestic outlet signals the efficiency of the disinfection. It should be noted that, according to data from COFEPRIS, the national aver-age in terms of chlorination efficiency is 86%.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the Ministry of Health. General Office for Performance Evaluation. http://evaluacion.salud.gob.mx/indicadores/indicadores2.html. June 2008.

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G6.3 Chlorination efficiency, 2006 and 2007

SOURCE: COFEPRIS. Chlorination efficiency, 2006 and 2007. June 2008.

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6.2 VegetationAccording to data from INEGI’s Charter for Use of

Soil and Vegetation, Mexico is classified into 12 groups of vegetation compatible with the Rzedowski classifi-cation system (1978). The incidence of these types of vegetation in Mexico is shown in the following table according to the classification of series I, II and III.

Series I has its roots in 1978, when work began on the Charter for Use of Soil and Vegetation, scale 1:250 000, for which more than ten years were required to achieve a national coverage on the issue, in part for the extensive field work carried out.

In this cartography, the current state of vegeta-tion is considered in its primary and secondary states. Furthermore, agricultural and livestock use were con-sidered. To achieve this, air photographs were taken from high altitude for the photographic interpretation and field work. The information was updated from 1996 to 1999 and is known as Series II of Use of Soils

T6.1 Surface covered by type of natural vegetation in Mexico, series I, II and IIINo. Type of vegetation

or use of soil Original surface

(thousands of hectares)

% 1980 series I surface (thousands of hectares)

% 1990 series II surface


% 2005 series III original


%

1 Conifer forests 21 772 11.1 16 196 8.2 13 956 7.1 11 340 5.8

2 Oak forests 22 195 11.3 12 128 6.2 10 838 5.5 9 982 5.1

3 Mountain mesophile forests

3 089 1.6 1 192 0.6 1 022 0.5 870 0.4

4 Deciduous forests 25 311 12.9 9 827 5.0 6 980 3.6 7 843 4.0

5 Thorny rainforests 7 207 3.7 4 891 2.5 188 0.1 827 0.4

6 Evergreen forests 17 828 9.1 6 382 3.2 3 996 2.0 3 158 1.6

7 Moist deciduous forests 6 276 3.2 894 0.5 533 0.3 463 0.2

8 Xerophile brushwood 66 421 33.8 55 922 28.5 52 136 26.5 53 233 27.1

9 Pasture 18 682 9.5 9 795 5.0 8 406 4.3 8 445 4.3

10 Absorbent vegetation 3 571 1.8 2 421 1.2 2 248 1.1 2 540 1.3

11 Other types of vegetation 872 0.4 315 0.2 6 009 3.1 415 0.2

12 With no apparent vegetation

735 0.4 837 0.4 982 0.5 952 0.5

Induced vegetation 0 0.0 5 827 3.0 6 203 3.2 6 619 3.4

Secondary vegetation 0 0.0 32 456 16.5 38 722 19.7 42 368 21.6

Agricultural areas 0 0.0 34 671 17.7 40 612 20.7 43 596 22.2

Urban zones 0 0.0 201 0.1 1 121 0.6 1 279 0.7

Water bodies 2 478 1.3 2 482 1.3 2 487 1.3 2 508 1.3

Mexico’s total surface area 196 438 100.0 196 438 100.0 196 438 100.0 196 438 100.0

SOURCE: Based on information for the evaluation of the rate of deforestation, INEGI. Mexico, 2008.

and Vegetation, scale 1:250 000, in which printed space maps, generated with LANDSAT in 1993, were used as input, as well as field work from 1996 to 1999. Series III, carried out with digital processes and meth-ods, was prepared between 2002 and 2005. Images from the LANDSAT ETM satellite from 2002 were used as input. A virtual analysis and field work were carried out.

This information is structured digitally to be used and applied in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The information is organized into 14 lay-ers and considers both polygons and dots and lines to visualize the information on the coverage of the earth. Additionally, some conceptual adjustments were made to facilitate its interpretation and digital structuring, as well as considering the conceptual generalization for its representation at scales of 1:1 000 000 and 1:4 000 000.

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M6.1 Vegetation in Mexico, Series 3, Mexico 2003

6.3 BiodiversityWith the aim of conserving the status of protected

natural areas, as well as ensuring that they retain their function as areas of groundwater recharge, the nec-essary decrees are established for the protection of ground-based ecosystems and wetlands in particular, both nationally and worldwide.

In Mexico, the number of protected natural areas for flora and fauna increased to 164 in 2007, covering a total surface area of 232 000 km2. The following figure shows the land and coast areas covered by the protected natural areas.

Rainforest

Forest

Brushwood

Pasture

Other vegetation

With no apparent vegetation

Hydrological-Administrative Regions

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from INEGI. Charter for Use of Soil and Vegetation. Series III. Mexico 2003.

129


M6.2 Protected natural areas in Mexico, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

The following table shows a summary by category of the country’s natural protected areas.

T6.2 Mexico’s natural protected areas, 2007Category Quantity Surface area

(hectares)

Biosphere Reserves 38 11 908 935

National Parks 68 1 473 492

Natural monuments 4 14 104

Natural resources protection areas 7 3 562 807

Flora and fauna protection areas 29 6 248 471

Sanctuaries 17 871

Total 23 208 680

SOURCE: CONANP. Direction for Evaluation and Follow-up. 2008.

SOURCE: SEMARNAT. Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006. Mexico, 2007.

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6.4 WetlandsWetlands constitute a basic and irreplaceable link

of the water cycle. Their conservation and sustain-able management may ensure the biological richness and environmental services that they perform, such as water storage, the conservation of aquifers, water treatment through nutrient, sediment and pollutant retention, protection against storms and flood mitiga-tion, the stabilization of coasts and erosion control.

These ecosystems have gone through transforma-tion processes with various purposes, and the lack of knowledge on them and their inappropriate man-agement constitute some of the main problems that adversely affect their conservation in Mexico. For all of the above, they have recently been the subject of standardization and protection efforts, so as to con-serve them.

Nationally, as stipulated in the 1992 National Water Law, it is the CONAGUA’s responsibility to carry out and update the National Inventory of Wetlands, as well as to mark their limits, classify them and propose standards for their protection, restoration and use.

For this purpose an inter-institutional group was created, which brings together interests on wetlands, from various agencies of the federal government. Among other institutions, the members of this group include the CONAGUA, the National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), the National Commission for Protected natural areas (CONANP), the National Ecological Institute (INE), the National Statistics, Geography and Informatics Institute (INEGI), and, on behalf of the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), the General Office of Federal Maritime Ground and Environmental Coastal Zones

Internationally, an intergovernmental Convention was signed in the city of Ramsar (Iran, 1971), known as the Ramsar Convention. This Convention “provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wet-lands and their resources”1.

Up to December 2007, 67 Mexican wetlands had been registered in the Ramsar Convention, and at the close of this edition, 19 further wetlands in Mexico had been added, bringing the total surface area of the country registered to 5.9 million hectares. In annex, you will find a complete list of the Mexican wetlands registered in the Ramsar Convention. Among the 86 Mexican wetlands now registered in this Convention, the most important in terms of size are shown in the figure M6.3.

__________

1 Website of the Ramsar Convention, www.ramsar.org/index.html, June 2007.

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M6.3 Wetlands with more than 100 000 hectares in Mexico, registered in the Ramsar Convention, 2007

SOURCE: Consultation of the CONANP’s Geographic Information System. Mexico, June 2008.

133

Chapter 7

Future

Scenarios

According to current population growth trends, use and management of water resources, it is esti-mated that by 2030, the situation as regards water in Mexico will be more critical. For this reason, to face up to this situation, in the 2007-2012 National Water Program, specific goals, strategies and targets have been established with the aim of modifying the current situation.

This chapter also presents the projections for 2030 as regards population, urban areas and water availability, by Hydrological-Administrative Region. Additionally, the targets for 2012 and 2030 as regards water resources are explained.

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7 Future Scenarios

Type of population 2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030Rural 24.50 24.42 24.28 24.10 23.86 23.50

Urban 81.73 84.38 88.40 91.98 95.09 97.61

Total 106.23 108.80 112.68 116.08 118.95 121.11

NOTE: Data interpolated on December 31st of each year.The rural population is considered as that which lives in localities of less than 2 500 inhabitants, whereas the urban population refers to that of 2 500 inhabitants or more. SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from the CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.

7.1 Growth TrendsA very important aspect to be considered in

Mexico’s future scenarios is the population growth and the concentration of the population in urban areas. According to estimates by the CONAPO, between 2007 and 2030, the population of Mexico will increase by almost 14.9 million people. Furthermore, approximately 82% of the total population will be based in urban localities.

G7.1 Projected urban and rural population growth in Mexico, 2007 to 2030

It is estimated that 70% of the population growth for 2030 will occur in the Hydrological-Administrative Regions VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific, XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico, VI Rio Bravo and I Baja California Peninsula. On the other hand, the regions III Northern Pacific and V Southern Pacific will experience a decrease in their population.

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Future Scenarios 7

In 2030, it is expected that 57% of the population of Mexico will be living in 36 population centers with more than 500 000 inhabitants.

Between 2007 and 2030, the metropolitan zones of Matamoros, Pachuca, Nuevo Laredo and Puerto

Vallarta, as well as the municipalities of Irapuato, Ensenada and Solidaridad, will exceed half a million inhabitants. In the following figure all of the popu-lation centers of at least 500 000 inhabitants are shown.

T7.1 Population in 2007 and 2030, by Hydrological-Administrative Region(thousands of inhabitants)

Hydrological-Administrative Region Population Expected population growth Year 2007 Year 2030

I Baja California Peninsula 3 581 5 915 2 334

II Northwest 2 572 2 910 338

III Northern Pacific 3 959 3 795 - 164

IV Balsas 10 536 11 127 591

V Southern Pacific 4 116 4 022 - 94

VI Rio Bravo 10 704 13 252 2 548

VII Central Basins of the North 4 121 4 568 447


IX Northern Gulf 4 941 5 099 158

X Central Gulf 9 584 9 925 341



XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 21 090 23 673 2 583

Total 106 236 121 103 14 867

NOTE: The projection considers the population interpolated on December 31st of each year.SOURCE: CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.

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7 Future Scenarios

M7.1 Population of more than 500 000 inhabitants, projection for 2030

The following figure shows how the population growth will cause the natural per capita water availa-bility nationwide to drop from 4 312 m³/inhabitant/year in 2007 to 3 783 in 2030.

NOTE: Includes metropolitan zones and isolated municipalities.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the metropolitan zones in Mexico. Mexico, 2004.INEGI. II Census on Population and Housing 2005. Mexico, 2007.CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.

137

Future Scenarios 7

By 2030, in some of the country’s Hydrological-Administrative Regions, the mean natural water availa-bility will reach levels close to or even less than 1 000 m3

/inhabitant/year, a condition classified as serious scarcity.

As shown in the following table, the Hydrological-Administrative Regions I Baja California Peninsula, VI Rio Bravo and XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico in particular are at risk of finding themselves in a situa-tion of scarcity.

T7.2 Mean natural per capita availability of water, by Hydrological-Administrative Region,2007 and 2030

Hydrological-Administrative Region Mean natural availability(millions of m³/year)

Mean natural per capita availability in 2007(m³/inhabitant/year)


I Baja California Peninsula 4 616 1 289 780

II Northwest 8 204 3 192 2 819

III Northern Pacific 25 627 6 471 6 753

IV Balsas 21 658 2 055 1 946

V Southern Pacific 32 794 7 960 8 154

VI Rio Bravo 12 024 1 124 907

VII Central Basins of the North 7 780 1 888 1 703


IX Northern Gulf 25 500 5 162 5 001

X Central Gulf 95 455 9 964 9 618


G7.2 Projections of the natural mean per capita availability of water in Mexico, selected years from 2007 to 2030 (m³/inhabitant/year)

(continues)

NOTES: The data considered was the following: For the total mean natural availability, 458 100 million cubic meters per year (data from 2007). For the population, the data is estimated up to December, based on CONAPO’s 2005-2050 population projections.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

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7 Future Scenarios

M7.2 Mean natural per capita water availability, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2007

Special attention will have to be paid to groundwa-ter, since its overexploitation leads to the subsidence of the phreatic levels and the sinking of ground levels, as well as causing wells to have to be dug deeper and

deeper to withdraw water. It is worth mentioning that the majority of the rural population, especially in arid areas, depends almost exclusively on groundwater.

T7.2 Mean natural per capita availability of water, by Hydrological-Administrative Region,2007 and 2030

Hydrological-Administrative Region Mean natural availability(millions of m³/year)




XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 3 008 143 127

Total 458 100 4 312 3 783

NOTES: The data considered was the following:For the total mean natural availability, 458 100 million cubic meters per year (data from 2007).For the population, the data is estimated up to December, based on CONAPO’s 2005-2050 population projections.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

(continued)

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

139

Future Scenarios 7

M7.3 Projection of the mean natural per capita water availability, by Hydrological-Administrative Region, 2030

With the aim of facing up to the decrease in the availability of water in the coming years, it will be nec-essary to carry out actions to reduce the demand, by increasing the efficiency in the use of water for crop irrigation and in water distribution systems in cities. Furthermore, the volume of wastewater that is treated and reused must increase significantly, with the aim of enhancing the availability of water of appropriate qual-ity for the uses for which it is destined.

In addition, it will be necessary to significantly increase the volumes of wastewater treated and reused, with the aim of increasing the availability of water with sufficient quality for the uses for which it is intended. Furthermore, in order to continue to guarantee social development, it will be necessary to significantly increase the drinking water and sanitation coverage.

NOTE: Population interpolated a December of each year.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico, 2007.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

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7 Future Scenarios

7.2 National Development Plan2007-2012

The 2007-2012 National Development Plan (NDP) has the objective of establishing the national goals, strate-gies and priorities so that, in the current administration, progress can be made towards the achievement of the vision that we have set for our nation over the coming years.

The objectives of the NDP are aligned with those of the Vision Mexico 2030, which aims to allow “…all Mexicans to have a dignified existence without compromising the inheritance of the future generations”. The Vision has been formulated as follows:

“Towards 2030, we Mexicans see Mexico as a country of laws, where our families and our inheritance are assured, and we can exercise our freedoms and rights without any restrictions; a country with a highly competitive economy with a dynamic and sustainable growth, generating suf-ficient well-paid employment; a country with equal oppor-tunities for all, where Mexicans fully exercise their social rights and where poverty has been eradicated; a country with a sustainable development in which there exists a cul-ture of respect and of conservation of the environment; a fully democratic nation whose leaders offer clear accounts to the citizens, in which the political actors work together in a responsible manner and build agreements to promote the permanent development of the country; a nation that has consolidated a mature and equitable relationship with North America, and shows leadership in Latin America.”

In the NDP, national goals and strategies are estab-lished for each of the five areas of public policy that com-pose it, as well as a series of targets associated with them. These areas are:

1. State of law and security.2. Competitive economy that generates employment.3. Equal opportunities.4. Environmental sustainability.5. Effective democracy and responsible foreign policy.From the NDP, sector-wide, special, institutional and

regional programs have been derived, among which the National Water Program 2007-2012.

7.3 National Water Program 2007-2012

The National Water Program 2007-2012 (NWP) incorporates the objectives, strategies and goals that have been set in the National Development Plan with regard to water management and preservation. In addi-tion, it assimilates the concepts, proposals and goals of the Sectoral Program for the Environment and Natural Resources. The NWP basically seeks to improve the conditions of social wellbeing of all Mexicans, the economic development and the preservation of the environment in the country. The NWP assimilates the goals and strategies associated with the management and preservation of water, and is formulated in a par-ticipatory manner based on the following elements:

• 2007-2012 National Development Plan.• 2007-2012 National Infrastructure Plan• 2007-2012 Sectoral Program for the Environment and Natural Resources.• National Water Programs prepared in previous government administrations.• Water programs for each Hydrological-Admin- istrative Region.• Workshops held on topics of special relevance.• A public consultation carried out through the National Water Commission’s web page in order to gather the proposals from the citizens.

The goals established in the NWP are the following:1. To improve water productivity in the agricultural sector.2. To increase access to and quality of drinking water, sewerage and sanitation services.3. To promote integrated, sustainable water man-agement in river basins and aquifers.4. To enhance the technical, administrative and financial development of the water sector.5. To consolidate the participation of users and organized society in water management and to pro-mote a culture for the proper use of this resource.

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Future Scenarios 7

6. To prevent risks from meteorological and hydro-meteorological events and attend to their effects.7. To assess the effects of climate change on the hydrologic cycle.8. To create a culture for paying duties and comply-ing with the National Water Law in its administra-tive aspects.

T7.4 Main targets for 2012 and 2030 as regards water resources

Goal Strategy Indicator Situation 2007

Target for 2012

Ideal target for 2030

1 Modernize the hydro-agricultural infrastructure and technify the agricultural areas in coordination with users and local authorities.

Hectares modernized 2.27million

3.28million

5.95million

1 Modernize the hydro-agricultural infrastructure and technify the agricultural areas in coordination with users and local authorities.

Rehabilitated technifi ed rainfed area (hectares)

414.2thousand

487.5thousand

511.5thousand

1 Extend the agricultural border of irrigation and technifi ed rainfed in zones with availability of water subject to land planning

Hectares included in irrigation 6.511thousand

6 603thousand

10 000thousand

1 Extend the agricultural border of irrigation and technifi ed rainfed in zones with availability of water subject to land planning.

Hectares included in technifi ed rainfed

2 745thousand

2 803thousand

7 500thousand

1 Maintain in appropriate working conditions the dams managed by the CONAGUA.

Rehabilitated dams 265 499 750

2 Treat the wastewater generated and promote the reuse and exchange of this wastewater.

Treatment of wastewater collected (%)

60.0 100

2 Increase the coverage of drinking water and sanitation services in Mexico, leading to the sustainability of the services.

Drinking water coverage (%) 95.0 100

2 Increase the coverage of drinking water and sanitation services in Mexico, leading to the sustainability of the services.

Sanitation coverage (%) 86.1 88.0 100

2 Improve the quality of the water supplied to populations.

Volume of water disinfected (%)

96.3 98.0 100

3 Publish the availability of water in the country’s aquifers and watersheds.

Aquifers with published availability

252 653 653

3 Publish the availability of water in the country’s aquifers and watersheds.

Watersheds with published water availability

491 718 718

8 Review the sources of income from the nation’s water and in particular wastewater discharges, in order to contribute to the sanitation of the watersheds and aquifers.

Annual amount received through the heading of the payment of duties (millions of 2006 Mexican pesos)

8 718 9 700 More than10

000

8 Strengthen the application of the control mechanisms planned by law and watch over the appropriate use of the concessions and allocations of the nation’s water and discharge permits to bring about an appropriate management and preservation of water resources.

Inspection visits to users of the nation’s water and their inherent goods

3 thousand Does Not Apply

432.8thousand

SOURCE: CONAGUA. National Water Program 2007-2012. Progress and Targets 2008.

In order to reach the goals of the NWP, 68 strat-egies and 115 targets have been established (one target for each indicator). Additionally, in the NWP the organizations and institutions most related to the achievement of each goal are included, as well as the challenges to be overcome to reach the planned targets. In the following table the main medium-term (2012) and long-term (2030) targets are presented:

93-164.indd 14193-164.indd 141 10/11/08 15:05:4310/11/08 15:05:43

38.3

89.9

143

Chapter 8

Water in

the World

Through various indicators, this chapter allows the reader to have an overview of the state of water resources in the world and in particular to understand Mexico’s situation in the international context.

Among the main indicators are those of population, GDP, precipitation, availability of water, uses of water, irrigation infrastructure, dams, coverage of services and water stress, among others.

Some topics of topical interest have also been included in recent editions, such as the water foot-print, virtual water and climate change

144

8 Water in the World

8.1 Socio-Economic and Demographic Aspects

In 1950, the world population was 2 534 million people, whereas for 2005, it had risen to 6 515 mil-lion. It is estimated that by 2010, this population will be 6 907 million, and that this future growth will be concentrated mainly in the least developed countries, where the population is growing at a rate five times faster than that in developed countries.

Similarly, a further characteristic of the world demography is the trend towards a concentration of the population in urban centers. This trend is even more pronounced in the least developed countries of the world.

G8.1 Conduct of the world population by urban and rural sectors, period 1950-2010

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Rural 1 798 2 036 2 367 2 711 3 020 3 270 3 412

Urban 736 996 1 332 1 740 2 275 2 854 3 495

Total 2 534 3 032 3 699 4 451 5 295 6 124 6 907

SOURCE: UNDESA. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup. June 2008.

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Water in the World 8

In the following table, the world’s most populated countries are presented, among which Mexico is ranked 11th out of a total of 222. It is worth mentioning that there are five countries, in addition to Mexico, which appear in every table of this chapter as references, namely Brazil, the United States of America, France, South Africa and Turkey, with the aim of illustrating the situation of these countries in the international context.

T8.1 Largest population centers of the world, by total population, 2007

No. Urban center Population (millions of inhabitants)

1 Tokyo, Japan 35.67

2 Mexico City, Mexico 19.35a

3 New York, USA 19.04

4 Bombay, India 18.98

5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 18.84

6 Delhi, India 15.93

7 Shanghai, China 14.99

8 Calcuta, India 14.79

9 Dhaka, Bangladesh 13.49

10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.80

11 Los Angeles, USA 12.50

12 Karachi, Pakistan 12.13

13 Cairo, Egypt 11.89

14 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11.75

15 Osaka, Japan 11.29

16 Beijing, China 11.11

17 Manila, Filipinas 11.10

18 Paris, France 9.90

19 Seoul, South Korea 9.80

20 Jakarta, Indonesia 9.13

NOTE: aPopulation of the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico.SOURCE: UNDESA. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and WorldUrbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup. June 2008.CONAPO. Population Projections in Mexico, 2005-2050. Mexico 2007.SEDESOL, INEGI and CONAPO. Limits of the metropolitan zones in Mexico. 2005. Mexico.

T8.2 The world’s most populated countries, 2005

No. Country Population (millions of inhabitants)

Land extension(thousands

of km²)

Population density

(inhabitants/km²)

1 China 1 312.98 9 598.09 137

2 India 1 134.40 3 287.26 345

3 United States of America

299.85 9 632.03 31

4 Indonesia 226.06 1 904.57 119

5 Brazil 186.83 8 514.88 22

6 Pakistan 158.08 796.10 199

7 Bangladesh 153.28 144.00 1 064

8 Russia 141.95 17 098.24 8

9 Nigeria 141.36 923.77 153

10 Japan 127.90 377.91 338

11 Mexico 105.79 1 964.38 54

12 Vietnam 85.03 329.31 258

13 Philippines 84.57 300.00 281

14 Germany 82.65 357.05 231

15 Ethiopia 78.99 1 104.30 72

16 Turkey 72.97 783.56 93

17 Egypt 72.85 1 001.45 72

18 Iran 69.42 1 745.15 40

19 Thailand 63.00 513.12 123

20 France 60.99 551.50 111

25 South Africa 47.94 1 219.09 39

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from UNDESA. World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unup. June 2008.INEGI. Yearbook of Statistics by State, Edition 2007. Mexico, 2007.INEGI. General Censuses.

As a consequence of this trend towards converging in urban centers, it may be observed that an ever-increasing percentage of the world’s population now lives in mega-cities.

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The following table presents information on the countries with the highest Gross Domestic Product per capita. It is worth noting that Mexico is ranked 54th out of 178 countries evaluated.

T8.3 Countries with the highest Gross Domestic Product per capita, 2007

No. Country Total GDP(billions of USD)

GDP (USD/

inhabitant)

1 Luxembourg 50 104 673

2 Norway 391 83 922

3 Qatar 68 72 849

4 Iceland 20 63 830

5 Ireland 259 59 924

6 Switzerland 424 58 084

7 Denmark 312 57 261

8 Sweden 455 49 655

9 Finland 245 46 602

10 Netherlands 769 46 261

11 United States of America 13 844 45 845

12 United Kingdom 2 773 45 575

13 Austria 374 45 181

14 Canada 1 432 43 485

15 Australia 909 43 312

16 United Arab Emirates 193 42 934

17 Belgium 454 42 557

18 France 2 560 41 511

19 Germany 3 322 40 415

20 Italy 2 105 35 872

48 Turkey 663 9 629

54 Mexico 893 8 479

60 Brazil 1 314 6 938

64 South Africa 283 5 906

NOTE: GDP= Gross Domestic Product, USD= United States DollarsSOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook. United States of America, 2008.Bank of Mexico, www.banxico.org.mx. June 2008.INEGI. II Census of Population and Housing 2005.

8.2 Components of the Hydrologic Cycle in the World

The average annual availability of water in the world is approximately 1 386 million cubic kilometers, of which 97.5% is saltwater and only 2.5%, or 35 million cubic kilometers, is freshwater. Of that amount, almost 70% is unavailable for human consumption since it is locked up in glaciers, in snow and ice. Of the water that is technically available for human consumption, only a small percentage is in lakes, rivers, soil humidity and relatively shallow groundwater deposits, the renova-tion of which is a product of infiltration. Much of this theoretically usable water is far from populated areas, making it difficult or impossible to effectively use it.

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PrecipitationPrecipitation constitutes an important part of the

hydrologic cycle, since it produces the planet’s renew-able water. However, precipitation varies from country to country and from region to region, depending on the climate and the geographical situation. In the majority of Mexico, the precipitation is torrential and occurs mainly in the summer.

The following figures show the differences that can be observed between Mexico City and other cities in the world, which are characterized by either having a uniform precipitation throughout the year – cities with greater latitudes, or by a greater precipitation in the summer – cities closer to the equator.

G8.2 Global distribution of water in the world.

SOURCE: Clarke, Robin and King, Jannet, The Water Atlas, United States of America, 2004.

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Availability of waterThe mean natural per capita availability of a country

may be calculated by dividing its renewable resources by the number of inhabitants. According to this crite-rion, Mexico is 89th worldwide out of 177 countries on which data exists, in terms of the mean per capita availability. It should be mentioned that in the case of Mexico, the national availability hides a strong regional variation.

G8.3 Comparison between the mean monthly precipitation in various cities in the world (millimeters)

NOTE: The normal periods considered are variable for each city, so the years are not specified.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on: World Climate (www.worldclimate.com). June 2008.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

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Climate change Climate change is expected to intensify the current

stress placed on water resources, as a consequence of the population growth, economic activities, uses of soil and in particular urbanization processes. Regionally, the mountain snowcaps, glaciers and small icecaps perform a crucial function as regards freshwater avail-ability. According to projections of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the generalized loss of landmass of the glaciers and the shrinking of the

T8.4 Countries with the highest mean per capita availability, 2007

No. Country Mean precipitation(millimeters)

Availability (billions of m³)

Availability natural media per capita

(m³/inhabitant/year)

1 Greenland 350 603 10 595 305

2 French Guiana 2 895 134 680 203

3 Iceland 1 940 170 574 588

4 Guyana 2 387 241 320 667

5 Congo 1 646 910 281 618

6 Surinam 2 331 122 250 501

7 Papua New Guinea 3 142 801 146 651

8 Gabon 1 831 164 126 154

9 Canada 537 2 902 93 549

10 Solomon Islands 3 028 45 90 298

11 Norway 1 414 382 81 967

12 Liberia 2 391 232 80 573

13 New Zealand 1 732 327 78 146

14 Peru 1 738 1 913 69 446

15 Bolivia 1 146 623 67 472

16 Paraguay 1 130 336 65 076

17 Belize 1 705 19 61 566

18 Chile 1 522 922 57 291

19 Laos 1 834 334 56 836

20 Colombia 2 612 2 132 46 302

25 Brazil 1 782 8 233 44 081

62 United States of America 715 3 051 10 293

89 Mexico 760 458 4 312

101 France 867 204 3 320

107 Turkey 593 214 2 891

NOTE: 1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs. 2008.

snow cover in recent decades will accelerate in the 21st century, thus reducing the availability of water and the hydropower potential, and altering the seasonality of the flows in the regions supplied with snow water from the main mountain ranges, currently home to one sixth of the world’s population.

In the following table, the projected impacts as a consequence of the effects of climate change are shown.

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T8.5 Projected regional impacts on the water sector as a consequence of the effects of climate change

Africa By 2020, between 75 and 250 million of people are projected to be exposed to increased water stress due to climate change.By 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%. Agricultural production, including access to food, in many African countries is projected to be severely compromised. This would further adversely affect food security and exacerbate malnutrition.Towards the end of the 21st century, projected sea level rise will affect low-lying coastal areas with large populations. The cost of adaptation could amount to at least 5 to 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).By 2080, an increase of 5 to 8% of arid and semi-arid land in Africa is projected under a range of climate scenarios (TS).

Asia By the 2050s, freshwater availability in Central, South, East and South-East Asia, particularly in large river basins, is projected to decrease.Coastal areas, especially heavily populated megadelta regions in South, East and South-East Asia, will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and, in some megadeltas, flooding from the rivers.Climate change is projected to compound the pressures on natural resources and the environment associated with rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development.Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise in East, South and South-East Asia due to projected changes in the hydrological cycle.

Australia and New Zealand

By 2020, significant loss of biodiversity is projected to occur in some ecologically rich sites, including the New Zealand Great Barrier Reef and Queensland Wet Tropics.By 2030, water security problems are projected to intensify in southern and eastern Australia and, in New Zealand, in Northland and some eastern regions.By 2030, production from agriculture and forestry is projected to decline over much of southern and eastern Australia, and over parts of eastern New Zealand, due to increased drought and fire. However, in New Zealand, initial benefits are projected in some other regions.By 2050, ongoing coastal development and population growth in some areas of Australia and New Zealand are projected to exacerbate risks from sea level rise and increases in the severity and frequency of storms and coastal flooding.

Europe Climate change is expected to magnify regional differences in Europe’s natural resources and assets.Negative impacts will include increased risk of inland flash floods and more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion (due to storminess and sea level rise).Mountainous areas will face glacier retreat, reduced snow cover and winter tourism, and extensive species losses (in some areas up to 60% under high emissions scenarios by 2080).In southern Europe, climate change is projected to worsen conditions (high temperatures and drought) in a region already vulnerable to climate variability, and to reduce water availability, hydropower potential, summer tourism and, in general, crop productivity.Climate change is also projected to increase the health risks due to heat waves and the frequency of wildfires.

Latin America By mid-century, increases in temperature and associated decreases in soil water are projected to lead to gradual replacement of tropical forest by savanna in eastern Amazonia. Semi-arid vegetation will tend to be replaced by arid-land vegetation.There is a risk of significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many areas of tropical Latin America. Productivity of some important crops is projected to decrease and livestock productivity to decline, with adverse consequences for food security. In temperate zones, soybean yields are projected to increase. Overall, the number of people at risk of hunger is projected to increase (TS; medium confidence).

North America Warming in western mountains is projected to cause decreased snowpack, more winter flooding and reduced summer flows, exacerbating competition for over-allocated water resources.In the early decades of the century, moderate climate change is projected to increase aggregate yields of rain-fed agriculture by 5 to 20%, but with important variability among regions. Major challenges are projected for crops that are near the warm end of their suitable range or which depend on highly utilized water resources.Cities that currently experience heat waves are expected to be further challenged by an increased number, intensity and duration of heat waves during the course of the century, with potential for adverse health impacts.Coastal communities and habitats will be increasingly stressed by climate change impacts interacting with development and pollution.

Polar Regions The main projected biophysical effects are reductions in thickness and extent of glaciers, ice sheets and sea ice, and changes in natural ecosystems with detrimental effects on many organisms including migratory birds, mammals and higher predators.For human communities in the Arctic, impacts, particularly those resulting from changing snow and ice conditions, are projected to be mixed.Detrimental impacts would include those on infrastructure and traditional indigenous ways of life.In both polar regions, specific ecosystems and habitats are projected to be vulnerable, as climatic barriers to species invasions are lowered.

(continues)

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In the case of Mexico, climate change is an ongoing process that will have important repercussions on the availability of water resources. The various estimates agree on temperature increases, towards the end of the next century, between three and four degrees centigrade.

T8.5 Projected regional impacts on the water sector as a consequence of the effects of climate change

Small Islands Sea level rise is expected to exacerbate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazards, thus threatening vital infrastructure, settlements and facilities that support the livelihood of island communities.Deterioration in coastal conditions, for example through erosion of beaches and coral bleaching, is expected to affect local resources.By mid-century, climate change is expected to reduce water resources in many small islands, e.g. in the Caribbean and Pacific, to the point where they become insufficient to meet demand during low-rainfall periods.With higher temperatures, increased invasion by non-native species is expected to occur, particularly on mid- and high-latitude islands.

SOURCE: WMO, UNDP, IPCC. Climate Change 2007. Synthesis Report. 2008.

G8.4 Number of deaths and people affected by water-related disasters, 1970-2004

Extreme meteorological phenomenaDeveloping countries are more affected by disasters;

their losses are estimated at five times more per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as compared to devel-oped countries. These losses set developing countries back years in terms of the progress and socio-economic development achieved through great effort.

(continued)

NOTE: The disasters indicated in this figure include floods, storms, avalanches, droughts, famine, water-related epidemics and water-related technological disasters (such as traffic accidents due to water).SOURCE: UNESCO-WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility. 2nd World Water Development Report, UNESCO-WWAP and Berghahns Books, France, 2006.

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According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in the period from 2000 to 2004, 1 942 water- related disasters were registered, in which 427 000 people lost their lives and more than 1 510 million people were affected. The following figure shows the populated killed and affected by water-related disasters.

In the period between 1996 and 2005, around 80% of all natural disasters were water-related. In this period, disasters related with tidal waves accompanied by hurricanes, as well as the tsunami that occurred in the Indian Ocean in 2004, threatened an increasingly large number of people around the world. The follow-ing figure shows the geographic distribution of water-related natural disasters.

G8.5 Geographic distribution of water-related disasters, 1990-2004

Between 1992 and 2001, it has been calculated that the losses derived from water-related disasters could be estimated at 446 billion US dollars, meaning a 65% economic loss owing to natural disasters.

8.3 Uses of Water and Infrastructure In the last century, the world population tripled,

whereas water withdrawals multiplied six-fold. This situation has contributed to the increase in water stress around the world. In the following table, the countries of the world with the highest per capita water withdrawal are shown, in which it can be seen that Mexico is ranked 36th.

SOURCE: UNESCO-WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility. 2nd World Water Development Report. France, 2006.

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Industrial useIndustry is the motor of growth and economic devel-

opment in many developed countries. In the East Asia and Pacific region, industry currently generates 48% of the total GDP, and this proportion is increasing. On the other hand, in developing countries, the propor-tion of GDP grew from 22 to 26% between 1998 and 2002. Around 20% of water is employed in industry, this quantity being the equivalent of a consumption of 130 m³/person/year. Of this quantity, more than half is used in thermoelectric stations in their cooling

T8.6 Countries with the highest per capita water withdrawal, 2005No. Country Total withdrawal

(km³/year)Per capita

withdrawal (m³/inhabitant/year)

Agricultural (%)

Public supply (%)

Industriala (%)

1 Turkmenistan 24.6 5 071 97.5 1.7 0.8

2 Uzbekistan 58.3 2 337 93.2 4.7 2.1

3 Kazakhstan 35.0 2 311 81.8 1.7 16.5

4 Guyana 1.6 2 182 97.6 1.8 0.6

5 Azerbaijan 17.3 2 077 67.5 4.8 27.7

6 Kyrgyzstan 10.1 2 019 93.7 3.2 3.1

7 Tajikistan 12.0 1 746 91.6 3.7 4.7

8 United States of America 479.3 1 617 41.3 12.7 46.0

9 Iraq 42.7 1 482 92.2 3.2 4.6

10 Canada 46.0 1 482 11.8 19.6 68.6

11 Surinam 0.7 1 376 92.5 4.5 3.0

12 Bulgaria 10.5 1 357 18.8 3.0 78.2

13 Thailand 87.1 1 333 95.0 2.5 2.5

14 Ecuador 17.0 1 303 82.2 12.5 5.3

15 Australia 23.9 1 156 75.3 14.7 10.0

16 Syria 20.0 1 110 94.9 3.3 1.8

17 Pakistan 169.4 1 090 96.0 1.9 2.1

18 Rumania 23.2 1 072 57.0 8.6 34.4

19 Portugal 11.3 1 067 78.2 9.6 12.2

20 Iran 72.9 1 064 90.9 6.8 2.3

36 Mexico 78.9 743 76.8 14.1 9.1

45 France 40.0 669 9.8 15.7 74.5

59 Turkey 37.5 534 74.2 14.8 11.0

85 Brazil 59.3 331 61.8 20.3 18.0

92 South Africa 12.5 268 62.7 31.2 6.0

NOTES: The data is from the last available year in the period from 2000 to 2007.1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.a Includes the use of water in thermoelectric plants.SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

processes. Among the greatest consumers of water are petrol plants, the metal, paper and wood industries, food processing and the manufacturing industry.

Agricultural useIrrigation is fundamental to meet the world’s food

requirements. Only 17% of the area with irrigation is watered, but produces more than a third of the world’s food. Additionally, in recent years agriculture has used greater quantities of fertilizers, and chemicals used in irrigation have polluted soils.

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Mexico is in 6th place worldwide in terms of the sur-face area with irrigation infrastructure, the first places being occupied by China, India and the United States of America, as shown in the following figure:

G8.6 The ten countries with the greatest surface area with irrigation infrastructure, 2005 (thousands of hectares)

T8.7 Countries with the greatest surface area with irrigation infrastructure, 2005No. Country Cultivatable surface

(thousands of hectares)Surface area with irrigation

infrastructurea


Irrigation infrastructure as regards the cultivatable surface

(%)

1 India 169 650 57 286 34

2 China 156 327 53 820 34

3 United States of America 177 178 21 400 12

4 Pakistan 22 070 17 820 81

5 Iran 18 107 6 914 38

6 Mexico 27 600 6 460 23

7 Russia 123 581 5 158 4

8 Thailand 17 800 4 986 28

9 Indonesia 36 600 4 428 12

10 Uzbekistan 5 040 4 223 84

11 Turkey 26 606 4 186 16

12 Bangladesh 8 411 3 751 45

13 Kazakhstan 22 500 3 556 16

14 Iraq 6 010 3 525 59

15 Spain 18 630 3 478 19

16 Egypt 3 520 3 422 97

17 Japan 4 692 3 128 67

(continues)

NOTE: The data is from 2004 or the last available year in cases in which the data does not exist for 2004.SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.

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Hydropower generationElectricity performs a key function in poverty reduc-

tion, the promotion of economic activities and the improvement of the quality of life, health and educa-tion opportunities, especially for women and children.

The 2nd United Nations’ World Water Development Report indicates that, despite the percentage of hydro-power in the total world energy supply being only 2.2% in 2002, hydropower constitutes 19% of all electricity generated. The following figure shows the world energy supply by the type of source.

T8.7 Countries with the greatest surface area with irrigation infrastructure, 2005No. Country Cultivatable surface

(thousands of hectares)Surface area with irrigation

infrastructurea


Irrigation infrastructure as regards the cultivatable surface

(%)

18 Romania 9 828 3 082 31%

19 Vietnam 8 950 3 000 34%

20 Brazil 66 600 2 870 4%

25 France 19 635 2 634 13%

36 South Africa 15 712 1 498 10%

NOTE: a The data is from 2005 or the last available year in the cases in which no data exists for 2005.SOURCE: FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Hydro-agricultural Infrastructure.

T8.8 Dams per selected country, by per capita storage capacity

No. Country Storage capacity

(km3)

Per capita storage capacity

(m³/inhabitant)

Number of large dams

1 Canada 857 26 778 793

2 Norway 49 9 889 335

3 Ghana 150 7 152 5

4 Venezuela 155 5 975 74

5 Uruguay 18 5 948 6

6 Australia 93 4 663 486

7 Sweden 38 4 243 190

8 New Zealand 17 4 131 86

9 Finland 19 3 806 55

10 Argentina 130 3 515 101

11 Brazil 550 3 110 594

12 Egypt 167 2 456 6

13 United States of America

553 1 899 6 575

14 Honduras 13 1 841 9

15 Turkey 109 1 538 625

16 Spain 56 1 377 1 196

17 Democratic Republic of Congo

5 1 319 14

18 Thailand 79 1 267 204

19 Mexico 150 1 189 667

G8.7 Total primary energy supply by source, 2002

Storage dams in the worldThe water storage capacity for various uses and for

flood control is directly proportional to the degree of hydraulic development of countries. An indicator that allows this degree to be appreciated is the per capita storage capacity. It is worth mentioning that Mexico has the 19th highest storage capacity in the world.

(continued)

(continues)

SOURCE: UNESCO-WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility. 2nd World Water Development Report, UNESCO-WWAP and Berghahns Books, France, 2006.

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Water footprintOne way of measuring the impact of human activi-

ties on water resources is the so-called water footprint, which can be calculated by adding up the water used by each person for his or her activities and which is necessary to produce the goods and services that they consume.

The four main factors that determine the water footprint of a country are: the level of consumption, the type of consumption (for example the quantity of meat consumed by each person), the climate and the

G8.8 Water footprint of selected countries, 1997-2001 (m³/person/year)

T8.8 Dams per selected country, by per capita storage capacity

No. Country Storage capacity

(km3)

Per capita storage capacity

(m³/inhabitant)

Number of large dams

20 Greece 13 1 164 46

27 South Africa 31 665 539

42 France 16 266 569

NOTE: 1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:ICOLD. World Register of Dams. France, 2003.World Commission of Dams. Dams and Development: A New Framework forDecision-making, Annex V, South Africa, 2000.

efficiency with which water is used. According to this concept, each human being on average uses 1 240 cubic meters of water per year; however the differ-ences between countries are significant. For example, in Mexico the water footprint is 1 441 cubic meters of water per person per year, whereas in the United States of America (the country with the largest water footprint), 2 483 are required, and in China (one of the countries with the smallest water footprints), the figure is 702.

In these calculations, both the water withdrawn from aquifers, lakes, rivers and streams (known as blue water), and the rainwater that feeds rainfed crops (known as green water) are included.

Virtual waterA concept that is closely linked to the water foot-

print is that of virtual water. The virtual water content of a product is the quantity of water that was employed in its productive process. Trade between countries implies a flow of virtual water between them, which corresponds to the water that was used for the genera-tion of the products or services imported or exported. The total volume of virtual water exchanged between the countries of the world is 1 625 cubic kilometers

(continued)

NOTE: Water footprint = The domestic consumption of water resources – the virtual water exports + the virtual water imports.SOURCE: Hoekstra, Arjen Y., Globalization of Water: Sharing the Planet’s Freshwater Resources, 2008.

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(km3) per year, of which approximately 80% corre-sponds to agricultural products, the remainder corre-sponding to industrial products.

Growing one kilogram of corn requires on average in the world 900 liters of water, whereas growing one kilogram of white rice requires 3 400 liters. However, the production of one kilogram of beef requires on average 15 500 liters, which includes the water drunk by the animal throughout its lifetime and the water required to grow the grain that serves as its food. The graphic G8.9 shows the average virtual water content of various products. The values are different in every country, depending on the climatic conditions and the efficiency in the use of water.

Importing virtual water may be an option to reduce the problems of water scarcity in some countries. The countries that export virtual water should evaluate the impact of this activity on the availability of their water resources and the possible distortions derived from subsidies applied to agricultural production.

Water stressIn the table T8.9, the countries with the highest

water stress are shown, this calculation being made by dividing their withdrawal by the availability. It should be noted that, as a result of their low availability, the

G8.9 Average volume of water used to produce selected foodstuffs (L/kg)

Middle East countries figure among those that suf-fer from the highest water stress, whereas Mexico is in 55th place out of 155 evaluated according to this indicator.

SOURCE: Hoekstra, Arjen Y., Globalization of Water: Sharing the Planet’s Freshwater Resources, 2008.

158


T8.9 Countries with the highest degree of water stress, 2008

No. Country Availability (km3)

Total withdrawal(km3)

Water stress (%)

1 Kuwait 0.02 0.45 2 250

2 United Arab Emirates 0.15 2.31 1 540

3 Arabia Saudi Arabia 2.40 17.32 722

4 Libya 0.60 4.27 711

5 Qatar 0.05 0.29 547

6 Bahrain 0.12 0.30 259

7 Yemen 4.10 6.63 162

8 Oman 0.99 1.35 137

9 Israel 1.67 2.04 122

10 Malta 0.05 0.06 120

11 Egypt 58.30 68.30 117

12 Jordan 0.88 1.02 116

13 Uzbekistan 50.41 58.33 116

14 Barbados 0.08 0.08 100

15 Turkmenistan 24.72 24.64 100

16 Pakistan 222.67 169.38 76

17 Syria 26.26 19.95 76

18 Tajikistan 15.98 11.96 75

19 Tunisia 4.46 2.64 58

20 Sudan 64.50 37.31 58

41 South Africa 50.00 12.50 25

52 France 203.70 39.96 20

54 Turkey 229.30 37.52 18

55 Mexico 458.10 78.95 17

58 United States of America 2071.00 479.29 16

NOTE: 1 km³ = 1 000 hm³ = 1 billion m³.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs. Deputy Director General’s Office for Water Management.

159


Drinking water, sanitation and wastewater treatmentFor 2004, according to the World Health Organi-

zation (WHO), 1 100 million people in the world, or 17% of the population of the planet, were lacking access to drinking water services, the most affected being the inhabitants of the Asian and African continents.

Likewise, as regards sanitation, in 2004 it was calculated that 2 400 million inhabitants did not have access to this service, or 42% of the world population, Asia and Africa again being the most disadvantaged regions of the world.

The WHO also estimates that the propagation of

M8.1 Water stress

diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, hepatitis and trachoma is closely linked to the provision of drinking water and sanitation services, young children being the most at threat. Extending the coverage of the service would therefore contribute to reducing mortality through these diseases. In the following table, the countries with the highest coverage rates of drinking water, sanitation and wastewater treatment are shown. It should be mentioned that Mexico is ranked 90th out of 184 countries in terms of drinking water, 67th out of 172 for sanitation and 39th out of 56 for wastewater treatment.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from:FAO. Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

160


M8.2 Drinking water coverage in the world, 2004

T8.10 Countries with the highest drinking water coverage, 2004 No. Country Continent Drinking water coverage

(%)1 Germany Europe 1002 Andorra Europe 1003 Aruba North and Central America 1004 Australia Oceania 1005 Austria Europe 1006 Barbados North and Central America 1007 Belarus Europe 1008 Canada North and Central America 1009 Cyprus Asia 100

10 Croatia Europe 10011 Denmark Europe 10012 United Arab Emirates Asia 10013 Slovakia Europe 10014 Spain Europe 10015 United States of America North and Central America 10016 Estonia Europe 10017 Finland Europe 10018 France Europe 10019 Guam Oceania 10020 Iceland Europe 10062 Turkey Asia 9688 Brazil South America 9090 Mexico North and Central America 8991 South Africa Africa 89

NOTES: The data is from 2004 or the last available year in the cases in which the data does not exist for 2004.The term “drinking water” refers to the access to improved water, which includes:There are 45 countries with 100% coverage of drinking water. Here we present the first 20 in alphabetic order in Spanish. SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply. Mexico, 2004.

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.

161


T8.11 Countries with the highest sanitation coverage, 2004No. Country Continent Sanitation coverage

(%)1 Germany Europe 1002 Andorra Europe 1003 Autralia Oceania 1004 Austria Europe 1005 Barbados North and Central America 1006 Canada North and Central America 1007 Cyprus Asia 1008 Croacia Europe 1009 Spain Europe 100

10 United States of America North and Central America 10011 Finland Europe 10012 Iceland Europe 10013 Cook Islands Oceania 9614 Japan Asia 10015 Monaco Europe 10016 Montserrat Central America and Caribbean 10017 Netherlands Europe 10018 Qatar Asia 10019 Samoa Oceania 9820 Singapore Asia 10062 Turkey Asia 8867 Mexico North and Central America 8668 South Africa Africa 8685 Brazil South America 75

NOTES: There are 26 countries with 100% coverage. Here we present the first 20 in alphabetic order in Spanish.There is no existing data for France, among other countries. SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.INEGI, II Census of Water Capture, Treatment and Water Supply. Mexico, 2004.

M8.3 Sanitation coverage in the world, 2004

SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Planning. Produced based on data from WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.

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Drinking water and sanitation tariffsIn the following figure the drinking water and sani-

tation tariffs for selected cities in the world are shown, for a domestic consumption of 15 m³/month, as well as the taxes associated with the service.

Water and healthEstimates from the World Health Organization

(WHO) indicate that every year approximately 1.5 million people in the world die from diarrhoeal diseases. The majority of these people are children under 5 years old, mainly in developing countries. These diarrhoeal diseases include cholera, typhoid and dysentery, among others, all of them related with “faecal-oral” transmission. The majority of

G8.10 Domestic drinking water and sanitation tariffs and the taxes associated with the service, in selected world cities, Mexican pesos/m³ (tariff for a consumption of 15 m³/month)

these deaths could be avoided with actions focused on drinking water, sewerage and sanitation.

It is estimated that by improving sanitation, the frequency of diarrhoeal diseases is reduced by 32%, whereas improvements in water supply have an impact of 25%. Improvements in water quality reduce diarrhoeal diseases by 31%.

It should also be mentioned that water and sani-

SOURCE: Global Water Intelligence. 2007.

163


tation actions, hygiene measures, among them edu-cation on the subject and the insistence on the habit of washing one’s hands, reduce diarrhoeal diseases by 37%.

It is important to bear in mind that actions in the fields of water, sanitation and hygiene are closely related and produce a joint effect. The effect may

T8.12 Deaths related with water, sanitation and hygiene in 2002(thousands of people)

Disease or problem Children 0-14 years old

Developed countries

Developing countries

Total

Diarrhea 1 370 15 1 508 1 523

Intestinal nematode infections 8 0 12 12

Malnutrition (only related to proteins and energy) 71 0 71 71

Consequences of malnutrition 792 9 783 792

Schistosomiasis 0 0 15 15

Subtotal of water-, sanitation- and hygiene-related diseases 2 241 24 2 389 2 413

Malaria 482 0 526 526

Dengue 14 0 18 18

Japanese encephalitis 7 0 13 13

Subtotal of events owing to a lack of management of resources 503 0 557 557

Drowning 106 33 244 277

Subtotal owing to a lack of security in appropriate water means 106 33 244 277

Other types of contagious deaths 162 15 312 327

Total deaths 3 012 72 3 502 3 574

SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF. Safer water, better health. Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. 2008.

According to the WHO, the country with the larg-est number of deaths through water-related problems is Angola, with almost 25% of all its deaths. Mexico is ranked 128th out of 192 countries analyzed. In the following table the countries with the highest per-centage of deaths through water-related diseases and problems are shown.

vary according to local circumstances. As well as diarrhoeal diseases, intestinal nematode infec-tions, malnutrition, schistosomiasis and Japanese encephalitis are the cause of death of approximately 800 000 additional people in the world every year. These diseases are related with the supply of drink-ing water and sanitation, and hygiene.

164


T8.13 Countries with the highest proportion of water-related deaths, 2002No. Country % of water-related deaths Number of deaths

(people)

1 Angola 24.1 73 900

2 Nigeria 23.0 56 200

3 Mali 20.9 50 800

4 Democratic Republic of Congo 20.4 201 300

5 Burkina Faso 19.9 49 800

6 Madagascar 19.7 39 600

7 Sierra Leona 19.5 25 700

8 Benin 19.0 16 600

9 Chad 18.5 27 500

10 Liberia 17.8 12 400

11 Guinea 17.7 20 200

12 Mauritania 17.7 7 100

13 Guinea-Bissau 17.0 4 500

14 Nigeria 16.7 335 200

15 Senegal 16.5 17 000

16 Afghanistan 16.2 78 500

17 Mozambique 16.2 62 500

18 Rwanda 16.1 21 200

19 Yemen 16.0 27 500

20 Uganda 15.8 61 600

123 Brazil 2.3 28 700

126 Turkey 2.0 8 600

128 Mexico 1.9 9 000

160 United States of America 0.4 8 700

180 France 0.2 1 000

SOURCE: WHO, UNICEF. Safer water, better health. Costs, Benefits and Sustainability of Interventions to Protect and Promote Health. 2008.

Investments in drinking water and sanitation have economic benefits that have been estimated worldwide at 7 billions dollars every year in savings in the costs of health service institutions and 340 million in individual expenses. 320 million productive days gained each year in the 15- to 59-year age group, an extra 272 million school attendance days a year, and an added 1.5 billion healthy days for children under five years of age, together would represent productivity gains of 9.9 bil-

lion dollars a year. As regards time savings resulting from nearby access to water, an estimated 63 billion dollars a year would be saved. Finally, avoiding deaths would have an impact amounting to 3.6 billion dollars a year, based on discounted future earnings. These fig-ures added up give a total payback of 84 billion dollars a year, compared to 11.3 billion dollars in investments required to meet the Millennium Development Goals. All of the above information comes from the WHO.

165

Annexes

Annexes

166

Hydrological-Administrative Region: 1. Baja California PeninsulaRiver Basin Organization based in: Mexicali, Baja California

Contextual information2007 population (inhabitants)Total 3 580 948Urban 3 292 083Rural 288 865 Number of municipalities 10Population in 2030 5 915 393 inhabitants

Drinking water and sanitation, 2005Drinking water coverage Regional 92.9 %Urban 95.0 %Rural 69.7 %Sanitation coverage Regional 89.0 %Urban 92.2 %Rural 55.3 %

Treatment plants (up to December 2007)Municipal treatment plants Number in operation 38 Installed capacity 11.171 m3/sFlow treated 6.379 m3/sMunicipal wastewater Number in operation 41 Installed capacity 7.71 m3/sFlow treated 5.77 m3/s

Irrigation Districts, 2007Number of Irrigation Districts 2 Total surface area of the Irrigation Districts 246 906 hectares

Surface water quality, 2007Number of water quality monitoring sitesBOD

5 13

COD 0 TSS 16 Percentage distribution of the monitoring sites by indicator and classification scale of water quality

Water bodies with sites classified as strongly polluted by BOD5,

COD and/or TSS: Tijuana River and Abelardo L. Rodriguez Dam.

Offstream water uses, 2007

Agricultural 2 889 hm³/year (82.5%)Public supply 327 hm³/year (9.3%)Self-supplying industry 88 hm³/year (2.5%)Thermoelectric 199 hm³/year (5.7%)Total 3 504 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007 Hydroelectric (volume declared) 0 hm³/year

Water availability, 2007Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 168.3 mmPer capita availability, 2007 1 289 m³/inhabitant/yearSurface runoff 3 367 hm³/yearAquifer recharge 1 249 hm³/yearNumber of aquifers 87 Per capita availability, 2030 780 m³/inhabitant/year

Origen of the water used, 2007Surface water 1 697 hm³/year (48.4%)Groundwater 1 807 hm³/year (51.6%)

Annex A: Relevant data by Hydrological-Administrative Region

Annexes

167


Agricultural 6 517 hm³/year (86.1%)Public supply 977 hm³/year (12.9%)Self-supplying industry 79 hm³/year (1.0%)Thermoelectric 0 hm³/year (0.0%)Total 7 573 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007Hydroelectric (volume declared) 3 351 hm³/year

Hydrological-Administrative Region: II. Northwest River Basin Organization based in: Hermosillo, Sonora

Contextual information2007 population (inhabitants) Total 2 572 252 Urban 2 168 601 Rural 403 651 Number of municipalities 79 Population in 2030 2 910 425 inhabitants

Drinking water and sanitation, 2005Drinking water coverage Regional 94.8 %Urban 96.6 %Rural 85.4 %Sanitation coverageRegional 84.1 %Urban 92.0 %Rural 43.7 %

Treatment plants (up to December 2007)Municipal treatment plants Number in operation 20 Installed capacity 2.890 m3/sFlow treated 1.580 m3/sMunicipal wastewaterNumber in operation 80 Installed capacity 4.28 m3/sFlow treated 3.09 m3/s



5 14



COD and/or TSS: Arroyo El Barrilito.

Water availability, 2007Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 448.1 mmPer capita availability, 2007 3192 m³/inhabitant/yearSurface runoff 5 074 hm³/yearAquifer recharge 3 131 hm³/yearNumber of aquifers 63Per capita availability, 2030 2 819 m³/inhabitant/year


Annexes

168

Hydrological-Administrative Region: III. Northern PacificRiver Basin Organization based in: Culiacan, Sinaloa

Contextual information2007 population (inhabitants) Total 3 959 279 Urban 2 638 717 Rural 1 320 562 Number of municipalities 51 Population in 2030 3 794 715 inhabitants





5 41



COD and/or TSS: None



Water availability, 2007Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 747.7 mmPer capita availability, 2007 6 471 m³/inhabitant/yearSurface runoff 22 364 hm³/yearAquifer recharge 3 263 hm³/yearNumber of aquifers 24 Per capita availability, 2030 6 762 m³/inhabitant/year


Annexes

169

Hydrological-Administrative Region: IV. BalsasRiver Basin Organization based in: Cuernavaca, Morelos



Treatment plants (up to December 2007)Municipal treatment plants Number in operation 21 Installed capacity 23.182 m3/sFlow treated 17.575 m3/sMunicipal wastewater Number in operation 138 Installed capacity 7.24 m3/s Flow treated 5.13 m3/s



5 47



COD and/or TSS: Rivers Atoyac, Alseseca and Cupatizio and the Estuary of the River Balsas.


Agricultural 6 324 hm³/year (58.7%)Public supply 1 014 hm³/year (9.4%)Self-supplying industry 269 hm³/year (2.5%)Thermoelectric 3 170 hm³/year (29.4%)Total 10 778 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007Hydroelectric (volume declared) 31 099 hm³/year



Annexes

170

Hydrological-Administrative Region: V. Southern PacificRiver Basin Organization based in: Oaxaca, Oaxaca






5 9





Agricultural 991 hm³/year (73.7%)Public supply 332 hm³/year (24.7%)Self-supplying industry 21 hm³/year (1.6%)Thermoelectric 0 hm³/year (0.0%)Total 1 343 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007Hydroelectric (volume declared) 2 140 hm³/year


Origen of the water used, 2007Surface water 906 hm³/year (67.4%)Groundwater 438 hm³/year (32.6%)

Annexes

171

Hydrological-Administrative Region: VI. Rio BravoRiver Basin Organization based in: Monterrey, Nuevo Leon



Treatment plants (up to December 2007)Municipal treatment plantsNumber in operation 58 Installed capacity 25.964 m3/sFlow treated 15.819 m3/sMunicipal wastewaterNumber in operation 181 Installed capacity 25.53 m3/sFlow treated 21.78 m3/s



5 35



COD and/or TSS: River Salado.


Agricultural 7 690 hm³/year (83.7%)Public supply 1 182 hm³/year (12.9%)Self-supplying industry 203 hm³/year (2.2%)Thermoelectric 115 hm³/year (1.3%)Total 9 191 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007 Hydroelectric (volume declared) 2 890 hm³/year

Water availability, 2007Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 435.9 mmPer capita availability, 2007 1 124 m³/inhabitant/yearSurface runoff 6 857 hm³/yearAquifer recharge 5 167 hm³/yearNumber of aquifers 100 Per capita availability, 2030 907 m³/inhabitant/year


Annexes

172

Hydrological-Administrative Region: VII. Central Basins of the NorthRiver Basin Organization based in: Torreon, Coahuila de Zaragoza






5 20

COD 20 TSS 20 Percentage distribution of the monitoring sites by indicator and classification scale of water quality.




Agricultural 3 368 hm³/year (87.8%)Public supply 370 hm³/year (9.7%)Self-supplying industry 58 hm³/year (1.5%)Thermoelectric 38 hm³/year (1.0%)Total 3 834 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007Hydroelectric (volume declared) 0 hm³/year



Annexes

173

Hydrological-Administrative Region: VIII. Lerma-Santiago-PacíficoRiver Basin Organization based in: Guadalajara, Jalisco






5 103



COD and/or TSS: Rivers Coahuayana, Tamazula, Salado, Ixtlan, Turbio, Lerma, Armeria, Ayuquila, La Laja and Santiago, Mezapa and Laguna de Almoloya del Rio Streams.


Agricultural 11 444 hm³/year (82.5%)Public supply 2 002 hm³/year (14.4%)Self-supplying industry 402 hm³/year (2.9%)Thermoelectric 24 hm³/year (0.2%)Total 13 873 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007 Hydroelectric (volume declared) 10 517 hm³/year



Annexes

174

Hydrological-Administrative Region: IX. Northern GulfRiver Basin Organization based in: Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas






5 41



COD and/or TSS: Rivers San Juan del Rio and Soto La Marina.





Annexes

175

Hydrological-Administrative Region: X. Central GulfRiver Basin Organization based in: Xalapa, Veracruz






5 50



COD and/or TSS: El Diamante and Teapa Streams and Rivers Blanco and Orizaba.


Agricultural 2 873 hm³/year (59.0%)Public supply 743 hm³/year (15.3%)Self-supplying industry 877 hm³/year (18.0%)Thermoelectric 374 hm³/year (7.7%)Total 4 867 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007 Hydroelectric (volume declared) 14 279 hm³/year


Origen of the water used, 2007Surface water 3 980 hm³/year (81.8%)Groundwater 888 hm³/year (18.2%)

Annexes

176

Hydrological-Administrative Region: XI. Southern BorderRiver Basin Organization based in: Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas






5 32



COD and/or TSS: Rivers San Juan del Rio and Soto La Marina.



Water availability, 2007Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 1 845.6 mmPer capita availability, 2007 24 270 m³/inhabitant/yearSurface runoff 139 739 hm³/yearAquifer recharge 18 015 hm³/yearNumber of aquifers 23 Per capita availability, 2030 21 034 m³/inhabitant/year


Annexes

177

Hydrological-Administrative Region: XII. Yucatan PeninsulaRiver Basin Organization based in: Merida, Yucatan






5 7





Agricultural 1 343 hm³/year (63.0%)Public supply 461 hm³/year (21.6%)Self-supplying industry 320 hm³/year (15.0%)Thermoelectric 9 hm³/year (0.4%)Total 2 134 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007Hydroelectric (volume declared) 0 hm³/year


Origen of the water used, 2007Surface water 29 hm³/year (1.4%)Groundwater 2 105 hm³/year (98.6%)

Annexes

178

Hydrological-Administrative Region: XIII. Waters of the Valley of MexicoRiver Basin Organization based in: Mexico, Distrito Federal






5 25



COD and/or TSS: Rivers Churubusco, de los Remedios, San Juan Tetihuacan, de la Compañia, San Buenaventura and Juandho Weir.


Agricultural 2 240 hm³/year (48.0%)Public supply 2 138 hm³/year (45.8%)Self-supplying industry 199 hm³/year (4.3%)Thermoelectric 90 hm³/year (1.9%)Total 4 665 hm³/year (100.0%)Instream water uses, 2007 Hydroelectric (volume declared) 11 hm³/year

Water availability, 2007Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 610.2 mmPer capita availability, 2007 143 m³/inhabitant/yearSurface runoff 1 174 hm³/yearAquifer recharge 1 834 hm³/yearNumber of aquifers 14 Per capita availability, 2030 127 m³/inhabitant/year


Annexes

179

1. Aguascalientes

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 1 115 304 Urban 906 333 Rural 208 971 Number of municipalities 11 Population in 2030 1 460 232 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 512.5 mm

Drinking water and sanitation, 2005Drinking water coverage State-wide 97.8 %Urban 99.2 %Rural 92.0 %Sanitation coverage State-wide 96.9 %Urban 98.8 %Rural 88.4 %

Treatment plants (up to December 2007)Municipal treatment plants Number in operation 2 Installed capacity 0.038 m3/sFlow treated 0.020 m3/sMunicipal wastewater Number in operation 108 Installed capacity 3.91 m3/sFlow treated 3.03 m3/sIndustrial wastewater Number in operation 46 Installed capacity 0.23 m3/sFlow treated 0.11 m3/s


5 11

COD 11TSS 11

Percentage distribution of the monitoring sites by indicator and classification scale of water quality


Agricultural 495 hm³/year (79.2%)Public supply 119 hm³/year (19.0%)Self-supplying industry 11 hm³/year (1.8%)Thermoelectric 0 hm³/year (0.0%)Total 625 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annex B: Relevant data by State

Annexes

180

2. Baja California

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 3 036 393 Urban 2 829 817 Rural 206 576 Number of municipalities 5 Population in 2030 5 082 349 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 175.7 mm



Surface water quality, 2007Number of water quality monitoring sites BOD

5 11

COD TSS 10



Agricultural 2 564 hm³/year (82.6%)Public supply 266 hm³/year (8.6%)Self-supplying industry 80 hm³/year (2.6%)Thermoelectric 195 hm³/year (6.3%)Total 3 105 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

181

3. Baja California Sur

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 544 556 Urban 462 267 Rural 82 289 Number of municipalities 5 Population in 2030 833 044 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 161.0 mm




5

COD TSS 4





Location in Mexico

Annexes

182

4. Campeche





5 1

COD 8 TSS 8





Location in Mexico

Annexes

183

5. Coahuila de Zaragoza





5 8

COD 8TSS 8





Location in Mexico

Annexes

184

6. Colima





5 12

COD TSS 12





Location in Mexico

Annexes

185

7. Chiapas

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 4 435 911 Urban 2 145 041 Rural 2 290 870 Number of municipalities 118 Population in 2030 5 297 905 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 1763.9 mm




5 15

COD 15TSS 15





Location in Mexico

Annexes

186

8. Chihuahua





5

COD 7TSS 7





Location in Mexico

Annexes

187

9. Federal District





5 3

COD 3TSS 3



Agricultural 1 hm³/year (0.1%)Public supply 1 090 hm³/year (97.1%)Self-supplying industry 32 hm³/year (2.8%)Thermoelectric 0 hm³/year (0.0%)Total 1 123 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

188

10. Durango





5 26

COD 26 TSS 26





Location in Mexico

Annexes

189

11. Guanajuato





5

COD 14TSS 14





Location in Mexico

Annexes

190

12. Guerrero





5 10

COD 10 TSS 29



Agricultural 838 hm³/year (19.7%)Public supply 287 hm³/year (6.7%)Self-supplying industry 13 hm³/year (0.3%)Thermoelectric 3 122 hm³/year (73.3%)Total 4 260 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

191

13. Hidalgo


Drinking water and sanitation, 2005Drinking water coverage State-wide 87.2 %Urban 96.3 %Rural 77.5 %Sanitation coverage State-wideUrban 94.8 %Rural 62.1 %



5 15

COD 15TSS 14





Location in Mexico

Annexes

192

14. Jalisco





5 32

COD 32 TSS 32





Location in Mexico

Annexes

193

15. State of Mexico





5 28

COD 28TSS 28



Agricultural 1 250 hm³/year (45.4%)Public supply 1 338 hm³/year (48.6%)Self-supplying industry 156 hm³/year (5.7%)Thermoelectric 7 hm³/year (0.3%)Total 2 752 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

194

16. Michoacan de Ocampo





5 20

COD 20 TSS 23




Origen of the water used, 2007Surface water 3 933 hm³/year (77.6%)Groundwater 1 136Mill. m3/año (22.4%)

Location in Mexico

Annexes

195

17. Morelos





5 10

COD 10TSS 10



Agricultural 916 hm³/year (74.3%)Public supply 258 hm³/year (21.0%)Self-supplying industry 59 hm³/year (4.8%)Thermoelectric 0 hm³/year (0.0%)Total 1 234 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

196

18. Nayarit





5 29

COD 18 TSS 29





Location in Mexico

Annexes

197

19. Nuevo Leon





5 17

COD 17TSS 17





Location in Mexico

Annexes

198

20. Oaxaca





5 11

COD 2TSS 11





Location in Mexico

Annexes

199

21. Puebla





5 8

COD 8TSS 8





Location in Mexico

Annexes

200

22. Queretaro Arteaga





5 8

COD 8 TSS 7




Origen of the water used, 2007Surface water 322 hm³/year (31.6%)Groundwater 697Mill. m3/año (68.4%)

Location in Mexico

Annexes

201

23. Quintana Roo





5 7

COD 7TSS 7



Agricultural 93 hm³/year (20.2%)Public supply 91 hm³/year (19.8)Self-supplying industry 276 hm³/year (60.0)Thermoelectric 0 hm³/year (0.0%)Total 460 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

202

24. San Luis Potosi





5 12

COD 12 TSS 12





Location in Mexico

Annexes

203

25. Sinaloa

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 2 645 933 Urban 1 881 246Rural 764 688 Number of municipalities 18 Population in 2030 2 612 436 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 730.1 mm




5 20

COD TSS 20





Location in Mexico

Annexes

204

26. Sonora







Location in Mexico


5 16

COD 14TSS 25


Annexes

205

27. Tabasco

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 2 034 507 Urban 1 120 726 Rural 913 782 Number of municipalities 17 Population in 2030 2 168 004 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 2 102.0 mm




5 16

COD 15TSS 16





Location in Mexico

Annexes

206

28. Tamaulipas



Treatment plants (up to December 2007)Municipal treatment plants Number in operation 55 Installed capacity 14 222 m3/sFlow treated 11 492 m3/sMunicipal wastewater Number in operation 33 Installed capacity 3.63 m3/sFlow treated 3.57 m3/sIndustrial wastewater Number in operation 46 Installed capacity 1.60 m3/sFlow treated 0.83 m3/s


5 22

COD 28 TSS 24





Location in Mexico

Annexes

207

29. Tlaxcala

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 1 112 200 Urban 874 844 Rural 237 356 Number of municipalities 60 Population in 2030 1 408 991 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 700 mm




5 4

COD 4TSS 4





Location in Mexico

Annexes

208

30. Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 7 251 626Urban 4 434 093Rural 2 817 533 Number of municipalities 212 Population in 2030 7 373 459 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 1610.6 mm




5 52

COD 44 TSS 55



Agricultural 2 505 hm³/year (54.5%)Public supply 568 hm³/year (12.4%)Self-supplying industry 1 151 hm³/year (25.1%)Thermoelectric 368 hm³/year (8.0%)Total 4 592 hm³/year (100.0%)


Location in Mexico

Annexes

209

31. Yucatan





5

COD TSS

Percentage distribution of the monitoring sites by indicator and classification scale of water qualityIn this State, there in no relevant surface runoff.




Location in Mexico

Annexes

210

32. Zacatecas

GENERAL DATA2007 population (inhabitants) Total 1 381 991 Urban 799 686 Rural 582 306 Number of municipalities 58 Population in 2030 1 280 431 inhabitants Normal annual precipitation 1971-2000 460.8 mm




5 13

COD 13 TSS 12





Location in Mexico

Annexes

211

Hydrological region Continental land

extension(km2)

Normal annual

precipitation 1971-2000

(mm)

Mean natural internal sur-face runoff (hm³/year)

Imports (+) or exports (-)

from other countries

(hm³/year)

Total mean natural sur-face runoff (hm³/year)

Number of watersheds

1. Baja California Northwest 28 492 249.4 359 359 16

2. Baja California Central-West 44 314 100.9 449 449 16

3. Baja California Southwest 29 722 184.7 318 318 15

4. Baja California Northeast 14 418 180.7 105 105 8

5. Baja California Central-East 13 626 100.5 54 54 15

6. Baja California Southeast 11 558 284.7 219 219 14

7. Colorado River 6 911 100.3 13 1 850 1 863 1

8. Sonora North 61 429 301.2 139 139 5

9. Sonora South 139 370 507.2 4 935 4 935 16

10. Sinaloa 103 483 715.9 14 408 14 408 23

11. Presidio-San Pedroa 51 717 815.2 7 956 7 956 23

12. Lerma-Santiago 132 916 723.2 13 637 13 637 58

13. River Huicicilaa 5 225 1 396.2 1 277 1 277 6

14. River Amecaa 12 255 1 022.7 2 236 2 236 9

15. Jalisco Coast 12 967 1 185.5 3 684 3 684 11

16. Armeria-Coahuayanaa 17 628 911.3 3 882 3 882 10

17. Michoacan Coasta 9 205 890.9 1 635 1 635 6

18. Balsas 118 268 949.7 17 057 17 057 15

19. Greater Guerrero Coast 12 132 1 232.0 6 091 6 091 28

20. Lower Guerrero Coast 39 936 1 393.1 18 714 18 714 32

21. Oaxaca Coast 10 514 971.2 3 389 3 389 19

22. Tehuantepec 16 363 824.9 2 606 2 606 15

23. Chiapas Coast 12 293 2 352.7 9 604 2 950 12 554 25

24. Bravo-Conchos 229 740 448.5 5 588 - 432 5 156 37

25. San Fernando-Soto La Marina 54 961 758.5 4 328 4 328 45

26. Panuco 96 989 889.2 20 329 20 329 77

27. North of Veracruz 26 592 1 423.2 14 306 14 306 12

28. Papaloapan 57 355 1 447.1 49 951 49 951 18

29. Coatzacoalcos 30 217 1 953.8 39 482 39 482 15

30. Grijalva-Usumacinta 102 465 1 708.9 73 466 44 080 117 546 83

31. Yucatan West 25 443 1 227.4 591 591 2

32. Yucatan North 58 135 1 092.4 0 0 0

Annex C. Characteristics of the hydrological regionsIn the following table a series of characteristics of

Mexico’s 37 hydrological regions is shown.

(continues)

Annexes

212

Hydrological region Continental land

extension(km2)

Normal annual

precipitation 1971-2000

(mm)

Mean natural internal sur-face runoff (hm³/year)

Imports (+) or exports (-)

from other countries

(hm³/year)

Total mean natural sur-face runoff (hm³/year)

Number of watersheds

33. Yucatan East 38 308 1 239.8 1 125 864 1 989 1

34. Closed Catchments of the North 90 829 407.8 1 701 1 701 22

35. Mapimia 62 639 355.7 957 957 6

36. Nazas-Aguanavala 93 032 422.1 1 912 1 912 16

37. El Saladoa 87 801 428.2 2 637 2 637 8

Total 1 959 248 759.6 329 137 49 312 378 449 728

NOTE: This information refers to the mean data determined through the latest Studies carried out.a In these regions, the availability studies have not yet been concluded.SOURCE: CONAGUA. Deputy Director General’s Office for Technical Affairs.

Annex D. List of overexploited aquifersIn the following table, Mexico’s aquifers in a state of

overexploitation are listed, up to December 31st, 2007.

No. Hydrological-Administrative Region Code of the aquifer

Hydrogeological unit (aquifer)

Withdrawal / recharge ratio

1 I Baja California Peninsula 0208 Ojos Negros 1.34

2 I Baja California Peninsula 0210 Mexicali Valley 1.16

3 I Baja California Peninsula 0212 Maneadero 1.47

4 I Baja California Peninsula 0221 San Quintin 1.28

5 I Baja California Peninsula 0246 San Simon 1.66

6 I Baja California Peninsula 0306 Santo Domingo 1.67

7 I Baja California Peninsula 0323 Los Planes 1.17

8 II Northwest 2601 San Luis Colorado River Valley 1.53

9 II Northwest 2603 Sonoyta-Puerto Peñasco 1.12

10 II Northwest 2605 Caborca 1.26

11 II Northwest 2606 Los Chirriones 1.81

12 II Northwest 2609 Busani 1.29

13 II Northwest 2619 Hermosillo Coast 1.72

14 II Northwest 2620 Sahuaral 1.16

15 II Northwest 2621 Mesa del Seri-La Victoria 1.64

16 II Northwest 2624 River Sonora 1.12

17 II Northwest 2626 River Zanjon 1.22

18 II Northwest 2627 River Bacoachi 1.25

19 II Northwest 2635 Guaymas Valley 1.17

(continued)

(continues)

Annexes

213




20 II Northwest 2636 San Jose de Guaymas 1.80

21 III Northern Pacific 1001 Santiaguillo 1.18

22 III Northern Pacific 1003 Guadiana Valley 1.11

23 IV Balsas 1704 Tepalcingo-Axochiapan 1.52

24 IV Balsas 2101 Tecamachalco Valley 1.78

25 VI Rio Bravo 0507 Monclova 3.60

26 VI Rio Bravo 0510 Saltillo-Ramos Arizpe 1.27

27 VI Rio Bravo 0511 Manzanera-Zapaliname Region 1.26

28 VI Rio Bravo 0801 Ascension 1.45

29 VI Rio Bravo 0803 Baja Babicora 1.48

30 VI Rio Bravo 0804 Buenaventura 1.56

31 VI Rio Bravo 0805 Cuauhtemoc 1.66

32 VI Rio Bravo 0806 Casas Grandes 1.11

33 VI Rio Bravo 0807 El Sauz-Encinillas 1.11

34 VI Rio Bravo 0821 Flores Magon-Villa Ahumada 1.13

35 VI Rio Bravo 0830 Chihuahua-Sacramento 1.90

36 VI Rio Bravo 0831 Meoqui-Delicias 1.56

37 VI Rio Bravo 0832 Jimenez-Camargo 1.43

38 VI Rio Bravo 0835 Tabaloapa-Aldama 1.19

39 VI Rio Bravo 1908 Campo Mina 1.47

40 VII Central Basins of the North 0509 La Paila 2.79

41 VII Central Basins of the North 0523 Principal-Lagunera Region 1.79

42 VII Central Basins of the North 1023 Ceballos 1.65

43 VII Central Basins of the North 1024 Oriente Aguanaval 1.29

44 VII Central Basins of the North 1026 Vicente Suarez 4.85

45 VII Central Basins of the North 1916 Navidad-Potosi-Raices 1.47

46 VII Central Basins of the North 2401 Vanegas-Catorce 1.29

47 VII Central Basins of the North 2402 El Barril 1.68

48 VII Central Basins of the North 2403 Salinas de Hidalgo 1.52

49 VII Central Basins of the North 2407 Cedral-Matehuala 1.24

50 VII Central Basins of the North 2408 Villa de Arista 1.55

51 VII Central Basins of the North 2409 Villa Hidalgo 1.30

52 VII Central Basins of the North 2411 San Luis Potosi 1.45

53 VII Central Basins of the North 2412 Jaral de Berrios-Villa de Reyes 1.61

54 VII Central Basins of the North 2413 Matehuala-Huizache 1.17

55 VII Central Basins of the North 3210 Benito Juarez 1.14

56 VII Central Basins of the North 3214 Aguanaval 1.19

57 VII Central Basins of the North 3215 Abrego 1.11

58 VII Central Basins of the North 3223 Guadalupe de las Corrientes 2.72

59 VII Central Basins of the North 3224 Puerto Madero 2.08

(continues)

(continued)

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60 VII Central Basins of the North 3225 Calera 1.49

61 VII Central Basins of the North 3226 Chupaderos 1.90

62 VII Central Basins of the North 3228 La Blanca 1.44

63 VII Central Basins of the North 3229 Loreto 1.55

64 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0101 Aguascalientes Valley 1.83

65 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0102 Chicalote Valley 1.37

66 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0103 El Llano 1.60

67 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0104 Venadero 1.16

68 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0105 Calvillo Valley 1.60

69 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 0614 Ixtlahuacan Valley 1.33

70 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1104 Dry Lagoon 3.10

71 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1106 Dr. Mora-San Jose Iturbide 1.81

72 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1107 San Miguel de Allende 1.78

73 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1108 Upper River Laja Basin 2.95

74 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1110 Silao-Romita 1.50

75 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1111 La Muralla 1.10

76 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1113 Leon Valley 1.31

77 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1114 River Turbio 1.35

78 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1115 Celaya Valley 2.07

79 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1116 Valley of the Cuevita 1.44

80 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1117 Acambaro Valley 1.19

81 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1118 Salvatierra-Acambaro 1.33

82 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1119 Irapuato-Valle 1.12

83 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1120 Penjamo-Abasolo 1.96

84 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1122 Prieta-Moroleon Marsh 1.68

85 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1408 La Barca 1.26

86 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1422 Encarnacion 1.15

87 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1501 Toluca Valley 1.25

88 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1502 Ixtlahuaca-Atlacomulco 1.75

89 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1602 Morelia-Querendaro 1.41

90 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1605 Pastor Ortiz-La Piedad 1.19

91 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 1609 Briseñas-Yurecuaro 1.27

92 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2201 Queretaro Valley 1.57

93 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 2202 Amazcala Valley 1.18

94 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 3211 Villanueva 1.28

95 VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific 3212 Ojocaliente 1.41

96 IX Northern Gulf 1317 Tulancingo Valley 2.85

97 IX Northern Gulf 2203 San Juan del Rio Valley 1.48

98 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 0901 Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City 1.82

99 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1506 Chalco-Amecameca 1.73

100 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1507 Texcoco 9.58

101 XIII Waters of the Valley of Mexico 1508 Cuautitlan-Pachuca 2.38


(continued)

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215

Annex E. Characteristics of the Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS)

In the following table, information is presented on the 78 Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS) estab-lished nationwide, up to December 31st, 2007. From January to June 2008, no additional COTAS was set up.

No. Code COTAS Date of establishment

State Hydrological-Administrative Region

1 0101 Comondu Technical Groundwater Committee (Formerly Santo Domingo Valley)

Apr 23rd, 98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

2 0102 Los Planes Valley Apr 24th, 98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

3 0103 La Paz-Carrizal Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Jul 07th, 98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

4 0104 San Jose del Cabo Oct 21st, 98 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

5 0105 Vizcaino Valley Mar 18th, 99 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

6 0106 Todos Santos-El Pescadero Valley Mar 30th, 00 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

7 0107 Mulege Valley Nov 29th, 01 Baja California Sur I Baja California Peninsula

8 0201 Camalu Aquifer May 06th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

9 0202 Colonia Vicente Guerrero Aquifer May 06th,99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

10 0203 San Quintin Aquifer May 06th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

11 0204 San Simon Aquifer May 06th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

12 0205 San Rafael COTAS Aug 11th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

13 0206 San Telmo Aquifer Aug 11th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

14 0207 San Vicente Aquifer COTAS Aug 11th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

15 0208 Santo Tomas Aquifer Aug 11th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

16 0209 Technical Groundwater Committee of the Maneadero Aquifer

Oct 28th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

17 0210 Technical Groundwater Committee of the Guadalupe Valley

Oct 28th, 99 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

18 0211 Technical Groundwater Committee of the Ojos Negros Aquifer

Feb 07th, 03 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

19 0212 Trinidad Valley Water Technical Committee Feb 07th, 03 Baja California I Baja California Peninsula

Baja California Peninsula subtotal: 19 COTAS established20 0301 Zanjon Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee Apr 05th, 01 Sonora II Northwest

21 0302 San Miguel River Aquifer Jun 03rd, 01 Sonora II Northwest

22 0303 Technical Groundwater Committee of the Mesa del Seri-La Victoria Aquifer

Jun 22nd, 01 Sonora II Northwest

23 0401 Guerrero Yepomera Technical Groundwater Committee

May 26th, 06 Chihuahua II Northwest

24 0402 Technical Groundwater Committee of the San Jose de Guaymas Aquifer

Aug 10th, 07 Sonora II Northwest

Northwest subtotal: 5 COTAS established25 0801 Aquifer Vicente Guerrero-Poanas Technical

Groundwater CommitteeApr 04th, 03 Durango III Northern Pacific

26 0802 Canatlan Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Apr 29th, 03 Durango III Northern Pacific

27 0803 Guadiana Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Oct 14th, 03 Durango III Northern Pacific

28 0804 Aquifer 1005 Madero Victoria Technical Groundwater Committee

Jan 14th, 05 Durango III Northern Pacific

(continues)

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216



29 0805 Santiaguillo Valley Technical Groundwater Committee

Jan 18th, 05 Durango III Northern Pacific

Northern Pacific subtotal: 5 COTAS established30 0901 Tecamachalco Aquifer Technical Groundwater

CommitteeJun 01st, 01 Puebla IV Balsas

31 0902 Huamantla-Libres-Oriental-Perote Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Jul 06th, 01 Tlaxcala-Puebla-Veracruz IV Balsas

32 0903 Technical Water Committee of the Alto Atoyac Aquifer

Nov 07th, 01 Puebla and Tlaxcala IV Balsas

Balsas subtotal: 3 COTAS established33 1101 Central Valley Technical Groundwater Committee

(Formerly Zimatlan Valley)Jul 04th, 02 Oaxaca V Southern Pacific

Southern Pacific subtotal: 1 COTAS established34 1201 Jimenez-Camargo Aquifer Technical Groundwater

CommitteeDec 05th, 01 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

35 1202 Cuauhtemoc Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee, Chihuahua

Aug 30th, 02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

36 1203 Ascension Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee, Chihuahua

Sep 30th, 02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

37 1204 Casas Grandes Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee, Chihuahua

Nov 08th, 02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

38 1205 Janos Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee Nov 15th, 02 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

39 1206 Cañon del Derramadero Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

May 30th, 02 Coahuila de Zaragoza VI Rio Bravo

40 1207 Buenaventura Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Dec 05th, 03 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

41 1208 Baja Babicora Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Dec 06th, 03 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

42 1209 Tarabillas Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Dec 03rd, 03 Chihuahua VI Rio Bravo

43 1210 Cuatrocienega-Ocampo Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Mar 28th, 07 Coahuila de Zaragoza VI Rio Bravo

Rio Bravo subtotal: 10 COTAS established44 1301 Technical Groundwater Committee of the Main

Aquifer of the Comarca LaguneraSep 05th, 00 Coahuila de Zaragoza -

DurangoVII Central Basins of the North

45 1302 Aguanaval Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Nov 24th, 00 Zacatecas VII Central Basins of the North

46 1303 Cepeda-Sauceda General Aquifer May 30th, 02 Coahuila de Zaragoza - Durango


47 1401 Cedral-Matehuala Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Sep 20th, 00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North

48 1402 El Barril Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee, in the State of San Luis Potosi

Sep 20th, 00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North

49 1403 San Luis Potosi Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Sep 20th,00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North

50 1404 Arista Valley Aquifer Technical Water Committee Sep 20th,00 San Luis Potosi VII Central Basins of the North

51 1405 Calera Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee Nov 24th, 00 Zacatecas VII Central Basins of the North

52 1406 Chupaderos Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Nov 24th, 00 Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi


Central Basins of the North subtotal: 9 COTAS established

(continued)

(continues)

Annexes

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53 1501 Celaya Technical Water Council Nov 28th, 97 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

54 1502 Dry Lagoon Technical Water Council Nov 28th, 97 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

55 1503 Queretaro Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Feb 20th, 98 Queretaro Arteaga VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

56 1504 Amazcala Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Sep 25th, 98 Queretaro Arteaga VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

57 1505 Leon Technical Water Council Oct 01st, 98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

58 1506 Silao-Romita Technical Water Council Oct 01st, 98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

59 1507 Irapuato-Santiago Valley Technical Water Council Nov 06th, 98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

60 1508 Penjamo-Abasolo Technical Water Council Nov 06th, 98 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

61 1509 Huimilpan Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Dec 10th, 98 Queretaro Arteaga VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

62 1510 Salvatierra-La Cuevita Technical Water Council Jan 07th, 99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

63 1511 River Turbio Technical Water Council Jun 01st, 99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

64 1512 Acambaro-Cuitzeo Technical Water Council Aug 25th, 99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

65 1513 Moroleon-Cienega Prieta Technical Water Council Aug 31st, 99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

66 1514 River Laja Technical Groundwater Council Oct 01st, 99 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

67 1515 Toluca Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Jul 30th, 03 State of Mexico VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

68 1601 Ojocaliente Interstate Aguascalientes Encarnacion Groundwater Committee Aquifer

Apr 18th, 00 Aguascalientes-Jalisco-Zacatecas


69 1602 Ocampo Technical Groundwater Council Feb 17th, 06 Guanajuato VIII Lerma-Santiago-Pacific

Lerma-Santiago-Pacific subtotal: 17 COTAS established70 1901 Jaral de Berrios-Villa de Reyes Interstate Aquifer

Technical Water CommitteeNov 23th, 99 Guanajuato- San Luis

Potosi IX Northern Gulf

71 1902 Huichapan-Tecozautla-Nopala Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Sep 12th, 00 Hidalgo IX Northern Gulf

72 1903 Tulancingo Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Jul 25th, 02 Hidalgo IX Northern Gulf

73 1904 Rioverde Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Oct 08th, 04 San Luis Potosi IX Northern Gulf

74 1905 Valle de San Juan del Rio Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Oct 21st,04 Queretaro Arteaga IX Northern Gulf

75 1906 Sierra Gorda Technical Water Council Oct 14th, 05 Guanajuato IX Northern Gulf

Northern Gulf subtotal: 6 COTAS established76 2101 Tehuacan Valley Aquifer Technical Groundwater

CommitteeJul 17th, 01 Puebla X Central Gulf

77 2102 Los Naranjos Aquifer Technical Groundwater Committee

Jun 23th, 06 Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave

X Central Gulf

Central Gulf subtotal: 2 COTAS established78 2601 Cuautitlan-Pachuca Aquifer Technical

Groundwater Committee Nov 24th, 06 State of Mexico, Hidalgo XIII Waters of the Valley of

Mexico

Valley of Mexico subtotal: 1 COTAS establishedTotal: 78 COTAS establishedSOURCE: CONAGUA. General Coordination for Attention to Emergencies and River Basin Councils.

(continued)

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218

Annex F. Bibliography for the production of Statistics on Water in Mexico 2008

Chapter 1CONAGUA, Analysis of the Water Information in the Censuses from

1990 to 2005. 2007.

CONEVAL. Poverty Maps in Mexico. 2007.

Elbers, C, J. Lanjouw and P. Lanjouw, Micro-Level Estimation of

Poverty and Inequality. 2003.

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, United

States of America, 2008.

INEGI, Economic Censuses 2006, INEGI, Mexico 2007.

INEGI, Census of Population and Housing. Information published in

various formats.

INEGI, Municipal Geostatistical Framework 3.1.1., Mexico 2008.

INEGI. System of Economic and Ecological Accounts in Mexico

1999-2004. 2006.

SEDESOL, CONAPO and INEGI. Limits of the Metropolitan Zones in

Mexico 2005. Mexico 2007.

SEGOB-Official Government Gazette, Territorial Constituency of

the River Basin Organizations of the National Water Commission,

Mexico, December 12th, 2007.

Chapter 2CONAPO, Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050, Mexico

2007.

National Weather Service of the United States of America.

www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshs.shtml. June 2007.

SEMARNAT, CONAGUA, PROFEPA, SEMAR, SECTUR and COFE-

PRIS, Clean Beach Program. Mexico 2007.

INEGI-INE-CONAGUA 2007. Map of the Mexico’s Catchments

scale 1:250 000. Digital Cartography. Mexico, 2007.

Chapter 3CFE, www.cfe.gob.mx/es/LaEmpresa/igenerecionelectricidad.

Mexico 2008.

CONAGUA, Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing

and Water, Uses of Water and Hypercube. 2008.

INEGI, II Census of Capture, Treatment and Water Supply. Mexico

2004.

IUCN, IWMI, RAMSAR, WRI, Water Resources, Watersheds of the

World: Global Maps, 2007.

Chapter 4CONAGUA, Analysis of the Water Information in the Censuses from

1990 to 2005. 2007.

CONAGUA, Portable Information Cubes. 2008, Population, Housing

and Water, Uses of Water and Hypercube. 2008.

CONAGUA, Agricultural Statistics of the Irrigation Districts, Agricul-

tural Year 2005-2006, Mexico 2007.

CONAGUA, Statistics on Water 2007, Region XIII, Waters of the

Valley of Mexico. Waters of the Valley of Mexico River Basin Organi-

zation. Mexico 2007.

CONAGUA, National Inventory of Municipal Drinking Water and

Wastewater Treatment Plants in Operation, 2007.

INEGI, Census of Population and Housing. Information published in

various formats.

SEGOB, Official Government Gazette.- National Water Law.-

December 1st, 1992- Revised on April 29th, 2004.

Chapter 5CONAGUA, Federal Duties Law 2008. Dispositions Applicable for

the Nation’s Waters, Mexico 2008.

CONAGUA, Official Mexican Standards, Mexico 2006.

CONAGUA, National Water Program 2007-2012, Mexico 2008

CONAGUA, Situation of the Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanita-

tion Sub-sector. 2007 Edition, Mexico 2007.

Official Gazette of the Federal District, Financial Codes of the DF,

2007 and 2008, Published on December 30th, 2006 and December

27th, 2007.

INEGI, II Census of Capture, Treatment and Water Supply. Mexico

2004.

SEGOB, Official Government Gazette.- National Water Law.-

December 1st, 1992- Revised on April 29th, 2004.

Chapter 6INEGI, Charter for Use of Soil and Vegetation, Series III, Mexico

2003.

SEMARNAT, Geographic Atlas of the Environment and Natural

Resources, Mexico 2006.

SEMARNAT, Compendium of Environmental Statistics 2006, Mexico

2006.

Annexes

219

SEMARNAT, Report on the Environment in Mexico, Compendium of

Environmental Statistics 2005, Mexico 2005.

Chapter 7CONAGUA, National Water Program 2007-2012, Mexico 2007.

CONAGUA, National Water Program 2007-2012, This is how we’re

doing... Progress 2007 and Targets for 2008, Mexico 2007.

CONAPO, Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050, Mexico

2007.

INEGI, II Census of Population and Housing 2005. Mexico 2006.

Office of the President of Mexico, National Development Plan 2007-

2012, Mexico 2007.

Office of the President of Mexico, 2030 Vision, The Mexico that we

want, Mexico 2007.



SEMARNAT, National Environment and Natural Resources Program

2007-2012, Mexico 2008.

Chapter 8Clarke, Robin and King, Jannet, The Water Atlas, United States of

America, 2004.

CONAPO, Population Projections in Mexico 2005-2050. Mexico

2007.

FAO, Information System on Water and Agriculture, Aquastat. www.

fao.org/AG/AGL/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stml. June 2008.

Global Water Intelligence. 2007.

Hoekstra, Arjen Y., Globalization of Water: Sharing the Planet’s Fres-

hwater Resources. 2008.

ICOLD, World Register of Dams. France, 2003.

International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook. Housing

and the Business Cycle. 2008.

WMO, UNDP, IPCC. Climate Change 2007. Synthesis Report.

2008.



UNESCO-WWAP, Water, a Shared Responsibility. 2nd World Water

Development Report, UNESCO-WWAP and Berghahns Books,

France, 2006.

WHO, UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and

Sanitation, Switzerland, 2006.

WHO, UNICEF. Safer water, better health. Costs, benefits and sustai-

nability of interventions to protect and promote health. 2008.

World Climate. www.worldclimate.com. June 2008.

World Commission on Dams. Dams and Development: A New

Framework for Decision-making, Annex V, South Africa, 2000.

World Population Prospects. The 2007 Revision. 2008.

Annexes

220

Annex G. Glossary

Agricultural use For the purpose of this document, this concept includes the agricultural use, for livestock and aquaculture, according to the definitions of the National Water Law.

Aquifer Any geological formation or group of hydraulically connected geological formations, through which subsoil waters flow or are stored that may be withdrawn for use and whose lateral and vertical limits are conventionally defined for the purpose of evaluation, management and administration of the nation’s subsoil waters. NWL.- Article 3 Section II. The country has been divided into 653 aquifers of hydrogeological units.

Blue water The quantity of water withdrawn from the country’s rivers, lakes, streams and aquifers for various uses, both offstream and instream.

Catchment / River basin (“cuenca hidrografica”)

A natural unit defined by the existence of a division of waters in any given territory. Catchments are morphological surface units. Their limits are established by the main geographical division of the waters from precipitation; also known as “water-divide”. Their limits are established by the main geographical division of rainwater, also known as the “water-divide”. The water-divide, theoretically, is an imaginary line that unites the highest relative points between two adjacent but opposite facing slopes; from the highest part of the catchment to its exit point, in the hypsometrically lowest point. In Mexico, 1 471 catchments have been identified (INEGI-INECONAGUA. Map of Mexico’s Catchments scale 1:250 000. Digital Cartography). Throughout this document, the terms “catchment” and “river basin” are used as synonyms, to translate the Spanish term “cuenca hidrografica”.

Climate station A given area of open-air ground, representative of the area’s particular climate, intended to measure the climatological parameters. Equipped with tools and sensors exposed to the air, for the measurement of precipitation, temperature, evaporation, wind direction and speed.

Concession A deed granted by the Federal Executive Branch, through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, according to their respective areas of competence, in order to carry out the use of the nation’s waters, and of their inherent state property, to public and private individuals or organizations, except for allocation deeds. NWL.- Article 3 Section XIII.

Discharge The action of pouring, infiltrating, depositing or infusing wastewater into a receiver body. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXII.

Discharge permits Deeds granted by the Federal Executive Branch through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, in accordance with their respective areas of competence, for the discharge of wastewater into national receiver bodies, granted to private or public individuals or organizations. NWL.- Article 3 Section XL b.

Drinking water coverage Percentage of the population living in private homes who have running water within the home or on the lot or who have access to a public water tap or hydrant. This information is determined by means of censuses conducted by the INEGI and estimates from the CONAGUA for intermediate years.

Drinking Water and Sanitation System

A series of works and actions that allow the provision of public drinking water and sanitation services, including sewerage, meaning the piping, treatment, removal and discharge of wastewater. NWL.- Article 3 Section L.

Environmental Services The benefits of social interest generated or derived from watersheds and their components, such as climate regulation, conservation of hydrological cycles, erosion control, flood control, aquifer recharge, maintenance of runoff in quality and quantity, soil formation, carbon catchment, water body purification, as well as the conservation and protection of biodiversity. For the application of this concept in the 2004 National Water Law, water resources and their link with forest resources are mainly considered. NWL.- Article 3 Section XLIX.

Exploitation Application of water for activities with the aim of withdrawing dissolved chemical or organic elements from it, after which it is returned to its original source without significant consumption.

Green water The quantity of water that is part of the soil humidity and that is used for rainfed crops and general vegetation.

Groundwater Water that completely permeates the leeks or cracks in the subsoil. It is therefore the water that constitutes the permeated zone.


A territorial area defined according to hydrological criteria, made up of one or several hydrological regions, in which the watershed is considered as the basic unit for water resources management and the municipality represents, as is the case in other legal tools, the minimal administrative unit for the country. NWL.- Article 3 Section XVI b.

Hydrological region A territorial area comprised according to its morphological, orographical and hydrological features, in which the watershed is considered as the basic unit for water management, the aim of which is to group together and systematize the information, analysis, diagnosis, programs and actions as regards the occurrence of water in quantity and quality, as well as its use. A hydrological region is normally made up of one or several watersheds. The limits of the hydrological region are therefore in general different from the political division by States, Federal District and municipalities. One or several hydrological regions make up a Hydrological-Administrative Region. NWL.- Article 3 Section XVIA.

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221

Annex G. Glossary

Irrigation area An area entitled to irrigation services.

Irrigation Districts Geographical areas where irrigation services are provided by means of hydro-agricultural infrastructure works such as reservoirs, direct diversions, pumping plants, wells, canals, and paths, among others.

Irrigation lamina The quantity of water, measured in longitudinal units, that is applied to a crop growth so that it may meet its physiological needs during the entire growth cycle, in addition to soil evaporation (offstream use = evaporation + water in plant tissues).

Irrigation Unit An agricultural area with irrigation infrastructure and systems, different from an irrigation district and commonly of a lesser area than the latter; it may be made up of user associations or other organized groups of producers who are freely gathered together to provide irrigation services with autonomous management systems and to operate the hydraulic infrastructure works to catch, divert, pipe, regulate, distribute and remove the nation’s waters destined for agricultural irrigation. NWL.- Article 3 Section LI.

Lake, lagoon or marsh vessel The natural tank of the nation’s waters bordered by the crest of the maximum ordinary crescent. NWL.- Article 3 Section LXI.

Large dams Dams whose height above the riverbed is greater than 15 m or which have a height of between 10 and 15 m, with a crest length of over 500 m or when the capacity of the reservoir formed by the dam is not less than 1 million cubic meters of maximum extraordinary water. Definition from the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).

Locality A place occupied by one or more homes, which may or may not be occupied; this place is recognized either by law or custom. According to their characteristics and for statistical purposes, they are classified as either urban or rural.

Main tailing dam One of the systems for the final disposal of solid waste generated through minerals, which should comply with conditions of maximum security, in order to guarantee the protection of the population, economic and social activities, and in general, the ecological balance.

Marsh Low marshy ground, that is usually filled by rainwater or overflows from a stream, a nearby lagoon or the sea. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXVI.

Mean annual groundwater availability

The annual mean volume of groundwater that can be allocated to be withdrawn from a hydrogeological unit or aquifer for various uses, in addition to the withdrawal already allocated and to the natural committed discharge, without placing the balance of the ecosystem in danger. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXIV.

Mean annual precipitation The precipitation calculated over any period of at least ten years, starting on January 1st of the first year and ending on December 31st of the final one.

Mean annual surface water availability

The difference calculated between the annual mean volume of downstream runoff of a basin or watershed and the current annual mean committed volume downstream. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXIII.

Mean aquifer recharge The annual mean water volume that enters an aquifer.

Mean natural availability Total volume of renewable surface water and groundwater that naturally occurs in a region.

Mean natural surface runoff The part of mean historical precipitation that occurs in the form of flows into a watercourse.

Meteorological station A given area of open-air ground, intended to measure the surface meteorological parameters. Equipped with tools to measure precipitation, temperature, wind direction and speed, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and solar radiation.

Nation’s waters Waters that are the property of the nation, according to the terms of paragraph 5 of article 27 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. NWL.- Article 3 Section I.

Normal precipitation The precipitation measured for a uniform and relatively long period, which must contain at least 30 years of information, which is considered as a minimal representative climatological period. It must start on January 1st of a year ending in one and finishing on December 31st of a year ending in zero.

Offstream use The volume of water of a specific quality consumed when carrying out a given activity, which is determined as the difference between the volume of a specific quality that is withdrawn, minus the volume also of specific quality that is discharged, which is indicated in the respective deed. NWL.- Article 3 Section LV.

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222

Annex G. Glossary

Overexploited aquifer Any aquifer in which the groundwater withdrawal is greater than the volume of mean annual recharge, in such a way that the persistence of this condition for long periods of time brings about one or several of the following environmental impacts: exhaustion or disappearance of springs, lakes, wetlands; decrease or disappearance of the base flow in rivers; undefined subsidence in the level of groundwater; formation of cracks; differential ground settlements; salt-water intrusion in coastal aquifers; bad-quality water migration. These impacts can cause economic losses to the users and to society.

Particular discharge conditions The series of physical, chemical and biological parameters, and of their maximum permitted levels in wastewater discharges, determined by the CONAGUA or by the corresponding River Basin Organization, according to their respective areas of competence, for each user, for a specific use or user groups of a specific receiver body, with the purpose of conserving and controlling the quality of the waters, in accordance with the 2004 National Water Law and the By-Laws derived from that Law. NWL.- Article 3 Section XIV.

Perennial crops Crops whose growth cycle is more than one year.

Permits Permits granted by the Federal Executive Branch through the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, in accordance with their respective areas of competence, for the use of the nation’s waters, as well as for the construction of hydraulic works and others of diverse origins related with water and government property referred to in Article 113 of the 2004 National Water Law. These permits are provisional in the case of the use of the nation’s waters from the period in which the deeds are issued. NWL.- Article 3 Section XL a.

Physical irrigated area An area that receives at least a watering.

Population center A group of one or more municipalities in which the population is concentrated mainly in urban localities. The Metropolitan Zones are considered population centers.

Productivity of water in Irrigation Districts

The quantity of agricultural produce of all crops of the Irrigation Districts to which irrigation was applied, divided by the quantity of water applied to them. It is expressed in kg/m³.

Prohibition zone Those specific areas of hydrological regions, river basins or aquifers, in which no additional use of water is authorized, other than those legally established, which are controlled through specific rules, owing to the deterioration in water quantity or quality, through the affectation to hydrological sustainability, or through the damage to surface or groundwater bodies. NWL.- Article 3 Section LXV.

Protection zone The strip of land immediately around dams, hydraulic structures and other hydraulic infrastructure and connected installations, when these works are the property of the nation, in the extension defined in each case by the CONAGUA or the corresponding River Basin Organization, in accordance with their respective areas of competence, for their protection and appropriate operation, conservation and observation. NWL.- Article 3 Section LXII.

Public Registry of Water Duties (REPDA)

A Registry that provides information and legal security to the users of the nation’s waters and inherent properties through the registration of the concession and allocation deeds and discharge permits, as well as the modifications made to the characteristics of the latter.

Receiver body The current or natural water tank, dam, irrigation channel, salt-water zone or government property into which wastewater is discharged, as well as the grounds into which this water filters or infuses, when it can pollute soils, subsoils or aquifers. NWL.- Article 3 Section XVII.

Regulated zone Those specific areas of aquifers, watersheds, or hydrological regions, which by their characteristics of deterioration, hydrological imbalance, risks or damage to water bodies or to the environment, fragility of the vital ecosystems, overexploitation, as well as for their reorganization and recovery, require specific water management to guarantee hydrological sustainability. NWL.- Article 3 Section LXIII.

Reserve zone Those specific areas of aquifers, rivers basins, or hydrological regions, in which use limits are established for a portion or all of the water available, with the aim of providing a public service, introducing a recovery, conservation or preservation program, or when the state resolves to use said waters for the public good. NWL.- Article 3 Section LXIV.

Reuse The use of wastewater with or without prior treatment. NWL.- Article 3 Section XLVI.

River A stream of natural water, perennial or intermittent, that flows into other currents, into a natural or artificial reservoir, or the sea. NWL.- Article 3 Section XLVIII.

River Basin Commission Collegiate entities of mixed membership, not subordinate to the CONAGUA or the River Basin Organizations. An auxiliary organization of the River Basin Councils at the sub-basin level. NWL.- Article 13 BIS 1.

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223

Annex G. Glossary

River Basin Council Collegiate entities of mixed membership, an instrument for coordination and consultation, support, consultation and advice, between the “Commission”, including the corresponding River Basin Organization, and the agencies and entities at federal, state and municipal levels, and representatives of water users’ associations and organized society, of the respective watershed or hydrological region. NWL.-Article 3 Section XV. Their purpose is to design and carry out programs and actions geared to improving water management, develop hydraulic infrastructure and related services, and preserve the river basin’s resources. NWL.- Article 13.

River Basin Organization A specialized technical, administrative and legal unit, autonomous in nature, directly appointed by the head of the CONAGUA, whose attributions are established in the 2004 National Water Law and its By-Laws, and whose specific resources and budget are determined by the CONAGUA. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXXIX. Formerly known as Regional Departments.

Rural locality A locality with a population of less than 2 500 inhabitants, which is not a municipal seat.

Salt-water intrusion A phenomenon in which salt-water enters the subsoil towards the inner land mass, causing groundwater salinization. This occurs when the withdrawal of water causes groundwater levels to be lower than the level of seawater, thus altering the dynamic natural balance between the seawater and freshwater.

Sanitation coverage Percentage of the population living in private housing connected to the public sanitation network or a septic tank, a river, lake or sea, overflow, ravine, crevice. This information is determined through the Censuses carried out by INEGI and estimates from the CONAGUA for intermediate years.

Streambed The natural or artificial channel with the necessary capacity for waters of the maximum ordinary crescent to run off without overflowing. When streams overflow, the natural channel is considered as an irrigation channel, while no channel work is built; at the origin of any current, it is considered as an irrigation channel in the strict sense, when the runoff is concentrated towards a topographic depression and forms a channel, as a result of the action of the water flowing over the ground. NWL.- Article 3 Section XI.

Sustainable development As regards water resources, this is the process which is analyzable through water, economic, social and environmental criteria and indicators, which aims to improve the standard of living and the productivity of its people, based on the necessary measures for the preservation of hydrological balance, the use and protection of water resources, in such a way that future generations’ water needs are not compromised.

Technical Groundwater Committees (COTAS)

Collegiate entities of mixed membership, not subordinate to the CONAGUA or to the River Basin Organizations. They develop their activities in relation with a specific aquifer or group of aquifers – as deemed necessary. NWL.- Article 13 BIS 1.

Technified Rainfed District Geographical areas, normally intended for agricultural activities lacking irrigation infrastructure, in which, through the use of certain techniques and works, the damage on production caused by periods of strong rain in zones with abundant, prolonged rainfall is mitigated – also known as drainage districts – or in conditions of scarcity, rain and humidity are used with greater efficiency in agricultural grounds. The technified rainfed district is made up of rainfed units. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXV b.

Total capacity of a dam Volume of water that a dam can store at the Normal Pool Elevation (NAMO in Spanish).

Urban locality A locality with a population equal to or more than 2 500 inhabitants or a municipal seat, regardless of the number of inhabitants it has according to the last census.

Use for public supply For the purpose of this document, this concept is the volume of water employed for public urban and domestic uses, according to the definitions of the National Water Law.

Use for self-supplying industry For the purpose of this document, this concept is the volume of water employed for industrial, agro-industrial, service and commercial uses, according to the definitions of the National Water Law.

Virtual water The sum of the quantity of water employed in the productive process for the elaboration of a product.

Wastewater Waters of varied composition coming from discharges from public urban, domestic, industrial, commercial, service, agricultural, livestock, from treatment plants and in general from any other use, as well as any combination of them. NWL.- Article 3 Section VI.

Water footprint The sum of the quantity of water used by each person for their different activities and which is necessary to produce the goods and services that he or she consumes. Includes both blue and green water.

Water stress A percentage indicator of the stress placed on water resources, calculated by the quotient between the total volume of water allocated and the natural mean availability of water.

Annexes

224

Annex G. Glossary

Watershed (“cuenca hidrologica”)

A territorial unit, differentiated from other units, normally bordered on one side by waters or dividing waters – the polygonal line formed by the most elevated points in said unit – in which water occurs in various forms, and is stored or flows to an exit point that may be the sea or an inner receiver body, through a hydrographic network of irrigation channels that come together into one main channel, or the territory in which waters form an autonomous unit or differentiated from others, even without them pouring out into the sea. In this space surrounded by a topographic diversity, water resources, soil, flora, fauna, other natural resources related with the latter and the environment co-exist. The watershed, in conjunction with the aquifers, constitutes the management unit of water resources. NWL.- Article 3 Section XVI. For the purpose of the publication of availability, as per NOM.011-CNA-2000, the limits of 728 watersheds in Mexico have been established.

Wetlands Transition zones between aquatic and terrestrial systems that constitute temporary or permanent flood areas, subject or not to the influence of tides, such as swamps, marshes and mudflats, the limits of which are made up of a type of moisture-absorbing vegetation, either permanent or seasonal; areas in which the soil is predominantly water-based; and lake areas or of permanently humid soils through natural aquifer discharge. NWL.- Article 3 Section XXX.

Withdrawal index The result of dividing the volume of groundwater withdrawal by the volume of the total mean annual recharge.

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225

Annex H. Abbreviations and acronyms

BANOBRAS National Bank of Public Works and Services

CEAS State Water and Sanitation Commission

CFE Federal Commission for Electricity

COFEPRIS Federal Commission for the Protection against Health Risks

CONAFOVI National Commission for Housing Promotion

CONAGUA National Water Commission

CONAPO National Population Council

CONEVAL National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policies

COTAS Technical Groundwater Committee

D.R. Irrigation District

BOD5Five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand

DOF Official Government Gazette

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

FONDEN National Fund for Natural Disasters

WQI Water Quality Index

ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams

INEGI National Institute of Statistics and Geography (formerly National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics)

NWL National Water Law

FDL Federal Duties Law for water resources

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NOM Official Mexican Standard

WHO World Health Organization

UN United Nations

GDP Gross Domestic Product

NWP National Water Program

PROFEPA Attorney General’s Office for Environmental Protection

REPDA Public Registry of Water Rights

SECTUR Ministry of Tourism

SEDESOL Ministry of Social Development

SEGOB Ministry of the Interior

SEMAR Ministry of the Navy

SEMARNAT Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources

SHCP Ministry of Finance and Public Credit

SS Ministry of Health

TSS Total Suspended Solids

UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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226

Annex I. Units of measurementThe units used in this document are expressed accor-

ding to the Official Mexican Standard NOM-008-SCFI-1993-General Measurement Unit Systems, except as regards the use of the comma to separate whole numbers from decimals; in this case, the period is used.

Units accepted by the NOM-008-SCFI-1993Symbol Unit Equivalence in Basic units

cm centimeter 1 cm = 0.01 m

mm millimeter 1 mm = 0.001 m

km2 square kilometer 1 km2 = 1 000 000 m2

km3 cubic kilometer 1 km3 = 1 000 000 000 m3

km/h kilometer per hour 1 km/h = 0.2778 m/s

hm3 cubic hectometer 1 hm3 = 1 000 000 m3

t ton 1 t = 1 000 kg

ha hectare 1 ha = 10 000 m2 = 2.47 acres

L/s = l/s liter per second 1 L/s = 0.001 m3/s

W watt 1 W = 1 m2 kg/s3

Units not included in the NOM-008-SCFI-1993Symbol Unit Equivalence in Basic units

msnm meters above sea level ----------------

pesos Mexican pesos 1 Mexican peso = 0.097 United States dollars = 0.058 euros *

USD United States dollar 1 United States dollar = 10.25 Mexican pesos *

MAF million acres-feet 1 MAF = 1.23 km³

AF acre-feet 1 AF = 1234 m³

m³ cubic meter 1 m³ = 0.000810 AF

in inch 1 in = 25.4 mm

mm millimeter 1 mm = 0.0394 in

ft foot 1 ft = 0.3048 m

m meter 1 m = 3.281 ft

gal gallon 1 gal = 3.785 L

L Liter 1 L = 0.2642 gal

cfs cubic feet per second 1 cfs = 0.0283 m³/s

m³/s cubic meters per second 1 m³/s = 35.3 cfs

* An approximate exchange rate from June 2008 was considered.Examples of measurement:1 m³ = 1 000 liters1 hm³ = 1 000 000 de m³1 km³ = 1 billion hm³TWh = 1 000 GWh = 1 000 000 MWh

Prefixes to formulate multiplesSymbol Name Value

T tera 1012

G giga 109

M mega 106

k kilo 103

h hecto 102

Annexes

227

Annex J. Analytical Index

AAgricultural use, 59, 153

Aqueducts, 4, 65, 66, 81

Aquifers with salt-water intrusion, 43

Aquifers, 21-24, 42, 43, 51, 54, 59, 81, 95, 97, 98, 113, 116

117, 120, 130, 140, 141, 156

Aquifers, overexploitation of, 42, 43

Availability zones for charging duties, 100, 101

Availability zones, 15, 16, 25, 26, 42, 61, 62, 100, 101

BBiochemical Oxygen Demand, 44-47, 49, 86, 119,

Biodiversity, 128, 130, 150

Blue water, 156

Budget of the CONAGUA, 93, 94, 106, 107

CCatchments / River basins (“cuencas hidrograficas”), 7, 14, 15,

22-24, 35-38, 41, 44, 61, 95, 150

Charging duties, 100, 101

Chemical Oxygen Demand, 44-47

Chlorination 125, 126

Chlorination efficiency, 125, 126

Clean Beach Committees, 51, 52, 113, 117, 118

Climate change, 141, 143, 149-151

Climate stations, 23, 24

Colorado River, 22, 36, 38, 39, 72, 81, 113, 114

Concession 26, 96, 97, 141,

COTAS, see Technical Groundwater Committees

CRAE, see Regional Emergency Attention Centers

Cutzamala System, 70, 81-84

DDams, 4, 23, 40, 46-48, 65-70, 80-82, 95, 113, 114, 119,

141, 143, 155, 156

Deforestation, 44, 127

Degree of marginalization, 7, 12, 13

Diarrhoeal diseases, 121, 123-125, 150, 159, 162

Disinfection of water, 125

Drinking water, 9, 59, 65, 66, 78-82, 84-89, 92-95, 101,

106-109, 120, 123, 125, 139-141, 159, 160, 162, 164

Drought, 21, 33-35, 40, 95, 150

Duties for material withdrawal, 100-102, 106

Duties for the use of the nation’s waters, 100-102, 104, 141

EEconomic indicators, 11

Emergency attention, 92

Erosion, 44, 130, 150, 151

Evapotranspiration, 22, 24

FFederal Duties Law, 100-104, 106, 109, 141

Flood protection, 39, 70, 95, 130, 150, 155

Forest fires, 150

Forests, 95, 127, 128, 150

GGeographical aspects, 7, 16-18, 25, 152

Green water, 156

Gross Domestic Product, 11, 12, 15-19, 59, 143, 146, 150,

151, 153

Groundwater, 21, 23, 26, 42-44, 51, 53, 54, 74, 84, 93, 96-98,

113, 116, 128, 138, 146, 147

HHealth, 4, 12, 94, 121, 123, 124, 150, 155, 159, 162, 164

Hurricanes, 21, 30-32, 152

Hydro-agricultural infrastructure, 71, 106, 141

Hydroclimate stations, 23

Hydroelectric, 96, 98, 104-106

Hydrogeological units, 23

Hydrologic cycle, 4, 21, 22, 24, 141, 146, 147, 149, 150

Hydrological regions, 22, 98, 111

Hydrological-Administrative Regions, 7, 14-16, 22, 23, 25,

31, 43, 52, 55, 60-62, 68, 71, 88, 92, 96-99, 103, 105, 106,

111-117, 128, 129, 131, 133-139

Hydropower, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 101, 149, 150, 155

Annexes

228

IIndustrial wastewater treatment plants, 4, 65, 66, 82, 84-90,

92, 141, 159

Investments, 93, 94, 107, 108, 164

Irrigation Districts, 59, 71-75, 77

Irrigation infrastructure, 54, 59, 143, 154, 155

Irrigation Units, 59, 73, 76, 77

Irrigation, 45, 57, 59, 65, 66, 70, 71-76, 94, 95, 101-103, 139,

141, 153

LLake Chapala, 37, 41, 81, 113

Lakes, 24, 41, 46-48, 54, 59, 78, 81, 95, 101, 113, 114, 146,

147, 156

Land extension, 145

Localities, 9, 81, 110, 119, 134

MMean aquifer recharge, 24

Mean natural surface runoff, 24, 26, 36-38

Meteorological phenomena, 4, 21, 30, 141

Metropolitan zones, 10, 11, 26, 81-83, 135

Monitoring, 44, 46-50, 52, 119, 121

Mortality, 123-125, 150, 159

Municipal wastewater treatment plants, 4, 65, 66, 82-89

Municipalities, 8-13, 15, 17, 18, 51, 55, 81, 82, 84, 92, 94,

100, 117, 135

NNational Development Plan, 140

National Monitoring Network, 44

National Water Deeds,

National Water Law, 75, 94, 96, 97, 111, 130, 140, 141

National Water Program, 4, 78, 94, 133, 140

Natural disasters, 30, 152

Natural mean availability, 16, 24-26, 61, 62, 136-139, 148

Natural protected areas, 128, 129, 130

OOfficial Mexican Ecological Standards, 51, 97-99, 118-120

Official Mexican Standards of the Ministry of Health, 121

Offstream use, 42, 54-58, 60, 61, 96

Overexploitation of aquifers, 42, 43, 97, 138

PPiping efficiency, 74

Population centers, 10, 12, 135, 136, 145

Population density, 9, 17, 18, 25, 144, 145

Population,7, 11, 12, 15-18, 25, 26, 51, 59, 78-80, 94, 117,

119, 124, 125, 133, 136, 138, 141, 144, 145, 149-152, 159

Precipitation, 4, 8, 21-27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 66, 143, 147-149

Prohibition zones, 97

Public Registry of Water Rights (REPDA), 53, 54, 56, 58, 96

Public supply, 53, 54, 56-59, 96, 121, 153

RRegional Emergency Attention Centers (CRAE), 92

REPDA, see Public Registry of Water Rights

Reuse of water, 65, 86, 91, 119, 139, 141

Revenues, 101-105

Rio Grande (Bravo), 10, 14-17, 25, 27, 37, 39, 42, 56, 60, 61,

67, 69, 70-72, 77, 79, 81, 84, 87, 113, 114

River Basin, see Catchments

River Basin Commissions, 113, 114

River Basin Committees, 113, 115, 116

River Basin Councils, 93, 95, 96, 111-113, 117, 118

River Basin Organizations, 14, 15, 44, 81-84, 92, 94, 111

Rivers, 8, 21-24, 35, 39-44, 46-48, 54, 55, 59, 60, 68, 70, 72,

73, 81, 95, 101, 131, 146, 147, 150, 156

SSalinization, 42, 43, 51, 93-95, 106

Salt-water intrusion, 42, 43

Sanitation, 9, 51, 65, 78-81, 84-89, 91, 92, 107-110, 117,

118, 120, 123, 125, 139-141, 159-164

Self-supplying industry, 53, 54, 56-59, 86, 96

Social poverty index, 7, 12, 13

Soils, 42-44, 95, 127, 146, 147, 149, 150, 153

State Departments (“Gerencias Estatales”) 15

Storage capacity of dams, 4, 65-70, 82, 155, 156

Surface water, 22, 35, 44-49, 74, 93, 96, 97

Annexes

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TTechnical Groundwater Committees (COTAS), 116

Technified Rainfed Districts, 77

Temperature, 23, 33, 150, 151

Thermoelectric, 53-60, 91, 153

Total Dissolved Solids, 84, 85, 101

Total Suspended Solids, 44-46, 48, 51, 84, 85, 119

Transboundary catchments, 36, 38, 95

Transferring of Irrigation Districts, 75, 77

Treatment plants, 4, 65, 66, 82, 84-90, 92

Tropical cyclones, 30, 32

UUnits of measurement, 226

Uses of water, 4, 42, 51, 53-61, 63, 65, 69-71, 74, 77-80,

84, 86, 91, 94-97, 100-106, 108-110, 118, 120, 121, 133,

139-141, 143, 146, 152, 153, 155-157

VVegetation, 127, 128, 150

Virtual water, 53, 63, 64, 143, 156, 157

WWastewater discharges, 44, 45, 86, 96, 101-103, 118, 119,

141

Wastewater treatment, 65, 66, 86, 87-91, 108, 139, 159

Wastewater, 4, 26, 44, 86, 91, 139, 141

Water Advisory Council, 95, 118

Water exports, 64, 157

Water footprint, 143, 156

Water imports, 64, 157

Water quality on beaches, 51, 52, 117, 120, 121, 151

Water quality, 44-51, 84, 95, 120, 121, 124, 139-141, 162

Water stress, 53, 61, 62, 143, 150, 152, 157-159

Water tariffs, 93, 108-110, 162

Water utilities, 108, 118, 120

Water-related standards, 95, 97-99, 118-121, 130

Watersheds (“cuencas hidrologicas”), 22, 39, 94, 95, 97, 98,

111, 117, 120, 140, 141

Wetlands, 89, 119, 128, 130, 131, 147

This publication was printed in October 2008By Impresora Eclipse, S.A. de C.V.

1 500 copies were printed.

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