Status of Bioenergy in Turkey (H. Olgun, University of Ege, Izmir)

STATUS OF BIOENERGY IN TURKEY

Prof. Dr. Hayati OLGUNEge University, Izmir, [email protected]

Workshop on International cooperation in the field of bioenergy, 22-24 October, Moscow, Russia

Presentation Outline

� Short Description of

�Solar Energy Institute/Ege University

�Energy Institute/TUBITAKMRC

� Energy Outlook of Turkey

� Bioenergy Potential of Turkey

� Bioenergy Applications

�Landfill/Biogas

�Biodiesel/Bioethanol

�Combustion/Gasification

�Fuel Preparation (Pelletizing /Briquetting)

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The Solar Energy Institute was established in 1978 for graduateeducation (Msc and PhD) and research on solar energy and itsapplications. Along with the solar energy, other renewable energyresources like wind, biomass and geothermal are also being studied.

Ege University Solar Energy Institute

web: http://eusolar.ege.edu.tr e-mail: [email protected]

ENERGY ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTEDirector: Prof. Dr. Gunnur KOCAR

-Solar Photochemistry-Next Generation PV-Organic Solar Cells-Optoelectronics-Solar Thermal Applications-Thermodynamics-Energy Efficiency in Buildings

- Solar Architecture and Solar Thermal Applications

- Photovoltaic

- Biomass Energy- Wind Energy - Geothermal Energy and Heat

Pumps- Energy Efficiency and

Management

Ege University Solar Energy Institute

RESAERCH INTERESTS� Biogas and Organic Fertilizer Production

Through Anaerobic Digestion� Energy Crops Production� Utilization of Produced Biofuels� Biodiesel Production and Testing� Bioethanol Production � Combustion and Gasification� Torrefaction � Geographical Information Systems� Biorefineries

The usage of biogas in engines and direct combustion systems

Energy crop cultivation with organic fertilizer from biogas system residues.

Solar Energy Institute/Energy Technology

TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council Of Turkey

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TUBITAK has been founded in Ankara in 1963 with the aim of developing,promoting, planning and coordinating the R&D activities inthe field ofpositive sciences, in respect of the priorities for Turkey’s development.

Marmara Research Center in Gebze is the oldest and largest researchorganization under TÜBİTAK. MARMARA RESEARCH CENTER foundedin 1972 over nearly 8 sq kms (2,000 acres) beautiful place of land on the northshore of Izmit bay.

TUBITAK MRC-EI

Energy Outlook Of Turkey

� Turkey has an area of 780,580 square kilometers with a totalcoastline of 8,430 kilometers, and shares its land borders withArmenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq,and Syria.

� The total population in Turkey was last recorded at 75.6million people in 2012.

Gebze

İzmir

Turkey Energy Outlook, Oguz Turkyilmaz, ICCI, 35 April 2013, Turkey


10Turkey Energy Outlook, Oguz Turkyilmaz, ICCI, 35 April 2013, Turkey


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http://dektmk.org.tr/upresimler/TURKEYSENERGYFACTSANDFIGURES2012.pdf

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http://dektmk.org.tr/upresimler/TURKEYSENERGYFACTSANDFIGURES2012.pdf

NG+Hydraulic+Lignite+Imported coal = 95 %

13Turkey Energy Outlook, Oguz Turkyilmaz, ICCI, 35 April 2013, Turkey


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Installed power (MWe)Fuel type In 2012 In 2013Thermal 233,146 1690,92Hydropower 205,902 56,88Wind 45,5 47Biomass+Biogass+Geothermal 0,635 2,4Total 485,183 1797,2

www.enerji.gov.tr/...raporlar/Enerji_Istatistik_Raporu.../2013_06_Enerji...

Period 2003-2011Source Number of

projectInstalled

power (MW)Thermal 239 8989Wind 73 1591Hydropower 173 3277Biomass 24 75Geothermal 5 79Total 514 14011

Energy Outlook Of Turkey (Investments)

15Turkish Energy Market: An Investor’s Guide, 2012, www.epdk.gov.tr

Renewable Energy Potential of Turkey Renewable Energy Potential of Turkey

Renewable Energy Potential of TurkeyRenewable Energy Potential of Turkey

Type Potential In OperationHydro 45000 MW 19619 MWWind 48000 MW 2260 MWSolar 300 TWh/year 0Geothermal 600 MW 162 MWBiomass 17 MTOE 158 MW

Renewable Energy Credit in Turkey

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Renewable Energy Credits in TurkeyRenewable Energy Credits in Turkey� The Use of Renewable Energy Sources for the Purpose of

Electric Power Generation has been amended by law(YEK). Theamendment were published in the official gazette on 8 January2011.

Turkey’s Renewable Energy Sector from a Global Perspective, F. Sabuncu, M. Colakoglu, www.pwc.com.tr

� In addition, if the mechanical or electro-mechanical equipment ofthe power plant is produced locally, a premiumshall be added tothe feed-in tariffs during the first five years of operation.

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E- Biomass power based production facility

1- Fluid bed steam tank 0,82- Liquid or gas fuel steam tank

0,4

3- Gasification and gas cleaning group

0,6

4- Steam or gas turbine 2,05- Internal combustionengine or Stirling engine

0,9

6- Generator and power electronics

0,5

7- Cogeneration system 0,4

Renewable Energy Credits in TurkeyRenewable Energy Credits in Turkey

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� The annual biomass energy potential of Turkey is estimated as 32 Mtoe.� The total recoverable biomass energy potential is estimated as 17 Mtoe.� The total biomass consumption in Turkey was 4,8 Mtoe/year (2008)� The recoverable biomass energy potential come from: Agricultural residues,

Forestry and wood processing residues, Animal wastes, Municipal wastes.� The largest portion of this product is used in rural areas forheating and

cooking in a primitive way.

Biomass Annual potential (mtons) Energy (Mtoe)

Annual crops 54,4 15,5

Perennial crops 16,0 4,1

Forest residues 18,0 5,4

Residues from agro-industry 10,0 3,0

Residues from wood industry 6,0 1,8

Animal wastes 7,0 1,5

Other (municipal) 5,0 1,3

Total 116,4 32,6

Biomass Energy Potential of TurkeyBiomass Energy Potential of Turkey

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� Turkey is a countrywhich has richagricultural potentialwith 23.07 million haagricultural arable land.

� 18.11 million ha iscultivated andremaining part (5.59million ha) is fallowingland.

� Total amount ofagricultural solid wastein Turkey is 40-55million tones (Energypotential is around 15,5mtoe)

Agricultural Biomass Energy Potential of Turkey

Annual Crops

Annual

production(mtons)

Energy Potential

(mtoe)

Wheat straw 26,4 7,2

Barley straw 13,5 3,9

Maize stalk 4,2 1,2

Cotton cocoon shell 2,9 0,9

Sunflower shell 2,7 0,8

Sugar beet waste 2,3 0,7

Hazelnut shell 0,8 0,3

Oat straw 0,5 0,2

Rye straw 0,4 0,1

Rise husk 0,4 0,1

Fruit shell 0,3 0,1

Olive cake 0,75 0,3

Total 54,4 15,5

Ref. N. Saracoglu, Zero Emission Power Generation Workshop, 2007

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Biomass Potential of Turkey

Land Use of Turkey

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Conventional biomass plays a considerable role in energy production inTurkey. Wood is used as a major resource for directly cookingand heatingin rural regions but its use for energy production frommodern biomass israther new. Only 43% of total recoverable biomass is consumed forenergy production.

Mustafa Acaroğlu, Hasan Aydoğan, Biofuels energy sources and future of biofuels energy in Turkey, Biomass and Bioenergy, 36, 69-76, 2012

Current and Planned Energy Production by Biomass

7 Mteo

(19%)

4.6 Mteo

(12.5%)

5.7 Mteo

(15.6%)

4.4 Mteo

(12.2%)

8.6 Mteo

(23.8%)2 Mteo

(5.6%)

4.1 Mteo

(11.3%)

Regional Distribution of Biomass:

Agricultural Biomass Potential of Turkey Regional Biomass Energy Potential of Turkey

Forest Biomass Potential of Turkey

Dr. Işık Taşkıran, [email protected]

Forest Biomass Energy Potential of Turkey

Dr. Işık Taşkıran, [email protected]

Forest Biomass Energy Potential of Turkey

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Biogas Energy Potential of Turkey

The Amount of Biogas Available

Animal wasteAnimal number

Total amount of manure (t/year)

Amount of available biogas (m3/year)

Hard coal equivalent

(t/year)Cow 11.054.000 39.794.400 1.313.215.200 1.181.894

Sheep-Goat 38.030.000 26.621.000 1.544.018.000 1.389.616Poultry 243.510.453 5.357.230 417.863.937 376.078Total 292.594.453 71.772.630 3.275.097.137 2.947.588

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Installed Capacity

Number of Company

Production (2011)

Legislation

Bioethanol149,5 million

liter (PAPDK)

Konya Sugar, Tarkim, Tezkim,

Eskisehir Sugar

Less than 30 million liter

Gasoline2013 (%2) 2014 (%3)

Biodiesel1 Billion liter

(EPDK)36 (with licence), Production only 1

9,5 million liter

2013 (%1) 2014 (%2) 2015 (%3)

Biogas158 MW (EPDK)

32 (mostly landfill)

88,4 MW (2011)

13,3 $cent/kWh (10 years)

Bioethanol / Biodiesel / Biogas

www.mmo.org.tr/resimler/dosya_ekler/dd924b618b4d692_ek.pdf

DEK TMK Energy Report, 2011EPDK: Energy Market Requlatory Authority)

Applications (Landfill/Biogas)

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Landfill Based Power in Turkey�There have been 32 biomass plant licenses granted by EPDK,

with a total capacity of 158 MW.�80 MW of this capacity is in operation while 78 MWis under

construction.�The YEK Mechanismintroduced a feed-in tariff of $0.133 per

kWh for biomass.�One of the biggest players on the landfill gas front is Ortadogu

Energy, producing electricity fromIstanbul’s municipal waste.�For now the company has nearly 23 MWof production

capacity in operation and 13 MWunder construction.� ITC-KA holds 4 landfill gas licenses in Adana, Ankara and

Konya.�The company has 58.64 MWof total capacity; 38.17 MWof

this is already in operation.

Turkey’s Renewable Energy Sector from a Global Perspective, F. Sabuncu, M. Colakoglu, www.pwc.com.tr

Landfill Power Plants Landfill Power Plants

30http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/Kansendossier%20Landfills%20Turkey_1.pdf


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Komurcuoda Landfill Gas To Energy Plant

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Odayeri Landfill Gas To Energy Plant

Solaklar Landfill Gas To Energy Plant

http://ortadoguenerji.com.tr

Dilovasi Landfill Gas To Energy Plant


33http://www.agentschapnl.nl/sites/default/files/Kansendossier%20Landfills%20Turkey_1.pdf

Biogas Power Plants in TurkeyBiogas Power Plants in Turkey

Izaydas Biogas Power Plant (0,7 MW)

Pilot Biyogaz Tesis Çevrimi

Biogas Power Plants in TurkeyBiogas Power Plants in Turkey

Yaşar Üniversitesi, 19 Nisan 2013 35

Biogas Applications in Ege University

Ege University, Solar Energy Institute, Established Biogas Systems Places

Biogas Applications in Ege University

37www.thebioenergysite.com/.../turkey-biofuels-..

Biodiesel Production in TurkeyBiodiesel Production in Turkey

� There was rapid growth in investment in the biofuels sector inTurkey from2000 to 2005.

� In 2005, standards for bio-diesel were set by the TurkishStandards Institute in accordance with European UnionStandards.

� The introduction of mandatory application for licensing byEnergy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) approximately150 companies applied for license and only 48 of themreceivedone.

� The sector shrank in 2006 in response to unfavorable changes tothe regulatory environment and related tax laws.

� Currently, development of the biodiesel sector in Turkey isblocked by bureaucratic procedures and high tax rates.

� Although the Turkish bio-diesel production capacity is currently1.5 million tons per year, 2008 production was only about 25,000tons.

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39www.thebioenergysite.com/.../turkey-biofuels-..


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� Bio-ethanol production in Turkey followed a trend similar to bio-dieselproduction. Production first began in 2004.

� Initially the production cost of ethanol was higher than thecost ofgasoline.

� A decree passed in 2005 made domestically produced bio-ethanol exemptfrom special consumption tax.

� According to statistics, wheat, maize and sugar beet productions ofTurkey are 20, 4.3 and 15 million tons/year respectively.

� Current established capacity of bioethanol of Turkey is 160000 000(liter/year) annually.

� However, total bioethanol market of Turkey is 70 000 000 (liter/year)annually and this potential has not yet been put into use efficiently.

� The number of state sugar factories (Eskisehir, Erzurum, Turhal andMalatya) for ethanol production in Turkey are only four and their annualcapacity is 66 500 000 (liter/year).

� In addition to state sugar factories, there is a private company calledAmasya sugar factory for alcohol production.

Bioethanol Production in TurkeyBioethanol Production in Turkey

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Turkey EU USA Brazil China India

Number of plant 3 70 209 335 10 12Production 2010

(million liter) 30 6500 49400 29700 7000 1900Installed capacity

(million liter) 160 8536 54700 35700 8450 2000

www.dektmk.org.tr/upresimler/enerjikongresi12/89-DrFigenAr.pdf


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Name Place Main Fuel Power (MWth) Power (MWe) LHV (kCal/kg) Fuel (kh/h) Year

Paymar Yag Hatay Cotton, vegatable oil, coal 8,3 - 2500 3800 2006

Trakya Birlik Bursa Sun flower waste, coal 5,5 - 2800 2140 2004

Caykur Pazar Cay Rize Tea waste, coal 10,4 - 2000 5650 2006

Akfa Cay Giresun Tea waste, coal 10,4 - 2000 5650 2007

Meray Yag Merzifon Sun flower waste, coal 6,9 - 2800 2650 2008

Vezirkopru Orman Samsun Forestry waste, coal 2X12,5 - 3200 2X4100 2008

Oyka Kagit Caycuma Forestry waste, coal 28 6 3200 8850 2008

Gitas Yag Konya Sun flower waste, coal 6,6 - 2800 2250 2009

Marmara Tarimsal Bandirma Sun flower waste, coal 8,4 - 2800 3210 2007

Bat Oil Georgia Sun flower waste 8,4 - 2800 3210 2008

http://bof.bartin.edu.tr/journal/1302-0943/2011/Cilt13/Sayi19/2011-06.pdf

Biomass Combustion in Turkey Biomass Combustion in Turkey

Project Title: Combustion of Biomass and Lignite coal in Circulating Fluidized Bed

Project Duration: 3 Years (September 2008- September 2011)

Clients: EİE, OGMPartners: METU,TUBITAK,GAMASupporting bodies: TUBITAK

Taral 1007Innovative Aspects: Multi fuel

(biomass/coal) designcirculating fluidized bedcombustion and gascleaning systems for CHPapplications

Existing/Planned Systems:750 kWth CFB combustion

Industrial ApplicationOptions: Up to 15MWe

Biomass Combustion in TUBITAK MRCBiomass Combustion in TUBITAK MRC

Laboratory Scale CFB Combustion


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OYKA Wood Industry (based on wood chips)Grade fire biomass boiler

Thermal power: 26,6 MWth

Electrical power: 6 MWe

Steam production: 35.000 kg/h

VEZİRKOPRU Wood Industry (based on wood chips)Thermal power: 26 MWth

Hot oil production :22billion kCal

Steam production: 15 ton/h

Industrial Applications (MİMSAN)Biomass Combustion in Turkey Biomass Combustion in Turkey



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Local Biomass Combustion Systems in Turkey Local Biomass Combustion Systems in Turkey

http://pirina.data-ist.com/pirina-blog/

http://www.arikazan.com.tr/en/products/caria-series-wood-pellet-fired-boilers.html


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CFB Gasifier (150 kWth) � BFB Gasifier 450 kWth)� Downdraft Gasifier (70 kg/h)

Downdraft Gasifier

BFB Gasifier

18-19 Haziran 2013 Çorum-Afyon Semineri 54

Biomass Gasification System in TUBITAK MRC

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Biomass Pellet Sector in Turkey

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Biomass Pellet Sector in Turkey

� A Research group from Ege University, Solar Energy Institute conducts research on biogasproduction from animal manure, torrefaction, combustion/gasification of biomass, biodieselproduction (Prof. Dr. Gunnur Kocar,[email protected].

� Research groups from Marmara Research Center of TÜBITAK conducts research from fuelpreparation to combustion and gasification of biomass, Berrin Engin,[email protected]

� A research group from Ege University, Chemistry Departmentconducts research on pyrolysis ofagricultural and forestry wastes, industrial wastes (scrap tires, waste sludge etc.) in a fixed-bedreactor; hydrothermal liquefaction and hydro carbonization of agricultural, animal and industrialwastes; steam gasification of agricultural wastes (Prof. Dr. Jale YANIK [email protected])

� A research group from Ege University, Chemical EngineeringDepartment conducts research onsuper critic water extraction of agricultural wastes and waste sludge (Prof. Dr. Levent BALLİ[email protected])

� A research group from Anadolu University, Chemical Engineering Department conducts researchon pyrolysis of agricultural biomasses in a fixed-bed reactor (Prof. Dr. Ersan PÜTÜ[email protected])

� A research group from Marmara University, Mechanical Engineering Department conductsresearch on biomass fuel characterisation, Prof. Dr. SibelOzdogan,[email protected]

� A research group from Middle East Technical University, Environmental EngineeringDepartment, conducts research on combustion and Cofiring applications, Prof. Dr. Aysel Atimtay,[email protected]

� A research group from Istanbul Technical University, Chemical Engineering Department conductsresearch n biomass gasification and gas cleaning, hydrogenproduction, biomass combustion,Prof. Dr. Husnu Atakul,[email protected]

The Role of Turkish Universities in Biomass Energy The Role of Turkish Universities in Biomass Energy

ConclusionsConclusions

Thanks For Your Attention

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Documents

Status of Bioenergy in Turkey (H. Olgun, University of Ege, Izmir)