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Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995
Steel Construction
Advisory Standard 2004
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Important information about
this standard
1. It replaces the Workplace Health and
Safety (Steel Construction) Advisory
Standard 1999 .
2. It was made on 7 September 2004.
3. It commences on 10 September 2004.
What is this standard about?
The Steel Construction Advisory Standard 2004
states ways to manage exposure to the risk ofinjury or death to persons undertaking steelconstruction.
What is an advisory standard?
An advisory standard is a document that statesways to manage exposure to a risk. If you havea workplace health and safety obligation thatrequires you to identify and manage exposureto a risk and there is an advisory standardabout that risk, you can meet your obligationby following the advice in the standard.Alternatively, you may meet your obligation byadopting another way to identify and manageexposure to the risk.
Workplace health and safety obligations and
the Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995
The Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995
imposes obligations on people at workplacesto ensure workplace health and safety.Workplace health and safety is ensured whenpersons are free from death, injury or illnesscreated, by workplaces, workplace activities orspecified high risk plant.
How can l meet my obligations?
Under the Act, there are three types ofinstruments made to help you meet yourworkplace health and safety obligations,regulations, advisory standards and industrycodes of practice.
1. If there is a regulation about a risk - you must do what the regulation says.
2. If there is an advisory standard or anindustry code of practice about a risk - you must either:
• do what the standard or code says; or
• adopt another way that identifies andmanages exposure to the risk and takereasonable precautions and exerciseproper diligence about the risk.
3. If there is no regulation, advisory standardor industry code of practice about a risk -you must: choose an appropriate way to dischargeyour workplace health and safetyobligation for exposure to the risk and takereasonable precautions and exerciseproper diligence to ensure that theobligation is discharged.
Note: Some terms used in this advisory
standard are defined in the Dictionary in
Appendix 5.
© Department of Industrial Relations 2004
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Contents
Section 1. Introduction __________________________________________________________________4
1.1 Risk and steel construction ______________________________________________41.2 What is steel construction work __________________________________________4
Section 2. Control of risk through planning__________________________________________________5
2.1 Planning to control the risk ______________________________________________52.2 Construction workplace plans and work method statements____________________52.3 Who must prepare construction workplace plans and work method statements ____52.4 Factors to be considered in planning ______________________________________52.5 Designers ____________________________________________________________52.6 Principal contractors ____________________________________________________62.7 Fabricators ____________________________________________________________72.8 Erectors ______________________________________________________________7
Section 3 Work systems ________________________________________________________________8
3.1 Prioritise control measures ______________________________________________83.2 Working at heights ______________________________________________________83.3 Risk of a person falling less than 2.4 metres ________________________________83.4 Controls to prevent falls from heights ______________________________________83.5 Work platforms ________________________________________________________93.6 Fall-prevention systems ________________________________________________113.7 Fall-arrest systems ____________________________________________________123.8 Emergency recovery ____________________________________________________153.9 Edge protection systems ________________________________________________153.10 Fall protection covers __________________________________________________15
Section 4 Falling objects ________________________________________________________________15
4.1 Tool lanyards__________________________________________________________164.2 Lift boxes ____________________________________________________________164.3 Securing the load ______________________________________________________164.4 Containment sheeting __________________________________________________194.5 Toeboards ____________________________________________________________204.6 Exclusion zones ______________________________________________________20
Section 5 Structure integrity ____________________________________________________________20
5.1 Building stability ______________________________________________________205.2 Bracing ______________________________________________________________215.3 Column stability ______________________________________________________215.4 Beam stability ________________________________________________________215.5 Alignment of bolts ____________________________________________________215.6 Chemical and mechanical anchors ________________________________________215.7 Paint touch-up when erecting steel components ____________________________22
Section 6 Cranes ____________________________________________________________________22
6.1 Outriggers – crane set-up ______________________________________________226.2 Operating signals ______________________________________________________236.3 Lifting loads __________________________________________________________236.4 Lifting loads near persons ______________________________________________236.5 Crane types __________________________________________________________236.6 Precautions when travelling and manoeuvring with a load ____________________246.7 Multiple crane lifts ____________________________________________________246.8 Precautions with ‘lattice boom’ cranes ____________________________________246.9 Precautions with ‘hydraulic boom’ cranes __________________________________25
9.10 Loading of cranes______________________________________________________256.11 Load rating charts and indicators ________________________________________25
Appendix 1 – Risk management in steel construction – Falls from height __________________________27
A1.1 The processes of risk management ______________________________________27A1.2 Hazard identification __________________________________________________27A1.3 Risk assessment ______________________________________________________27A1.4 Risk control __________________________________________________________27A1.5 Monitor and review control measures ____________________________________28
Appendix 2 –Erection procedure for portal frame buildings ____________________________________29
A2.1 General ______________________________________________________________29A2.1.1 Portal frame buildings __________________________________________________29A2.1.2 Bracing systems ______________________________________________________29
A2.2 Type of main frame ____________________________________________________30
A2.3 Erection procedure for main frame with the braced bay located
within the building ____________________________________________________31
A2.3.1 Erection of first braced bay ______________________________________________31A2.3.2 Erection of end bay ____________________________________________________31A2.3.3 Erection of end frame with first braced ____________________________________32A2.3.4 Erection of additional portals ____________________________________________32A2.3.5 Erection of next braced bay______________________________________________33A2.3.6 Erection of last end bay ________________________________________________33
A2.4 Erection procedure for main frame with braced bay located in the end bay ______33
A2.4.1 Erection of first braced__________________________________________________33A2.4.2 Erection of additional portals ____________________________________________35A2.4.3 Erection of next braced bay______________________________________________35
A2.5 Erection of remaining building components________________________________36
A2.5.1 Purlins ______________________________________________________________36A2.5.2 Girts ________________________________________________________________36A2.5.3 Roof sheeting ________________________________________________________36A2.5.4 Wall sheeting or tilt-up panels __________________________________________36
View of typical building showing arrangements of components ________________37
Appendix 3 – Published technical standards __________________________________________________38
Australian Standards __________________________________________________________38
Appendix 4 –Obligations __________________________________________________________________39
Obligations of employers ______________________________________________________39Obligations of self-employed persons ____________________________________________39Obligations of persons conducting a business or undertaking ________________________39Obligations of principal contractors ______________________________________________39Obligations of designers of plant ________________________________________________40Obligations of manufacturers of plant ____________________________________________40Obligations of suppliers of plant ________________________________________________41Obligations of erectors and installers of plant ______________________________________41Obligations of owners of high risk plant __________________________________________41Obligations of workers and other persons at a workplace ____________________________41
Appendix 5 – The dictionary________________________________________________________________43
Appendix 6 – Safety checklist – Steel erection ________________________________________________45
Appendix 7 – Sample of engineer’s certification letter for the use of rigger’s posts __________________49
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Section 1. Introduction
1.1 Risk and steel construction
This advisory standard provides advice aimedat preventing the risk of injury or death topersons undertaking steel construction andother persons at the workplace.
1.2 What is steel construction work?
Steel construction is any work to erectassembled portions and single componentsof structural steel, such as:
• columns;
• beams;
• bracing;
• rafters;
• purlins;
• girts;
• bridging and fly bracing;
• trusses; and
• other related steelwork for example, freestanding structures.
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Section 2. Control of risk through
planning
2.1 Planning to control risk
Planning is an effective control measure forpreventing the risk of injury or death arisingfrom steel construction. Designers, principalcontractors, erectors and fabricators have animportant role in planning the work.
2.2 Construction workplace plans and work
method statements.
Part 8 of the Workplace Health and Safety
Regulation 1997 sets out the requirementsfor preparing construction workplace plansand work method statements. The contentsof a construction workplace plan are listed inSection 56 of the regulation. A constructionworkplace plan must be prepared before anyconstruction work starts at the workplace.The contents of a work method statement arelisted in Section 58 of the regulation. A workmethod statement must be prepared beforeany high risk construction activity starts.Section 57 of the regulation describes what ismeant by ‘high risk construction activity’.Construction work is building work, civilconstruction work or demolition work.
2.3 Who must prepare construction
workplace plans and work method
statements?
Part 8 of the Workplace Health and Safety
Regulation 1997 prescribes the requirementsfor who must prepare construction workplaceplans and work method statements. A principalcontractor must ensure that a constructionworkplace plan is prepared before constructionwork starts at the workplace. An employer orself-employed person must prepare or directthe preparation of a work method statementfor a high risk construction activity.
This advisory standard may be used to helppersons identify what control measures needto be written into the construction workplace
plan or work method statement when a riskof injury arising from steel construction hasbeen identified.
2.4 Factors to be considered in planning
The designer, principal contractor, fabricatorand the erector must hold discussions aboutthe structure to be erected. The discussionsshould address the hazards, associated risksand control measures that will beimplemented during the steel constructionwork and cover all phases of the project. Inaddition to the risks of falls from heights,falling objects and the stability of structure,the discussion should consider other factorssuch as the sequence and the method oferection, in particular:
(a) access to work areas where erection istaking place;
(b) location of other trades relative to theerection work;
(c) restricted areas and the need forbarricades; and
(d) criteria for safety e.g. sequentialerection.
Further details, available in ‘Appendix 1 -
Example of risk management in steel
construction - Falls from heights’.
2.5 Designers
It is critical that the designer considers thesafe erection of the steel structure andprovides guidance to the steel erector. This isparticularly important with modern designswhere ‘limit state’ design techniques areused by the designer. In this system thedesign engineer considers the structure in itscompleted form with all the members andbracing installed. The structure can thenwithstand much higher loads, e.g. wind andother live loads, than when the structure is inthe construction stage. With this in mind it isnecessary for the designer to provideguidance to the steel erector on how thestructure will remain standing as it is built.
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An effective planning process enables adesigner to eliminate risks at the designstage before steel construction work starts.Designers should, for example, take intoaccount the safe work methods to be usedduring erection. Areas that should beconsidered at each design stage include:
(a) the stability at all stages of erection ofthe assembled portions and singlecomponents;
(b) maximum permissible wind speed forerecting the steel structure;
(c) the effect of the erection sequence onstability;
(d) an assessment of loadings at all stagesof construction;
(e) the safe access and workingenvironment;
(f ) the ease of connecting components, forexample the provision of landing cleats;
(g) clear instructions for the requirement oftemporary bracing. Where it isrecognised by the design engineer thattemporary bracing will be required, itshould be detailed on the drawings sothat the erector can make provision forsuch bracing and riggers do not have toaccess an unstable structure;
(h) the handling, lifting, storing, stackingand transportation of componentsdepending on their size, shape andweight. Identifiable lifting points andcomponent weights should be specified.For sub-assemblies, it is critical thatoverall weight and lifting points areidentified on all drawings for example,design drawings and as-built drawings;
(i) the requirement for specific liftingarrangements to be detailed onstructural member drawings to facilitatesafe lifting;
(j) the information required for safe erectionof the structure. This information shouldinclude any special conditions. Special
conditions relating to the safe erection ofthe structure should be highlighted on alldocumentation at the pre-contract stage,for example, the need for temporarybracing/guying or the use of mobileaccess platforms;
(k) if the erection technique involves the useof a ‘rigger’s post system’, verificationthat the structure can withstand theloadings that may be applied by these;
(l) the grades of steel including bolts andmeans for fabrication of componentssuch as welding, are in accordance withrelevant ‘Standards’; and
(m) consider the option of assembling theunit on the ground to reduce the numberof fixings or connections made whenworking at heights.
2.6 Principal contractors
Factors that should be considered by theprincipal contractor when planning theproject include:
(a) the number of contractors. Where anumber of contractors are to beemployed on the project and there is alikelihood of injury because of theactions of any one contractor, planningshould provide for sufficient physical ortime separation to ensure the work byeach contractor can be carried out safely;
(b) the scheduled time frames for steelconstruction. The scheduled time framesshould provide enough time for the steelto be constructed in a safe manner;
(c) the frequency of site meetings to discusshealth and safety issues on site. Thetiming of site meetings should ensuresafe working practices are developed,implemented and maintained by allcontractors as the various phases of theproject are reached;
(d) how any modifications to the structuralbuilding layout, or any other additions,substitutions or remedial work
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considered necessary, will affect theworkplace health and safety plan; and
(e) how the accuracy of each employer's workwill be reviewed to determine if it complieswith the required level of safety specifiedin the workplace health and safety plan.Where the accuracy is not specificallydetailed, the tolerances to the relevant‘Standard’ should be used. Failure toensure the integrity of each employerswork could lead to unsafe workingconditions by other contractors working onthe project and may compromise thestability of the building or its componentparts especially during erection.
2.7 Fabricators
A fabricator is an employer or self-employedperson who fabricates structural steelcomponents for buildings and otherstructures. When planning the work thefabricator should take into account:
(a) the sequence for delivery of each stageof the structural steel;
(b) the need for locating numbers to beclearly marked on steel components. This will allow the components to beeasily identified for the sequence oferection. Consideration should also begiven to identifying the lifting points onsteel components to allow loads to belifted in a safe manner;
(c) how members will be supported andtheir ends tied and held to preventuncontrolled movement of the steelwhile it is being loaded, transported,unloaded, moved and located; and
(d) marking of steel members with theirmass - steel to be marked should bedetermined after consultation betweenthe steel erector and the steel fabricator.
2.8 Erectors
An erector is an employer who erectsstructural steel components for buildings,and employs a person experienced in theerection of structural steel, certificated as a‘rigger’. When planning the work, the erectorshould take into account:
(a) the method to be used when erecting thestructure. The method should bedeveloped in accordance with thedrawings, specification followingdiscussions with the designer and theprincipal contractor;
(b) how the structure will be erected payingparticular attention to bracing bays andtemporary bracing;
(c) plant to be used for the work.Consideration should be given toindicating the size, type, position andcoverage of the proposed erection crane(s)on a site plan. In addition, locations suchas unloading points and storage areas (ifany) should be shown. Considerationshould be given to the required craneusage in the overall plan including access,working radii and boom clearances;
(d) the stability requirements for allcomponents of the structure;
(e) the proposed methods for handlingcomponents;
(f ) the possibility for pre-assembly, on theground, of members prior to installationand the movement and location of heavymembers; and
(g) that ground conditions are suitable toallow plant to be moved and used in a safemanner at the workplace. For example, inmuddy conditions an operator may losecontrol of a mobile crane when driving to anew location at the site.
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Section 3 Work systems
3.1 Prioritise control measures
The primary risks to the health and safety ofpersons involved in steel construction workare falls from heights, falling objects, collapseof the structure and plant engaged in the steelconstruction work. Risk management plays animportant role in the management ofworkplace health and safety. It is a logical andsystematic approach which can result in areduction in the incidence of injury andillness. Appendix 1 – ‘Risk management in
steel construction – falls from heights’,provides detailed information on this issue.
The control measures implemented to addressthese risks should be implemented in priorityorder. This is called the ‘hierarchy of control’.
The primary task is to determine whether therisk can be eliminated. Where this is notpossible, substitution for a less hazardousmethod should be considered. If this is notpossible, consideration should be given to eachof the other controls, isolation/engineeringcontrols, administrative controls and as a lastresort, the use of personal protective equipment(PPE). These should be considered in turn,starting with substitution and working downto the use of PPE. This should occur until acontrol or combination of controls areidentified which can then achieve therequired reduction in risk.
3.2 Working at heights
3.3 Risk of a person falling less than
2.4 metres
The Workplace Health and Safety Regulation
1997 prescribes the requirements for controlsto be in place where a person can fall morethan 2.4 metres (see Section 183 of theWorkplace Health and Safety Regulation
1997). However a person may be exposed tothe risk of injury and death from a fall of anyheight and principal contractors, employers,self-employed persons and workers all have
obligations under the Workplace Health and
Safety Act 1995 where a person can fall lessthan 2.4 metres (see Part 3 of the Workplace
Health and Safety Act 1995).
3.4 Controls to prevent falls from heights
The control measures to prevent death orinjury from a fall should be in place beforework commences. Persons carrying out steelconstruction work at a height of 2.4 metres ormore may be exposed to the risk of death orinjury from falling. Several control measuresare available in these circumstances, and morethan one control measure may be necessary.
Ground level prefabrication should beconsidered as a fall prevention strategy. To reduce the need to work at heights, some alternative means of erection are:
(a) construct as much of the steelwork aspossible at ground level or from erectedfloor slabs or decks in the structure. Thisshould be taken into consideration whenplanning the work;
(b) where possible, the lifting sling or deviceshould be released from floor level bythe use of long slings, remote releaseshackles or other suitable devices (referto Figure 5 in section 4.3.5, ‘Erecting
steel components – Columns’); and
(c) the use of fall-arrest harnesses is not thepreferred control measure for personsworking on steel construction as thesedo not actually prevent a fall fromoccurring. Wherever possible andpracticable the use of a method whichreduces the risk of a person falling, e.g.perimeter guardrail, elevating workplatforms (EWPs), should be selected.
Control measures that may prevent the risk ofdeath or injury from falls from heights include:
(a) work platforms;
(b) fall prevention systems;
(c) fall arrest systems;
(d) edge protection systems; and
(e) fall protection covers.
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3.5 Work platforms
3.5.1 Fabricated working platforms
These platforms can be used in manylocations as they can be designed to fit avariety of beam and column configurations.
A work platform should be secured againstuplift or displacement to a structure andinstalled with edge protection systems. Thearea of the platform should be of a size andstrength to carry the tools, materials andpersons required to work from it.
Working platforms should be designed by anengineer and should not be less than 450mm in width or length.
3.5.2 Elevating work platforms (EWPs)
An elevating work platform means a
telescoping, scissor or articulating device or
any combination thereof used to position
personnel, equipment and materials at work
locations, and to provide a working area for
persons elevated by and working from the
platform.
EWPs include scissor lifts, boom lifts andtruck mounted EWPs (travel towers). EWPsare primarily designed so that a person maywork at an elevated position, on a structurefrom within the confines of the EWP platformor basket.
EWPs are regularly used for steelconstruction. They provide an efficient accesssystem and are preferable to other methodsthat involve the use of fall-arrest systems,because they reduce the risk of a falloccurring. Both boom lifts and scissor liftsare used in steel erection.
EWPs are used as access for workers to helpposition steelwork as it is being lifted by acrane. They are also used by workers wheninstalling and tightening bolts.
EWPs are not specifically designed for aperson to move from the platform to gain
access onto another elevated surface,although they are sometimes used in thisapplication instead of other moreconventional forms of access, such asscaffold stair access towers.
In some situations EWPs may not be suitablefor providing access/egress onto a roof orstructure due to factors such as the following.
• The number of workers required to accessthe roof/structure may be in excess ofwhat an EWP could safely transport in theevent of having to provide emergencyevacuation from the roof/structure.
• The platform on the EWP can move as theperson gets in and out with the potentialfor the person to fall through the gap – whenthe platform is beside the roof/structure.
• There is a possibility that the EWP can beremoved from the access area whilepersons are located at height.
• The stability of the unit relies on firm andlevel ground. This is not the case on someconstruction sites.
• In comparison with stair access, an EWP isnot available for access at all timesbecause it takes time to raise and lowerpersons. This issue becomes a greaterproblem when more workers are requiredto work on the roof or structure.
Where an EWP has been selected to provideaccess for workers onto a roof/structure thesystem of access should be safe. Factors thatshould be ensured include the following.
• The EWP should not be used for any otherpurpose and should not be driven awayfrom the building.
• The area around the EWP should be free ofvehicular traffic.
• The ground condition should be suitablefor the use of the EWP.
• The EWP should not be used near liveelectrical power lines.
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• Boom-type EWPs with a boom length of 11 metres or more require a certificate to operate the unit, or the operator shouldbe directly supervised by the holder of a certificate.
• All operators of EWPs should becompetent and adequately trained.
• A competent person should be available atground level to lower the platform in caseof malfunction.
• Where the EWP platform is raised so that itis next to the roof/structure edge, the gapbetween the landing and the platformshould not exceed 100 mm.
• The platform should be secured againstsideways movement as necessary (i.e. theplatform should not move as workers geton and off – this may be more of an issuewith smaller EWPs). Where the platform issecured, it is preferable to use a restraintsystem that does not snag on the buildingwhen the platform is lowered.
• Safe access and egress should beprovided by either:
a) a guardrail system at roof/structurelevel that extends at least 1.5 metreseither side of the gate on the platformof the EWP. The gate on the EWPshould be inward opening so thatworkers are not required to climb overthe top of the guardrail; or
b) the use of a safety harness byworkers, or a system that will preventa worker, who is entering or leavingthe EWP, from falling off or through thestructure. This may require the use ofa ‘double lanyard’ system. On a steeproof workers should be provided witha means to prevent them sliding downand/or off the roof.
All persons in boom-type EWPs should wear afull body harness and energy absorber typelanyard attached to an anchorage point in thebasket of the EWP.
In some situations EWPs may be used to liftlighter steelwork, e.g. purlins, girts andbridging, where the EWP manufacturer statesthat this is an acceptable practice.
The following points should be noted whenlifting steelwork with an EWP.
• Total load on the EWP including workersand materials must not exceed the ‘ratedcapacity’, sometimes referred to as ‘safeworking load’ (SWL), of the platform.
• Steelwork must not be loaded so that itwill damage the EWP in any way orbecome imbalanced.
• Where an EWP is used to lift steelcomponents, the steelwork should not beloaded onto the EWP guardrails, as thismay damage the guardrails or allow thesteelwork to roll off the platform. A ‘purposebuilt’ cradle to hold the steelwork shouldbe used. Cradles should be designed by acompetent person and not make theoperation of the EWP unsafe in any way.
• A ‘purpose built’ cradle, used inconjunction with a crane, should beconsidered to install steelwork.
• The EWP must never be used to force thesteelwork into place, this places excessiveload on the unit.
• The working surface for the EWP must belevel, firm, have clear access and no stepup or step down on the floor slab.
• EWPs used for steel erection must berated for outdoor use and the effects ofwind loading must be considered.
• Workers in boom type EWPs must use full-body harness with an energy absorbertype lanyard attached to an anchoragepoint in the basket of the EWP.
3.5.3 Temporary working platforms
These platforms can be fitted to members atground level before erection or lifted intoposition following the erection of steelwork.
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3.5.4 Work boxes
A work box is a personnel-carrying devicedesigned to be suspended from a crane,which provides an elevated working area forpersons working from the box. Persons usinga workbox should be attached, at all times,by a full body safety harness, lanyard andenergy absorber to a suitable anchoragepoint located within the workbox or to themain sling ring above the workers heads. Fallarrest attachments must not be placed in thethroat of the lift hook. Where a workbox isused, at least one person in the workboxmust be competent in crane signals, forexample a dogger.
3.5.5 Design
Workboxes should be specifically designedfor that purpose and:
(a) have slings permanently attached bylocked shackles or a hammer lockdevice;
(b) have a factor of safety of eachsuspension sling of at least 8 for chainsand 10 for wire rope;
(c) be marked with the ‘rated capacity’, taremass of the workbox and identificationreference;
(d) have sides with a height of at least onemetre in height;
(e) if provided with a door, should be inwardopening only, self closing and beprovided with a latch to preventaccidental opening; and
(f ) should only be used to lift persons andtheir equipment.
3.5.6 Lifting of work box
Where a crane is used to lift work boxes, thecrane should:
(a) be fitted with a hook that has a springloaded operable latch to preventinadvertent release of the load;
(b) be fitted with a functioning over hoistingdevice such as an anti-two-block;
(c) be equipped with a dead-man control onpower lowering to produce self-centringand automatic brake engagement;
(d) be equipped with a lockout control onthe crane free fall function to preventfree fall of the lift box and its contents;
(e) at the maximum radius of the task to beperformed, have a minimum ‘ratedcapacity’ of 1000kg; and
(f ) have a minimum ‘rated capacity’ of atleast twice the total load of the workboxand its contents, at the maximum radiusfor the task to be performed.
3.5.7 Crane operator
Where a crane is used to lift work boxes, thecrane operator should:
(a) remain at the controls of the crane at alltimes while the work box is occupied bya person; and
(b) ensure that the work box and itscontents are moved under poweredconditions, at all times.
Guidance on the design and safe use ofworkboxes and cranes is also provided in AS
1418.17 Cranes (including hoists and
winches) – Design and construction of
workboxes and AS 2550.1. Cranes, hoists and
winches – Safe use – General requirements.
3.6 Fall-prevention systems
Personal fall-prevention systems that do notallow a person to get into a falling situationare preferred over those that arrest a persononce the person has fallen. These are travelrestraint devices where a person is tetheredto an anchorage point to restrain the personfrom reaching an unprotected edge. Theanchorage points should be capable ofsupporting the load.
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Figure 1. Fall-arrest harness
3.7 Fall-arrest systems
A fall-arrest system is designed to arrest thefall of a person. It consists of a full fall-arrestharness connected to a lanyard assembly and attached to a fall-arrest static line or ananchorage point where there is a risk of free fall.
The use of fall-arrest harnesses is not thepreferred control measure for persons workingon steel construction as these do not actuallyprevent a fall from occurring. Where everpossible and practicable select a method whichreduces the risk of a person falling, e.g.perimeter guardrail, EWPs.
The Workplace Health and Safety Regulation
1997 – Part 18 states the requirements forconstruction work where there is a risk aperson could fall, including the requirementsfor the use of ‘travel restraint’ and ‘fall-arrestharness’ systems.
Australian/New Zealand Standard seriesAS/NZS 1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems and
devices provides guidance on all aspects offall-arrest systems and should be consultedbefore installing or using any fall-arrest system.
The use of a fall-arrest harness system haslimitations.
• There can be difficulties finding or designinganchorage points that will have adequatecapacity to resist fall-arrest loads.Individual fall-arrest anchorages require acapacity of at least 15 kN (i.e. suspendinga load of 1.5 tonne), and static linesrequire anchorages with higher strengths.
• Locating fall-arrest anchorages points onframes is not ideal because the frame isusually the highest part of the building. Asanchorage points generally cannot belocated directly above head height, thedistance a person falls will be greater.
• Most manufacturers of fall-arrest inertiareels state that the reel is to be locateddirectly above head height, with the userworking in a small arc below the device –this can rarely be achieved on steelwork.
• In the event of a fall, the fall-arrest line cansometimes come in contact with an edge,and may fail in some situations.
• The system requires substantial clearancedistances below the working surface toensure that the worker does not hit theground or other obstruction prior to thefall being arrested.
• The system requires high levels of trainingand supervision to ensure its safe use. Itwill also require the active participation andco-operation of users to operate effectively.
• Ropes and lanyards can become entangledand snagged on obstructions. This can bea particular problem when a number ofworkers are on the work area.
• It can be difficult to have an effectiverescue procedure to ensure users arerescued before injury occurs, without
putting others at risk. Persons suspendedin harnesses after falling can loseconsciousness or suffer modified cardiacrhythm if not rescued promptly.
• Even when a system is set up correctly, aperson using it may be injured. The systemdoes not prevent a fall from occurring – rather,it prevents the user from colliding with theground or an obstruction underneath. Theuser may still receive some injury as aresult of the fall due to factors such as:
(1) swinging into an obstruction prior tothe fall being arrested;
(2) falling in an unusual manner (e.g.sideways) so that the fall-arrest force isnot transmitted to the body in the bestpossible manner; and
(3) the harness not operating as designedbecause the user is in an irregularshape (e.g. obese).
Fall protection may be provided by the use offall-arrest harnesses where other controlmeasures cannot be used. Fall-arrestharnesses, lanyards and static lines provide adegree of fall protection, provided thefollowing points are taken into account:
(a) all persons who may be exposed to therisk of falling, e.g. riggers, should beproperly trained and supervised in theuse of the equipment;
(b) all persons who may be exposed to therisk of falling, e.g. riggers using fallprotection such as a fall-arrest harness,should not work in isolation;
(c) a lanyard assembly should be as short aspossible and the working slack length notmore than 2 metres, to minimise thependulum effect;
(d) the fall-arrest anchorage point should belocated so that the lanyard can be attachedbefore the user moves into a position wherethey would be at risk from a fall. Anchoragepoints should have a force capacity of15kN for a single person. Static lineanchorages require greater capacities;
(e) travelling anchorages should also belocated so that the lanyard can beattached to a travelling anchorage beforethe user moves into position; and
(f ) the components of a fall-arrest systemshould be compatible. The use of non-compatible components could lead toineffective equipment that presents a riskof the user being injured from a fall.
3.7.1 ‘Rigger’s post’ systems
‘Rigger’s post’ is a term used to describe poststhat are used as anchorages for a horizontalfall arrest line (static line). These are often setup along the top of portal frame steelstructures and are intended to arrest anypotential falls from the steelwork. There hasbeen an increase in the use of riggers postswith some systems being fabricated by steelerection companies. These systems should beverified as ‘fit for purpose’ as there may be arisk of failure of such systems or the supportingstructure in the event of a fall occurring.
Fall arrest loadings on end anchorages can beextremely high due to shock loading that canresult when a user has a ‘free fall’ and due toother factors such as triangulation of the load.
In addition to high loadings a fall arrest linemust stop a person’s fall before hitting theground or another obstruction. Althoughsystems that use synthetic rope or webbingreduce end anchorage loadings, they requiregreater vertical clearances underneath the linebecause of extra stretch and can causeadditional bounce. In some situations more than8 metres may be required underneath the line.
Prior to using a rigger’s post fall arrest systemon a building under construction the buildingdesigner should be consulted to determine ifthe structure is strong enough to support thesystem, while the building is being erected.The designer should be made aware of theproposed locations of the rigger’s posts andat what stages of construction these are to be installed.
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If the designer states the structure cannot safelysupport the rigger’s post system, alternativemethods of construction such as the use ofelevating work platforms should be considered.
Static line systems should be verified by acompetent person to be safe and without risk tohealth when used properly. Any verificationshould include all parts of the fall arrest system,as used on site, and not parts in isolation. Forinstance, a rigger’s post may be very strong initself, but if the supporting framework or methodof attachment is structurally inadequate thesystem may fail when a person falls.
Verification should include:
• the design of the rigger’s post and the methodof attaching the static line to the post;
• the method of attaching posts to thesupporting structure;
• the minimum strength of the supportingstructure (the designer may wish to specifya minimum steel section size for attachingthe posts – support provided to the steelsection would also need to be considered);
• the specification of the static line –material type, size, pre-tension etc;
• the maximum span of the line betweenposts;
• the minimum amount of vertical clearancerequired underneath the line; and
• the maximum number of persons to beusing the line at any one time.
Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS
1891.2 Industrial fall-arrest systems and
devices – Horizontal lifeline and rail systems,provides guidance on the design and testingof static lines. One means of verificationwould be for a suitably qualified engineer toverify the design of the rigger’s post andstatic line system complies with therequirements of the Australian Standard.
Where testing is selected to verify thesystem, it should reflect the way the static
line is set up and used on site and be severeenough to demonstrate that the system willnot cause injury to the user. It is advisable fortesting to be undertaken by an independenttesting organisation that has experience infall arrest equipment.
Any testing should demonstrate that thesystem does not fail in such a manner that auser will hit the ground or an obstruction.
Workplace health and safety inspectors mayrequire verification for rigger’s post or staticline systems when visiting workplaces. It isadvisable that documentation verifying the safedesign of these systems is available on site.
When working with an extended line such asa fall-arrest system, there is a concern that ifa worker fell and was suspended, injuriesmay result because the ‘pendulum effect’.Where it can be anticipated that the workmay have to be undertaken with the use of afall-arrest system, planned anchorage pointsshould be in place to help reduce the lengthof line that is to be connected to the rigger.
Figure 2. Pendulum effect
Figure 2 also shows the fall arrest linecontacting an edge and in some situationsthe line may also fail.
3.8 Emergency recovery
A system must be in place to quickly retrievefallen workers whenever a fall-arrest harnessis used. Persons with responsibilities shouldensure that adequate training andsupervision are provided to allow effectiverecovery when required.
Research indicates that persons can loseconsciousness or suffer modified cardiacrhythm in 2-12 minutes.
3.9 Edge protection systems
All edge protection is to comply with theWorkplace Health and Safety Regulation 1997
(see Section 185 of the Workplace Health and
Safety Regulation 1997).
Edge protection consists of a system of rails,mesh, sheeting or other material) used toprevent persons falling off a platform or othersurface. Edge protection should consist ofcomponents designed to withstand the forcesimposed upon them if a person fell against it,it should have a top rail or edge at least 900 mm above the platform or other surface.
Where mid-rails are used they should be placedbetween the top rail and the platform or othersurface so that no more than 450mm existsbetween adjacent rails and must have either:
• a bottom rail fitted no more than 250mmor less than 150mm above the platform; or
• a toeboard for the platform that is at least150mm high.
3.10 Fall protection covers
All holes and openings, other than lift shaftsand stairwells should be protected to preventpersons falling. A fall protection cover is aprotective structure placed over a hole oropening to prevent a person from fallingthrough the hole or opening. A fall protectioncover should be capable of supporting theimpact of a person falling onto it.
Where a fall protection cover is used on anopening, it should be secured againstmovement and should not be used as aworking platform. An example is metal meshspread on top of purlins or battens to preventpersons from falling between the purlins orbattens, the metal mesh should not be usedas a working platform (see Section 186 of theWorkplace Health and Safety Regulation 1997).
Section 4 Falling objects
Work activities, such as working at heightsand lifting loads over work areas are likely toproduce falling objects. Work should notcommence until controls are put in place toprevent the risk of injury to workers and otherpersons from falling objects. Refer to Part 19of Workplace Health and Safety Regulation
1997 for the requirements for protection ofthe public from falling objects.
Control measures that should be used toprevent falling objects, and resultant injuries,in steel construction are:
(a) tool lanyards;
(b) lift boxes;
(c) securing the load;
(d) containment sheeting;
(e) toeboards; and
(f ) exclusion zones.
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4.1 Tool lanyards
A tool lanyard is a short rope or webbingused to secure tools and equipment to ananchorage point to reduce the risk of injuryfrom a failing object. The tool lanyard may beattached to an anchorage point such as theperson using the tool (see Figure 3), oraround a column or beam.
Figure 3. Tool attached by lanyard to wrist.
A lanyard should be made from material suchas synthetic fibre, natural fibre or steel ropeor webbing which will maintain the requiredstrength and resistance to abrasion underharsh conditions. Consideration should begiven to the length of rope or webbing usedto secure a tool, especially if the tool is to beused near the edge of a working platform andother persons are working below. For example,a tool lanyard attached at the wrist shouldhave a length no longer than 300 mm. Thiswill ensure that if the tool is dropped, thelanyard would not allow the tool to hit a personworking below. The length of the lanyardshould also be kept to a minimum to reducethe risk of the line snagging as the workermoves about.
For example, a rigger who is erecting steel
may secure working tools to his or her body
by a lanyard to prevent a person below from
being hit by a dropped tool.
4.2 Lift boxes
A lift box is a container suspended from acrane or hoist to transport plant and/ormaterials. It should be fully sheeted andenclose the load.
4.3 Securing the load
4.3.1 Wire ropes, chains and lifting slings
Chains and auxiliary fittings should bethoroughly cleaned and periodicallyinspected to determine whether any defectsexist. Guidance on inspection criteria andintervals between inspections is provided inAustralian Standards. A chain, ring, shackle,swivel, wire rope or similar gear should notbe used for lifting any load if:
(a) the wear on any part exceeds an amountspecified by the manufacturer; or
(b) any part is deformed, nicked, cracked,split or otherwise damaged.
Wire ropes should not be exposed to hightemperatures because of the potential forheat to adversely effect the core. All liftingequipment should be stored according to themanufacturer’s instructions.
Further guidance may be obtained fromWorkplace Health and Safety Queenslandpublication – ‘Guide to Doggers’.
4.3.2 Safe storage and handling of steelwork
Steelwork should be stored on site in such away that it cannot fall on workers or causedamage to buildings or plant. Wheresteelwork is stacked, the stacks should bestable and safe access should be availablewhen workers are required to sling a load.
The effect of wind and the potential formobile plant to come into contact with thestored steelwork should also be consideredwhen deciding how and where steelwork is tobe stored.
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Where steelwork is strapped together cautionshould be exercised when releasing thestrapping. The strapping may whip back andcause an injury or the bundle can fall apartand injure workers.
4.3.3 Lifting steelwork
Consideration should be given to the markingof the mass of steel members together withtheir protective coatings, if any, by thefabricator. This is particularly importantwhere it is difficult to estimate the mass ofthe steel member and will enable the erectorto select correctly designed lifting gear ofappropriate capacity as well as the selectionof a crane with adequate capacity. Insituations where the material thicknesscannot be easily determined, e.g. pipe thathas its ends covered, the weight should bemarked on by the fabricator.
Before lifting any steelwork, therigger/dogger should sling the load to belifted and, where appropriate, fix tag lines(see figure 4) to the ends of the load. Whentransferring lifts from a horizontal to avertical position care should be taken toavoid unrestrained movement of the lowerend. The use of lifting beams may benecessary during lifting and positioning ofsome members to ensure member stability.
Figure 4. Tag line.
4.3.4 Lifting bundles of steelwork
The lifting of more than one steel member orbundles of steel at the same time, to one ormore levels should only be undertaken where:
(a) lifting slings are designed to avoid steelmembers becoming entangled ordislodged from a bundle; or
(b) cradles for bundles of steel or deckingare used.
4.3.5 Erecting steel components – columns
Free standing single columns or columnassemblies should be secured by bolting thecolumn base plate onto the column footing.Once the column has been securely anchoredand is in as close to perpendicular position aspossible and stabilised against overturning,the column lifting gear can be released.
Where possible, the lifting sling or deviceshould be released from floor level by the useof long slings, remote release shackles orother suitable devices (see Figure 5). The useof an EWP may also be considered.
Figure 5. Remote release shackles
4.3.6 Erecting steel components - rafters
To minimise the potential for collapse, a rafterspanning between adjacent columns shouldideally be erected in one length involving onecrane and a single lift. However, where this is
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not possible, the rafter will need to be erectedby using two or more cranes. The erectorshould consider the lifting stresses imposedon steelwork during erection. Where it isproposed to erect a rafter in a:
(a) ‘single lift’ - the rafter should be firstbolted together on the ground at theridge joint or possibly an intermediatejoint. The rafter should then be fitted intoposition and bolted to the portal columnsand end wall columns by riggers workingfrom an elevating work platform; or
(b) ‘multiple lift’- where the rafter needs tobe joined while in position at its apex oran intermediate rafter position then therafter to column connections can bemade by the rigger working from anelevating work platform.
When lifting rafters consideration should begiven to the use of lifting brackets (designedand certified by an engineer) attached torafters, in preference to the use of chains orslings around the steel.
4.3.7 Erecting steel components – purlins
The preferred method for erecting purlins isby the use of riggers working from EWPs.Where this is not practicable and the methodchosen requires riggers to work from therafter steelwork this could be carried out withthe use of a recognised, correctly installedand tested fall-arrest system, e.g. a rigger’spost system (see section Fall-arrest system).Where it is chosen to work from the raftersteelwork (normally on buildings with a shortframe spacing), individual purlins can becarried into position from the purlin bundlepreviously deposited at the base of the rafterslope. Purlins should always be carried upthe rafter slope rather than down, as this isboth easier and safer. Carrying purlins intoposition will normally involve two riggers,each attached to a fall-arrest system, workingfrom adjacent rafters. Alternatively, wherepurlins cannot be safely carried into position,
individual purlins may be lifted into positionusing mechanical equipment.
Where purlins cannot be erected directly fromthe rafter steelwork, an alternate method suchas a crane can be used to raise and place themon the rafter beams. With this method, there isno need to unsling the bundle; each purlin canbe lifted off individually at each cleat locationso that there is no need to carry individualpurlins along the rafter tops, riggers can thenlocate and attach the purlins working from anEWP or purlin cradle (see Figure 6).
Figure 6. Example of purlin and girt cage/cradle
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4.3.8 Erecting steel components – girts
Girts should be erected by a rigger workingfrom within an EWP or combined access andlifting cradle (see Figure 6). Individual girtsshould not be carried by hand; rather theyshould be lifted into position by mechanicalequipment.
To prevent girts falling from the structure,mobile scaffold towers or a combined accessand lifting cradle should be used. With thelatter, the crane or hoist will need to have acradle designed for the intended load and besuitable for a person to ride. A crane or hoistused in this manner should be:
(a) fitted with a hook that has a springloaded operable latch to preventinadvertent release of the load;
(b) fitted with a functioning over hoistingdevice that stops the relevant cranemotions e.g. motion cut-out anti-two-block. AS 1418 Cranes (including hoists
and winches) provides guidance on overhoisting devices. Note: This standardconsists of a number of parts;
(c) equipped with a ‘dead-man’ control onpower lowering to produce self-centringand automatic brake engagement; and
(d) be equipped with a lockout control onthe crane free fall function to preventfree fall of the lift box and its contents.
Clearly marked working load limits should bedisplayed at each end of the cradle, preferablyin terms of the number of workers and thetotal mass of girts allowed, as well as thetotal working load limit in kilograms.
4.3.9 Erecting steel components – bridging
Girt and purlin bridging and any associatedsag rods may be erected from an elevatingwork platform. Bridging should be lifted fromthe ground by the rigger using mechanicalequipment. Care should be taken to ensure itdoes not get tangled while being lifted.
4.3.10 Erecting steel components - roof and
wall bracing
A crane should be used to lift bracingmembers. Bracing should be assembled onthe ground when this is possible. The weightof a bracing member may permit it to be safelylifted by hand. The rigger should do this:
(a) while working from an elevating workplatform, preferably, or the steelwork,with suitable controls in place to preventfalls from heights; and
(b) using a hand line to lift the bracing fromthe ground.
In the case of wall bracing, where it can besafely lifted by hand, this should be done bythe rigger working from an elevating workplatform and using a hand line to lift thebracing member from the ground.
4.4 Containment sheeting
Containment sheeting is fixed to the perimeterof the structure or working surface to preventa person or objects, such as building materialsfrom falling into an area accessed by personsat or near the workplace. The workingsurface/structure is usually sheeted with:
(a) timber or plywood;
(b) metal or synthetic sheets; or
(c) metal or synthetic mesh.
Where containment sheeting is used thesheeting should extend to a height that willprevent falling objects. When selectingcontainment sheeting, consider:
(a) whether the sheeting capable of supportingthe loads likely to be imposed on it;
(b) whether the sheeting capable ofcontaining materials and equipment;
(c) the pattern and frequency of fixing points;
(d) the degree of protection required fromrain; and
(e) the likely forces that will be imposed onthe structure from wind effects.
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4.5 Toeboards
A toeboard is a vertical barrier to prevent thefall of tools or materials. Toeboards may beused to prevent objects falling into an areaaccessed by persons at or near a workplace.Toeboards may be fully sheeted with timberor metal or made from mesh. They should besecurely fixed adjacent to the work surfaceand extended a minimum of 150 mm abovethe work surface. The height of the toeboardshould increase as the size and height of thematerials or equipment stored near the edgeincreases. The gap between the toeboard andthe work surface should not be greater than10 mm.
4.6 Exclusion zones
Bunting or barricades and suitable signagemay be erected around the perimeter of anexclusion zone to exclude personnel from thearea under which the riggers are erectingsteelwork, reducing the risk of being hit byfalling objects.
Section 5. Structure integrity
In order to prevent the risk of death or injuryfrom collapse of a structure, the need forstability at all stages of steel constructionwork should be understood by all thoseundertaking the work. See an example of anerection procedure for a typical framebuilding at Appendix 2.
Control measures to prevent the risk of deathor injury from the collapse of structuresduring construction are:
(a) ensuring inherent designed stability ofthe structure;
(b) temporary bracing;
(c) maintenance of column stability duringerection;
(d) maintenance of beam stability duringerection; and
(e) ensuring proper installation of chemicaland mechanical anchorages.
5.1 Building stability
The erection of any component or sub-assembly should start only when thenecessary equipment to ensure stability ofthe structure is available and stability of thestructure can be maintained at all times. Thiswould include temporary guys or bracing toensure the stability of all parts of thestructure as well as the structure as a whole.All temporary guys or bracing should besecurely anchored. Anchor points should beconstructed so that they are able to resistany force likely to be imposed on them. Themovement of an anchor should be reportedto the erector and action taken immediately.
Guys should be clearly identified by colouredbunting or similar to avoid accidents. In areasof plant and vehicle movement adequatevisual barriers should be located betweenguys, plant and vehicle movement areas.
During erection, the stability of the structureshould be verified by the person identified inthe construction workplace plan as theverifier, in the following circumstances:
(a) at the end of the workday or duringtemporary cessations of work. Theeffectiveness of temporary guys, bracingand supports should also be inspected atthe beginning of each shift;
(b) when fastenings may be incomplete, forexample, during lining up andadjustment of level procedures;
(c) during high winds or when high windsare forecast; and
(d) when the structure or parts of it may besubject to construction loads. For example,the stacking of parts and lifting or freeingof components which may have becomeinadvertently wedged in position.
5.2 Bracing
Where required by design, erection shouldstart in a nominated braced bay in order thatthe structure can be plumbed and made self-supporting. This stable and self-supportingbay can then be used to support the erectionof further steelwork.
If it is not possible to commence erection at abraced bay, consideration of, and a decisionon, the extent of temporary support should bemade prior to any work being carried out. Thisshould be considered when preparing theconstruction workplace plan, see section 2.
5.3 Column stability
Footings for support of columns duringerection should be checked to ensureadequate structural capacity for the erectionconditions, such as wind loadings on columnsto prevent rotation of column in the footing.
Column splices should be capable ofsupporting the standing column until it is tiedtogether, or the column should havetemporary guys attached to ensure itsstability at height. The erector should usetightly fitted steel packers or steel wedgesdriven under the edges of the column baseplate to provide added stability.
A common form of ‘setting’ the height for thefixings of columns is by the use of ‘jackingnuts’ that are levelled on the threads of thecast-in fixings. The column is placed on theseand the top nuts, washers etc. installed tosecure the column.
5.4 Beam stability
The erector should ensure that all beams aresecured before releasing the slings.
5.5 Alignment of bolts
The stability of the steel structure relies uponeffective bolted connections both from theconcrete slab to the columns and between the
columns and all the individual steelcomponents. If the bolts are bent to line upwith holes or the holes in the steelwork areenlarged to align with the bolts, the integrity ofthe structure can be adversely affected and thiscan increase the risk of collapse. Bent bolts aremore likely to fail and also cause uneven loaddistribution to the steelwork. Enlarged holes inthe steelwork reduce the ability of thesteelwork to effectively transfer loads and canalso result in tearing of the steelwork.
Wherever holes do not line up with bolts orother holes, the building design engineer isto be consulted and should provide technicalguidance to the steel erector. Writtenverification from the engineer is to beprovided that details any changes oralterations that can be made to bolts or holesin the steelwork. The engineer should ensurethis certification complies with safe structuraldesign and bolting principals.
5.6 Chemical and mechanical anchorages
An in-situ connection, for instance cast-inbolts/threaded studs, for a bolted connectionor cast-in steel plate, for a welded connection,is the preferred method for anchorage.
In some cases chemical, expansion or other‘drill-in’ type anchors are sometimes used tosecure structural steel to a concrete slab.With the use of these anchors a hole isinitially drilled in the concrete slab and theanchor inserted in the hole. The strength offixing of the anchor is achieved through avariety of means including mechanical actionor chemical reaction.
Drill-in type anchors are sometimes usedwhere a cast-in anchor e.g. a cast-in bolt orsteel plate has been placed in the wrongposition. However in some situations allanchors have been of the ‘drill-in’ type.
This is strongly discouraged for the followingreasons:
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• difficulty experienced in drilling holes tothe correct depth and location due to thepresence of re-enforcing steel in the slab;
• potential problems in ensuring the correctsetting torque is applied;
• reliance on friction or bonding strength tomaintain the anchors’ integrity; and
• difficulty in verifying the chemical reactionis complete and the correct bondingstrength has been reached.
Where chemical (epoxy resin) and mechanical(expansion shell) type anchorage connectionsare to be used, they should be installed inaccordance with manufacturer’srecommendations. The erector should ensurethat the concrete in both walls and floors hasreached the specified strength into which thechemical or mechanical type anchorage is tobe installed.
5.7 Paint touch up when erecting steel
components
When assembling components of structuralsteel the protective coating may be damagedand require touch up. The more commonpaint types for this purpose are ‘alkydprimers’ or ‘ethyl silicate zinc packs’.
When handling any paint materials, personalcontact with paint materials should be avoidedand a high degree of personal hygieneencouraged. Full details of health and safetyprecautions can be found on the paintcontainer or in the material safety data sheet.
Section 6 Cranes
There are a number of administrative controlmeasures relating to work practices thatrequire persons to observe certain safe workpractices. These control measures, to preventthe collapse of cranes should be in placebefore steel construction work commences.In some circumstances, more than onecontrol measure will be necessary.
Control measures which should be consideredinclude:
(a) ensuring outriggers are properly set up;
(b) correct positioning of boom to ensureloads are lifted vertically;
(c) Precautions when manoeuvring e.g.avoidance of overhead power lines;
(d) ensuring accurate load distribution whenusing multiple crane lifts;
(e) preventing lateral loadings being appliedto the boom;
(f ) preventing over-loading of cranes byaccurate determination of the mass to be lifted;
(g) providing the appropriate load ratingcharts and correctly calibrated momentlimiters;
(h) ensuring the correct counterweight hasbeen fitted for the load chart being used;and
(i) ensuring the bolting of boom sectionshave been correctly tensioned.
6.1 Outriggers - crane set up
Where ground conditions are suspectregarding bearing capacity, the followingshould be considered:
(a) the principal contractor should supply tothe erector all necessary information onthe location of trenches and backfilledtrenches/services, to enable the crane tobe positioned and erected safely;
(b) before ‘setting up’ the crane, carry out afull evaluation of potential overhead,underground and jobsite hazards. Visuallyinspect ground conditions to determinethe type and amount of packing requiredunder the crane's outriggers to supportthe proposed loads;
(c) when placed in position the outriggerextensions should be locked or pinned inposition as recommended by themanufacturer; and
(d) footpads or hydraulic pads which formpart of the outriggers should be placedupon adequate footing and the cranelevelled. Check the footing frequentlyduring the crane's operation to makesure it is always in place. All packingused should be of a substantial nature.Hardwood timber should be at least 200x 75 mm and the length determined bycalculating the required area.
Packing should always be laid in a ‘pigsty’configuration (see Figure 7). It should not belaid in a parallel manner. Beware of undergroundservices (cable tunnels, drains, cellars, etc.).Before setting up on structures or suspendedfloors, find out if the structure is capable ofsupporting the imposed loading and will retaina sufficient margin of strength in service.
Figure 7. ‘Pigsty’ configuration.
6.2 Operating signals
Only one person should give visual and/oraudible signals at any one time. If there is aloss of contact using 2-way radio control,stop work immediately. If there are 2-wayradios operational in close proximity butlocated on different work sites, the ‘SpectrumManagement Agency of the CommonwealthDepartment of Communications, InformationTechnology and the Arts’ should be consultedto allocate correct radio frequencies.
6.3 Lifting loads
Before starting to hoist a free load, the craneoperator or dogger should make sure that thehoist rope hangs vertically over the load (seeFigure 8). Avoid swinging the load when the
lift is taken. When lowering loads or when theload is suspended, make sure the load isunder control. When handling maximum ornear maximum loads, the followingprecautions should be taken after the loadhas been lifted a few centimetres:
• test the hoist brakes;
• check the weight recorded on the loadweight indicator; and
• recheck the load chart.
Except in the case of an emergency, do notleave the cabin or control room while a loadis suspended from the crane.
Figure 8. Correct slinging
6.4 Lifting loads near persons
Avoid carrying loads over persons. Thisshould never be done when using devicesthat function by friction, fluid pressure, partialvacuum, and magnets or local indentation ofsurfaces. Crane operators should give audiblewarning before lifting loads near persons.
6.5 Crane types
The placement of steelwork is a process thatcan utilise any of the available crane types. Atractor type crane can be used to transportsteel around the workplace. Positioning thesmaller or lighter pieces can be carried out
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with an articulating truck type crane. Largermobile cranes such as truck mounted latticeboom or hydraulic boom cranes can be usedto position heavier components that require amuch further reach. On high rise steelconstruction the use of tower cranes wouldalso be a consideration.
6.6 Precautions when travelling and
manoeuvring with a load
When operating in congested areas post a‘safety observer’ to warn of potential forcollision with adjacent structures andoverhead electrical power cables. Always usea dogger when travelling and keep loads closeto the ground. In some cases swinging loadscan be roped off to control the swing. Alwaystravel with the load facing up the slope.
When moving a load in the ‘pick and carry’mode the dogger should remain in sight ofthe crane operator and not walk in the pathof the crane.
The operator of a mobile crane should ensure that:
(a) the slew brake is applied at all timesother than when the slew motion is beingused;
(b) when travelling a mobile crane, be awareof uneven road surfaces when loaded orunloaded, as an undulation in the roadsurface may move the crane into a zoneof instability;
(c) the slewing brake or lock is applied whentravelling with a load; and
(d) a rope luffed mobile crane is not movedup hill with an unloaded boom in thenear vertical position.
6.7 Multiple crane lifts
If possible, avoid hoisting a load with morethan one crane. However, where it isnecessary to lift a load using more than onecrane, the following steps should be taken:
(a) one person should be designated to bein overall control of the lift;
(b) an accurate assessment should be made of:
(1) the share of the load which is to becarried by each crane;
(2) how the load sharing is to beproportioned; and
(3) how the proportioning is to bemaintained;
(c) the instructions to each crane driver andother persons involved should be clearand the operation should be rehearsedwherever possible;
(d) cranes of equal capacity and similarcharacteristics should be used;
(e) when using tractor type cranes in the‘pick and carry’ mode, make sure thatboth cranes are aligned in the samedirection; and
(f ) luffing up should be used in preferenceto luffing down.
6.7.1 Calculated share of the load
Where multiple hoisting operations are notdesigned by an engineer, the followingminimum capacity requirements for eachcrane shall apply:
(a) For two cranes……20% greater than thecalculated share of the load;
(b) For three cranes……33% greater than thecalculated share of the load; and
(c) For four cranes……50% greater than thecalculated share of the load.
6.8 Precautions with lattice boom cranes
The top of the extended boom should not belowered to a point below the horizontal planethat passes through its base pivot pin. If theboom tips below this plane, the angle of pullof the boom luffing ropes could cause theboom to buckle before the boom begins to lift.
When changing boom sections on latticeboom cranes, the crane operator should take
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special care to prevent collapse of the boom,adequate support should be provided undereach section before removing the joint pinsor bolts. When joint pins or bolts are replacedthey should be provided with properly fittedsplit pins or a locking device. Joint pinsshould be fitted so that they can be removedwhile the operator is standing on the groundon the outside of the boom or jib.
The crane should not be operated:
(a) with the boom at an angle greater thanthat shown on the load chart; or
(b) with the boom hard against the boombackstop. In this position serious damagecould be caused to structural members ofthe boom. Regard the boom backstop as asafety device only.
6.9 Precautions with hydraulic boom cranes
When extending the boom on hydraulicallyoperated cranes, ensure that the boomsections are extended or retracted inaccordance with the manufacturer'srecommendations. Boom sections have failedthrough being extended contrary torecommendations.
The crane should not be operated with theboom at an angle greater than that shown inthe load chart.
6.10 Loading of cranes
A crane should not be subjected to a greater load or manner of loading than ismarked on the crane load chart. Where themass of the load is cause for concern, therigger should verify if the stamped mass onthe load is correct.
Cranes should not be operated in windspeeds exceeding those specified for safeuse by the manufacturer. When lifting loadswith a large surface area the wind speed canbe further reduced. The decision to lift a loadrests with the crane operator, however,
if the operator believes it is unsafe to lift theload guidance should be obtained from thecrane manufacturer or a suitably qualifiedengineer. Where the wind speed reaches thisfigure, either retract the boom (hydraulicboom) or lower the boom to a safe position(lattice boom).
6.11 Load rating charts and indicators
Each crane should have attached apermanent notice indicating its working loadlimit. An additional notice should also list thecondition, incidence and manner ofapplication of the load or use of the crane.This notice should be placed in a positionwhere it can be easily read by the craneoperator and where possible, the dogger.
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All cranes should be provided with a loadchart and be equipped with a radiusindicator. This will enable the driver todetermine the working load limit for anygiven working radius. Load indicators to befitted to all mobile cranes with a ratedcapacity of 15 tonnes and greater. Thisrequirement should also apply to mobilecranes manufactured since 1996 with a ‘ratedcapacity’ equal to or greater than 5 tonnes.
‘Rated capacity’ means the maximum loadthat may be attached and handled by thecrane, and may not include the weight of thehook block, falls of rope, slings and rigginghardware. The load to be raised must includethe weight of all lifting appliances that arenot permanently attached to the crane. Thecrane’s load chart will provide guidance onany deductions that may need to be made. Inthe case of mobile cranes, the load ratingsshown on the load chart referring to pick upand carry operations apply only when thecrane is standing on level or firm ground withthe tyres inflated to the manufacturer'srecommendations and where applicable,outriggers correctly placed.
The manufacturers load chart of a mobile craneshould be divided into two sections by a heavyhorizontal line at various locations on the loadchart. The load ratings indicated above this lineare based on structural strength of the boomwhile the load ratings indicated below the lineare based on crane stability.
A1.1 The process of risk management
Risk management is the process of identifying
what can cause an injury (falls from heights),making an assessment of what could happenas a result (injury to persons at or near theworkplace), and controlling those risks.
A1.2 Hazard identification
Prior to commencing the steel constructionwork, all hazards related to falls from heightsshould be identified. There are a number ofways of identifying potential sources of injuryincluding:
(a) using consultation - this is one of theeasiest and most effective means ofidentifying hazards. Designers,fabricators, erectors and workers areusually aware of what can go wrong andwhy, based on their experience; and
(b) contacting specialist practitioners,representatives of industry associations,trade unions and government bodieswho may be of assistance in gatheringhealth and safety information relevant tofalls from heights.
Factors which can cause a person to fallinclude:
(a) moving from one surface to another;
(b) capability of a surface to support a load;
(c) openings or holes not identified orprotected;
(d) open edges that are not protected;
(e) slippery surfaces;
(f ) equipment, tools or rubbish obstructingwork areas;
(g) incorrect or inappropriate use of ladders;
(h) struck by a moving or falling object; and
(i) fall-arrest systems and devices not beingprovided or not used correctly.
A1.3 Risk assessment
A risk assessment allows appropriate controlmeasures to be developed. Once hazardshave been identified, they should be assessedin terms of their potential to do harm. Toassess risk, consideration should be given to:
(a) the likelihood that harm will occur; and
(b) the severity of the harm, should it occur.
Factors to consider when assessing thelikelihood and severity of risk include:
(a) potential sources of injury and illness;
(b) number of people who may be exposed;
(c) location of the work area;
(d) location of access routes;
(e) type of steel construction work to becarried out;
(f ) work practices to be used;
(g) scheduling of work;
(h) type of plant and equipment to be used;and
(i) training and experience of personscarrying out the work.
A1.4 Risk control
Risk control is the process of preventing orminimising risk. The control or prevention ofrisk is undertaken by implementing thecontrol measures identified in theassessment. A hierarchy of control measuresis a list of control measures, in priority order,that can be used to prevent or minimiseexposure to a risk.
Application of the hierarchy of controlmeasures involves:
(a) firstly assessing whether the risk can beeliminated;
(b) where this is not possible, substitutionshould be considered; and
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Appendix 1 – Risk management in steel construction – Falls from heights
28
(c) if this is not possible, consideration shouldbe given to each of the other controlmeasures (e.g. isolation, engineeringcontrols, safe work practices and the useof personal protective equipment).
A1.5 Monitor and review control measures
The risk identification, assessment andcontrol process requires regular monitoringto ensure that any control measureimplemented performs as originallyintended. One of the ways to undertake thereview is to re-do the first 2 steps of the riskmanagement process. This involvesidentifying the hazards and assessing therisks. Methods that can be used to reviewthe control measures in place include:
(a) consulting with workers; and
(b) referring to specialist practitioners andrepresentatives of industry associations,unions and government bodies.
A written record, detailing when controlmeasures were reviewed, should be kept.
A2.1 General
A2.1.1 Portal frame buildings
This erection procedure is for portal framebuildings with conventional bracing in thebuildings longitudinal direction. The bracingwill usually be located near the ends of thebuilding at the end bay or the bay adjacent tothe end bay. The end wall of the building maybe either a portal frame or of bracedconstruction. Bracing locations covered areindicated in Figures A1 to A4. Long buildingsmay have additional braced bays along theirlength. This procedure is based on, bracedbays being no more than seven bays apart andthe portal frames being lifted in one piece.
Figure A1. Building bracing location – internal bay.
Figure A2. Alternate wall bracing location.
Figure A3. Building bracing location – end bay.
Figure A4. Building wall bracing location.
A2.1.2 Bracing systems
The bracing systems may be of the following types:
(a) cross bracing roof and walls. See FiguresA5 and A6;
(b) rigid frame (or moment frame) bracingwalls. See Figure A7; or
(c) tension bracing roof and walls. SeeFigures A8 and A9.
29
Appendix 2 – Erection procedure for portal frame buildings
30
Figure A5. Roof cross bracing.
Figure A6. Wall cross bracing.
Figure A7. Wall right frame bracing.
Figure A8. Roof tension bracing.
Figure A9. Wall tension bracing.
A2.2 Type of main frame
The erection procedure described coversmain frames of the following types:
(a) the braced bay is located within thebuilding (see Figures A1 and A2). Thesecontain cross bracing and the walls haveeither cross bracing or rigid framebracing. Section A2.4 details the erectionprocedure; and
(b) the braced bay is located in the end bay(see Figures A3 and A4). The roofcontains cross bracing or single actingtension bracing. The walls have eithercross bracing, rigid frame bracing orsingle action tension bracing. Section 5details the erection procedure.
Preferred sequence A2.3.1, A2.3.2, A2.3.4,A2.3.5 and A2.3.6
A2.3 Erection procedure for main
frame with the braced located within
the building
A2.3.1 Erection of first braced bay
The braced bay will usually be locatedadjacent to the end bay in this case as shownin Figures A1 and A2. However this sectionapplies if the braced bay is towards thecentre of the building.
The procedure is as follows:
(a) erect a pair of braced bay columns onone side of the building. If the wallbracing is offset from the braced bay, asin Figure A4, erect the third main wallcolumn. Complete with wall bracing andhorizontal strut(s) between themincluding strut in unbraced bay ifrequired. Level and plumb, tightenholding down bolts, bracing and strut(s)end bolts or tie rods;
(b) repeat (a) for the columns on the otherside of the building;
(c) position and bolt up the two parts of thetwo portal rafters on the ground toenable easy lifting. This operation maybe done before (a) and (b) if there issufficient access to the outside walls ofthe building. If the portal rafter isfabricated in one piece this step will notbe required;
(d) erect the first rafter and bolt to thecolumns. If the span of the portal is suchthat the free standing frame could beunstable then the portal is to be guyedfrom the apex in opposite directionsbefore detaching the crane hook(s). Itwould be expected that this wouldcertainly be the case for frame spans of30 metres and over;
(e) erect the second rafter and bolt to thecolumns. Again if the span of the portalis such that the free standing portalframe could be unstable, then the portal
frame is to be stabilised at the apex byconnecting a purlin to the previouslyerected frame, before detaching thecrane hook(s);
(f ) erect the entire roof bracing in the bayincluding the struts. See Figures A5 andA6. The erection of this roof bracingshould proceed from each outside walltowards the apex;
(g) re-plumb the structure erected so far ifnecessary, tension all tie rods and/ortighten all bolts. There will now be astable frame from which to attach theremaining building structure; and
(h) the guys attached to the apex can nowbe removed.
A.2.3.2 Erection of end bay
If the end wall is a portal frame:
(a) erect the columns and eave struts or topwall girts, at each side of the building;
(b) erect the previously bolted up portal andconnect with a purlin at the apex beforereleasing the crane hook(s);
(c) erect one stabilising purlin at each roofbracing strut position. See Figure A10;
(d) erect remaining end wall columns;
Figure A10. Building end wall.
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If the end wall is a braced frame:
(e) starting erection from the corner nearestthe end wall bracing, erect and bolt thecorner column and the eaves strut or topwall girt;
(f ) continue erection and bolting of theremaining end wall columns, rafters andbracing from the corner column. As theerection proceeds across the end wallthe completed bolted frame must besecured back to the previously erectedportal frames with roof purlins at bracingstrut members. See Figure A10; and
(g) erect the remaining eaves strut or topwall girt at the other side of the building.
Proceed to A2.3.4
Alternate sequence if end bay needs or has tobe erected first A2.3.3, A2.3.4, A2.3.5, andA2.3.6 (This will generally be required whereaccess is limited or to improve working areaon site.)
A2.3.3 Erection of end frame with first braced
If the end frame is a portal frame:
(a) follow the procedure as described inParagraph A2.3.1 (a) to (d); and
(b) erect the remaining end wall columns;
Proceed to (g) below
If the end frame is a braced frame:
(c) start erection from the corner nearest theend wall bracing;
(d) erect this corner column and the nexttwo main wall columns next to it.Complete with wall bracing andhorizontal strut(s) between themincluding strut in unbraced bay. Leveland plumb, tighten holding down bolts,bracing and strut(s) end bolts or tie rods;
(e) continue erection and bolting of theremaining end wall columns, rafters andbracing from the corner column. As theerection proceeds across the end wall
the completed bolted frame must beguyed from the apex in oppositedirections. If there is the potential for theend wall to be unstable before the apexis reached addition guys in oppositedirections will be progressively required;
(f ) erect main wall columns etc. on the otherside of the building as in (d);
(g) position and bolt up the two parts of theportal rafters on the ground to enableeasy lifting. This operation may be donebefore (c) to (f ) above if there issufficient access to the outside walls ofthe building. If the portal rafters arefabricated in one piece this step will notbe required;
(h) erect the first rafter and bolt to thecolumns. If the span of the portal is suchthat the free standing portal frame couldbe unstable then erect a purlin betweenthe apexes of the portals before detachingthe crane hook(s). It would be expectedthat this would certainly be the case forframe spans of 30 metres and over;
(i) erect one stabilising at each roof-bracingstrut position (See Figure A10) to providestability for the truss;
(j) erect the next rafter as in (h) above. Erectthe entire roof bracing in the bayincluding the struts. (See Figures A5 andA6). The erection of this roof bracingshould proceed from each outside walltowards the apex;
(k) re-plumb the structure erected so far ifnecessary, tension tie rods and/ortighten all bolts. There now exists astable frame from which to attach theremaining building structure; and
(I) the guys attached to the apex can nowbe removed.
A2.3.4 Erection of additional portals
(a) erect wall columns and tie back to thestable frame with the eaves strut or topwall girt. Erect wall bracing in bays
required. Level, plumb and tightenholding down and other bolts;
(b) position and bolt up both parts of theportal rafters on the ground to enableeasy lifting. This operation may be donebefore (a) above if there is sufficientaccess to the outside walls of thebuilding. If the portal rafter is fabricated inone piece this step will not be required;
(c) erect the first rafter and bolt to thecolumns. If the span of the portal is suchthat the free standing portal frame couldbe unstable then erect a purlin betweenthe apexes of the portals before detachingthe crane hook(s). It would be expectedthat this would certainly be the case forframe spans of 30 metres or over;
(d) erect sufficient stabilising purlins at theroof bracing struts located at the ends ofthe roof cross bracing to provide stabilityfor the truss (See Figure A11). The numberof purlins required at each location isshown in Table 1. The purlins closest tothe node points are to be used;
Figure A11. Erection of additional portals.
(e) erect purlin fly braces to each side ofeach portal. This may require additionalpurlins to be erected. The fly bracingerection can lag one portal behind toallow easy installation of lapped purlins.Ensure that all bolts are installed andtightened; and
(f ) proceed to erect additional portal raftersby following steps (b) to (e) in sequence.Continue to erect down the building inthe same manner to the next braced bay.
Table 1
Stabilising requirements
(See Figures A5 and A8)
Number of purlins required
Bracing strut At eaves At strut locations
spacing (mm) within building
Up to 6000 One One
6000-9000 One Two
9000-12000 Two Three
A2.3.5 Erection of next braced bay
(a) when the portals each side of the bracedbay have been erected. Erect the entire roofbracing in the bay including the struts (SeeFigures A5 and A6). The erection of the roofbracing should proceed from each outsidewall to the apex; and
(b) tension all tie rods and/or tighten all bolts.
A2.3.6 Erection of last end bay
The erection of this bay is identical to section 3.2.
Follow Paragraphs A2.3.2(b) to A2.3.2(d) orA2.3.2(e) to A2.3.2(g).
Proceed to section 5
A2.4 Erection procedure for main
frame with braced bay located
in the end bay
A2.4.1 Erection of first braced
(a) follow the procedures as described inSection A2.3.1; and
(b) erect the remaining end wall columns;
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34
If the end frame is a portal frame:
(c) start the erection from the corner nearestthe end wall bracing;
(d) erect this corner column and main wallcolumn next to it. If the wall bracing isoffset from the braced bay as in Figure A4erect the next main wall column.Complete with wall bracing and horizontalstrut(s) between them including strut inunbraced bay if required. If building hassingle action tension bracing, supply anderect a temporary brace or guy from thetop of the corner column to the bottom ofthe next main wall column. This will formcross bracing in this bay (See Figure A12.).Level and plumb, tighten holding downbolts, bracing and strut(s) end bolts or tie rods;
Figure A12. Wall temporary tension brace.
(e) continue erection and bolting of theremaining end wall columns, rafters andbracing from the corner column. As theerection proceeds across the end wall thecompleted bolted frame shall be guyedfrom the apex in opposite directions. If endwall could be unstable before the apex isreached additional guys in oppositedirection will be progressively required;
(f ) erect main wall column etc. on the otherside of the building as in (d) above;
(g) position and bolt up two ports of theportal rafter on the ground in a position toenable easy lifting. This operation may bedone before (c) to (f ) if there is sufficient
access to the outside walls of thebuilding. If the portal rafter is fabricated inone piece this step will not be required;
(h) erect the rafter and bolt to the columns.If the span of the portal is such that thefree standing portal frame could beunstable then the portal is to be guyedfrom the apex in opposite directionsbefore detaching the crane hook(s). Itwould be expected that this wouldcertainly be the case for frame spans of30 metres and over;
(i) erect the entire roof bracing in the bayincluding the struts (See Figures A5 andA8). The erection of this roof bracing shouldproceed from each outside wall towards theapex. (If building has single action tensionbracing proceed to Step (j) below);
(j) re-plum the structure as necessary,tension tie rods and/or tighten all bolts.A stable frame now exists from which toattach the remaining building structure;
(k) the guys attached to the apex can nowbe removed. (The following Steps (I) and(m) are only for buildings with singleaction tension bracing.);
(I) ensure temporary roof cross bracing or aguy has been installed from the apex atthe end of the building to a secureground anchor within the building (seeFigure A13). This bracing or guy is to betightened with the roof bracing and leftin place until the bracing at the other endof the building is complete; and
(m) re-plumb the structure erected asnecessary, tension tie rods and/or tightenall bits. A stable frame now exists fromwhich to attach the remaining buildingstructure. Remove temporary guys otherthan the one identified in step (1).
Figure A13. Temporary roof tension bracing.
A2.4.2 Erection of additional portals:
(a) erect wall columns and tie back to thestable frame with the eaves strut or topwall girt. Erect wall bracing in bays asrequired. Tighten holding down andother bolts;
(b) position and bolt up the two parts of theportal rafters on the ground to enableeasy lifting. This operation may be donebefore (a) if there is sufficient access tothe outside walls of the building. If theportal rafter is fabricated in one piecethis step will not be required;
(c) erect the first rafter and bolt to thecolumns. If the span of the portal is suchthat the free standing portal frame couldbe unstable then erect a purlin betweenthe apexes of the portals beforedetaching the crane hook(s). It would beexpected that this would be the case forframe spans of 30 metres and over;
(d) erect sufficient stabilising purlins at theroof bracing struts (see Figure A11). Thenumber of purlins required at eachlocation is shown in Table 1. The purlinsclosest to the node points are to be used;
(e) erect purlin fly braces to each side ofeach portal. This may require additionalpurlins to be erected. The fly bracing
erection can lag one portal behind toallow easy installation of lapped purlins.Ensure that all bolts are installed andtightened; and
(f ) proceed to erect additional portal raftersby following Steps (b) to (e) in sequence.Continue to erect down the building inthe same manner to the next braced bay.
A2.4.3 Erection of next braced bay
Ensure all portal frames up to and including thebraced bay have been erected. If the bracedbay is an internal bay, or if the end frame is aportal frame, follow steps in Section A2.3.5.
If an end bay is a braced frame follow thesteps below:
(a) starting erection from the corner nearestthe end wall bracing, erect and bolt thecorner column and the eaves strut or topwall girt;
(b) continue erection and bolting of theremaining end wall columns, rafters andbracing from the corner column. As theerection proceeds across the end wallthe completed bolted frame shall besecured back to the previously erectedframes with the bracing strut members(see Figure A13);
(c) erect the eaves strut or top wall girt tothe top of this column;
(d) erect the entire roof bracing in the bayincluding the struts (see Figures A5 andA8). The erection of this roof bracingshould proceed from each outside walltowards the apex. Tension all tie rodsand/or tighten all bolts; and
(Following step (e) is only for buildings withsingle acting tension bracing)
(e) remove the temporary wall and apex guysand/or temporary wall and roof bracingfrom the other end of the building.
Proceed to section A2.5
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36
A2.5 Erection of remaining building
components
A2.5.1 Purlins
The remaining purlins can be loaded onto theerected structure provided the followingconditions are satisfied:
(a) the initial braced bay has been completed;
(b) purlin packs are limited to purlins for theremaining half-bay;
(c) packs must be located on the roof baynear the sidewall (see Figure A4); and
(d) packs can be loaded onto the variousbays as follows:
(i) braced bay, when completed asdescribed in section A2.3.1, A2.3.3,A2.3.5, A2.4.1, or A2.4.3;
(ii) end wall bay, when completed asdescribed in section A2.3.2, A2.3.3 orA2.3.6; and
(iii) intermediate bay, after stabilisingpurlins have been finally bolted andwill not be unbolted for attachment ofcontinuing lapped stabilising purlins.
Erection of the remaining purlins mayproceed at any time after they have beenloaded on the roof.
Figure A14. Location of purlin packs.
A2.5.2 Girts
Long wall girts may be erected with columnsor in bays as for purlins (ie condition asstated in section A2.5.1).
End wall girts may be erected after the endwall structure erection has been completed.
A2.5.3 Roof sheeting
Packs of roof sheeting may only be loaded onto the structure when purlins and theirbridging have been completed to the end ofthe building or up to the second braced baywhen purlins and their bridging have beencompleted to that bay.
Roof sheeting packs must be loaded nearportal rafter or end frame. Roof sheet packsizes should not be greater than a baycoverage. The sheet packs should be placedat each portal or end frame (see Figure A15).
Figure A15. Location of sheeting packs.
A2.5.4 Wall sheeting or tilt-up panels
Wall sheeting and tilt up panels can only beattached to the frame after the wholestructure or a section containing two bracedbays, has been completed including roofpurlins, purlin fly bracing and bridging.
37
Figure A16. View of typical building showing arrangement of components.
38
Australian Standards
AS 1418 Cranes (including hoists and winches)
AS/NZS 1554 Structural steel welding
AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding
AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways,and ladders - Design, construction andinstallation
AS/NZS 1891 Industrial fall-arrest systems anddevices
AS/NZS 1892 Portable ladders
AS 2550 Cranes - Safe use
AS 2759 Steel wire rope - Application guide
AS 3828 Guidelines for the erection of buildingsteelwork
AS 3990 Mechanical equipment - Steelwork
AS 4100 Steel structures
BS 5062 Self locking system anchorages forindustrial use
Appendix 3 - Published technical standards
39
Obligations of employers, workers
and others
(Part 3 – Workplace Health and Safety Act1995 Division 2 and Division 3)
Obligations of employers
Section 28
(1) An employer has an obligation to ensurethe workplace health and safety of eachemployer’s workers at work.
(2) Also, an employer has an obligation toensure his or her own workplace healthand safety and the workplace health andsafety of others is not affected by theway the employer conducts theemployer’s undertaking.
(3) An employer has an obligation to ensureother persons are not exposed to risks totheir health and safety arising out of theconduct of the employers business orundertaking.
Obligations of self-employed persons
Section 29
(1) A self-employed person has an obligationto ensure his or her own workplace healthand safety and the workplace health andsafety of others is not affected by the waythe person conducts the person’sundertaking.
(2) A self-employed person has an obligationto ensure other persons are not exposedto risks to their health and safety arisingout of the conduct of the self-employedperson’s business or undertaking.
Obligations of persons conducting
business or undertaking
Section 29A
(1) A person (the ‘relevant person’) whoconducts a business or undertaking hasan obligation to ensure the workplace
health and safety of each person whoperforms a work activity for the businessor undertaking.
(2) The obligation applies:
(a) whether or not the relevant personconducts the business or undertakingas an employer or self-employedperson; and
(b) whether or not the business orundertaking is conducted for gain orreward; and
(c) whether or not the person who performsthe work activity for the purposes ofthe business or undertaking works ona voluntary basis.
Example of obligation under this section-
A person who conducts a business orundertaking contracts with a supplier oflabour to obtain the services of the supplier’semployees to perform a work activity for thepurposes of the business or undertaking. Aswell as any obligation the person may haveunder section 28 to ensure the workplacehealth and safety of the person’s ownemployees, if any, the person also has, underthis section, an obligation to ensure theworkplace health and safety of the labourhire employees while they are performing thework activity.
Obligations of principal contractors
Section 31
(1) A principal contractor has the followingobligations for a construction workplace:
(a) to ensure the orderly conduct of allwork at the construction workplaceto the extent necessary:
(i) to ensure workplace health andsafety at the workplace; and
(ii) to assist the discharge of
Appendix 4 - Obligations
40
workplace health and safetyobligations of an employer orself-employed person;
(b) to ensure that persons at theworkplace are not exposed to risksfrom:
(i) something that has beenprovided for the general use ofpersons at the workplace forwhich no other person owes aworkplace health and safetyobligation; or
(ii) a hazard at the workplace forwhich no other person owes aworkplace health and safetyobligation;
(c) to ensure that workplace activitiesat the workplace are safe andwithout risk of injury or illness tomembers of the public at or nearthe workplace;
(d) to provide safeguards and takesafety measures prescribed under aregulation made for principalcontractors.
(2) In addition, the principal contractor hasthe obligation mentioned in subsection(3) if the principal contractor reasonablybelieves, or should reasonably believe:
(a) an employer at the workplace is notdischarging the employer’sworkplace health and safetyobligation; or
(b) a self-employed person at theworkplace is not discharging theperson’s workplace health andsafety obligation.
(3) The principal contractor must:
(a) direct the employer or self-employed person to comply withthe employer’s or self-employedperson’s workplace health andsafety obligations; and
(b) if the employer or self-employedperson fails to comply with thedirection, direct the employer orself-employed person to stop workuntil the employer or self-employedperson agrees to comply with theobligation.
Obligations of designers of plant
Section 32
(1) A designer of plant for use at a relevantplace for the plant has an obligation toensure that:
(a) the plant is designed to be safe andwithout risk to health when usedproperly; and
(b) if the designer gives the design toanother entity that is to give effect tothe design, the design isaccompanied by information aboutthe way the plant must be used toensure health and safety.
(2) Also, a designer of plant for use at arelevant place for the plant has anobligation to take the action the chiefexecutive reasonably requires to preventthe use of unsafe plant anywhere.
Obligations of manufacturers of plant
Section 32A
(1) A manufacturer of plant for use at arelevant place for the plant has anobligation to ensure that:
(a) the plant is manufactured to be safeand without risk to health when usedproperly; and
(b) the plant, when manufactured, istested and examined to ensure it hasbeen manufactured to be safe andwithout risk to health when it is usedproperly; and
(c) the plant, when it is supplied toanother person, is accompanied by
41
information about the way the plantmust be used to ensure health andsafety.
(2) Also, a manufacturer of plant for use at arelevant place for the plant has anobligation to take the action the chiefexecutive reasonably requires to preventthe use of unsafe plant anywhere.
Obligations of suppliers of plant
Section 32B
(1) A supplier of new plant for use at arelevant place for the plant has anobligation:
(a) either;
(i) to examine and test the plant toensure the plant is safe andwithout risk to health when usedproperly; or
(ii) to ensure the manufacturer of theplant has given an assurance thatthe plant has been examined andtested to ensure it is safe andwithout risk to health when usedproperly; and
(b) to ensure the plant is accompaniedby information about the way theplant must be used to ensure healthand safety.
(2) A supplier of used plant for use at arelevant place for the plant has anobligation:
(a) to take all reasonable steps to ensurethe plant is safe and without risk tohealth when used properly; and
(b) to ensure the plant is accompanied byinformation about the way the plantmust be used to ensure health andsafety, if the information is available.
(3) Also, a supplier of plant for use at arelevant place for the plant has an
obligation to take the action the chiefexecutive reasonably requires to prevent theuse of unsafe plant anywhere.
(4) Despite subsections (1)(b) and (2)(b), ifthe supplier is supplying plant by hiring itto another person, the supplier is obligedonly to have the information available atthe place of hire.
(5) In this section –‘supplier’ does not includea manufacturer when supplying, but doesinclude an importer when supplying.
Obligations of erectors and installers of plant
Section 33
An erector or installer of plant at a relevantplace for the plant has an obligation:
(a)to erect or install the plant in a way that issafe and without risk to health; and
(b)to ensure that nothing about the way theplant was erected or installed makes itunsafe and a risk to health when usedproperly.
Obligations of owners of high risk plant
Section 35
An owner of specified high risk plant has anobligation to ensure that the owner’s ismaintained in a condition that ensures thatthe plant is maintained in a condition thatensures the plant is safe, and without risk tohealth, when used properly.
Obligations of workers and other persons at
a workplace
Section 36
A worker or anyone else at a workplace hasthe following obligations at a workplace:
(a) to comply with the instructions givenfor workplace health and safety atthe workplace by the employer and, ifthe workplace is a constructionworkplace, by the principalcontractor for workplace health andsafety at the workplace;
42
(b) for a worker – to use personalprotective equipment if theequipment is provided by theworkers’ employer and the worker isproperly instructed in its use;
(c) not to wilfully or recklessly interferewith or misuse anything provided forworkplace health and safety at theworkplace;
(d) not to wilfully place at risk theworkplace health and safety of anyperson at the workplace; and
(e) not to wilfully injure himself orherself.
43
For the purpose of this advisory standard thefollowing definitions apply.
‘access platform’ means a platform that isonly used or intended to be used to provideaccess for persons, or for persons andmaterials to or from places of work.
‘building work’ means work to erect,construct, extend or structurally alter abuilding or part of a building, but does notinclude the construction of a mobile home orprefabricated building:
(a) if the construction is done at theworkplace where the home or building ismanufactured; and
(b) the home or building is intended to betransported to another place outside theworkplace.
‘civil construction work’ means work to:
(a) construct a road or highway or erectassociated works; or
(b) construct a railway or erect associatedworks; or
(c) construct or erect a harbour orassociated works; or
(d) construct or erect a water storage orsupply system or associated works; or
(e) construct a sewerage or drainage systemor associated works; or
(f ) construct or erect an electricity or gasgeneration, transmission or distributionstructure or associated works; or
(g) construct a park or recreation ground,including, for example, a golf course,playing field, racecourse or swimmingpool or associated works; or
(h) erect a telecommunications structure orassociated works; or
(i) construct production, storage anddistribution facilities for heavy industry,
refineries, pumping stations, or mines orassociated works; or
(j) construct or structurally alter a bridge orassociated works.
‘construction work’ means ‘building work’,‘civil construction work’ or ‘demolition work’.
‘construction workplace’ means:
(1) a workplace where construction work isdone, but only to the extent theconstruction work is:
(a) is building work or civil constructionwork for which the estimated finalprice at practical completion is, afterdiscounting for any GST payable inrelation to the supply of the work,more than $80 000; or
(b) demolition work.
(2) a workplace becomes a constructionworkplace from the beginning of the daywhen construction work starts at theworkplace.
(3) a workplace stops being a constructionworkplace:
(a) when the construction work at theworkplace is finished and possessionof the workplace is returned to theowner of the workplace; or
(b) if the owner remains in possessionof the workplace while the work isdone - when the construction workat the workplace is finished.
‘employer’ means a person who, in thecourse of the person’s business orundertaking, engages someone else to dowork, other than under a contract for service,for or at the direction of the person. For anapprentice or trainee who is employed by agroup training scheme, the employer is:
Appendix 5 - The dictionary
44
(a) when the apprentice or trainee isengaged to do work for a host employer,the host employer; or
(b) otherwise, the group training scheme.
‘principal contractor’ for a constructionworkplace (other than a constructionworkplace for domestic premises) means:
(a) the person appointed as principalcontractor by the owner of theworkplace; or
(b) if no principal contractor is appointed-the owner of the workplace.
‘self-employed person’ means a person who:
(a) performs work for gain or reward; and
(b) is not an employer or worker.
‘worker’ means a person who does work,other than under a contract for service, for orat the direction of an employer.
‘working load limit’ means the maximumworking load that may be applied to anycomponent or system.
‘working platform’ means a platform that isintended to support persons, materials andequipment.
45
Appendix: 6
Safety checklist – Steel erection
Proj
ect:
Rig
ging
Con
trac
tor:
Fabr
icat
ion
Cont
ract
or:
Dat
e:
Prin
cipa
l Con
trac
tor:
Stee
l Con
st. F
orem
an:
Engi
neer
:
It is
the
sub
cont
ract
ors
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
hav
e al
l sec
tion
s ch
ecke
d of
f as
the
item
is c
ompl
eted
. The
che
cklis
t is
to
be c
ompl
eted
eac
h da
y w
hen
port
al s
teel
mem
bers
are
bei
ngin
stal
led.
The
com
plet
ed fo
rm m
ust
be g
iven
to
the
prin
cipa
l con
trac
tor
whe
n al
l ite
ms
are
com
plet
ed.
The
cros
sed
area
s in
the
‘Ins
pect
ion
By’
colu
mn
iden
tify
who
is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r ea
ch it
em. T
he r
espo
nsib
le p
arty
init
ials
thi
s se
ctio
n as
eac
h it
em is
insp
ecte
d/ac
tion
ed.
Item
Num
ber
and
Des
crip
tion
Acc
epta
nce
Crit
eria
Chec
ked
Insp
ecti
on B
y Pr
inci
pal C
ontr
acto
r,Su
bcon
trac
tor,
Engi
neer
.
PC.
SC.
Eng.
1. D
raw
ings
Requ
ired
Cert
ified
eng
inee
r’s d
raw
ings
exi
st fo
r al
l of t
he fo
llow
ing:
•St
eelw
ork
desi
gn –
pos
itio
n of
mem
bers
, bra
ces
and
brac
ing
poin
ts, s
teel
con
tent
.
•Pe
rman
ent
and
tem
pora
ry b
raci
ng d
esig
n –
type
s of
bra
ces
requ
ired
(pr
imar
y, k
nee,
late
ral,
end)
, bra
ce a
ngle
s.
•W
orkm
ansh
ip a
nd m
ater
ials
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
AS
4100
, AS
3828
, AS
1554
, AS
1204
.
•St
eel l
ayou
t an
d er
ecti
on s
eque
nce.
•D
esig
n en
gine
er s
peci
ficat
ion
on b
olt
torq
ue.
•Si
gn o
ff b
y en
gine
er o
n er
ecti
on m
etho
d pr
ior
to e
rect
ion.
•Li
ftin
g po
int
on la
rge
item
s.
•D
raw
ings
to
note
any
spe
cial
con
diti
ons.
2. S
ubco
ntra
ctor
s’sa
fety
docu
men
tatio
n
The
follo
win
g do
cum
enta
tion
has
bee
n pr
ovid
ed p
rior
to
wor
k co
mm
enci
ng:
•R
iggi
ng/e
rect
ion
cont
ract
ors
wor
k m
etho
d st
atem
ent
(WM
S). (
PC’s
WM
S w
here
tow
er c
rane
is u
sed)
•Cr
ane/
rigg
ing
cont
ract
ors’
WM
S/lif
t pl
an s
how
ing
cran
e se
t-up
.
•Lo
cati
ons,
loca
tion
of o
bsta
cles
, haz
ards
and
exi
stin
g st
ruct
ures
in p
roxi
mit
y to
the
cra
ne(e
spec
ially
tem
pora
ry b
race
s), r
iggi
ng p
roce
dure
s an
d eq
uipm
ent,
spo
tter
s du
ties
, met
hod
of c
omm
unic
atio
n be
twee
n cr
ane
oper
ator
and
dog
ger,
refe
renc
es t
o er
ecti
on s
eque
nce,
proc
edur
e fo
r re
leas
e of
ste
el a
fter
sec
urin
g an
d bo
ltin
g of
f.
46
4. C
erti
ficat
ion
issu
es
•St
eel e
rect
ion
supe
rvis
ed b
y a
pers
on w
ith
a m
inim
um o
f bas
ic r
igge
r’s q
ualif
icat
ion.
•Cr
ane
oper
ator
and
rig
gers
/dog
gers
hav
e ap
prop
riat
e ce
rtifi
cate
s.
•D
ual l
ifts
to b
e su
perv
ised
by
a pe
rson
wit
h in
term
edia
te r
igge
r qu
alifi
cati
on.
•Ce
rtifi
cate
s of
com
pete
ncy
for
wor
k pl
atfo
rms
or t
rain
ing
evid
ence
for
EWPs
.
•Vi
sual
ver
ifica
tion
for
all c
erti
ficat
es o
f com
pete
ncy.
•Ph
otoc
opy
of a
ll ce
rtifi
cate
s to
be
kept
on
file.
•Q
ualif
ied
wel
der
to p
erfo
rm w
eldi
ng.
•Q
ualif
ied
engi
neer
to
sign
off
doc
umen
tati
on.
•Cr
ane
use
com
plie
s w
ith
AS
2550
par
t 1.
•El
evat
ing
wor
k pl
atfo
rm u
se c
ompl
ies
wit
h A
S 25
50 p
art
10.
•Fa
ll-ar
rest
har
ness
es c
ompl
y w
ith
AS
1891
.
3. O
ther
saf
ety
docu
men
tati
on
Oth
er d
ocum
enta
tion
pro
vide
s ev
iden
ce o
f the
follo
win
g:
•W
ork
met
hod
stat
emen
ts (
WM
S) a
ppro
ved
and
disc
usse
d w
ith
and
sign
ed o
ff b
y w
orke
rs.
•R
isk
asse
ssm
ents
/WM
S co
mpl
eted
for
all t
asks
to
be u
nder
take
n.
•U
nloa
ding
pro
cedu
res
and
safe
sto
rage
are
as.
•La
yout
and
ere
ctio
n se
quen
ce.
•Re
scue
pro
cedu
re fo
r w
ork
at h
eigh
ts in
clud
ing
falls
from
hei
ghts
in s
afet
y ha
rnes
seq
uipm
ent.
•A
cces
s to
wor
k at
hig
ht a
rran
gem
ents
.
•In
spec
tion
req
uire
men
ts fo
r st
eel s
truc
ture
(en
gine
er c
onsu
ltat
ion)
.
•Pr
oof o
f tra
inin
g in
saf
e us
e of
saf
ety
harn
ess
and
lany
ard.
•Re
cord
of E
WP
and
othe
r pl
ant
trai
ning
.
•W
ind
load
s pe
rmis
sibl
e on
str
uctu
re d
urin
g er
ecti
on.
5. P
re-e
rect
ion
chec
ks
•W
eigh
t of
ste
el m
embe
rs t
o be
kno
wn/
mar
ked
on s
teel
. (W
here
it is
diff
icul
t to
est
imat
e th
ew
eigh
t of
ste
el m
embe
rs it
sho
uld
be m
arke
d).
•Cr
ane
is c
apab
le o
f lift
ing
wei
ghts
, all
chec
ks a
nd s
ervi
cing
don
e.
•Fi
eld
bolt
ed b
eam
s bo
lted
tog
ethe
r, du
ring
sto
rage
, to
prev
ent
rolli
ng o
n gr
ound
, e.g
.di
agon
al b
race
bol
ted
to m
ain
mem
ber
to p
reve
nt m
ain
mem
ber
rolli
ng.
•R
iggi
ng c
onfig
urat
ion
used
mee
ts lo
ad r
equi
rem
ents
of c
ode
(dua
l lift
s).
•A
ll sl
ings
hav
e SW
Lan
d cu
rren
t in
spec
tion
tag
s di
spla
yed.
•G
roun
d co
ndit
ions
sui
tabl
e fo
r su
ppor
ting
cra
ne (
leve
l and
com
pact
ed s
urfa
ce, o
utri
gger
sus
ed –
sle
win
g cr
anes
onl
y, n
o pe
netr
atio
ns o
r pi
ts in
pro
xim
ity)
.
47
•Si
te a
cces
s is
ade
quat
e.
•Pr
oxim
ity
to o
verh
ead
pow
erlin
es c
onsi
dere
d an
d ap
prop
riat
e ac
tion
tak
en (
safe
ty o
bser
ver
whe
re r
equi
red)
.
•Ex
clus
ion
zone
inst
alle
d.
•Ex
clus
ion
zone
s ha
ve b
een
barr
icad
ed a
nd s
igne
d to
kee
p no
n-es
sent
ial p
erso
nnel
aw
aydu
ring
ere
ctio
n an
d ri
ggin
g.
•W
ind
cond
itio
ns a
re n
ot d
etri
men
tal t
o lif
ting
.
•Ch
ains
and
slin
gs c
heck
ed.
•Cr
ane
radi
us c
heck
ed.
•Ta
g lin
es s
uppl
ied.
•Cr
ane
fitte
d w
ith
safe
ty h
ook,
ove
r-ho
isti
ng d
evic
e, d
ead-
man
con
trol
on
pow
er lo
wer
ing
and
lock
-out
con
trol
to
prev
ent
free
-fal
l.
6. E
rect
ion
chec
klis
t
•D
oubl
e w
rap
chai
ns w
here
app
licab
le.
•N
o ‘s
uici
de li
ftin
g’i.e
. lift
ing
in s
uch
a w
ay t
hat
if th
e ri
ggin
g fa
ils, t
he s
teel
will
str
ike
the
cran
e an
d/or
the
ope
rato
r.
•B
olts
and
was
hers
of t
he c
orre
ct s
ize,
typ
e an
d nu
mbe
r.
•W
elds
as
per
engi
neer
ing
draw
ings
and
AS
1554
.
•H
and
flam
e cu
ttin
g pr
ohib
ited
as
per
AS
4100
, che
ck d
etai
l if t
ask
is r
equi
red
to b
epe
rfor
med
.
•B
olts
pit
ched
at
leas
t on
e th
read
cle
ar o
f nut
con
nect
ion.
•Co
nnec
tion
s us
ing
high
-str
engt
h bo
lts
iden
tifie
d as
eit
her
– be
arin
g ty
pe o
r th
e pr
efer
red
fric
tion
typ
e.
•Ch
eck
type
of w
ashe
rs t
o be
use
d.
•U
se o
f ste
el p
acke
rs o
nly
for
colu
mn.
•Ch
eck
tens
ioni
ng s
eque
nce
and
patt
ern.
It m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
to r
e-te
nsio
n bo
lts
afte
rin
stal
lati
on.
•To
lera
nces
cor
rect
for
colu
mn
base
.
•W
ork
area
isol
ated
for
safe
ty.
•G
rout
to
base
plat
e pr
ior
to in
stal
ling
clad
ding
.
•Co
ntra
ctor
to
sign
-off
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
draw
ing.
•G
uys
clea
rly
iden
tifie
d w
ith
bunt
ing.
48
7. P
erm
anen
tst
ruct
ure
capa
ble
ofsu
ppor
ting
impo
sed
load
spr
ior
to fi
nal
load
ing
•A
ll br
acin
g or
sup
port
ing
stru
ctur
e fix
ing
poin
ts h
ave
been
inst
alle
d an
d fix
ed a
s pe
r sh
opdr
awin
gs a
nd e
ngin
eer’s
req
uire
men
ts.
•Th
e su
ppor
ting
is a
dequ
atel
y br
aced
and
str
uctu
rally
sou
nd (
engi
neer
to
insp
ect
and
conf
irm
tha
t th
e st
ruct
ure
can
adeq
uate
ly s
uppo
rt lo
ads
impo
sed
upon
it).
•In
trod
uce
extr
a te
mpo
rary
win
d br
acin
g if
requ
ired
.
Not
e: (A
ccep
tanc
e Cr
iter
ia)
alw
ays
incl
ude
the
rele
vant
app
rove
d dr
awin
gs, A
ustr
alia
n St
anda
rds,
eng
inee
rs in
stru
ctio
ns, c
lient
spe
cific
atio
ns o
rm
anuf
actu
rers
inst
ruct
ions
.
10. A
ddit
iona
lit
ems
as r
equi
red
9. T
rain
ing
and
com
mun
icat
ion
•A
too
lbox
tal
k to
be
unde
rtak
en w
ith
all r
elev
ant
part
ies
prio
r to
wor
k co
mm
enci
ng e
ach
day.
8. O
ngoi
ngm
onit
orin
g of
stee
l and
supp
ort
syst
ems
•D
aily
insp
ecti
ons
and
docu
men
ted
wee
kly
chec
klis
t to
be
unde
rtak
en o
n st
eel a
ndte
mpo
rary
sup
port
sys
tem
s.
•Co
mpe
tent
per
son
to s
ign-
off a
t da
ys e
nd, a
t co
mpl
etio
n of
eac
h da
ys e
rect
ion
sequ
ence
.
49
Appendix: 7
Sample of engineer’s certification letter for the use of rigger’s posts
19 June 2004
Hector Smith 21 Concrete DriveUrbanville Qld
Dear Mr Smith
Pineapple Industrial Estate Project – Spiky Road, Golden Beach
Structural adequacy of steel during erection and use of rigger’s post fall-arrest system.
I certify that the steel structure: (insert type of structure, i.e. portal frame structure) will supportthe rigger’s post system detailed below.
I reach this conclusion based upon the loadings and information supplied to me in regard to therigger’s post system by: (name of the steel erector).*
* Steel erector to provide rigger’s post loadings that are engineer verified.
Conditions
(examples of conditions that maybe applied by the engineer)
1. Monitor wind speed during steel erection, wind speed not to exceed _____ km/h.
2. Maximum number of workers to be attached to static line at any one time.
3. Minimum number and type of anchors per column.
Yours faithfully
Signature
Engineer’s Name
RPEQ No.
CSQ
/04/
1982
