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Stephen F. Austin State University
Teacher’s Attitudes and Choices Concerning Interpretive School
Programs at San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
Catherine C. McCarthy, Candidate
Master of Science in Resource InterpretationStephen F. Austin State
University
Dr. Michael H.LeggDr. Ray Darville
Stephen F. Austin State University
Description of the Study Area
4 Spanish Colonial
Missions established on
the banks of the San
Antonio River in the 1700s
Managed by the National
Park Service
Goal to preserve and
protect for future
generations
First Spanish colonial mission, “The Alamo,” in the heart of downtown San Antonio
Others south of the city, 2-3 miles distance between each
Ministered to natives for 70+ years
Remain active Catholic parishes
Education programs link students to their historical past
Stephen F. Austin State University
Objectives To evaluate existing
interpretive education programs
To determine teachers’ preferences for field trip learning experiences
To discover if existing park programs meet teacher needs and state mandated requirements
To determine the barriers to field trip participation
Stephen F. Austin State University
Students: A Unique Audience
Children demand a different approach to interpretation
Interpretive Development Program of NPS offers guidelines for program development
Student groups require curriculum-based interpretive programs
Stephen F. Austin State University
Field Trip Benefits Studies indicate positive
field trip experiences are linked to adult environmental behavior
Field trips have influenced career choices
Field trip experiences reinforce classroom material and increase retention of the material
Stephen F. Austin State University
Mission Education Programs
Decline in student visitation beginning in 2003-2004Education Statistics for FY04: SAMNHP
2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
Programs Students Programs Students Programs Students
Education
Program
250 6,190 275 7,128 226 5,525
Unscheduled
Groups
662 38,035 672 42,476 685 32,300
Total 912 44,225 947 49,604 911 37,825
Stephen F. Austin State University
Methods
Survey mailed to 343 middle school teachers, 11/8/04
Follow-up email the next day
Email version of survey sent 2 weeks after initial mailing
Second regular mailing sent 11/7/04
163 useable returns 48% of original sample
Stephen F. Austin State University
Survey Instrument
Teacher
demographics
Past field trip
experience
Barriers to
participation
Activity choices
Program preferences
Stephen F. Austin State University
Teachers Who Visited Missions
Profile & Interests White 17 years experience District allows 2 trips Remain all day Attend teacher
workshop Ranger-led program No bilingual program
Stephen F. Austin State University
Teacher Demographics 51% Male, 49% Female
73% White, 20%
Hispanic, 7% other
34%, 15 or more years
experience
29%, 5 years or less
experience
98% of sample middle
school teachers
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%H
ispa
nic
Whi
te
Oth
er
SASample
N=163
Stephen F. Austin State University
Schools in the Sample
N=163
Public79%
Private21%
SA Schools72%
OT Schools28%
Stephen F. Austin State University
Best One-Day Field Trip
N=119
29.4%27.7%
11.8%
7.6%5.9% 5.0% 5.0%
7.6%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Mus
eum
SA M
issions
Ala
mo
Oth
erH
isto
ric
Site
Nat
ural
Are
a
Gov
t or
Judi
cial
Site
Tou
r a
City
/Ind
ustr
y
Oth
er
Visited SAMNHP=71
Stephen F. Austin State University
Best Part of Field Trip19.9%
17.2%
15.2% 14.6% 14.6%
12.6% 12.6%
6.6%
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%18%20%
Rei
nfor
ced
Cla
ssro
om
Gui
de
Histo
ry t
o Li
fe
Exhi
bits
/Dem
o
New
Expe
rien
ce
Inte
ract
ive
Var
iety
Oth
er
N=151
Stephen F. Austin State University
Public School Teachers’Barriers to Field Trip
Participation No funding for
transportation
Mandated lessons
don’t allow time
away from
classroom
Field trips need to
be interdisciplinary
Stephen F. Austin State University
Private School Teachers’Barriers to Field Trip
Participation Didn’t know about
the programs
Insufficient time for
a ranger program
Students have
been to the
missions before
Stephen F. Austin State University
District Spending Per Student
State Average Per Student $7,708 <$7,708—34% have
visited SAMNHP
>$7,708—59% have visited SAMNHP
Median field trips allowed, have visited SAMNHP—2
Median field trips allowed, have not visited SAMNHP-1
33.7%
66.3%
58.8%
41.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
<$7708 >$7708
Yes
No
N=95 N=34
Stephen F. Austin State University
District Spending Per Student
3 of 20 SA school
districts spend
>$7,708
10 of 14 OT school
districts spend >$7708
Mean spending SA-
$7,482
Mean spending OT-
$8209
Stephen F. Austin State University
Knowledge of Programs/Feesand Visitation
93.00%
7.00%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Yes NoN=71
Stephen F. Austin State University
Knowledge of Programs and Ethnicity
71% White teachers—yes
70.70%
47.70%
29.30%
52.30%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Yes No
White Non-White
48% Non-White teachers—yes
N=163
Stephen F. Austin State University
Experience and Visitation
8%
17%
20%
55%
< =5 < =10 < =15 > 15
•57% > 5 years
experience have
visited SAMNHP
•14% < 5 years
experience have
visited SAMNHP
•Mode—20 years
•Mean—17 years
•N=71
Stephen F. Austin State University
Best Part of Program
55.2%
27.6%
8.6%5.2% 3.4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ExperiencingGrounds
Guided tour Teacheractivities
Movie Gristmill
N=58
Stephen F. Austin State University
Program Preference 79% prefer ranger-
led program
30% of teachers
who visited SAMNHP
participated in a
ranger-led program
Median number of
trips—2
31.6%
68.4%78.6%
21.4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Visited Sample
Ranger-led
Teacher-led
N=263 N=159
Stephen F. Austin State University
Most Desirable Learning Activity
Site visit with
ranger-led program
Ranger visit in the
classroom
Traveling trunk for
the classroom
Interactive CD for
the classroom
Stephen F. Austin State University
Preferred Education Programs
A kid’s life during
mission times
Living off the land
and other survival
skills
Cowboy ranching
life
Spanish and Indian
cultural symbols
Stephen F. Austin State University
Preferred On-Site Activities
Blacksmith Demonstration
History scavenger hunt
brick making corn grinding
and tortilla making
Stephen F. Austin State University
Summary Current programs
are successful Site visit is preferred
method of teaching mission history
Funding is major barrier to site visit
Teachers don’t know about the programs
Stephen F. Austin State University
Recommendations Facilitate bringing
students to the Missions
Maintain a current teacher database
Become more pro-active in information dissemination
Explore alternative modes of presentation
Stephen F. Austin State University
Recommendations Evaluate less popular
programs/replace with new programs
Provide a full-time blacksmith
Provide hands-on, interactive programs
Mirror museum exhibits and demonstrations