STID1103 Chapter 1 Introduction to IT

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CHAPTER ONE (1)

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY (IT)


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Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter you will be able to:-

Describe the evolution of Information Technology and

Communications Explain the concepts of ICT and IT

Introduce to computer hardware

Introduce to computer software

Discuss the history ofWindows Technology


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Chapter Outline

Introduction

IT & ICT

Computer

Hardware

Software

Application

Operating System Programming Languages

Windows Technology


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What is IT/ICT?

IT is concerned with technology to treat information.

Technology = the making, usage, and knowledge of tools,

machines, techniques, procedures, systems or methods of

organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specificfunction.

Information = data that is organized and meaningful.

Data = raw fact i.e. numbers, characters, unprocessed image.

IT = the {acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination} of

{vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information} by a{microelectronics-based combination of computing and

telecommunications.}

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Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) is "the study,

design, development, implementation,

support or management of informationsystems".

In form at ion techno logyis a general term

that describes any technology that helps

to produce, manipulate, store,communicate, and/or disseminate

information.

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What is ICT?

Information Communications Technology (ICT)

covers any product that will store, retrieve,

manipulate, transmit or receive information

electronically in a digital form. For example,

personal computers, digital television, email,

robots.

ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval,

manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data.

It is also concerned with the way these different

uses can work with each other.

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The Importance of IT/ICT

essential ingredient in managing businessprocesses of most organizations

reduction in administration costs

improve staff productivity

assist in the design & manufacture of products

improve the efficiency of interactions with clients,customers, suppliers & distribution outlets

create opportunities for new services, products &business ventures

speed, efficiency, effectiveness & competitiveadvantages

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IT Components

Process

Application (software)

Hardware

that is used to get, create, arrange,

analyze and present the information invarious format including text, image,

audio and video.

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Process

The ability to translate the information

needs, to analyze and present the

information and the ability to analyzethe process effectiveness.

It Includes techniques and activities that

involve design, development,implementation and IT management.

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Application (Software)

Software can be categorized into:

Curricular software

it is designed to educate students withconcepts and skills. The learning objective

is determine by the software.

Generic software

Software that is used to achieve various

learning objectives. Example: Word

processor, databases and multimedia

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Hardware

The physical components of a

computer system

Includes all types of technologyhardware including computers,

scanner, modem, printers etc.

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Telecommunication devices

Wireless Phone

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Walkie Talkie Pager

Fax machine

Video Conferencing

Telegraph Chatting software: Example IRC, Yahoo

Messenger

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Example of Telecommunication

Devices

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PAGER

CELULAR PHONE


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Devices

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PDAWALKIE TALKIE


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Devices

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FAX MACHINE


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Devices

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Computer
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Computer

An electronic device or a

programmable machine that receives

inputs, stores and manipulates data(retrieves and processes data), can be

programmed with instructions and

provides output in a useful format.

A computer is composed of hardware andsoftware, and can exist in a variety of

sizes and configurations.

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Computer

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Monitor

Keyboard

Central Processing

Unit (CPU)


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Types of Computer

Analog

Process physical data. Example:

Temperature, air pressure, electrical

Digital

Process data in binary ( 1 and 0)

Hybrid Combination of analog and digital

computers

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Components of Computer

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Storage

Input Devices

Output Devices

Communication Devices

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

CPU or the processor is the portion of a computer

system that carries out the instructions of a

computer program, and is the primary element

carrying out the computer's functions.

Manipulates raw data into a more useful form and

controls the other parts of the computer systems.

A microprocessor is a multipurpose,

programmable, clock driven, register baseddevice that takes input and provides output.

E.g. Intel Pentium, AMD Athlon, SUN UltraSparc

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Storage

A data storage device often called memory is a

device for recording (storing) information (data).

Primary Storage (main memory, internal memory)

Temporarily stores data and program instructions

during processing (volatile storage). Example

RAM.

Secondary Storage (external memory)

Store data and programs when they are not being

used in processing. Example: HardDisk, Floppy

Disk, CD, DVD, Tape Drive, ROM, flash memory

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Input Devices

Any peripheral (piece of computer hardwareequipment) used to provide data and control signalsto an information processing system (such as a

computer). Convert data and instructions into electronic form for

input into the computer.

Example Pointing devices (mouse, touch screen)

Source data automation (optical character recognition ~ Barcode, magnetic ink character recognition)

Handwriting recognition (pen-based input ~ PDA, laptopmouse pointing)

Keyboard, Scanner, sensor device

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Output Devices

Any piece of computer hardware equipmentused to communicate the results of dataprocessing carried out by an informationprocessing system (such as a computer) tothe outside world.

Convert electronic data produced by thecomputer system and display them into aform that people can understand.

Example:Video Display Terminal (monitors),Printers, plotters, speakers, headphone,earphone.

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Communication Devices

Communication is a process oftransferring information from one entity

to another. Provide connections between the

computer and communication networks.

Example: Modem, Digital Camera,HeadPhone/Telephony (conferencing),radio/TV.

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Categories of Computers

Supercomputer

Mainframe

Midrange (Minicomputers)

Microcomputers

Workstation

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Supercomputer

Highly sophisticated and powerful computerthat can perform very complex computationsextremely rapidly.

Most powerful & expensive.

Used in scientific and military work, such asclassified weapons research and weather

forecasting.

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Mainframe

Largest category of computer, used for majorbusiness processing.

Intended to service multiple users

Capable of handling and processing verylarge amounts of data quickly.

Used in large institutions such as

government, banks and large corporations.

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Midrange (Minicomputers)

A class of computer systems which fall in betweenmainframe computers and microcomputers.

Capable of supporting the computing needs of

small organizations or of managing networks ofother computers such as in Universities, factoriesand research laboratories as server to manageorganization computer network

E.g. Digital Equipment Corporation, Hewlett-Packard (HP3000 line), and Sun Microsystems(SPARC Enterprise).

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Microcomputers

A computer with a microprocessor as itscentral processing unit

Also known as personal computer.

Physically small compared to mainframe andmini.

E.g. desktop computers, laptop and notebook

computers, tablet PC, palmtop computers,personal digital assistants (PDA's).

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Workstation

A high-end microcomputer designed for technical or

scientific applications.

Intended primarily to be used by one person at a

time, they are commonly connected to a local area

network and run multi-user operating systems.

Desktop computer with powerful graphics and

mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform

several complicated at once.

Used in scientific, engineering and design work

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Computer Hardware

Monitor14, 15, 17 & 21

Keyboards- 108, 110, 114 keys,

Mouse,

Speaker,Printer,

Scanner,

CD Drive,

CD WriterFloppy A Drive

Joy Stick

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Monitor

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A monitor or display (sometimes called

a visual display unit) is an electronic

visual display for computers.

It comprises the display device,circuitry, and an enclosure.

2 types of Monitor

CRT -Cathode Ray Tube (just like

television setFlat Panel - Using TFT-LCD (thin

film transistor liquid crystal display,

or plasma display panel (pixel rely on

gas in the cell or plasma)


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Printers

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a printer is a peripheral whichproduces a hard copy(permanent readable text

and/or graphics) of documentsstored in electronic form,usually on physical printmedia such as paper ortransparencies.o Dot matrixo Ink Jet

o Laser Jet

o Bubble Jet


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Software

The collection of computer programs and

related data that provide the instructions

telling a computer what to do and how to do. Complete instructions that control, manage

and support operational activities of computer

system.

3 basic functions:a) manage computer systems data sources

b) create platforms & tools to use the data source

c) act as the middle-man between human and data source storage

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User

Application Software

System Software

Computer

Hardware

Relationship between User, Application Software,

System Software and Computer Hardware


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Example of Computer Software

System Software

Application Software

Programming Languages

Firmware

Device Drivers

Middleware

Testware

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System Software

A computer software designed to

operate the computer hardware and to

provide and maintain a platform forrunning application software.

The most important types of system

software are: The operating system The computer BIOS and device firmware

Utility software

Computer Language Translation Programs

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Operating System

Allows the parts of a computer to work together by

performing tasks like transferring data between

memory and disks or rendering output onto a display

device. It also provides a platform to run high-level system

software and application software.

Manages and control the computers activities

Main functions of the operating system Allocates and assigns system resources

Schedules the use of computer resources and computer job

Monitor computer system activities

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Example of Operating System

DOS

UNIX

OS/2

Macintosh

Windows 95/98/2000/NT/ME/XP

LindowsOS

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DOS

Disk Operating System (DOS)

Operating system for older IBM and IBM-

compatible PCs between 1981 and 1995.Advantage:

Ease of use ~ user interface (command line

interface)

Disadvantage:

Do not support multitasking

Limits program use of memory to 640 kilobytes

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DOS

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UNIX

A computer operating system originally

developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T

employees at Bell Labs. Operating System for all types of computers,

which is machine independent and support

multi-user processing, multitasking and

networking. widely used in both servers and workstations

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UNIX

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OS/2

Operating system/2 created by

Microsoft and IBM for IBM PCS that can

take advantage of the 32-bitmicroprocessor.

Support multitasking and networking.

Has its own graphical user interface anddesktop and server version

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OS/2

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Macintosh

OS for Apple Macintosh computer that

support multitasking.

The first commercially successfulpersonal computer to feature a mouse

and a graphical user interface.

Has access to the internet and haspowerful graphics and multimedia

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Macintosh System 1.1

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Mac OS 8.0

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M OS X J


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Mac OS X Jaguar

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Microsoft Windows

A series of software operating systems

and graphical user interfaces produced

by Microsoft. Windows Operating System to control

and manage computer activities

Based on graphical user interfaceeasier to use

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List of Microsoft Windows

versions 1985 November 20 - Windows 1.01

1986 August - Windows 1.03

1986 May - Windows 1.02

1987 April - Windows 1.04

1987 December - Windows 2.03


1989 March - Windows 2.11


1992 August - Windows 3.1 1992 October - Windows for Workgroups 3.1

1993 August - Windows NT 3.1

1993 November - Windows for Workgroups 3.11

1993 October - Windows 3.210/28/2013 STID 1103 52


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List of Microsoft Windows

versions (cont) 1994 September - Windows NT 3.5 1995 August - Windows 95

1995 June - Windows NT 3.51

1996 July - Windows NT 4.0

1998 June - Windows 98 2000 April - Windows Mobile

2000 February - Windows 2000

2000 June - Windows Me

2001 August - Windows XP

2003 April - Windows Server 2003 2006 November - Windows Vista

2008 February - Windows Server 2008

2009 July - Windows 7

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Windows 3.1

Introduced graphical User Interface for

example Program manager

Based on windows- allowing few program intheir own windows.

Disadvantages:

Require high memory and storage

Operates only on computers with micro

processor 286, 2MB RAM and at least

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Windows 3.1

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Windows 95

Popular in mid 90s, used in personal PCs.

Most of the software is based on windows format

Using storage area of 80 MB, 8MB RAM and micro

processor at least 486 DX.

Using 32-bit operating system

Perform twice better than windows 3.1(16-bit)

Support multitasking Support plug and play

Better GUI

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Windows 95


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Windows 98

32-bit operating system that is closely

integrated with the Internet and that supports

multitasking, multithreading and networking

Faster and more integrated compare to

windows 95 with support for additional

hardware such as MMX, DVD.

The most visible features is integration of theOS with Web browser software

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Windows 98

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Windows 2000

32-bit operating system for PCs,

workstations and network servers.

Support multitasking, multiprocessing,intensive networking and Internet

services for corporate computing.

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Windows 2000 Pro

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Windows ME

Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium Edition)

Enhanced Windows Operating System for

consumer users featuring tools for workingwith video, photos, music and home

networking.

Improved capabilities for safeguarding

critical files.

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Windows ME

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Windows NT

Microsoft Windows NT (New

Technology)

Posses the same ability in UNIX such asmulti-user, multitasking and high security.

Suitable for high technology application,

graphic and animation.

Appropriate as server in a network.

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Windows NT 3.1

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Windows XP

Microsoft Windows XP (Experience)

Reliable, robust operating system with

versions for both home and corporateusers.

Features support of internet and

multimedia and improved networking,

security and corporate managementcapabilities

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Windows XP

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Windows 7

For use on personal computers, including

home and business desktops, laptops,

netbooks, tablet PCs, and media center PCs

New features are advances in touch and

handwriting recognition, support for virtual

hard disks, improved performance on multi-

core processors, improved boot performance,DirectAccess, and kernel improvements.

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Windows 8

For use on personal computers, including home and

business desktops, laptops, tablets, and home theater

PCs.

Primarily focused towards improving its user experienceon mobile devices such as tablets to better compete with

other mobile operating systems like Android and Apple's

iOS.

Featuring a new Start screen that replaces the "Start

menu" of earlier Windows versions.

A new app platform with an emphasis on touchscreen

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Windows 8

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LindowsOS

Linspire, previously known as LindowsOS, was a

commercial operating system based on Debian

GNU/Linux and later Ubuntu.

The first "Broadband OS"

Built to take full advantage of broadband

technology.

Designed to fully utilize the world of tomorrow,where Internet connectivity is bountiful and

cheap, and computers are ubiquitous.

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LindowsOS

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The computer BIOS and device

firmware The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a standard defining afirmware interface. It is built into the PC.

Firmware is a term often used to denote the fixed, usually rather

small, programs and data structures that internally control various

electronic devices. It provides basic functionality to operate andcontrol the hardware connected to or built into the computer.

The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating

system. When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is to

initialize and identify system devices such as the video display card,

keyboard and mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD drive and other hardware.The BIOS then locates software held on a peripheral device

(designated as a 'boot device'), such as a hard disk or a CD, and

loads and executes that software, giving it control of the PC.

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The computer BIOS and device

firmware (example)

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Firmware

Low-level software often stored on electrically programmable

memory devices.

Fixed, usually small programs and data structures that internally

control various electronic devices.

Examples of devices containing firmware range from end-user

products such as remote controls or calculators, through

computer parts and devices like hard disks, keyboards, TFT

screens or memory cards, all the way to scientific

instrumentation and industrial robotics.

Also more complex consumer devices, such as mobile phones,

digital cameras, synthesizers, etc., contain firmware to enable

the device's basic operation as well as implementing higher-

level functions.

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Device Drivers

A device driver or software driver is a computer

program allowing higher-level computer

programs to interact with a hardware device.

Control parts of computers such as disk drives,

printers, CD drives, or computer monitors.

Acts as a translator between a hardware device

and the applications or operating systems that

use it.

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Utility software Utility software is a kind of system software designed to help analyze,

configure, optimize and maintain the computer.

A single piece of utility software is usually called a utility or tool.

Example of utility softwares: Disk storage utilities ~ manage the storage like HDD, FDD, CD

Disk defragmenters ~ detect computer files whose contents are broken across several locations on

the hard disk, and move the fragments to one location to increase efficiency.

Disk partitions ~ divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives

Backup utilities ~ make a copy of all information stored on a disk, and restore either the entire disk

or selected files

Disk compression ~ compress/uncompress the contents of a disk, increasing the capacity of the

disk. Anti-virus utilities ~ scan for computer viruses.

Registry cleaners ~ clean and optimize the Windows registry by removing old registry keys that are

no longer in use.

Network utilities ~ analyze the computer's network connectivity, configure network settings, check

data transfer or log events.

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Computer Language Translation

Programs Convert programming languages into machine language. Programs written in high-level language such as COBOL, C

must be translated into machine language that the computer canexecute

The program in high-level language before translation is calledsource code.

A compiler translates source code into machine code calledobject code

But some programming language do not use complier, but usean interpreter

Interpreter used to translate each source code statement one ata time into machine code during execution and executes it. It isa bit slow to execute since it translated one statement at a time.

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Compiler

Translates source code into machine code called object code.

Translates a high level language into an assembly or machine

language.

Examples include Ada, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN,

PL/I, C/C++.

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Interpreter

Translates a high level language into an assembly or machine

language.

Used to translate each source code statement one at a time into

machine code during execution and executes it.

Examples include Ada, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN,PL/I, C/C++.

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Programming languages

An artificial language designed to express

computations that can be performed by a machine,

particularly a computer.

Programming languages can be used to createprograms that control the behavior of a machine, to

express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human

communication.

Many programming languages have some form ofwritten specification of their syntax (form) and

semantics (meaning).

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Programming languages (cont)

The syntax is the form or arrangement of symbols

and characters typical to a particular language.

Semantics deal with the meaning that a set of

characters convey when arranged in a particular way.

Programming languages can be divided into:

Low-level programming languages

High-level programming languages

Very high-level programming languages

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Low-level Programming

languages A programming language that provides little or noabstraction from a computer's instruction set

architecture.

The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistentamount of abstraction between the language and

machine language; because of this, low-level

languages are sometimes described as being "close

to the hardware."

Low-level programming languages are sometimes

divided into two categories:

first generation

second generation.10/28/2013 STID 1103 83


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First Generation Languages

The first-generation programming language, or

1GL also known as Machine Language, is

machine code.

It is the only language a microprocessor canprocess directly without a previous

transformation.

Using binary code ( 1 and 0 )

Programming in machine language is very slow,labor-intensive process

Example : 1010 1101 8B54 2408 83FA 007710/28/2013 STID 1103 84


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Second Generation Languages

2GL, is assembly language, developed in 1950s that resembles

machine language but substitutes mnemonics for numeric codes. (

example: load, sum).

It is considered a second-generation language because while it is not a

microprocessor's native language, an assembly language programmer

must still understand the microprocessor's unique architecture (such asits registers and instructions).

These simple instructions are then assembled directly into machine

code.

The assembly code can also be abstracted to another layer in a similar

manner as machine code is abstracted into assembly code. Difficult to read, debug and learn and costly in term of programmers

time

Example: mov edx, [esp+8], cmp edx, 0, ja @f, mov eax, 0, ret

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Example: Assembly Language

This assembler program changes the size of the computer cursor.

1. use any editor program to create the source file. Type the following lines:

; use ; to put comments in the assembler program

.MODEL SMALL ; memory model

.STACK ; memory space for program instructions in the stack

.CODE ; the following lines are program instructions

mov ah,1h ; moves the value 1h to register ah

mov cx,07h ;moves the value 07h to register cx

int 10h ;10h interruption

mov ah,4ch ;moves the value 4 ch to register ah

int 21h ;21h interruption

END ; finishes the program code

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2. Save the file in ASCII format with the following name: examp1.asm

3. Use the TASM program to build the object program.

Example:

C:\>tasm exam1.asmTurbo Assembler Version 2.0 Copyright (c) 1988, 1990 Borland International

Assembling file: exam1.asm

Error messages: None

Warning messages: None

Passes: 1

Remaining memory: 471k

The TASM can only create programs in .OBJ format, which are not executable by

themselves, but rather it is necessary to have a linker which generates the

executable code.

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4. Use the TLINK program to build the executable program example:

C:\>tlink exam1.objTurbo Link Version 3.0 Copyright (c) 1987, 1990 Borland International

C:\>

Where exam1.obj is the name of the intermediate program, .OBJ. This generates a

file directly with the name of the intermediate program and the .EXE extension.

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5. Execute the executable program

C:\>exam1[enter]

Remember, this assembler program changes the size of the cursor.

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High-level Programming

languages A programming language with strong abstraction from thedetails of the computer.

It may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be

more portable across platforms.

Such languages hide the details of CPU operations such asmemory access models and management of scope.

It makes the language user-friendly.

Can be divided into:

3rd Generation language

4th Generation language

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3rd Generation Language

Specify instructions as brief statements

that are more like natural language than

assembly language. Easier to write and understand in

comparison of assembly language.

More user friendly Example: FORTRAN, COBOL,BASIC,

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Example: BASIC (source code)

Syntax:

PROGRAM Hello

! Example

Print "Hello World" ! Hello world will be printed on the screen

END

Semantics: Hello World

===============================================================

PROGRAM product

! Another example

LET m = 2 ! mass in kilograms

LET a = 4 ! acceleration in mks units

LET force = m*a ! force in Newtons

PRINT force

END

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Example: C++ Language

int main ()

{

cout


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Example: COBOL Language

Syntax:

DISPLAY "Good Morning".

STOP RUN

Semantics:

Good Morning

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4th generation Languages

A programming language that can be employed directly by enduser or less skilled programmers to develop computerapplications more rapidly than conventional programminglanguages (nonprocedural or less).

Use for the development of commercial business software Seven categories of 4th generation languages

Query languages

Report generators

Graphics languages

Application generators

Very high level programming languages Application software packages

PC tools

E.g. LINC (Logic and Information Network Compiler), OracleExpress 4GL.

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Very High-level Programming

languages A programming language with a very high level of abstraction,used primarily as a professional programmer productivity tool.

Very high-level programming languages are usually limited to a

very specific application, purpose, or type of task.

For this reason, very high-level programming languages areoften referred to as goal-oriented programming languages.

Example: 5th Generation Language

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5th Generation Languages

A programming language based around

solving problems using constraints

given to the program, rather than usingan algorithm written by a programmer.

Used mainly in artificial intelligence

research. E.g. Prolog, OPS5 (Official Production

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Application software

Also known as an application, is computer software

designed to help the user to perform singular or

multiple related specific tasks.

Examples include enterprise software, accountingsoftware, office suites, graphics software and media

players.

Application software that we will learn in this class

Word Processor (Microsoft Word)

Electronic Spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel)

Database (Microsoft Access)

Graphic presentation

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Word Processor

A computer application used for the production andmanipulating (including composition (creating),editing, formatting, deleting, saving and possiblyprinting) of any sort of printable material (e.g. memo,letters, report, etc.)

Advantages (in comparison with type writer) Save time and efficient to create documents

More flexible in term of deleting, and editing the content

Used in Business

Personal

Educationetc

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Electronic spreadsheet

A computer application that simulates a paper, accounting

worksheet, which manipulates lines and numbers and to do

calculation and is used to create charts, graph and table.

It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting

of rows and columns, each cell containing alphanumeric text,numeric values orformula.

A formula defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated

from the contents of any other cell (or combination of cells) each

time any cell is updated.

Spreadsheets are frequently used for financial information

because of their ability to re-calculate the entire sheet

automatically after a change to a single cell is made.

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Database

Consists of an organized collection of related data for one ormore uses, typically in digital form.

Shared collection of logically related data (and a description ofthis data), designed to meet the information needs of an

organization Advantages:

Data consistency

More information from the same amount of data

Sharing of data

Improved data integrity Improved security

Enforcement of standards

Economy of scale

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Graphic Presentation

A computer program that allows users

to compose and edit graphics images

and pictures interactively on a computerand save them in one of many popular

vector graphics formats, such as EPS,

PDF, WMF, SVG, or VML .

Animation

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Middleware

Computer software that connects software

components or applications.

Controls and co-ordinates distributed systems which

includes web servers, application servers, and similartools that support application development and

delivery.

Examples include EAI (Enterprise Application

Integration) software, telecommunications software,transaction monitors, and messaging-and-queueing

software.

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Middleware

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Testware

Software for testing hardware or a

software package.

Example use of testware:- Web testing, environment & compatibility

testing, performance testing

Functional testing, scalability testing, testautomation, load and stress testing

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IT in Management

1. Latest in cost efficiency- including labor cost,

transportation, communication

2. Increment in business performance virtual

marketing and globalization, Sharing of information3. Global marketing- E-commerce, E-business

4. Increment in customer satisfaction

5. Increment in share market

6. Low margin cost

7. Increment in quality- products and services

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The Importance of Computer

Efficiency and effectiveness in informationmanagement

Business management Education purposes Borderless world Military Entertainment Finance and banking

Town planning Publication Graphic and animation

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The Problems of Computer

Computer crime

Hackers

Illegal downloading

Hard to manage Computer broke down

Gap between humans

Less communication among people

Secluded in their rooms Privacy and confidentiality

Personal information can be revealed easily

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Review

Introduction

IT & ICT

Computer

Hardware Software

Application

Operating System

Programming Languages

Windows Technology

Documents

STID1103 Chapter 1 Introduction to IT