PEKING July 22, 1958

2]

R E V l EW"

A

STOP

U.S.-BRITISH AGGRESSION IN

THE MIDDLE EAST i,~l

CHINA'S SUPPORT

FOR THE ARAB PEOPLE • Chinese Gove rnmen t Demands Wi thdrawal of U.S. Troops

f r o m Lebanon (p. 7).

• Chinese G o v e r n m e n t Protests to the Bri t ish Gove rnmen t Against the Invasion of Jordan (p. 7).

• Bir th of the Republic of Iraq Hailed (p. 8).

• Nation-wide Rallies (p. 4).

• A Call to the People of the World to Act Now (p. 6).

The U.S . -Br i t i sh Road to Disaster ¢p. 20).

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E O F C H I N E S E N E W S A N D V I E W S

Reactive Colours Direct Dyes Direct I:as~ Dyes Acid Dyes Vat Dyes Basic Dyes

"UHO" DYESTU FFS I

DYE- INTERMEDIATES /

H

Cable Address : J For particulars ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

p/ease wr i te t o : - - ~ ' ~ ' ~ ,

NOCIDYICS / C H I N A NATIONAL IMPORT 6, EXPORT TIENTSIN / CORPORATION

TIENTSIN BRANCH . 171 Chien Sheh Road, T,entsin, Chine

PEKING REVI EW

(BEIJING ZHOUBAO)

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

July 22, 1958 Vol. I No. 21

C O N T E N T S

CHINA AND THE WORLD

"We Stand By Our Arab Brothers!"; "Brit ish Forces, Get Out of Jordan!"; China Recognizes the Republic of Iraq

A R T I C L E S

People of the World, Act Now! 6

T h e Chinese Government Demands : Withdrawal of U.S. Forces f rom Leba- non; Withdrawal of Brit ish Forces f rom Jordan 7

China Greets the Great Victory of the Iraqi People 8

Days with Cha i rman Mao - - Chen Chang-feng. 9

The U.S.-British Road to Disaster - - W o r l d Press Review 20

13 ARCIIAEOLOGY

Tomb of Po Ni King in Nanking; Chang- an in Tang Times; A l u mi n i u m 1,600 Years Old; Chalcolithic Age Remains in Yunnan; Ancient Weapons; West Chou Chimes

B A L L E T A N D OPERA

Swan Lake in Peking; Madame But- ~erfly

ROUND THE WEEK

Best Year in the Northwest ; Pea s an t s and Scientists Swap Ideas; Accent on Versatility; Univers i ty F a c t o r , s ; Han River Project; More Price Cuts

SIDELIGHTS

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

Hands Off :Lebanon and Jordan; Iraq: Ant i . Imper ia l i s t Forepost

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING

14

16

18

19

22

Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Registratlon No. 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of China

Stop UeS.-British Aggression in the Middle East

N AKED U.S.-British aggression against Lebanon and Jordan has aroused ~a violent storm of protest the world over. The

cry " throw the imperialists out!" sounds louder and more insistent every day.

The mounting opposition of the people of Lebanon and Jordan is part icularly significant. In Lebanon, the leaders of the people's forces indignantly accused the 'U.S. of open aggression and vowed to defend their fatherland at all costs. Even Reuter had to report that "influential Lebanese mili tary quarters had been angered and wanted the U.S. Marines to withdraw entirely from Lebanon." News :dispatches from Amman also indicate that the British invaders are having a pre t ty hot t ime of it too.

The march of events in the Middle East brings the issue into sharp focus.

The American and British hypocrisy about respecting each nation's right to choose its form of government now stands ex- posed before the entire world. In vain are the at tempts of Washington and London to just i fy their aggression on the pretext

o f "protecting" the lives and proper ty of their nationals. This hollow tale is nothing but the long discredited language of sabre-rattling imperialists.

In the Suez crisis, the U.S.A. pretended to take exception to the Anglo-French ' invasion of Egypt and posed as a friend of the Arab people. Now the Yankee imPerialists are out in front in launching aggression in the Middle East. This shows what the notorious Eisenhower Doctrine really is.

For the Arab people in the Middle East, Britain's unsavoury record of imperialist p lunder and bestial i ty is on ly too well known. Renewed British aggression against Jordan points up the truism that you can't expect the leopard to change its spots.

Washington and London made no secret of the fact that they resorted to armed intervention in order to cope with the highly "explosive" situation arising from the birth of the new Republic of Iraq. It is therefore only too clear that U.S.-British aggres- sion against Lebanon and Jordan represents only one aspect of their military adventure. Their objective is to crush the national independence movements in the Middle East and to bolster up their colonial rule in that part of the world.

U.S.-Brifish aggression violates international, law and the U.N. Charter. It seriously menaces peace in western Asia and the world. This flagrant challenge must not go unchecked. The peopIe of Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq enjoy World-wide support because justice is on their Side. As reported elsewhere in this issue, the Chinese Government and people stand squarely behind the Arab people in their fight against foreign aggression. The miserable failure of U.S. aggression in Korea and the Anglo- French mili tary adventure over the Suez show beyond doubt that imperialist aggression can be smashed and must be smashed.

Let t h e imperialists be shown once again that they cannot get away with lawless, gunboat piracy.

3

China and the World

"WE STAND BY OUR ARAB BROTHERS!" - - Peking Mass Rally Condemns U.S. Aggression

M a r c h i n g co lumns of ha l f a mi l l ion d e m o n s t r a t o r s - - w o r k e r s , peasan t s , s tu - dents , g o v e r n m e n t employees a n d res i - den ts N c o n v e r g e d on Pek ing ' s T i en A n M e n S q u a r e on the a f t e r n o o n of J u l y 17 in a m a m m o t h ra l ly aga in s t U.S. aggres - s ion in Lebanon .

D e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e i r so l ida r i ty w i t h the I raq i and L e b a n e s e peoples a n d p r o t e s t i n g aga ins t impe r i a l i s t aggress ion in t he Middle East , t hey t u r n e d t he v a s t s q u a r e in to a sea of peop le a n d b a n n e r s . By the t ime the mass m e e t i n g s t a r t e d a t 4 o 'clock the c rowd was over f lowing in to the wide t h o r o u g h f a r e s t h a t f l ank the square . Up on the r o s t r u m w e r e r e p r e - s en t a t i ve s of Ch ina ' s mass o rgan i za t i ons an d d ip lomat i c officials f r o m the Sov ie t Un ion and o t h e r socia l is t coun t r i e s and f rom m a n y As ian and A f r i c a n countr ies .

Mayor P e n g Chen, m e m b e r of t he Pol i t ica l B u r e a u of t he C e n t r a l C o m m i t - tee of the Ch inese C o m m u n i s t Pa r ty , f i rs t s p e a k e r a t the ral ly, dec l a red : " T h e 600 mi l l ion Ch inese people s t and by the Arab , people. T o g e t h e r w i t h t he o t h e r A s i a n and A f r i c a n peoples a n d all peace - lov ing people the wor ld over, we sha l l give ful l suppor t to the A r a b people w h o n o w s t and in the f o r e f r o n t of the s t rugg le aga ins t impe r i a l i s t aggress ion in the Middle East. We a re conf ident t h a t vic- tory wil l g o ' t o the courageous A r a b peo- ple. Ju s t i ce is on t h e i r side."

A t h u n d e r of a p p l a u s e ro l led over the s q u a r e w h e n h e g ree ted the found ing of t he I r aq i Republ ic . "This ," he said, "is a g r ea t v i c to ry no t on ly for the A r a b people, bUt for a l l t he peace - l ov ing peo- ples of the wor ld . I t is a te l l ing b low to the colonia l ru le of t he imper i a l i s t s in t he Midd le East . T h e v ic to ry of the I r aq i peop le wi l l s t i m u l a t e a n e w up- su rge of the n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t s in As i a a n d Afr ica . T h e imper ia l i s t s , w h o a re t r y i n g to lord i t ove r t he A s i a n a n d A f r i c a n peoples, a re cou r t ing e v e n b igger defea t s . "

P e n g C h e n dec la red : " A t th is m o m e n t , t he U.S. impe r i a l i s t s a re s t i l l forc ib ly occupying o u r t e r r i t o r y of Ta iwan . B u t the C h i n e s e peop le a re d e t e r m i n e d to l i be r a t e T a i w a n and t hey a re ful ly con- f ident t h a t t hey can do so. U.S. t roops m u s t get ou t of T a i w a n ! " T h e g rea t c rowd roa red a p p r o v a l and suppor t .

T h e m e e t i n g was add re s sed by m a n y s p e a k e r s p r o m i n e n t in va r i ous w a l k s of life. As r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of worke r s l peas - an ts , s t t /den ts and va r i ous pol i t ica l pa r t i e s mou~nted t he r o s t r u m to c o n d e m n U.S. aggress ion , the s q u a r e echoed to shou t s of "U.S. t roops get ou t of L e b a n o n ! . . . . Long l ive t he Repub l i c of I r aq ! . . . . U.S. t roops get ou t of Korea ! . . . . U.S. t roops c l ea r ou t f r o m J a p a n a n d t he Ph i l i pp ines ! " " D o w n w i t h impe r i a l i s t aggress ion!" "Defend wor ld peace! . . . . Oppose U.S. in t e r -

f e r ence in the i n t e r n a l affa i rs of the A r a b peoples! . . . . S u p p o r t t he L e b a n e s e peo- ple ' s n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t ! " " S u p p o r t t he Repub l i c of I r a q ! " "Long l ive the v ic to ry of the n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d - ence m o v e m e n t in As ia and Afr ica !"

The a p p e a r a n c e of the U.A.R. Charg6 d 'Af fa i r e s in China , Z o h e i r M o h a m e d E1 Sh ib iny , be fo re the m i c r o p h o n e was g ree t ed w i t h t u m u l t u o u s cheers . Con- d e m n i n g the U.S. aggress ion in Lebanon , he dec la red : " T h e Sovie t U n i o n and People ' s C h i n a h a v e a n n o u n c e d t h e i r rec- ogn i t ion of the Repub l i c of I r aq and con- d e m n e d the occupa t ion of L e b a n o n by the U.S. imper ia l i s t s . Once a g a i n they h a v e p roved to be the t r ue a n d fa i th fu l f r i ends of t he A r a b people in t h e i r t r ia ls ."

Whole City Astir

Since ea r ly m o r n i n g Ch ina ' s cap i ta l had b e e n s ee th ing w i t h the news of t he A m e r i - c an i n v a s i o n of L e b a n o n . Meet ings , dis- cuss ions a n d s p o n t a n e o u s d e m o n s t r a t i o n s w e r e t a k i n g p lace in fac tor ies , schools, offices and farms. By midday , u n d e r a r e l en t l e s s J u l y sun, d e m o n s t r a t o r s we re f i l l ing T ien A n M e n Squa re , c a r ry ing flags, b a n n e r s a n d has t i l y d r a w n pos te rs and car toons . One of the f avour i t e s was the R e n m i n R i b a o ca r toon of t h a t m o r n - ing: "No T ime for Disguise" - - a sodden, a r m e d w o l f - - U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m - - coming a s h o r e in Lebanon . The c rowds we re in

S k e t c h e s b y J a c k Chen

' " t ~ ' ~"

• "-~ ~ t'~ =,

fe rment . S t u d e n t s we re s ing ing an t i - imper ia l i s t m a r c h i n g songs composed only a few hour s previous ly . Some, to the de l igh t of d e m o n s t r a t o r s a r o u n d them, put on ski ts c a r i c a t u r i n g the A m e r i c a n aggressors .

A hef ty , m idd l e - aged c r ane -ope ra to r , ho ld ing a red flag, told your co r r e spond- e~t : " I ' l l tell you: I had e n o u g h of the imper ia l i s t s . My m o t h e r was k i l led by the J a p a n e s e aggressors d u r i n g the las t war . I was o r p h a n e d a t s e v e n a n d h a d to t r a m p all t he way f rom m y n a t i v e S h a n t u n g P r o v i n c e to P e k i n g to f ind w o r k to feed myself . I w o r k e d as a coolie in the S h i h c h i n g s h a n I ron W o r k s w h i c h we re r u n t h e n by t he J apanese . I s l aved long hours . I n e a r l y d ied of poor food a n d sickness. I h a t e the imper ia l i s t s . I c an ' t bea r to see t h e m lord i t ove r our o w n people or any o t h e r na t ion ! "

Typical of China

Less t h a n two yea r s a g o - - o n N o v e m - be r 3 - - f o u r h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d people ra l l ied on th is s ame s q u a r e to d e m o n s t r a t e the Ch inese people ' s s u p p o r t of Egypt in h e r s t rugg le aga in s t A n g l o - F r e n c h aggres - s ion d u r i n g the Suez affair . M a r c h i n g w i t h a g roup of s t uden t s t h r o u g h t he eas t c i ty d u r i n g the d e m o n s t r a t i o n fo l lowing the ral ly, one could feel t he s a m e s en t imen t s , wi th , pe rhaps , a n e v e n l a r g e r m e a s u r e of conf idence a n i m a t i n g t he d e m o n s t r a t o r s an d the whole of Pek ing . E v e r y w h e r e , in hutungs or avenues , s logans w e r e w r i t t e n or pos ted on wal l s a n d t e l e p h o n e poles. Lorr ies ca r r i ed s logans cha lked on the i r s ides a n d flags f lu t t e red f r o m cycles d e m o n s t r a t i n g s u p p o r t for t he I r aq i a n d Lebanese peoples. T h e c o l u m n was gree ted all a long its r ou t e w i t h chee r s an d applause . Housewives r a n out f r o m houses to offer t h e m tea a n d dr inks . O n Wangfuch ing , t he c i ty 's bus ies t shopp ing centre , t he c u r r e n t a t t r a c t i o n was no t t he la tes t f ancy goods p roduced d u r i n g t h e "big leap," b u t s h o p - w i n d o w d isp lays of maps of the Midd le Eas t a n d ca r toons c o n d e m n i n g t he U.S. imper ia l i s t s .

In t h e a f t e r n o o n a n d u n t i l l a t e in t he evening , mee t ings c o n t i n u e d to be he ld in factor ies , mines , schools and u n i v e r s i -

t ies t h r o u g h o u t Pek ing . The l a t e s t news of the Midd le Eas t s i t ua t ion b r o a d c a s t by the rad io was eager ly h a n d e d on.

W h a t ha s b e e n h a p p e n i n g in P e k i n g these days is typ ica l of the mood of the people t h r o u g h o u t the count ry . On Ju ly 16 and 17, mi l l ions of people in scores of Ch ina ' s m a j o r ci t ies such as S h a n g h a i , T ien t s in , C a n t o n , S h e n y a n g , Chu,ngking, W u h a n , S ian , a n d H a r b i n we re ho ld ing l a rge - sca l e d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d mee t ings . In fact , in al l of Ch ina ' s va s t regions , people a re ast i r . In as m a s s i v e a d i sp lay of i n t e n n a t i o n a l so l ida r i ty as the wor ld has eve r wi tnessed , the Ch ine se people d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t they s t a n d by t he A r a b people in t h e i r f ight for n a t i o n a l i ndependence .

~ ' B r i t i s h . F u r e e s , G e t O u t o f J o r d a n l , ,

A f r e s h w a v e of d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a n d m e e t i n g s was se t off t h r o u g h o u t C h i n a on J u l y 18 by news of the l a n d i n g of B r i t i sh t roops in J o r d a n . In Pek ing , a n g r y c i t izens s t aged r o u n d - t h e - c l o c k d e m o n s t r a t i o n s be fo re t he Br i t i sh cha rg6 d ' a f fa i res ' office, d e m a n d i n g i m m e d i a t e w i t h d r a w a l of U.S. a n d B r i t i s h t roops f r o m L e b a n o n a n d Jo rdan .

Repo r t s of B r i t a i n ' s m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n - t i o n i n t he Midd le East , c a r r i ed in the m o r n i n g press , a r o u s e d i m m e d i a t e p o p u l a r reac t ion . A r o u n d noon d e m o n - s t r a t o r s f r o m al l ove r t he cap i t a l b e g a n to m a k e t h e i r w a y to the Br i t i sh cha rg6 d ' a f fa i res ' office. By two in the a f t e r - noon t he s t r ee t in f r o n t of i t was j a m m e d w i t h t h o u s a n d s of d e m o n s t r a t o r s , and m o r e kep t on a r r iv ing . Two m e m b e r s of the office s tood e m b a r r a s s e d ins ide i ts m a i n gate. A t s igh t of them, d e m o n - s t r a t o r s s u r g e d f o r w a r d shou t ing : " D o w n w i t h U.S . -Br i t i sh i n t e r f e r e n c e in t he i n t e r n a l a f fa i rs of the A r a b peoples !" " H a n d s off J o r d a n ! " " B r i t i s h forces, get ou t of J o r d a n ! " "U.S. forces, get ou t of L e b a n o n ! " a n d "We s u p p o r t t he n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t s of t he A r a b peoples !"

D u r i n g the d e m o n s t r a t i o n , h u n d r e d s of p ro t e s t messages w e r e de l i ve r ed to the B r i t i s h office. These notes f r o m the people w e r e h a r d l y couched in "d ip lo - m a t i c " l anguage . Th i s mes sage w r i t t e n by a g roup of w o r k e r s is typica l : " P u l l y o u r forces ou t of J o r d a n a t once, or you wil l face as sh~imeful a de fea t as you did in Suez !"

D e m o n s t r a t o r s b r o u g h t a long h o m e - m a d e pos te r s and b u c k e t s of paste . Soon the ta l l g rey wa l l of t he B r i t i s h com- pound , a f ew h u n d r e d m e t r e s long, was p l a s t e r e d w i t h pos te r s and s logans in Chinese , A r a b i c a n d Engl ish . By t he end of t he day on ly the B r i t i s h e m b l e m over the g a t e w a y was lef t uncovered .

The d e m o n s t r a t i o n w e n t on t h r o u g h o u t the n i g h t of t he 18th and con t inued on J u l y 19. M a n y w o r k e r s st i l l in overa l l s w e n t to the Br i t i sh office s t r a i g h t f rom w o r k to add t h e i r voice to t he protests . By n o o n on t he 19th, i t was e s t ima ted t h a t ove r a mi l l ion h a d d e m o n s t r a t e d in the s t ree ts . H u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of these w e n t to m a k e t h e i r pe r sona l p ro tes t to the d ip loma t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of B r i t a i n in Pek ing .

T h r o u g h o u t J u l y 18 a n d 19, d u r i n g t he day and l a t e a t n ight , n u m e r o u s m e e t - ings and g a t h e r i n g s w e r e he ld t h r o u g h - out P e k i n g in fac tor ies , mines , co-op fa rms , schools, un ive r s i t i e s , g o v e r n m e n t offices, a n d on s t r e e t corners . S p e a k e r s r o u n d l y c o n d e m n e d U.S. and Br i t i sh ag- g ress ion in the Midd le Eas t and expres sed s u p p o r t for the n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t in L e b a n o n and I raq . F r e s h pos te rs in big Ch inese c h a r a c t e r s h a v e gone up e v e r y w h e r e d e n o u n c i n g im- pe r i a l i s t aggress ion .

N e v e r before has P e k i n g seen mass p ro tes t s on such a scale. T h e whole cap i t a l h a s b e c o m e a t r i b u n e to express p o p u l a r d e t e r m i n a t i o n to back up w h a t - eve r ac t ion is neces sa ry to s top the impe r i a l i s t s now.

As we go to press , t he d e m o n s t r a t i o n s a r e c o n t i n u i n g - - i n P e k i n g a n d t h r o u g h - ou t China .

C h i n a R e c o g n i z e s t h e R e p u b l i c o f I r a q

The G o v e r n m e n t s of the People ' s Re- pub l ic of C h i n a a n d the n e w l y founded Repub l i c of I r aq h a v e e x t e n d e d m u t u a l recogni t ion .

In a cable to the Fo re ign Min i s t e r of the I r aq i Repub l i c A b d a l - J a b b a r A l j a m e r on J u l y 16, Ch ina ' s Fo re ign Min i s t e r Chert Yi i n f o r m e d h i m of the decis ion of the Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t to recognize the I r a q i G o v e r n m e n t . On b e h a l f of the Chi- nese G o v e r n m e n t a n d people, he e x t e n d e d h e a r t y c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s to t he I r aq i people on t h e i r g r e a t victory. He dec la red : "I a m deep ly conv inced t h a t f r i e n d s h i p and co -ope ra t ion b e t w e e n C h i n a and I r aq and t h e i r peoples wil l deve lop con t inuous ly on t he basis of the B a n d u n g pr inciples . The Ch inese people wil l e x e r t t he i r u t m o s t effor ts to s u p p o r t your j u s t s t rugg le aga in s t i m p e r i a l i s m and in defence of n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d f reedom."

In a cab le to P r e m i e r Chou En- la i on J u l y 18, I r a q i P r e m i e r A b d e l K a r i m K a s s e m sa id : "I a m p leased to i n f o r m you of the dec is ion of the Counci l of Min i s t e r s of t he I r aq i Republ ic to recog- nize t he G o v e r n m e n t of the People ' s Re- publ ic of China . I hope t h a t th is rec- ogn i t ion wi l l l ead to cord ia l co -opera t ion b e t w e e n the Peop le ' s Republ ic of C h i n a and t he Repub l i c of I r a q and to the p r o m o t i o n of wor ld peace."

RENMIN RIBAO

People of the World, Act Now! The f o l l ow ing is the f u l l t e x t of an edi tor ia l pub l i shed in

" R e n m i n Ribao" (People 's Daily), J u l y 17, 1958, u n d e r the t i t le "People T h r o u g h o u t the World , Go in to A c t i o n to S t o p U.S. Aggress ion ." ~ Ed.

T HE Government of the People 's Republic of China on Ju ly 16 issued a s ta tement demanding tha t the United

States of America wi thdraw its a rmed forces f rom Lebanon. At the same t ime Chen Yi, Minister of Foreign Affairs, sent a cable to Abda l - J abba r Al jamer , Minis ter of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, announcing the Chinese Government ' s recognit ion of the Government of the Re- public of Iraq. Mass rall ies have been held in Peking, Shanghai, Tientsin, Canton and other cities in opposit ion to U.S. armed intervent ion in Lebanon and in support of the struggle of the Arab people for nat ional independence.

On Ju ly 15 the Soviet delegate to the Secur i ty Council meet ing urged the Securi ty Council to call on the Govern- ment of the United States to stop its a rmed intervent ion in the in ternal affairs of Arab states and to wi thd raw at once its a rmed forces from Lebanese ter r i tory . On Ju ly 16 the same jus t demands were made in the Soviet Govern- ment statement. On the same day, Khrushchov, Chair - man of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R., in a message to Abdel Kar im Kassem, Pr ime Minister of the Republ ic of Iraq, announced the Soviet Government ' s recognition of the Government of the Republic of Iraq.

It is obvious that to check the ex t remely dangerous acts of aggression under taken by the United States in the Middle East and to support the an t i - in te rvent ion struggle of the Arab people has become the most urgent task of the peoples of the world. Every country and people opposing aggression, not want ing war and advocat ing t h e ' up- holding of the U.N. Char ter should swing into action r ight away for the immedia te wi thdrawal of the U.S. in terven- t ionist troops from Lebanon and for the safeguarding of peace in the Middle East and the whole world.

U.S. interference in Lebanon is u t te r ly unjustified. The U.S. aggressors claimed that it was in tended to pro- tect their nat ionals and safeguard Lebanon's te r r i tor ia l in tegr i ty and independence. This p re tex t is completely groundless. If the protection of nat ionals can be used as a pre text for sending troops, then any country can con- duct a rmed intervent ion against any other country. The struggle of the Lebanese people against the Chamoun group of t ra i tors is pure ly Lebanon's in ternal affair. There can be no question of " ter r i tor ia l in tegr i ty and indepen- dence" being threatened. Even the U.N. observat ion group had to admit on the basis of its invest igat ion in Lebanon that there did not exist in Lebanon the so-called "large- scale infi l tration," al though the mission of this observa- tion group was to find grounds for U.S. intervent ion. In this situation, Eisenhower himself had to ask: "Does the stat ioning of some United States troops in Lebanon in- volve any interference in the in ternal affairs of Lebanon?" Although he answered "no," the si tuat ion there was jus t the opposite of wha t the U.S. aggressors said. Everybody

knows that the struggle of the Lebanese people against the Chamoun group of t ra i tors is precisely for the defence of Lebanon's te r r i to r ia l in tegr i ty and independence. The country which is v iola t ing Lebanon's te r r i tor ia l in tegr i ty and independence is none other than the United States which acted under the p re t ex t of "protect ing U.S. nat ionals" and "defending Lebanon's te r r i tor ia l integr i ty and sovereignty."

T HESE acts of the U.S. aggressors grossly violate the pr in- ciples of the U.N. Charter . The fourth clause of the

second art icle of the Char ter provided tha t "all members shall re f ra in in thei r in te rna t iona l relat ions from the threat or use of force against the te r r i to r ia l in tegr i ty or political independence of any state." The U.S. imperial is ts who t ry to use the U.N. Char ter to cover up their own aggres- sive acts are the most unscrupulous saboteurs of the principles of the U.N. Charter .

In his s ta tement on U.S. aggression in Lebanon, Eisen- hower went so far as to make the Iraqi people,s victory in their revolut ion to over throw the feudal monarchy the excuse for the United States ' sending its troops to inter- vene in Lebanon. He indulged in a tor rent of verbal a t tacks on the Uni ted Arab Republic. The Iraqi people's revolution, l ike the a rmed upr is ing of the Lebanese peo- ple, is a pure ly in te rna l mat ter . But the United States went so far as to characterize this pure ly in terna l affair as "aggression." As to the nonsense spread by imperia l ism and its stooges about the United Arab Republic infi l trat ing into Lebanon, even United Nations Secre ta ry-Genera l Dag Hammarsk jo ld has denied it. Then, why should the United States want to build a case out of thin air? It is obvious tha t the United States aggressive plan is directed not only against Lebanon, but also against Iraq, the United Arab Republic and the people of the Middle East as a whole. Its ambit ious scheme is to s t rangle the nat ional independence movement in the whole Arab East in order to build up an Amer ican colonial empire in the Arab world and the Middle East as a whole.

N OW that the masses of the Arab people have stood up and the people throughout the world are closely watch-

ing the U.S. aggressive designs, it is fu l ly possible to de- feat completely the sinister ambit ions of U.S. imperial ism. The invasion of Egypt by Bri t ish and French imperial ism, it may be recalled, was smashed in jus t this way. How- ever, the main thing is tha t all forces in the world in favour of peace and just ice must go into action and must not appease or to lera te the acts of aggression of U.S. impe- rialism. The U.S. Government is at present t ry ing to con- fuse world opinion by claiming tha t these acts are but a minor affair. We must not believe such sheer nonsense. The si tuat ion is ve ry serious. If the people of the whole world and all governments in favour of peace act in unison, the Uni ted States will have no a l ternat ive but to w i thd raw its troops, and the independence and freedom of the Middle Eastern countries can then be ensured and

peace in the Middle East and the world saved. On the other hand, if the U.S. aggressors are given a fre.e hand, the people of the Middle East will be doomed to slavery and what is more, a new world war would be unavoidable.

Therefore, people throughout the world, act at once for world peace and justice! Stop U.S. intervention in

Lebanon! Stop U.S. intervention in the whole Middle Eastern situation! The U.S. armed forces must withdraw from Lebanon at once! No interference in the internal affairs of Lebanon, Iraq and other Arab countriesT No interference in the internal affairs of Asian and African nations !

THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT DEMANDS:

Withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Lebanon The 1ollowing s tatement was issued by the Government

of the People's Republic of China on July 16:

O N July 15, the United States, in flagrant violation of the fundamental principles of the United Nations

Charter, landed its armed forces in the Lebanon and launched armed intervention in the Lebanon's internal affairs under the pretext of "protecting American lives" and "defending Lebanese sovereignty." This is an extreme- ly grave warlike adventure on the part of the United States to suppress the national independence movements of the Arab peoples and to create world tension. The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese people strongly condemn and protest against this United States act of aggression.

The United States and other Western countries craved for long to carry out armed intervention against the Le- banon, but failed to do so because of the resolute opposi- tion of the Arab peoples and the peace-loving countries and people throughout the world. Now, with colonial rule in the Middle East shaken by the great victory of the national independence movement in Iraq, the United States Government, in a sudden rage and panic, has brazenly launched armed intervention against the Lebanon in de- fiance of universal censure, and also attempts to invade

Jordan to menace the Republic of Iraq. This act of aggres- sion on the part of the United States is not only an out- rageous provocation against the peoples of the Arab states, but also constitutes a grave threat to the peace of western Asia and the world. The pretexts of "protecting Ameri- can lives" and "defending Lebanese sovereignty" absolutely cannot cover up this naked act of aggression on the part of the United States. All peace-loving countries and peo- ples of the world must firmly demand the immediate withdrawal of United States forces from the Lebanon and stop the United States' war provocation.

The people of all countries have the right to choose their own governments, in which no intervention is allowed. The armed intervention against the Arab peoples carried out by the United States imperialists is doomed to failure.

In their struggle for independence and freedom, the peoples of the Lebanon, ~[raq and other Arab countries by no means stand alone! Together with the peoples of the Asian and African countries and other peace-loving countries and peoples the world over, the 600 million Chi- nese people will give all-out support to the Arab peoples' just struggle. Should the United States fail to withdraw its forces of aggression from the Lebanon at once, it will have to face the consequences of its action.

Withdrawal of British Forces from Jordan The following is the text ol the protest of the Chinese

Government to the British Government.

F OLLOWING the United States' armed intervention in the Lebanon, the British Government, fabricating an

absurd pretext, openly sent troops to Jordan on July 17 to suppress the people of Jordan; at the same time it con- centrated its forces in the eastern Mediterranean and in the area of the Persian Gulf, in an attempt to invade the Republic of Iraq from several directions. These British moves have aggravated the tension in the world situation and brought with them a grave danger of spreading the war. This is flagrant aggression against the Arab peoples as a whole by the British Government in league with the U.S. Government, an open provocation against the peace- loving countries and peoples of the world and a grave menace to world peace. The Chinese Government and people strongly condemn and protest agairl~t these acts of

aggression and war provocations on the part of the British Government.

There is absolutely no ground for the British Govern- ment to send troops to Jordan on the pretext of helping the Jordanian Government to resist aggression and stabilize the situation, because there is no aggression against Jordan at all, and the situation in Jordan is purely a matter for the people of Jordan themselves. Jordan's affairs should be managed by the people of Jordan themselves, and the affairs of the Arab countries should be managed by the Arab peoples themselves, in which no foreign interven- tion is allowed. Not only do the Arab peoples oppose the British war provocations in invading Jordan and threaten- ing the Republic of Iraq, but the peace-loving countries and peoples throughout the world will certainly not look on with folded arms.

The Chinese Government deems it necessary to warn the British Government that it must immediately stop its

armed aggression against Jordan, wi thdraw all its a rmed forces f rom Jordan, and discontinue its acts of provocation in concentrating forces around, the Republic of Iraq. Should the British Government refuse to come to its senses and heed the just condemnation and reasonable demand of

the people of the world and obstinately refuse to stop its acts of aggression and abandon its aggressive schemes, this will certainly give rise to ex t remely grave consequences.

Peking, Ju ly 18, 1958

China Greets the Great Victory of the Iraqi People

Following is the full text of an editorial published in "Renmin Ribao" (People's Daily), July 16, 1958, under the title "Hail to the Iraqi People's Great Victory."

T HE good news has come that I raq 's patriotic a rmy men headed by General Kassem launched a revolution on

July 13. They over threw the react ionary rule of the Faisal monarchy, running-dog of U.S.-British imperial ism, and set up an anti- imperial is t republic. The government of the republic, immediately af ter it was established, pro- claimed adherence to the principles of the Bandung Con- ference and withdrawal f rom the Bagdad Pact dominated by U.S.-British imperialism. With this, another country in Asia has broken off the chains of colonialism and attained national independence. Asia counts another country which cherishes peace and opposes aggression.

Now the backbone of imperialist aggression in western Asia is broken and the aggressive imperialist f ront and its war plans have been upset. The Arab peoples ' s t rug- gle for independence, the movement for national l ibera- tion in all Asia and Africa, the struggle of the oppressed peoples throughout the world for emancipat ion and the world-wide struggle for peace and against a new war will be great ly inspired by this development and will reach new heights.

We Chinese people warmly greet the bir th of the Iraqi Republic and heart i ly congratulate the Iraqi people on their great victory. Like the Iraqi people, we had long suffered f rom aggression and plunder by the imperialist powers and f rom oppression by the feudal rulers who were the agents of imperialism. We therefore have a particular f ra ternal sympathy for the heroic struggle of the Iraqi people. Though the people of our two countries are thousands of miles apart , we feel deeply that the struggle of the Iraqi people is our struggle and tha t their victory is our victory.

The Iraqi people's victory is a new development in the series of big victories won by the Asian and African peoples, especially the Arab peoples, in recent years. The Egyptian people's struggle in defence of the Suez Canal, the Syrian people's struggle against the U.S. aggressors, the Omani and Yemeni struggle against the British aggres- sors and the current struggle of the Lebanese people against the imperialist lackey, the Chamoun government , were the prelude to the Iraqi people's struggle.

The founding of the Iraqi Republic is especially significant for the Asian and African peoples, because the Faisal monarchy of Iraq was the initiator of the Bagdad Pact and a cornerstone of U.S. and British im- perialist aggression in the Middle East. Now this corner-

stone has fallen with a bang, and, moreover, I raq has become an ant i - imperial is t forefront.

The founding of the Iraqi Republic not only helps the struggle of the Lebanese people directly, but it funda- mental ly alters the situation in the Middle East and greatly accelerates the process of the complete destruction of the colonial forces in the Middle East and even in the world as a whole.

The imperialists are accustomed to thinking that they are sitting on a solid throne, but in the twinkling of an eye, the throne turns in to a volcano. This is always the case with imperialism.

Obviously, the imperialists will not slacken their in- tervent ion against the peoples struggling for independence. Aggressive U.S. troops have landed in Lebanon. The wolves have dropped their sheep's clothing. They openly threaten a rmed intervention not only against the Leba- nese people but also against the Iraqi people. But armed intervent ion can never int imidate the peoples fighting for independence. None of the countries in Asia and Africa was ever free f rom the threa t of a rmed intervent ion in their struggle for emancipation. But wha t have been the results? The imperialists suffered ignominious defeats and the peoples struggling for independence won glorious victories.

The U.S.-British imperialist intervention in Lebanon and the entire Middle East can only evoke more widespread and more determined resistance f rom the people there. Their intervent ion is doomed to miserable failure, just as in the Suez Canal events. The Arab peoples today a r e

stronger than they were at the t ime of the Suez Canal incident and their struggle is merging into one. The countries in the socialist c a m p - - l o y a l friends of all national l iberation m o v e m e n t s - are more powerful than at that time. The interventionists will burn themseIves in the flames of national l iberation in the entire Middle E a s t - flames which are beyond their control.

Depu ty -Premie r Aref of the Republic of Iraq put it well when he addressed the people of I raq to the effect that this t r iumph mus t be completed by defending it against imperialist conspiracies and imperialist agents.

We bel~eve that, with the sympa thy and support of the people the world over, the awakened Arab peoples will surely, defeat any imperialist conspiracies and direct in- tervention. Like the peoples in various Asian and African countries and : the socialist countries, we Chinese people will resolutely stand o n t h e side of the Iraqi and Lebanese peop les in their struggle for independence and freedom.

Long live the victory of the national independence movements in the countries of the Middle East! Down with imperialist intervention!

Reminiscences

Days with Chairman Mao by CHEN CHANG-FENG

The fo l lowing is a sl ightly abridged version o5 the first t w o

parts of a serial wh ich the popular 5ortnightly " X i n Guancha" (New Observer) is current ly publishing under the title " W i t h Chairman Mao on the Long March." These are t h e r e m i n i s -

c e n c e s of Colonel Chen Chang-feng, n o w deputy commander of a sub-mi l i tary zone, who worked w i th Chairman Mao f rom 1930 to 1935 first as an orderly and then as his bodyguard, and was w i t h h im throughout the f amed Long March. The original is in ten parts. Addi t ional ins ta lments of this serial wil l appear in subsequent issues of "Pek ing Rev iew."

- - Ed .

I. EARLY DAYS I WAS born in the vil lage of Lingnao, in Ningtu County,

Kiangsi Province in the au tumn of 1915. Ours was a very poor family. When I was eleven, mother died. My father suppor ted the family by work ing for the landlords. Because of our pover ty and the oppression we suffered at the hands of the landlords and local despots, I hated this rapacious class of exploi ters f rom the bot tom of my hear t ever since I was a child.

In 1928 our vil lage suddenly buzzed with talk about a "Red Army" that had appeared in the nea r -by vil lage of Wangfang as if f rom nowhere. I t was passing Ningtu, heading for Juichin and Tapoti. This news s t i r red the whole village, and as it spread around, it took on the proport ions of a legend. The poor were glad. They said these troops helped the poor. They were called the Communist Pa r ty or the Red Army, they would square accounts wi th the r ich and throw the gold and si lver of the landlords and despots on the s treets so tha t the poor could pick it up themselves. The rich were scared. They called these men cut- throats and bandits. I was only th i r teen at the time. I knew nothing of politics, but I agreed immedia te ly wi th wha t the poor people said. Those few words: "Down with the rich! Up with the poor!" burn t themselves into my memory.

Several days passed. Some of the vil lage pedlars who had been to Changt ing in Fukien Province gleeful ly re- counted what they had seen. The Red Army had captured Changting, fought the local despots and over thrown the landlords. The poor were given land; now they were standing on their feet for the first time.

This news made me happy and I wai ted impat ien t ly for the day when these soldiers of the poor would come to our village.

That New Year 's Eve our house was searched and ran- sacked. We owed the local despot some money, and everything we o w n e d - from the t iny plot of land on the wild heath to the ta t te red quil t in my r o o m - was taken away. It was only thanks to the neighbours who begged pi ty for us that we were left a single broken saucepan for cooking rice in. Our life became harder than ever. Luckily I got jobs herding catt le for other .people. But

I l ived worse than the animals. When an ox or a horse finishes its work, i t gets its fodder, but sometimes our whole family s tarved with not even a drop of gruel between us.

How I Joined the Red Army

What should I do? Join the Red Army! The idea suddenly came into my mind, and the more I thought about it, the more de termined I was to do it. Just af ter the Spr ing Fest ival the" night of the second of the Firs t Moon was pi tch-black. I and a neighbour, a youngster named Wen, sl ipped out of the vil lage secret ly wi thout even tel l ing our families and headed for Changting. We were de te rmined to find and join the Red Army.

We t ravel led on for I don ' t know how many days or how far wi thout meet ing a single Red A r m y soldier. We were famished but never thought of turning back. On a hill about fifteen li f rom Changt ing we came upon two soldier sentr ies wi th red stars on the i r caps. The Red A r m y at last! We immedia te ly went up to them and declared that we had come to join the Red Army. After quest ioning us in detail , they pointed to Changt ing and told us tha t if we wanted to enlist, we should go there to the Red Recrui t ing Corps.

At Changt ing we found the Red Recruit ing Corps s tat ioned by a stone bridge. We were so happy that we wanted to join r ight away, wi thout even l is tening to their explanat ions. We never expected that af ter going into our cases they would shake thei r heads and say: No! I was too young and could hard ly shoulder a rifle, they said. Tears came to my eyes. But I wouldn ' t give up. I cried out, "I must join the Red Army! If you don' t let me join, I ' l l still s tay r ight here where I am!" At last, seeing that I was so set, they relented, and ever since that day I have been a member of our glorious people 's army.

I was posted as a bugler wi th the headquar ters of the Four th A r m y of the Chinese Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army, under the command of Comrade Chu Teh. Later I became an orderly. One af ternoon at the end of March 1930, when the headquar te rs was in Paisha Village, Yung- lung County, Kiangsi, Ad ju t an t Officer Liu told me that I would be t ransferred. I wondered where I 'd be t rans- fer red to. I wasn ' t too pleased because I was well satisfied where I was.

"You' l l go to the F ron t Commit tee as order ly for Commissar Mao," he said With a smile.

I knew the Fron t Commit tee of the Chinese Communist Par ty , but who Commissar Mao was, I wasn ' t quite clear. He must be a leading officer, I reckoned, otherwise he couldn ' t have an orderly. But what sort of man was he? Was he good t empered?

Ad ju t an t Liu, seeing my hesitation, pa t ted me on the shoulder and said encouragingly: "You're a lucky litt le

devil . C o m m i s s a r Mao is a w o n d e r f u l man . You ' l l c e r t a in ly have a w o n d e r f u l f u t u r e if y o u w o r k t o g e t h e r wi th h im!" T h e n he h a n d e d m e a l e t t e r of i n t roduc t i on , to ld m e to pack up m y th ings and be off. I had l i t t l e to car ry . Al l I h a d w e i g h e d j u s t a b o u t t h r e e ca t t i es a l l told.

The F r o n t C o m m i t t e e was in the s ame vi l lage , so I was soon there . I was a b i t ne rvous . A c o m r a d e n a m e d W u took me in to the Commissa r . He l ived in a t yp i ca l Kiangs i w o o d e n house w i t h two rooms, one a b e d r o o m and the o the r an office. W e e n t e r e d t h r o u g h the b e d r o o m . In i t was an o r d i n a r y w o o d e n bed covered w i t h a co t ton sheet . I t d i d n ' t even have a pi l low. I g r e w less ne rvous . J u d g i n g f rom the room, the C o m m i s s a r m u s t be j u s t t he same as us, I t hough t . Two m e n w e r e t a lk ing t o g e t h e r in t h e office. C o m r a d e W u i n d i c a t e d the m a n in the cha i r and w h i s p e r e d : " T h a t ' s C o m m i s s a r Mao." I l ooked a t h im cur ious ly . His g r e y u n i f o r m was the s ame as ours . The on ly d i f fe rence was t h a t the pocke t s on his coa t s eemed to be e spec ia l ly large . His face looked v e r y pale. M a y b e he was a b i t too thin. His eyes s e e m e d to be v e r y b ig and keen . He s e e m e d to be a b o u t f o r t y a t most . Ta lk ing to a m a n oppos i t e h im, he ges t i cu l a t ed w i t h his hands ; his vo ice was gent le . A l t h o u g h I d i d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d w h a t he was t a l k i n g about , I f e l t he was v e r y s incere . A l i t t le t ime la te r , his v i s i t o r s tood up to go. He too s tood up. I t was on ly t h e n t ha t I saw he was qu i t e tall . As soon as the v i s i t o r w e n t out, C o m r a d e W u said to Com- mi s sa r Mao, p o i n t i n g a t me, "I have f o u n d an o r d e r l y for you ."

I M e e t C o m m i s s a r M a o

A l t h o u g h I fe l t a b i t shy, I d i d n ' t f o r g e t t he m a n n e r s w h i c h I had l e a r n t a t a r m y h e a d q u a r t e r s . I a d v a n c e d a step, s a lu t ed and sa id " R e p o r t ! " in a loud voice. Com- mi s sa r Mao looked a t m e and smi led k ind ly . T h a t smi le swep t a w a y al l m y re se rva t ions .

" W h a t ' s y o u r s u r n a m e ? " he asked.

"Chen ," I r ep l i ed loudly , l i ke a r ea l soldier .

" W h a t a r e you ca l l ed?"

" C h a n g - f eng ."

"How old a r e y o u ? "

"S ix t een . " By th is t ime m y voice s o u n d e d a b i t m o r e na tura l .

" W h y d id you jo in t h e Red A r m y ? " C o m m i s s a r Mao asked m e l ike a school t e a c h e r ques t i on ing a pupi l .

"The Red A r m y is good. I t bea t s t he loca l despo t s ! " I w a s s t i l l s t a n d i n g s t r a i g h t a t a t t en t ion . C o m m i s s a r Mao m a d e m e Sit d o w n a n d a sked w i t h i n t e r e s t , " A r e t h e r e local despo ts in y o u r h o m e v i l l age?"

"Yes," I said, "I was d r i v e n a w a y b y t h e m myse l f . "

A n d I to ld h i m in de ta i l h o w I had l ived w i t h m y f a m i l y and how I h a d r u n a w a y and j o i n e d the R e d A r m y . He l i s t ened to m e a t t e n t i v e l y , s o m e t i m e s n o d d i n g a n d smi l ing s l ight ly . This p u t m e a t ease, and so I t a l k e d on a t g r e a t length . I t was o n l y w h e n C o m r a d e W u n u d g e d m e t h a t I r ea l i zed I had t a l k e d t o o much . I f e l t a b i t e m b a r r a s s e d and s topped .

"Wel l , " sa id C o m m i s s a r Mao. " N o w y o u ' l l have to w o r k and s t u d y ha rd . " A f t e r a pause , h e asked, "Can you w r i t e your . n a m e ? "

I0

I s tood up and t w i s t e d the edge of m y j acke t in em~ b a r r a s s m e n t . " I ' ve n e v e r been to school. I don ' t know how to wr i t e , " I r ep l ied .

C o m m i s s a r Mao smi led and s tood up.

" T h e n y o u ' l l have to l e a r n to wr i t e . You ' l l l ike that , w o n ' t y o u ? " He t u r n e d and a d d r e s s e d C o m r a d e Wu.

"This is a n e w comrade , y o u m u s t do y o u r bes t to he lp h im." T h e n he t u r n e d back to me, " I f t h e r e is any - t h i n g y o u ' r e no t c lea r abou t , j u s t a sk them."

As I w e n t d o w n the s t a i r s w i t h C o m r a d e Wu, he said to me:

" W h y did you gabb l e on so? ~.Don't you k n o w how busy he is?"

I shook m y head.

"He ' s a b u s y m a n , " W u con t inued . " R e m e m b e r no t to m a k e a no ise w h e n he ' s read ing . Bes ides he a lways Works l a t e in to t h e n ight . You m u s t ge t h im his b r e a k - fast , b u t no t too ear ly , m i n d ! "

"Yes ," I rep l ied .

I was v e r y h a p p y and so exc i t ed t ha t I d i d n ' t s leep a w i n k the w h o l e n ight .

F o r s o m e days a f t e r t h a t I w o u l d set C o m m i s s a r Mao ' s w a s h i n g w a t e r for h i m b y his door ea r ly in the m o r n i n g w i t h o u t m a k i n g a s o u n d a n d t hen s i t in a smal l h a m m o c k n e a r t he l a n d i n g w a i t i n g t h e r e fo r his orders . Bu t Com- m i s s a r Mao r a r e l y ca l led m e and I sa t in th is w a y for s eve ra l days .

One d a y a f t e r wash ing , h o w e v e r , he a sked me :

" C h e n Chang- f eng , w h y do you a l w a y s s i t t he re w i t h o u t s t i r r i n g ? "

I he ld t h e h a m m o c k s t i l l and answered , "I a m a f ra id if I go a w a y y o u ' l l no t f ind m e i f y o u w a n t me."

He smi led as if t a l k i n g to a chi ld. " F r o m n o w on you m u s t no t j u s t s i t t h e r e do ing no th ing . W h e n t h e r e is n o t h i n g fo r y o u to do here , you go and s t u d y w i t h the o thers . T h e r e i sn ' t m u c h fo r y o u to do he re . "

A l w a y s o n t h e M o v e

A t t h a t t ime ba t t l e s w e r e b e i n g fough t e v e r y day. We w e r e c o n s t a n t l y on the move. W e ' d s e ldom s tay a t a p lace for m o r e t h a n a mon th .

C o m m i s s a r Mao ' s l i fe was v e r y s imple and I soon got to k n o w his habi t s . His p e r s o n a l possess ions inc luded on ly two b l anke t s , one co t ton sheet , two g r e y un i fo rms . j u s t as w e p r i v a t e s wore , a n d one g r e y woo l l en swea te r . Then he h a d a b r o k e n umbre l l a , a b o w l fo r ea t ing and a k n a p s a c k w i t h n ine c o m p a r t m e n t s for his maps , d o c u m e n t s and books. W h e n w e w e r e c a m p a i g n i n g o r on the march , he ca r r i ed the k n a p s a c k and u m b r e l l a h imsel f . I w o u l d c a r r y t he res t . W h e n w e came to ou r camp site, i w o u l d f ind two w o o d e n boards , p u t t h e m t o g e t h e r and sp read the b l a n k e t a n d shee t on them, fo ld ing up his u n i f o r m s to m a k e a p i l low. This was his bed.

He ~lept v e r y l i t t le . We had a smal l l amp; du r ing the m a r c h th is was used as a t o r ch to l igh t t he way, bu t w h e n in camp i t was set on a b r i ck or s tone fo r the use o f t he office. A f t e r s u p p e r he w o u l d l igh t th is lamp, open up his k n a p s a c k a n d t a k e ou t his maps , ~locuments and books , .papers , a n d w r i t i n g b r u s h a n d w o r k t i l l dawn. I t

was at this t ime tha t he wro te some of his b e s t - k n o w n

works.

At tha t t ime I was a youngs t e r and cou ldn ' t sit up all n igh t w i thou t sleep. W h e n Commissa r Mao was r ead ing or wr i t ing , I would sit beside him, b u t ve ry soon I 'd doze off snor ing away wi th m y head on his desk. We would bo th smile w h e n e v e r he woke me up and told me to go

to bed.

On s u m m e r n ights he would ask me to fetch some

water.

T h e n I 'd take the l i t t le wooden d ipper and b r i n g some cold water . Because we d i d n ' t have a basin, he wou ld soak the towel i n the d ipper and r u b his face an d some- t imes his body to f r e shen h imsel f up. T h e n he 'd feel hungry , and I 'd w a r m up the " th ree -decker rice sand- wich"* left in the bowl s ince the a f t e rnoon for h im to eat.

Somet imes he cou ldn ' t f inish his bowl of rice so I would cover i t up w i th a piece of paper for h i m to eat at t h e n e x t meal. Once I t h r ew away the rice he had left and the n e x t day he asked:

"Chen Chang-feng , where is the rice I lef t yes t e rday?"

I told h im the t r u t h and he cri t icized me.

"There is a s t ruggle for every g ra in of rice tha t the people grow. I n f u t u r e you m u s t n ' t th row away w h a t I leave. Keep it for the n e x t meal ."

At one t ime we were m a r c h i n g and f ight ing every day. Commissar Mao did no t even have t ime to get a sip of hot water. I grew worr ied. So I was a lways t ry ing to get a thermos bot t le for him. Of ten we cap tured a place and war booty came to us, b u t Commissa r Mao neve r kep t any th ing . He would a lways send w h a t he got to his sub- ord ina tes or the hospital . In the w i n t e r of 1931, .when we captured Chian in Kiangsi , I f ound a the rmos bot t le the re in the house of a local despot who had r u n away. I was over joyed at this s t roke of luck b u t I was af ra id the Com- missar would find out abou t it. On the m a r c h I used to get someone else to car ry i t for me so tha t he wou ld no t know abou t it. Wi th tha t bot t le I was a lways able to keep some hot wa te r r eady for him, b u t i t was still dif- ficult to p repare h im a quick meal. His smal l bowl could not hold ve ry m u c h rice. I t was enough for "a supper , bu t on the march it was no t of m u c h use. Of ten we would be on the march aga in im med i a t e l y af ter a bat t le . Then w h e n we took a res t and ate our meal , Commissar Mao would still have to eat his cold " th ree -decker sandwich."

In November 1931, the Cen t ra l Workers ' and Peasan t s ' Democra t ic G o v e r n m e n t was founded in Ju i ch ing and he was elected C h a i r m a n of the Republic . Tha t ' s w h e n we began to call h i m C h a i r m a n ins tead of Commissa r Mao. Bu t he still used his l i t t le bowl at meals. It was on ly in F e b r u a r y 1934, w h e n we cap tured Changchow, Fuk ien , tha t I managed to find a real th ree -decker ename l car r ie r for his food.

II. A VISIT HOME W h e n e v e r we cap tured a coun ty seat or town, Chai r -

m a n Mao would send people or go h imse l f to the local

* Two layers of rice made into a sandwich with cooked vegetables in between was his "three-decker. rice sand- wich." m Ed.

g o v e r n m e n t office to get e n e m y documen t s and archives, and then to the local post-office to b u y newspapers and magazines . Of t en we 'd go w i th emp ty hands and come back loaded wi th packages of books and magazines. In the evening, C h a i r m a n Mao wou ld m a r k t hem wi th red penci l so tha t we could clip and keep wha t was needed.

One day we came to Hs in feng County , Kiangsi . We had been there several t imes before, so the local people k n e w the Red Army. Al l the shops were open and m a n y people came out to welcome us. As soon as we set t led down in our bil let , C h a i r m a n Mao called to me: "Come, Chen Chang- feng! To the post-office!"

To m y m i n d at tha t t ime a post-office was jus t a shop for b u y i n g and sel l ing books.

W h e n we got the re C h a i r m a n Mao began to browse th rough the p i l e s of books and papers. Somet imes he would pick one up and h a n d i t to me. We had paid for w h a t we w a n t e d and w h e n I was packaging up our p u r - chases I asked h im: " C h a i r m a n Mao, wha t does a post-office do?"

"Oh, they do a lot of th ings ," he answered . "They de l iver le t te rs and newspapers ; hand le te legrams and t e l ephone callsl If you w a n t to send a le t te r home, they ' l l send i t for you."

If I wr i te a let ter , could they rea l ly take it all the way home for me? I wondered .

As we lef t the post-office, the though t of this p re - occupied m y mind . I t hough t i t was a wonde r f u l thing. I h a d n ' t been home for two or th ree years now; I d idn ' t k n o w how m y fa ther was or even if he were sti l l a l ive . . . . M a n y ques t ions flashed t h rough m y mind. It would be fine if I could send a le t te r home!

My First Letter

W h e n we came back to bi l le ts i t was a l ready dusk. I pu t clown the books and papers and l i t the lamp for C h a i r m a n Mao who i m m e d i a t e l y began to read. I t was t ime for me to get the supper b u t I cou ldn ' t get the post-office out of m y head. I stood there day-dreaming .

"What ' s wrong?" C h a i r m a n Mao asked me, not ic ing m y wor r ied look.

" C h a i r m a n Mao," I said, "can they rea l ly send a le t ter home?"

"Whom do you m e a n ? " he asked.

"The post-office."

"Cer ta in ly they can. Your home is in the Soviet* areas."

He guessed w h a t was on m y mind .

"Do you w a n t to send a le t te r home?" he asked.

I nodded and said in a low voice, "I w a n t to wr i te a l e t te r home, b u t . . . . "

"You sti l l can ' t wr i t e i t!" Chai rman. ,Mao completed m y sen tence for me. "Come, I ' l l wr i t e i t for you."

This sugges t ion over joyed me. Bu t on second though t s I was ill a t ease because I k n e w he was so busy and this would be t ak ing up his precious t ime, bu t he w e n t on encourag ing ly :

* Liberated areas at that time were called Soviet areas.

11

" W h a t do you w a n t to te l l y o u r f a t h e r ? " W h i l e s ay ing this he p u s h e d the n e w s p a p e r s as ide and took ou t some l e t t e r p a p e r and a w r i t i n g b rush .

"I . . . . " W h a t shou ld I te l l m y f a t h e r ? I h a d n ' t t he

s l igh tes t idea, so I sa id :

" C h a i r m a n Mao, you w r i t e w h a t y o u t h i n k best . A n y - w a y al l I w a n t to say is t h a t t h ings a r e fine in t he Red A r m y . I feel a l l r i gh t w i t h you. Very , v e r y fine. T h a t ' s

al l!"

He took d o w n the a d d r e s s of m y h o m e a n d m y f a t h e r ' s name. Then I le f t to ge t t he meal . W h e n I c ame back w i th t he food, C h a i r m a n Mao sat deep in though t , w i th his cheek cupped in one h a n d and a b r u s h in t h e o ther . I k n e w i t w a s n ' t p r o p e r to a sk h i m to ea t a t t h a t m o m e n t , so I l i gh t l y p l aced the r ice c o n t a i n e r on the t ab le and w e n t out.

I l ay m y s e l f d o w n on the soft s t r a w bed. I t was hot. I cou ldn ' t s leep, and t u r n e d ove r f r o m side to side. I t h o u g h t of m y s e l f and C h a i r m a n Mao. I, t h e son of an o r d i n a r y peasan t , had j o ined ou r o w n a r m y and become the b o d y g u a r d of the C h a i r m a n of the Republ ic . (At t h a t t ime I was no l onge r his o rde r ly , b u t his b o d y g u a r d . ) A n d now our C h a i r m a n Mao h imse l f was w r i t i n g a l e t t e r fo r me. In these pa s t f ew y e a r s C h a i r m a n Mao had become l ike a f a the r to me, conce rn ing h imse l f w i t h m y da i ly l i fe and t ra in ing . I w o u l d n e v e r f o r g e t th is k i n d teacher . As I t h o u g h t of t he se th ings t ea r s t r i c k l e d d o w n m y cheeks and d r o p p e d onto t he s t r a w pa l le t . The n i g h t was v e r y still . I w e n t out. A l igh t shone in C h a i r m a n Mao ' s room. He was s t i l l work ing .

In t he a u t u m n of 1933, w h e n ou r t roops w e r e a t t a c k - ing Ch ienchangfu , C h a i r m a n Mao and some o t h e r C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s a r r i v e d in K w a n g c h a n g . This was qu i t e nea r m y h o m e vi l lage , Ningtu , and s u d d e n l y the idea of go ing h o m e p o p p e d up in m y head. T h a t v e r y day I said to C h a i r m a n Mao:

"I k n o w K w a n g c h a n g well . I f I w e r e to go back and v is i t m y home, I ' d k n o w how to ge t t he r e ! "

As I spoke m y f a t her sat and s m i l e d

C h a i r m a n Mao g r inned . " D o n ' t be in such a hur ry . Easy does i t ! The f u r t h e r w e go, t he n e a r e r we ' l l be to y o u r home ."

" R e a l l y ? " I exc la imed . I was so g l ad t h a t m y h e a r t l e ap t to m y th roa t .

H o m e L e a v e

Two or t h r e e days l a t e r w e a r r i v e d a t the t ownsh ip t ha t I had l e f t so long ago. I t was a r o u n d two o 'c lock in t he a f t e rnoon . C h a i r m a n Mao was s t a y i n g w i t h C o m r a d e Li F u - c h u n , t hen the P r o v i n c i a l P a r t y S e c r e t a r y of Kiangs i . W h e n w e had se t t l ed down, he sen t for m e and asked , " W a n t to go h o m e ? "

" . . . Yes!"

"Good!" he rep l ied . " I ' l l be a t t e n d i n g seve ra l m e e t - ings t hese f ew days . You go h o m e and t a k e a look a t th ings . " He p a u s e d a n d looked a t m e qu izz ica l ly : "How m a n y days do you w a n t ? "

M y head g r e w hot . I cou ldn ' t v e r y we l l a n s w e r his ques t ion . S p r e a d i n g his b ig hands , he a sked : "Ten days? H o w ' s t h a t ? "

"Good , " I said, a n d w a n t e d to be off i m m e d i a t e l y . But j u s t as I was a b o u t to go I s u d d e n l y t h o u g h t : if I go who wi l l t a k e ca re of his m e a l s and d r i n k i n g w a t e r ? "No, C h a i r m a n . I ' l l no t go!" I dec la red .

" W h a t ' s up?" C h a i r m a n Mao looked a t m e cur iously .

" I f I go home, w h o ' l l p r e p a r e y o u r mea l s ? "

He smi led , a n d coming to me, p u t b o t h hands on m y shou lders , t h e n said k ind ly , "Go and see y o u r fo lks and t hen you ' l l w o r k b e t t e r w h e n you come back. Yc)ur f a m i l y is in t he Sov ie t a r ea now." He p a u s e d and then con t i nued : " D o n ' t come back here . Go s t r a i g h t to Chang- t ing and y o u ' l l f ind m e the re . "

I nodded , b u t I was s t i l l r e l u c t a n t to go. T h e r e was a confl ict in m y hear t .

Then I was off on m y w a y h o m e in g r e a t exc i t ement .

I t was a l r e a d y v e r y d a r k w h e n I a r r i v e d a t t h a t s m a l l s t r e a m w h e r e once I u sed to h e r d cat t le .

I got in to the c rowded f e r r y boat . T h e y soon recogn ized m e and r igh t a w a y I was a m o n g old acqua in tances . As soon as the ice was b r o k e n the who le boa t g r e w an ima ted . E v e r y - b o d y was t a l k i n g a t once, al l e age r to te l l m e the news : h o w the v i l l age w e n t Red, h o w the l a n d l o r d s a n d local despots w e r e t h r o w n down, how the l a n d was d i s t r i b u t e d and m y f a t h e r had got his sha re . . . .

W h e n w e r eached the oppos i te bank , the w h o l e c rowd a c c o m p a n i e d me home. Tha t even ing t h e r e seemed to be a m a s s m e e t i n g a t m y house. A l l the v i l l age was there , i nc lud ing the c h a i r m a n of the v i l l age Soviet . They a s k e d m e to te l l t h e m w h a t i t was l ike in t he Red A r m y . As I spoke m y f a t h e r sa t and smi led . I t was t he first t i m e I h a d e v e r seen h im smi le 'so

Drawing by Ah Lao con ten ted ly .

12

W h e n t h e y h e a r d t h a t I w a s C h a i r m a n M a o ' s b o d y -

g u a r d , t h e y b e c a m e s t i l l m o r e i n t e r e s t e d a n d i n s i s t e d I

t e l l t h e m m o r e a b o u t o u r C h a i r m a n .

" C h a i r m a n M a o is j u s t t h e s a m e as w e lao pai hsing,"* I sa id .

T h e y w e r e n o t s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h i s a n d i n s i s t e d t h a t I

t e l l t h e m m o r e a b o u t h i m . T h a t n i g h t w e t a l k e d u n t i l

t h e cock c r o w e d t w i c e .

O n t h e n i n t h d a y I s e t off f o r C h a n g t i n g to f i n d C h a i r -

m a n Mao . O n e n q u i r y I w a s t o l d t h a t h e w a s a t t h e

C e n t r a l H o s p i t a l . I w a s w o r r i e d . W a s h e s i c k ? I r u s h e d

off to t h e h o s p i t a l , b u t h e w a s a l l r i g h t . T h e r e w a s n o

c a u s e to w o r r y .

H e w a s g l a d to s ee m e b a c k . I g a v e h i m a p r e s e n t

of p e a n u t s a n d tikua (a k i n d of t u b e r c r o p ) t h a t m y f a t h e r h a d s e n t h i m . H e a c c e p t e d t h e s e g i f t s w i t h a s m i l e a n d

a s k e d , " H o w ' s y o u r f a m i l y ? "

* " O l d H u n d r e d N a m e s , " co l loqu ia l i sm for " t h e c o m m o n people ."

" T h i n g s a r e f i ne w i t h t h e m n o w ! " I c o u l d n ' t c o n t a i n m y , e x c i t e m e n t a n d p o u r e d o u t t h e s t o r y to h i m . " T h e r e ' s

a S o v i e t i n o u r v i l l a g e n o w ; a l l t h e l a n d l o r d s a n d loca l

d e s p o t s h a v e b e e n b e a t e n d o w n . M y f a m i l y w a s g i v e n

t h r e e r o o m s a n d s i x t e e n mou of l a n d . "

C h a i r m a n M a o n o d d e d a p p r o v a l a n d sa id , " G o o d ! "

T h e n h e a s k e d , " I s t h e c h a i r m a n of y o u r v i l l a g e S o v i e t a r i c h m a n o r a p o o r m a n ? "

"A p o o r m a n w h o s u f f e r e d j u s t as m y f a m i l y s u f f e r e d

i n t h e p a s t ! "

H e w a n t e d to k n o w m o r e a b o u t v i l l a g e a f fa i r s , a n d

f ina l ly , h a l f s e r i o u s , h a l f j o k i n g , a s k e d : " H a s y o u r f a t h e r f o u n d a m a m a f o r y o u ? "

H e h a d a g o o d m e m o r y . I t w a s w h e n I h a d f i r s t m e t h i m o v e r t h r e e y e a r s b e f o r e t h a t I h a d t o l d h i m I h a d l o s t

m y m o t h e r .

"Yes . T h e n e i g h b o u r s t o l d m e i t w a s a f r e e c h o i c e m a r r i a g e i n n e w s t y l e , " a n d C h a i r m a n M a o c h u c k l e d w i t h

s a t i s f a c t i o n .

ARCHAEOLOGY

Tomb of Po Hi King ;n Nanking A n a n c i e n t t o m b of a n I n d o n e s i a n k ing

who was b u r i e d in C h i n a ha s b e e n dis- covered in the s o u t h e r n s u b u r b s of N a n - king. I t is the t o m b of the K i n g of Po Ni {in Borneo, now K a l i m a n t a n in t he Re- publ ic of Indones ia ) bu i l t in the M i n g d y n a s t y (1368-1644 A.D.).

F i f ty paces f r o m the end of a long a v e n u e l ined w i t h w e l l - p r e s e r v e d pa i r s of s tone horses , sheep a n d t igers , c ivi l officials a n d m i l i t a r y officers is a f abu lous s tone to r to i se w i t h a t ab l e m o u n t e d on i ts back. The t a b l e t is 1.09 m e t r e s wide, bu t i ts h e i g h t is u n c e r t a i n as on ly l i t t le ove r a m e t r e r ema ins . The insc r ip t ion b e a r i n g the words " T h e King of Po Ni came to C h i n a . . . " is st i l l visible.

W r i t t e n records show t h a t the K i n g - d o m of Po Ni h a d con tac t s w i t h C h i n a as ea r ly as 977 A.D. in t he r e ign of t he E m p e r o r Ta i Tsung of t he S u n g dynas ty . The Po Ni k ing b u r i e d in N a n k i n g was n a m e d M a n a j e c h i a n a ( t r an s l i t e r a t ed f r o m Chinese). A c c o m p a n i e d by his q u e e n consort , o t h e r m e m b e r s of t he roya l f a m i l y a n d a r e t i n u e n u m b e r i n g a b o u t 150, h e h a d b r a v e d t he sea a n d come to C h i n a for a visit . A r r i v i n g in N a n k i n g in the s ix th y e a r of the E m p e r o r Y u n g Lo (1408 A.D.), h is p a r t y was rece ived w i t h e l abo ra t e c e r e m o n y by t he M i n g e m p e r o r a n d housed in Hui T u n g K u a n , an i m p e r i a l gues t house spec ia l ly se t as ide for the purpose . Two m o n t h s a f t e r his a r r iva l , t h e k ing took s ick and d ied in N a n k i n g a t the age of 28. C o m p l y i n g

w i t h his w i sh "to be b u r i e d in Ch ina , " the M i n g e m p e r o r h a d h i m i n t e r r e d in N a n k i n g w i t h c e r e m o n y bef i t t ing a for - e ign m o n a r c h .

T h e d i scove ry of th i s t o m b bea r s e loquen t t e s t i m o n y to t he long t r ad i t i on of ab id ing f r i e n d s h i p t h a t un i t e s the peo- ples of C h i n a and Indones ia .

Changan ;n Tang Times A n c i e n t C h a n g a n , as S i a n was cal led

w h e n i t was the cap i t a l ci ty of the T a n g d y n a s t y (618-907 A.D.), was a m a j o r c e n t r e of c u l t u r a l con tac t s w i t h the out - s ide wor ld . I t h a s long b e e n k n o w n t h a t i t was a c i ty of g r e a t magni f icence . R e c e n t r e s e a r c h and excava t i ons n o w p r o v e t h a t i t was a lso one of t he big- ges t cit ies of the m e d i e v a l wor ld . I t s l imi t s . s t r e t c h e d 9 k i l o m e t r e s f r o m eas t to wes t a n d 7.5 k i l ome t r e s f r o m n o r t h to south , m a k i n g i t m u c h l a r g e r t h a n m o d e r n Sian, n o w p r o v i n c i a l cap i t a l of Shens i , a n d the b igges t c i ty in n o r t h - wes t China , w h i c h has g r o w n l i t e ra l ly on t he ru in s of a n c i e n t C h a n g a n .

C h a n g a n was bu i l t as the cap i t a l in 582 A.D., in t he r e ign of t he E m p e r o r W e n t i of the Sui dynas ty ; in t he succeed- ing T a n g d y n a s t y i t was e n l a r g e d and its des ign was for long a mode l for m a n y E a s t e r n count r ies , espec ia l ly J apan .

S y s t e m a t i c d r i l l i ng ha s f ixed the loca- t ion of n i n e ci ty gates. T h e c e n t r a l Ming- t eh G a t e in t he sou th was the m o s t impos ing , w i t h five g a t e w a y s each w i t h a w i d t h of 6.5 met res . The o t h e r ga tes h a d on ly t h r e e g a t e w a y s each.

The r e m a i n s of the Lo tus F l o w e r G a r d e n , a b e a u t y spot f r e q u e n t e d by t he court , h a v e b e e n d i scovered a t t he sou th - eas t c o r n e r of t he city. To the wes t of

i t is t he f a m o u s C h u c h i a n g Pond. De- sc r ip t ions of these places in h i s to r ica l r ecords vary. O n - t h e - s p o t r e sea rch is con f i rming some points , co r rec t ing pre- v ious mi sconcep t ions a n d g iv ing us n e w k n o w l e d g e of these places.

T h e T a m i n g P a l a c e in the n o r t h e r n p a r t of t he c i ty ha s been desc r ibed as the mos t sp lend id of al l t he pa l a t i a l bu i ld ings of the T a n g dynas ty . The walls of th i s pa lace h a v e n o w b e e n located by dr i l l ing. I t r a n a b o u t 2.5 k i lomet res f r o m s o u t h to n o r t h and 1.5 k i lome t re s f r o m eas t to west . Outs ide the n o r t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n wal l s of the palace, a n o t h e r ou t e r wa l l no t m e n t i o n e d in h i s to r ica l r ecords ha s been discovered. The ru ins of t he i m p e r i a l cour t in th is palace, used by t he e m p e r o r s and t h e i r m in i s t e r s to discuss s t a t e affairs , a re n o w be ing e x c a v a t e d and s tudied.

N e a r th i s s i te a rchaeo log is t s h a v e also d i scove red o v e r 30 red seal impress ions on c lay used by the p rov inc i a l officials to sea l t r i b u t e s en t to t he emperors . C h a r a c t e r s w r i t t e n in Ch inese ink on c lay seals 1,100 yea r s old a re st i l l dis- ce rn ib le .

E x c a v a t i o n s h a v e also been s t a r t ed a t the s i te of t he H s i n g c h i n g Palace , a n o t h e r impe r i a l bu i ld ing of t h a t t ime.

The a rchaeo log ica l w o r k now be ing done on a n c i e n t C h a n g a n is of p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e for t he s t u d y of the social a n d economic cond i t ions of t h a t t i m e and t he h i s to ry of Ch ina ' s cu l tu ra l r e la t ions w i t h fo re ign countr ies .

A|uminium 1,600 Years 01d T h e m e t h o d of spec t ra l ana lys i s was

r ecen t l y used by the I n s t i t u t e of Appl ied Phys ics of the Ch inese A c a d e m y of

13

Sciences to e x a m i n e a 1,600-year-old bel t w i th o p e n - w o r k o r n a m e n t - - o n e of the ar t ic les bur i ed in t he t o m b of the f a m o u s West Ts in (265-316 A.D.) genera l , Chou Chu. I t showed t h a t the m e t a l c o n t e n t of the be l t was 85 pe r cen t a l u m i n i u m , 10 per cen t copper and 5 pe r cen t manganese .

A l t h o u g h a l u m i n i u m is wide ly dis- t r i b u t e d ove r t he ea r th , i t is d i f f icul t to ext rac t . The process of e lect rolys is , w h i c h is st i l l t he on ly k n o w n way of e x t r a c t i n g a l u m i n i u m , was no t deve loped unt i l 1808. T h a t C h i n a was ab le to ex t r ac t a l u m i n i u m of such a p u r i t y 1,600 years ago is a n i m p o r t a n t d i scovery in the wor ld h i s to ry of me ta l lu rgy . Ch ine se sc ient is ts a re now s tudy ing h o w it was done.

G e n e r a l Chou Chu ' s t o m b a t Ih ing, Kiangsu , was found in 1952. T h e t o m b - s tone bea r s the words " T h e La t e G e n e r a l Chou, T w e n t i e t h of the N i n t h Moon of the S e v e n t h Yea r of Y u a n K a n g (297 A.D.)." His to r ica l records s h o w t h a t th is was the y e a r Chou Chu was k i l led in a ba t t l e aga in s t the C h i a n g t r i be in a n c i e n t wes t China . In add i t i on to the o r n a m e n t e d bel t m e n t i o n e d above, the gene ra l ' s t o m b inc luded v a l u a b l e ye l l owi sh -g reen pro to- porce la ins and gold o r n a m e n t s .

Chalcolikhlc Age Remains in Yunnan Ruins da t ing f r o m the ea r ly p a r t of

the Cha lco l i th ic Age w e r e r e c e n t l y dis- covered in Y u n n a n a t H a i m e n k o u , C h i e n - c h u a n County, on the R i v e r Haiwei . A m o n g t h e objec ts found amid the ru ins of posts an d p i l la rs of a n c i e n t bu i ld ings a re ves - sels of copper , s tone, a n i m a l bones , a n d h o r n s a n d pot te ry . This is the f i rs t f ind of c o p p e r w a r e of the Cha lco l i th ic Age eve r m a d e in China .

The over 200 w e l l - p r e s e r v e d posts a n d p i l la rs found a re e m b e d d e d in s t r a i g h t l ines in the r ive r -bed . O the r s n e a r e r the r i v e r b a n k h a v e no t ye t b e e n excava ted . They v a r y in size: some a re l i t t l e ove r four inches in d i ame te r , o t h e r s a good t h r e e feet. Mos t a re p l a n t e d s e p a r a t e l y or in c lus te rs of t h r e e or four. Al l a re of p ine wood. Rows of such pos ts in - d ica te t h a t t hey w e r e a lso used to p a r t i - t ion houses in to rooms. I t a p p e a r s t h a t these houses w e r e bu i l t p a r t l y o v e r in the r i v e r and p a r t l y on t he r i v e r bank , w i th doo rways on t he l a n d w a r d side.

In add i t ion to p o t t e r y a n d o t h e r vessels, t he mos t i m p o r t a n t f inds a r e 14 ar t ic les of copper i nc lud ing axes, ha l - berds , kn ives , chise ls a n d f i sh-hooks typica l of t he Cha lco l i th ic Age.

The r ive r s ide s i t ua t i on of t he houses a n d finds of m o r e t h a n a h u n d r e d po t t e ry f i sh-net we igh t s and f i sh-hooks ind ica t e

t h a t f i sh ing was the m a i n occupa t ion of th is Cha lco l i th ic Age people. F inds of s tone knives , g r a ins of rice, w h e a t , t a r e s and mi l le t , h o w e v e r , show t h a t t hey also k n e w the a r t of f a rming . N u m e r o u s bones of a n i m a l s a n d b i rds a b o u n d a m i d these ru ins , bu t i t has no t yet b e e n de- t e r m i n e d w h e t h e r they a re the r e m a i n s of wi ld or d o m e s t i c a t e d an imals .

The exac t da t e of th i s s e t t l e m e n t has no t yet been fixed, bu t w o r k con t inues on the site, and i t is a l r e a d y c lea r t h a t i ts ful l s t udy wil l be of cons ide r ab l e i m p o r - t ance in e n l a r g i n g ou r k n o w l e d g e of p r i m i t i v e society in China .

Ancient Weapons Some of the wor ld ' s ea r l i e s t b a r r e l l e d

f i r ea rms a re on d i sp lay a t a n e x h i b i t i o n of a n c i e n t Ch inese w e a p o n s w h i c h opened ea r ly th is m o n t h a t the P e k i n g His to r ica l Museum. These a r e two b r o n z e guns , one d a t e d 1332 a n d the o t h e r 1351, m a d e d u r i n g t he Y u a n d y n a s t y (1279-1368 A.D.).

The col lec t ion of w e a p o n s is a r r a n g e d in chrono log ica l o r d e r f r o m the S h a n g d y n a s t y (1700 to 1200 B.C.) d o w n to the C h i n g d y n a s t y (1644 to 1911 A.D.).

Most of the a r m s of t he Shang , W e s t e r n Chou (1200 to 800 B.C.) a n d the S p r i n g a n d A u t u m n A n n a l s (722 to 481 B.C.) a re m a d e of bronze.

I r on w e a p o n s b e g a n to a p p e a r in t he W a r r i n g S ta te s per iod (403-221 B.C.). The i r on swords and fa l ch ions m a d e in the H a n d y n a s t y (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) show the h igh ly deve loped m e t a l l u r g i c a l t ech- n iques of t h a t per iod.

Weapons us ing gun powder , i n v e n t e d by T a n g F u a n d Chen Kuei d u r i n g t he N o r t h e r n S u n g d y n a s t y (960 to 1127 A.D.), a re also on display. C h i n a b e g a n us ing gun p o w d e r in m i l i t a r y w e a p o n s a b o u t t h r e e to four h u n d r e d years be fore Europe .

W e a p o n s used by the Ch inese p e a s a n t s aga in s t t he impe r i a l i s t s and feuda l ru le r s a r e a lso exh ib i t ed . These inc lude b r o n z e c a n n o n s a n d she l l s used d u r i n g t he Ta i - p ing R e v o l u t i o n (1851 to 1864 A.D.), a n d swords used by Yi Ho T u a n (Boxers) in the g rea t up r i s ing a t t he t u r n of t he cen tury .

West Chou Chimes W o r k e r s bu i ld ing a r e s e r v o i r in C h u n g -

h s i a n g County , Hupeh , in t he sp r ing of th is y e a r u n e a r t h e d five b r o n z e ch imes (pien chung) of the West Chou d y n a s t y (1200 to 800 B.C.). F e w rel ics of th i s pe r iod h a v e p rev ious ly b e e n f o u n d in th i s region, a n d th i s n e w d i scovery leads to t he be- l ief t h a t close c u l t u r a l r e l a t ions ex i s t ed b e t w e e n th is a r e a and n o r t h C h i n a in t h a t period.

BALLET AND

O P E R A

e ~ S w a n L a k e " i n P ~ k i n g

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e of T c h a i k o v s k y ' s S w a n L a k e a t P e k i n g ' s T i ench i ao T h e a t r e was a big e v e n t in t he h i s to ry of d a n c i n g in C h i n a : i t was t he f i rs t ful l - l e n g t h c lass ica l ba l l e t eve r s t aged by a C h i n e s e ba l l e t t roupe . I t was a p r e t t y bold a t t e m p t . T h e P e k i n g School of D a n c i n g was on ly se t up in 1954 and p roduced th i s b a l l e t in a l i t t l e ove r four m o n t h s a f t e r r e h e a r s a l s for i t began .

A f i f t h -yea r s t u d e n t of the school, 18- yea r -o ld P a l S h u - h s i a n g d a n c e d Odette , t he i l l - fa ted p r incess b e w i t c h e d and t r a n s f o r m e d in to a swan , and also Odile, h e r s in i s t e r " d o u b l e " c o n j u r e d up by the w i z a r d to dece ive h e r lover , P r i n c e Siegfr ied . The Pr ince , w h o by v a n q u i s h - ing t he w i z a r d f rees h e r and he r s w a n c o m p a n i o n s f r o m the spe l l , was danced by L iu Ch ing - t ang , a young t e ache r a t t he school. Desp i te t he lack of ex- pe r i ence of the d a n c e r s whose ave rage age was s ix teen , t he success of the e v e n i n g was due to t h r e e th ings : the e x p e r t n a t u r e of the g e n e r a l p roduc t ion - - c h o r e o g r a p h y , decor a n d c o s t u m e s - - the y o u t h f u l zest a n d in fec t ious s incer i ty of the d a n c e r s a n d t he love ly mus ic of T c h a i k o v s k y ab ly p e r f o r m e d by the s y m p h o n y o r c h e s t r a of t he Cen t r a l N e w s r e e l a n d D o c u m e n t a r y F i lm Studio u n d e r C h a n g Ning-ho. The dances of t he corps de bal le t of cour t i e r s and p e a s a n t s in t he f i r s t scene a n d the va r ious d i v e r t i s s e m e n t s in the pa lace scene, I t a l i a n a n d S p a n i s h c h a r a c t e r dances , we re sk i l fu l ly a n d a t t r a c t i v e l y execu ted .

Al l of th i s wou ld h a v e b e e n imposs ib le w i t h o u t t he e x p e r t gu idance of P.A. G u s e v of t he Sovie t U n i o n and the o t h e r Sovie t t e a c h e r s a t t he school. They t a u g h t the c o m p a n y the ve r s ion of t he ba l l e t p roduced by the Moscow S t a n i s l a v - sky and N e m i r o v i c h - D a n c h e n k o Mus ica l Thea t r e , bu t m a d e sk i l fu l a d a p t a t i o n s to su i t t he l eve l of a t t a i n m e n t s of t he i r pupi ls , w h o w i t h on ly fou r to five years of c lass ica l t r a in ing , n a t u r a l l y st i l l h a v e qu i t e a w a y to go to r each fu l ly pro- fess iona l s t a n d a r d s .

S w a n L a k e m a k e s h e a v y d e m a n d s on the dancer . Not on ly does i t need a h igh leve l of t e c h n i c a l ski l l a n d s t amina , bu t c o m p r e h e n s i o n of a fo re ign r o m a n t i c t r a d i t i o n f a r r e m o v e d f r o m the exper i - ence of t he a v e r a g e m e m b e r of the

14

From Scene Two, "Swan Lake." Pai S h u - h s i a n g as Odet t e and Liu C b i n g - t a n g as i h c P r i n c e w i t h tim corps de ba l l e t of the P e k i n g S c h o o l of D a n c i n g

young company . R e h e a r s a l s w e r e i n t e n - s ive and, a f t e r danc ing , e v e r y e v e n i n g the whole c o m p a n y would g a t h e r to- g e t h e r to f ami l i a r i ze t h e m s e l v e s w i t h the music , and to r e h e a r s e t h e i r pa r t s a g a i n in t h e i r m i n d s as t hey l i s tened.

In e s say ing a p a r t m a d e f a m o u s by the l ead ing b a l l e r i n a s of ~he wor ld , P a l S h u - h s i a n g took on a t a sk of no few diff icul t ies . The f i r s t was t he t r a d i t i o n a l 32 1ouett~s in Odi le ' s coda. T r a i n i n g for th is d e m a n d e d t he ab i l i ty to m a k e a t leas t two h u n d r e d of t he se r ap id t u r n s on h e r pointes in p r ac t i c e each day. H a r d l y h a d she m a s t e r e d t he m o r e d i f - f icult se t s teps, solos a n d pas de deux t h a n she was faced w i t h f r e sh d e m a n d s - - c h a r a c t e r d e l i n e a t i o n and d r a m a t i c ex- pression. Cur ious ly e n o u g h th i s gen t le - faced young d a n c e r f o u n d it, as she says, an d as he r p e r f o r m a n c e p roved , eas i e r to dance the wicked Odi le t h a n the good Odette.

This p r e m i e r e s h o w e d t h a t P e k i n g n o w has the b e g i n n i n g s of a se r ious c lass ica l t roupe t h a t shou ld be coming to m a t u r i t y in the n e x t f ew years . - -C. I .F .

ee ~ l ~ I a d c z m e B a t S e r t l g "~

If Pucc in i h a d w r i t t e n his Madame Butterf ly t oday it wou ld h a v e b e e n enough to p u t h i m on the persona non grata l is t of t he U.S. S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t . As p roduced in P e k i n g by the C e n t r a l E x p e r i m e n t a l Ope ra T h e a t r e and d i rec ted by Liu Y u - m i n to m a r k t he c e n t e n a r y of the g rea t I t a l i an compose r ' s b i r th , i t is a te l l ing a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t i nd i c tmen t . Pucc in i was a m o r a l i s t ; h e wou ld su re ly h a v e l iked th i s f i rs t p r e s e n t a t i o n of h is w o r k in Chinese .

L i e u t e n a n t P i n k e r t o n of t he U.S. Navy, s t a t ioned in J a p a n , dec ides on a m a r - r iage of c o n v e n i e n c e w i t h a geisha, Cho- Cho-San, who loves h i m t r u s t i n g l y a n d s incerely . P i n k e r t o n cyn ica l ly t e l l s Sharp less , t he A m e r i c a n Consul , t h a t he

is m a r r y i n g C h o - C h o - S a n for n ine h u n d r e d a n d n i n e t y - n i n e years w i t h t he op t ion of a n n u l l i n g t he m a r r i a g e any m o n t h . Pucc in i he r e i ron ica l ly i n t roduces a m u s i c a l p h r a s e f r o m The Star- Spangled Banner. T h e y d r i n k to t he toas t " A m e r i c a For E v e r ! " and to the t i m e w h e n P i n k e r t o n wi l l h a v e a " r e a l " w e d d i n g b a c k h o m e in " G o d ' s coun t ry . " The h o n e y m o o n is soon over. Cho-Cho- S a n is f o r s a k e n ; a n d w h e n P i n k e r t o n r e t u r n s w i t h his A m e r i c a n wi fe to adop t h is o w n child, she kil ls herse l f .

This , t he T h e a t r e ' s second m a j o r e f fo r t (Verdi ' s La Traviata was t h e first) , is a t h o u g h t f u l p roduc t ion . T h e se t t ing of t he f irst ac t in t he g a r d e n of t he l ove r s ' house in N a g a s a k i is b e a u t i f u l l y des igned a n d ca r r i ed out, t h o u g h p e r h a p s a s h a d e too sweet . The second act, ins ide t he house w i t h a g r ea t w i n d o w open ing on a v e r a n d a h f r a m i n g a b r a n c h of a p ine t r e e - - s y m b o l of s t e a d f a s t n e s s - - a n d a v i e w of the d i s t a n t sea, is se t in pe r - fec t style. The de l icacy of C h o - C h o - S a n ' s t r a d i t i o n a l J a p a n e s e su r - r o u n d i n g s c o n t r a s t w i t h the b i t t e r n e s s of he r f a t e a n d the h e a v y - f o o t e d in- s ens i t i venes s of h e r l o v e r

• and Sharp less .

C h e n g Hsing-l i , who s tud ied for f ive yea r s a t t he T c h a i k o v s k y Conse rv - a to ry of Music in Mos- cow, p l ayed M a d a m e B u t - terf ly a t t he p remie re . A c c o m p a n i e d by t he Cen- t r a l P h i l h a r m o n i c Or - c h e s t r a u n d e r Li Teh- lun , h e r voice, t h o u g h not of g r ea t vo lume , c a m e t h r o u g h well. She g race- fu l ly and sens i t ive ly i n t e r - p re t ed h e r role as a roman t i c , w a r m - h e a r t e d y o u n g girl, una f fec ted ly

si,ncere in h e r love and b r u t a l l y wronged. The ac t ing of Su F e n g - c h u a n , as he r ma id Suzuki , m a t c h e d th i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n well , p a r t i c u l a r l y in the pa the t ic , f lu t t e r ing e x c i t e m e n t of t he scene w h e n t he two w o m e n a r e e x p e c t i n g P i n k e r t o n ' s r e tu rn . T h e m i n o r J a p a n e s e roles also f i t ted in we l l w i t h the c e n t r a l t heme . The loa th - some m i x t u r e of hypocr isy , " w h i t e s a h i b " m e n t a l i t y and g e n t l e m a n l y ex t e r i o r w h i c h is P i n k e r t o n , was s u i t a b l y conveyed. B u t the s ty le of ac t ing was a t t imes a b i t r em- in i scen t of old g r a n d opera , and t h e n it j a r r ed , r a t h e r t h a n m e s h e d wi th , t he s m o o t h p e r f o r m a n c e of C h e n g Hsing-l i . The Consu l too was a b i t s t e r eo typed and the m a t c h - m a k e r p u t s o m e w h a t too m u c h of t he opera bouffe in his ser - vil i ty. These c h a r a c t e r s m i g h t h a v e been m o r e effect ive a n d the i n t e g r a t i o n of act- ing s ty les s m o o t h e r if t h e s h a d i n g h a d b e e n subt le r . B u t al l in al l t he c o m p a n y ha s added a n e w f e a t h e r to i ts cap. I t is bu i ld ing up an a t t r a c t i v e reper to i re .

- -C.I .F .

In the S e c o n d Act of " M a d a m e But - terf ly": C h o - C h o - S a n te l l s S u z u k i of h e r fa i th in the f a i t h l e s s P i n k e r t o n

15

ROUND THE WEEK

Best Year in the Northwest N o r t h w e s t Ch ina , a l w a y s k n o w n as a

poor, l ow-y ie ld f a r m i n g area , is t r a n s - f o r m i n g i t se l f fast . A l t h o u g h no t al l t h e p r o d u c t i o n f igures a r e in, i t is a l r e a d y c lea r t h a t t he o u t p u t of s u m m e r crops wil l top las t yea r ' s by m o r e t h a n 60 pe r cent . The a u t u m n crops look v e r y good, too, a n d b a r r i n g ser ious n a t u r a l ca l ami - ties, 1958 wi l l go d o w n in h i s t o ry as the bes t y e a r t he p e a s a n t s in these pa r t s h a v e eve r known.

To size up the s i t ua t ion and co -o rd ina t e ag r i cu l t u r a l w o r k in the region, t he R u r a l W o r k D e p a r t m e n t of t he Com- m u n i s t P a r t y ' s C e n t r a l C o m m i t t e e r ecen t ly held a conference , a t t e n d e d by P a r t y sec re ta r i es and g o v e r n m e n t cad re s in charge" of a g r i c u l t u r e f r o m the p r o v - inces of Kansu , C h i n g h a i a n d Shens i , t he S i n k i a n g U i g h u r A u t o n o m o u s Region an d the N inghs i a A u t o n o m o u s Region for the Huis, w h i c h is soon to be se t up. I t was the f i r s t i n t e r - p r o v i n c i a l c o n f e r e n c e on a g r i c u l t u r a l co -o rd ina t i on eve r he ld in n o r t h w e s t China .

The con fe rence e s t i m a t e d t h a t the out - p u t of g r a i n p e r cap i t a in n o r t h w e s t C h i n a would r e a c h 1,100 ca t t ies th is y e a r an d wodld r ise s t ead i ly in the n e x t f ew years . I t adop ted a ser ies of m e a s u r e s to e n s u r e a r ich a u t u m n h a r v e s t a n d in- c reased yields n e x t y e a r and de f ined the t a rge t s for t he Second F i v e - Y e a r P l a n in t h e o u t p u t of g ra in , cot ton, a n d oil- b e a r i n g crops. I n c r e a s e d yie lds wi l l m e a n a big boos t in l iv ing s t a n d a r d s an d n o r t h w e s t Ch ina ' s old t a g - - a poor, low-yie ld a g r i c u l t u r a l r e g i o n - - w i l l be- come a m a t t e r of pa s t h is tory .

As in o t h e r regions , the e n o r m o u s r i se in a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t in n o r t h w e s t C h i n a was b r o u g h t a b o u t by t he h a r d w o r k a n d the i n i t i a t i ve of the p e a s a n t s d u r i n g the w i n t e r and sp r ing mon ths . A n d here , more t h a n a n y t h i n g else, c o n s t r u c t i o n of w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y p ro jec t s by e v e r y f a r m co-op a n d the col lec t ion of fe r t i - l izer, coupled w i t h t ime ly and b e t t e r f a r m techn iques , spe l led the difference.

Peasants and Scientists Swap Ideas

H o w did the p e a s a n t s pul l off such t r e m e n d o u s successes? How is a l l t h i s to be e x p l a i n e d in r node rn scient if ic t e r m s ? W h a t accoun ted for w h e a t p ro- duc t ion a t 7,320 ca t t i e s pe r m o u a n d r ice

ai 5,806 cat t ies , to c i te some of t he out - s t a n d i n g e x a m p l e s ? To f ind out, t h e A l l - C h i n a F e d e r a t i o n of Scient i f ic Socie- t ies r e c e n t l y i nv i t ed a n u m b e r of t he bes t h a n d s in f a r m i n g to P e k i n g - - t h o s e who h a v e se t up whea t , r ice, r a p e s e e d a n d o t h e r p r o d u c t i o n r e c o r d s - - t o discuss t h e i r successes w i t h t he a g r i c u l t u r a l sc ien t i s t s in t h e capi ta l .

F r o m va r ious p a r t s of the c o u n t r y c a m e t he " tu (na t ive) e x p e r t s , " as t hey a re fond ly cal led, " to t a l k s h o p " w i t h t h e "yang e x p e r t s ( f o r e i g n - t r a i n e d - - t h o s e who a r e t r a i n e d in m d d e r n W e s t e r n m e t h o d s ) " of the academic i n s t i t u t i ons a n d r e s e a r c h bodies. Fo r m o r e t h a n a w e e k the se e x p e r t s f r ~ t he field, m e n w i t h l i t t l e or no school t r a in ing , b u t w i t h p l e n t y of p r ac t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e a n d ingenu i ty , s w a p p e d k n o w l e d g e a n d ex- p e r i e n c e w i t h the l a b o r a t o r y exper t s , m e n w i t h m u c h book k n o w l e d g e bu t l i t t l e p r a c t i c a l exper ience . T h e m e e t i n g of t he " n a t i v e " a n d " f o r e i g n - t r a i n e d " ex - pe r t s was a j o in ing of f o r c e s - - o f b r a i n worke r s a n d m a n u a l worke r s , of book k n o w l e d g e and p r a c t i c a l exper i ence , of t he t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n in t h e o r y and the t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n in prac t ice .

T h e sc ien t i s t s w e r e a t f i rs t scep t ica l a b o u t t he a c h i e v e m e n t s of t he peas - an t s because t h e r ecord yields, no t a f ew h u n d r e d ca t t ies b u t s eve ra l t h o u s a n d carr ies pe r mou, c a n n o t be e x p l a i n e d b y the t ex tbooks , Ch ine se or foreign. T h e y l i s t ened to t he s tor ies and r epo r t s of t he peasan t s , w e n t ove r t he g r o u n d w i t h t h e m and w e r e conv inced t h a t t he se p e a s a n t s h a d r e a c h e d t he h i g h e s t o u t p u t leve l in t he wor ld . T h e po in t n o w was to ana ly se t h e i r m e t h o d s a n d resu l t s a n d give t h e m scient if ic genera l i za t ion .

On t he o t h e r h a n d , t h e p e a s a n t s Were also l e a r n i n g qu i t e a lo t f r o m the scient is ts . T h e i r no t ebooks w e r e ful l of n e w t e r m s a n d ideas, n a m e s of fe r t i l i ze rs a n d h o w to use t hem, n a m e s of pes t s u n h e a r d of be fo re and ways of dea l ing w i t h t hem, etc. T h e y p u t ques t ions to t he sc ien t i s t s ~nd rece ived a n s w e r s w h i c h h e l p e d c l ea r u p m a n y th ings . T h e y i nd i ca t ed t h a t t h e y would tel l t h e folks b a c k h o m e a b o u t w h a t t h e y s a w in t he l a b o r a t o r i e s in P e k i n g and h o w the resu l t s t h e r e could be of use to t h e i r f a rming .

A l t h o u g h a lo t of g r o u n d w a s . covered , w h e a t r e m a i n e d t he c e n t r a l

topic. T h e y d i scussed h o w o u t p u t could be ra i sed f u r t h e r a n d o v e r a wide area. A f t e r th i s i n t e n s i v e e x c h a n g e of v iews bo th t h e n a t i v e a n d f o r e i g n - t r a i n e d exper t s c a m e to t he conc lus ion t h a t the poten- t ia l i t ies of i nc r ea sed o u t p u t a r e j u s t be ing tapped . T h e y p a r t e d c h a l l e n g i n g each o t h e r to se t s t i l l h i g h e r y ie ld r e c o r d s - 20,000 ca t t ies p e r m o u for r ice and 2,000 ca t t ies p e r m o u for co t ton nex t year .

Accent on Versatility La te ly a n e w p h r a s e ha s come into

p o p u l a r u s e - - i t is " t h e ve r sa t i l e m a n , " peop le of va r i ous skills, a n d in Ch inese t he l i t e ra l p h r a s e is " m a n of m a n y h a n d s . " Young and old in C h i n a today a re s t r i v i n g to a ch i eve a d ive r s i t y of sk i l l s ; to c o n t r i b u t e to the c o u n t r y ' s d e v e l o p m e n t in a n a l l - r o u n d way.

M a n y r a i l w a y m e n h a v e become " m e n of m a n y h a n d s . " The a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s ta f f s in Pek ing , S h e n y a n g , T a i y u a n and T s i n a n a r e no t on ly ab le to he lp r e p a i r p a s s e n g e r and f r e i g h t t ra ins , t hey can also l end a h a n d in bu i ld ing t h e m and in p r o d u c i n g m a c h i n e s as well .

In the fac tor ies w o r k e r s a re learning- d i f f e ren t t r a d e s and skills, t ry ing to m a s t e r the k n o w - h o w no t on ly of one w o r k s h o p b u t of severa l . C h u n g k i n g p rov ides a c l ea r example . In May,

The "Big Leap" T e a m as s e e n by the S h a n x i Ribao (Shans i Dai ly)

Drau~ng by Shah P~ng

16

40,O0O young w o r k e r s l a u n c h e d a cam- pa ign " to m a s t e r one t r a d e bu t to l e a r n seve ra l more . " By n o w mos t of t h e m h a v e acqu i r ed s eve ra l skills, some as m a n y as 9 or 1O. The r e su l t is t h a t

eff iciency is up.

Shop a s s i s t an t s h a v e h i g h goals too. In P e k i n g they not on ly s tudy the m e r - chand i se t hey sel l to the c u s t o m e r s b u t also l ea rn h o w to h a n d l e and r e p a i r it. Shop a s s i s t an t s a t t he c h e m i s t s a re no t only t a u g h t f i r s t aid bu t h o w to t a k e blood pressure , give in jec t ions a n d o t h e r he lp fu l services.

Th e accen t on ve r s a t i l i t y is a p roduc t of the t imes. I t is one of t he ways to solve the p r o b l e m of l a b o u r s h o r t - age in the e x p a n d i n g economy of C h i n a today.

University Faotories Unive r s i t i e s a n d colleges in Ch ina ,

a n d qu i te a n u m b e r of the t echn ica l schools too, now r u n factor ies , in addi - t ion to t h e i r l abo ra to r i e s a n d w o r k - shops. T h e y a re bu i ld ing t h e m a t the r a t e of s eve ra l a day. P e k i n g U n i v e r - Sity bu i l t 20 s m a l l fac tor ies in a fo r t - n igh t and t he P e k i n g T e a c h e r s ' Col lege set up 24 in a m a t t e r of t h r e e days. Qui te a f ew of t he se f ac to r i e s w e r e bu i l t up f rom l abo ra to r i e s and w o r k s h o p s a n d wi l l h a v e to e x p a n d as t hey go along, b u t a l r eady m a n y a re t u r n i n g ou t p rod - ucts l ike r e g u l a r p r o d u c t i o n un i t s and a re f i l l ing o rde r s p laced w i t h them. S m a l l as t h e y m a y be, t he se fac tor ies ope ra t ed by the un ive r s i t i e s a re m u s h - rooming t h r o u g h o u t the count ry . In P e k i n g alone, m o r e t h a n 200 h a v e come into being.

Most of the cap i t a l for bu i l d ing t he se fac tor ies and w o r k s h o p s come f r o m the educa t iona l i n s t i t u t i ons themse lves . The s e m i - c o n d u c t o r f a c to ry of P e k i n g Univers i ty , fo r example , was f inanced w i th the m o n e y ob t a ined f r o m w o r k i n g on n e a r b y c o n s t r u c t i o n s i tes as p a r t of the s t u d e n t s ' v o l u n t a r y m a n u a l l a b o u r scheme. Or, t h e y b o u g h t f ac to ry equ ip - m e n t f rom p a y m e n t s rece ived for t echn ica l services , such as des igning , r e n d e r e d to i n d u s t r i a l en te rp r i ses . Ts ing- h u a Un ive r s i ty , t he l ead ing po ly t echn ica l i n s t i t u t i on in Ch ina , o b t a i n e d scores of l a thes in th i s way, w i t h w h i c h i t h a s equ ipped its n e w l y - e s t a b l i s h e d w o r k - shops.

This is a n e w s tage in the " W o r k Whi le You S t u d y " educa t i ona l p r o g r a m m e on w h i c h m u c h e m p h a s i s has b e e n la id in r e c e n t mon ths . As K a n g Sheng , a l t e r n a t e m e m b e r of the Pol i t i ca l B u r e a u of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y ' s C e n t r a l Corn-

mi t t ee , p u t it, a p r ac t i c a l w a y ha s b e e n found to c o m b i n e e d u c a t i o n w i t h l abour , b r a i n w o r k w i t h m a n u a l work . T h e schools m u s t se t up fac tor ies , a n d t he fac to r ies m u s t also se t up schools. Th i s shou ld be t he t r e n d fo r t he deve lop - m e n t of e d u c a t i o n in China . I t has

m a n y a d v a n t a g e s : t he f ac to r i e s p rov ide f ixed an d c o n v e n i e n t p laces for the s t u d e n t s to l e a r n to w o r k w h i l e s t i l l a t school ; t hey m a k e t he i n t e g r a t i o n of t h e o r y a n d p rac t i ce eas i e r a n d m o r e d i rec t ; a n d they e n a b l e the t e a c h e r s and schools to m a p ou t a m o r e sa t i s f ac to ry t i m e - t a b l e as r ega rd s t each ing , m a n u a l w o r k a n d rest . Th i s n e w s tage in t he " W o r k W h i l e You S t u d y " e d u c a t i o n a l s c h e m e also m e a n s acce l e r a t i on of C h i n a ' s i n d u s t r i a l deve lopmen t . T h e P e k i n g I ron and S tee l E n g i n e e r i n g In - s t i t u t e a l r e a d y has a sma l l - s i zed i ron a n d s tee l comp lex in opera t ion . I t is p l a n n i n g to bu i ld a m e d i u m - s i z e d i ron a n d s tee l comp lex w i t h a capac i ty of 100,000 tons. All these fac to r ies add to Ch ina ' s i n d u s t r i a l capaci ty .

Han River Project A f t e r t he flood season th i s y e a r w o r k

on a n e w w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y p ro j ec t wil l beg in on the H a n R i v e r in c e n t r a l China . I t b ids f a i r to be one of t he b ig- ges t hyd ro -e l ec t r i c e n g i n e e r i n g jobs in the count ry , equa l to the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the S a n m e n Gorge r e s e r v o i r and hydro -e l ec t r i c p o w e r s t a t i on n o w in pro- gress on t he midd le r eaches of t he Yel-

t . ~ . ~ . ~ . / \ . " % ~ HINA N 5- "~.j ' t . .~ % L . .

M a p . b y Y u C h u n - m i n

low River . T h e e n t i r e p ro j ec t wil l be comple t ed in t h r e e y e a r s ' t ime.

I t wi l l be k n o w n as t he T a n c h i a n g k o u s c h e m e s ince i t wi l l be bu i l t n e a r t he conf luence of t he H a n R i v e r and its t r i b u t a r y , the T a n c h i a n g River . I t wi l l be t he key to the t a m i n g and deve lop- m e n t of the H a n R i v e r w h i c h flows pas t W u h a n , t he t r i p l e -c i ty on the Yangtse , a n d wil l f ac i l i t a t e con t ro l of t h e f low of w a t e r in t he Yang t s e b e y o n d W u h a n . W h e n comple ted , t he r e s e r v o i r b e h i n d the m a i n dam, 110 m e t r e s high, or as h igh as a 28-s toreyed bui ld ing , and the s ide d a m s wil l occupy a n a r e a of 900

s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s w i t h a s torage capac- i ty of 28,300 mi l l ion cubic m e t r e s of wa te r . I t wi l l e l i m i n a t e floods on the H a n R i v e r a n d safeguard , the l ives and p r o p e r t y of t he mi l l i ons of people on t he m i d d l e a n d lower r eaches of the r iver .

The rese rvo i r , moreove r , wi l l d ive r t w a t e r f r o m the Hart R i v e r to i r r iga te 12 mi l l ion m o u of f a r m l a n d in the va l ley of the T a n g p a i River , a t r i b u t a r y of t he Han. This , p lus t he a r e a i r r iga t ed by t he T a n g p a i River , wi l l b r i n g a to t a l of 15.2 mi l l ion m o u of l and u n d e r i r r iga - t ion. I t wi l l d i rec t ly benef i t t he peas - an t s in the reg ion by he lp ing to ra i se t h e i r a n n u a l g r a in p r o d u c t i o n b y 7,400 mi l l ion ca t t i e s a n d co t ton by 2 mi l l ion piculs. T h e r e wi l l also be a big income f rom b r e e d i n g fish in the reservoi r . The p ro j ec t wil l h a v e a n e lectr ic p o w e r g e n e r a t i n g capac i ty of some 700,000 k i lowat t s .

More Price Cuts Pr ices of ~ n u m b e r of c o n s u m e r goods

h a v e been cut in r e c e n t weeks .

Ea r l i e r th is y e a r the pr ices of wi re less sets , a l a r m clocks, f l uo re scen t l igh t tubes and a wide r a n g e of med ic ines we re s l a shed f r o m 9 to 60 p e r cent . (See Pe - k ing R e v i e w , No. 5.) T h e n the pr ices of m a g a z i n e s a n d domes t i c a i r f r e i g h t and a i r t r a v e l w e n t down. Sp i r i t s a n d wines cost less now, a n d bo t t l ed sof t d r i n k s too. Las t w e e k the T i e n t s i n Tobacco C o m p a n y a n n o u n c e d pr ice r educ t ions of a b o u t 10 pe r cen t for s eve ra l b r a n d s of

. c igare t tes , a m o n g t h e m two of t he mos t p o p u l a r b r a n d s in n o r t h China . Tax i f a res in P e k i n g w e r e d o w n 30 pe r cen t f rom J u l y 20. I n t e r n a l a i r m a i l ra tes for b o t h l e t t e r s a n d parce l s h a v e been lowered s ince Ju ly 1. A i r pos tage for p r i n t e d m a t t e r is 75 p e r cen t less. Th i s wil l m a k e books a n d magaz ines ava i l - ab le m o r e p r o m p t l y to r eade r s in m a n y pa r t s of- the count ry .

Now the M i n i s t r y of C u l t u r e ha s an - nounced r educ t ions in t he pr ices of books w h i c h bene f i t C h i n a ' s e x p a n d i n g read- ing publ ic . Books, on t he average ,

w i l l sel l for 15 p e r c en t less. In the case of pol i t ica l a n d economic books, p o p u l a r m a n u a l s , M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t c las- sics, and c o n t e m p o r a r y l i t e ra tu re , t he r educ t ion wi l l be e v e n grea te r .

Book pr ices h a v e b e e n cut seve ra l t imes s ince l ibe ra t ion , to e n a b l e t he m a x i m u m n u m b e r of copies to react i t he people in t o w n a n d count ry . Book pr ices in 1957 w e r e a b o u t 44 pe r cen t of the pr ices in 1936, the y e a r before the S i n o - J a p a n e s e war .

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SIIDKII IIGIHIY$ Shanghai Rivals Britain in Cotton. Shangha i , w h i c h accoun t s for o n e - t h i r d of the coun t ry ' s co t ton spindles , p l ans to p roduce more co t ton y a r n th is yea r t h a n Br i t a in ' s e n t i r e o u t p u t in 1956, w h i c h was 1,756,000 bales. In t he f i rs t ha l f of th i s year , the to ta l o u t p u t v a l u e of t he c i ty 's co t ton mil ls w e n t up by 12.9 pe r cen t a n d the o u t p u t of co t ton y a r n by 14.9 p e r cent . 111 n ew p roduc t s w e r e t u r n e d out by the cot ton mills, i nc lud ing m a n y t o p - g r a d e fabrics.

Weather Forecasting, A n a t i o n a l n e t - w o r k of me teo ro log ica l s t a t i ons wi l l be se t up to give b e t t e r se rv ice to t he peas - ants. In each a d m i n i s t r a t i v e reg ion t h e r e wil l be an obse rva to ry , in each coun ty a meteoro logica l s ta t ion , a n d in each r u r a l d i s t r ic t one or s eve ra l me teoro log ica l posts. The f a r m co-ops wil l se t up w e a t h e r - o b s e r v i n g groups to ro tmd ou t the system. In 1957 t h e r e we re 1,635 obse rva to r i e s and me teo ro log ica l s t a t i ons in the count ry , w h i c h was four t imes the 1952 n u m b e r .

Keep Fit Programme. C h i n a ' s p e a s a n t s a re going in for sports . For the f i rs t t ime the N a t i o n a l Phys i ca l F i tness P r o - g r a m m e is coming to t h e m in a big way.

The p r o g r a m m e , w h i c h p re sc r ibes se t s t a n d a r d s for m a n y even ts , such as r u n n i n g , t h r o w i n g , j u m p i n g a n d w e i g h t - l i f t ing, ha s so f a r on ly e m b r a c e d the schools, f ac to r ies a n d mines . Now, as the p e a s a n t s t a k e a g rowing i n t e r e s t in spor ts , t h e r e c e n t spor t s c o n f e r e n c e in P e k i n g dec ided to e x t e n d the p r o g r a m m e to the count rys ide . By the end of 1957 the p r o g r a m m e h a d 1.73 mi l l ion pa r t i c i - pan t s , m o s t l y f r o m the b igger cities. The targ 'et t oday is 1O0 mi l l ion in t he n e x t f ew years .

Taishan Sunrise. Ta i shan , one of t he five mos t c e l e b r a t e d m o u n t a i n s in China , is agai.n a t t r a c t i n g l a rge n u m b e r s of tour is ts . W a t c h i n g t he sun r i s e on t he p e a k of T a i s h a n is cons ide red a r a r e del ight . T h e m o u n t a i n is in the m i d d l e of S h a n t u n g P r o v i n c e a n d has qu i t e a n u m b e r of old m o n a s t e r i e s and trees. F o u r cypresses in one of the m o n a s t e r i e s a r e be l i eved to be 2,0OO yea r s old. S ince l i b e r a t i o n t he g o v e r n m e n t has s p e n t ove r a mi l l ion y u a n to r e s to re s eve ra l of t he m o n a s t e r i e s to t h e i r o r ig ina l b e a u t y and to w i d e n t he f l ight of s teps up the m o u n - ta in. A t p r e s e n t a r oad is be ing bu i l t to li,nk t he m o u n t a i n w i t h Ts inan , cap i t a l of the province .

Rare Heart Operation. A s ix -yea r -o ld boy in Sian, n o r t h w e s t China , who had been su f fe r ing f r o m a d a n g e r o u s con- gen i t a l i n t e r - v e n t r i c u l a r sep ta l defect , is on his way to h e a l t h aga in a f t e r a suc- cessful h e a r t o p e r a t i o n of u n u s u a l su r - gical skill . A~ ar t i f ic ia l l u n g a n d h e a r t we re used d u r i n g the opera t ion , w h i c h took 2 h o u r s a n d 27 m i n u t e s and was ca r r i ed ou t for the f i rs t t i m e in China .

Just Walk In, Please! K w a n g h o T h e a - tre, one of the o ldes t i~ Pek ing , has in i - t i a t ed a ~ e w s y s t e m of usher ing . I t has d i spensed w i t h t i cke t col lec tors a t t he en t r ance . T h e a t r e - g o e r s jus t w a l k in, and once ins ide t he u she r s s h o w t h e m to t h e i r seats. Th i s n e w sys t em has b e e n acc l a imed by the pub l i c because it shows impl i c i t t r u s t in t h e m and m a k e s t h e m feel v e r y m u c h a t home. S ince t he i n t r o d u c t i o n of th i s nove l sys tem, no one h a s t r i ed to " g a t e - c r a s h " or cheat . Now Chi Hs iang , Pek ing , Min Chu and o t h e r t h e a t r e s in t he cap i t a l a re fo l lowing K w a n g h o ' s e x a m p l e w i t h g r e a t success.

Factory Workers as Historians. In t he p r e s e n t m a s s c a m p a i g n for c r ea t i ve wr i t ing . Ch inese w o r k e r s a re be ing en - cou raged to t a k e to the p e n - - t o w r i t e t he h i s to r ies of t h e i r o w n factor ies . A cal l h a s b e e n i ssued by the U~ion of Ch inese Wri te r s , ~md T ien t s in , t he n o r t h

C h i n a i n d u s t r i a l cen t re , was the f i rs t to a ,nswer t he call. In the c u r r e n t issue of t he f o r t n i g h t l y Wenyi Bao (Li te ra ry Gazet te) , a specia l sec t ion is devo ted to t he p i o n e e r i c g e x p e r i m e n t m a d e by Tien- t s in w h e r e w o r k e r s o$ t he co t ton mil ls h a v e done v a l u a b l e w r i t i n g in t he fo rm of p e r s o n a l r emin i scences . Some even t u r n e d to d r a w i n g to depic t m e m o r a b l e even t s of t he past .

Local Trolley in Northwest China. Tienshu i , t he r a i l w a y h u b in K a n s u P r o v - ince, is so lv ing t he p r o b l e m of h e a v y t raff ic b e t w e e n t he c i ty a n d i ts s u b u r b a n areas , w h e r e t h e r e a re a good n u m b e r of fac tor ies , w i t h a t ro l l ey bus service. I t wi l l be 30 k i l o m e t r e s long. A sect ion of i t h a s a l r e a d y been opened to traffic. The e n t i r e l ine wil l be r e a d y be fo re Na t iona l Day, Oc tobe r 1. As the l ine is be ing bu i l t w i t h local resources , w i t h i ron w i r e sub- s t i t u t i n g for copper w i r e and old gene ra - to rs r econd i t i oned to p rov ide mot ive power , o t h e r p a r t s of the p rov ince a re s e n d i n g people to s t u d y T ienshu i ' s ex- per ience.

Floating Bookstore. On the P e a r l River , f lowing by the s o u t h C h i n a ci ty of Canton , t h e r e a re t h o u s a n d s of w h a t a r e k n o w n

to m a n y as t he "boa t peop le" w h o work and l ive on s ampans . The s t a t e book d i s t r i bu to r , Hs inhua , has opened a f loat ing books tore , on a spec ia l ly des igned sampan , to se rv ice them. T h e boa t people and the co -opera t ives on t he P e a r l R ive r can n o w g e t t h e i r books de l ive red on deck.

Egg-Hatching Cocks. The h e n s st i l l h a v e a monopo ly in l ay ing eggs, bu t no t in h a t c h i n g them. T h e p e a s a n t s of a f a r m co-op in S h e n s i P r o v i n c e h a v e found a way to m a k e cocks h a t c h eggs. The sec re t? He re i t is. T h e y c a s t r a t e d t he cocks, i n tox i ca t ed t h e m w i t h spir i t s and t h e n set t h e m on the eggs. For t h r e e days the cocks kep t s i t t ing un t i l the eggs w e r e ha t ched . Some of t he cocks would not s t ay on t he eggs on b e c o m i n g sober. T h e y w e r e fed m o r e spi r i t s so as to ca r ry on w i t h t he ha t ch ing . The a d v a n t a g e of e g g - h a t c h i n g cocks, t he p e a s a n t s claim, is t h a t the hens can be le f t f ree to go on l ay ing eggs and a g r e a t e r n u m b e r of eggs a re produced .

Guide for Holiday Makers. A guide book for v a c a t i o n e r s going to Pe i ta iho , t he f a m o u s n o r t h C h i n a beach , is now ava i l ab le , comple t e w i t h maps. I t c a r r i e s a good dea l of i n f o r m a t i o n abou t t he h i s tor ic spots in the v ic in i ty arid t he f a m o u s S h a n h a i k u a n Pass.

18

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

H a n d s Of f L e b a n o n a n d J o r d a n

Th e Ch inese press s h a r p l y c o n d e m n s U.S. a n d Br i t i sh impe r i a l i s t aggress ion in the Middle East . Al l P e k i n g p a p e r s c a r r y edi tor ia ls ref lec t ing the r e so lu te mood of the Chi~aese people in de f ence of peace a n d the n a t i o n a l a sp i r a t i ons of the A r a b peoples.

"The p r e s e n t jo in t ac t ion of the U.S. and Br i t i sh aggressors in t he Midd le Eas t is a jo in t e n d e a v o u r to dig t h e i r o w n graves ," s t a tes Renmin Ribao ( Ju ly 18) edi tor ia l ly .

W a r n i n g t he U.S. and Br i t i sh i m p e r i a l - ists t h a t they wil l h a v e to b e a r fu l l re - spons ib i l i ty for al l t he g r a v e consequences r e su l t i ng f rom t h e i r aggress ive acts in the Middle East , Renmin Ribao dec la res : " T h e A r a b people mad al l people in As ia an d Af r i ca can n o w see the U.S. and Br i t i sh G o v e r n m e n t s for w h a t they are. Cas t ing as ide t h e i r m a s k of decency an d h u m a n i t y t hey h a v e a p p e a r e d in t h e i r t r ue colours as colo~aialists. T h e Br i t i s h e m p i r e bu i lders , e r s t w h i l e m a s t e r s of J o r dan , I r a q and Egypt , t he s a m e w h o w e r e k icked out by the peoples of J o r d a n an d Egypt a n d w h o s l a u g h t e r e d Egyp- t i an w o m e n a n d ch i l d r en in Oc tobe r 1956, h a v e r e t u r n e d . A n d the Y a n k e e imper ia l i s t s who p r e t e n d e d to oppose A n g l o - F r e n c h aggress ion d u r i n g the Suez inc ident , a r e n o w s t a n d i n g a t the s ide of the Br i t i sh . T h e y took off on t h e i r aggress ion e v e n m o r e p r o m p t l y t h a n t he Bri t i sh . J o h n Bul l ' s r ecord shows up t h e A m e r i c a n s ; Unc le S a m ' s deeds c lea r ly

exp l a in w h a t the Br i t i sh a re up to. Th i s wil l e n a b l e t he peoples of As ia a n d Af r i ca to see the t r u t h f a s t e r and expose the s h a m s of t he A m e r i c a n a n d Br i t i sh Gov- e r n m e n t s . T h e y w~ll no t h a v e a s h r e d of p re s t i ge lef t a m o n g t he peoples of the wor ld . S u c h is the i n e v i t a b l e pol i t ica l r e su l t of th i s j o in t U.S . -Br i t i sh aggres - s ion in t he Midd le Eas t . "

Da Gong Bao ( Ju ly 19) wr i t e s : " T h e conce r t ed U.S . -Br i t i sh ac t ion p roves t h a t t hey a re w o r k i n g h a n d iaa g love to sup- press t he A r a b n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t , and t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m is t he s w o r n e n e m y of the A r a b nat ion .

" T h e imper ia l i s t s , l ike m a d curs, a r e d e s p e r a t e l y a t t a c k i n g t he peoples of I raq , L e b a n o n a n d Jordma; t hey w a n t to p u t the c lock b a c k a n d s m o t h e r the s t rugg le s t a r t e d by t he A r a b people a g a i n s t im- p e r i a l i s m and for n a t i o n a l i ndependence . B u t the day is gone w h e n t he i m p e r i a l - ists could lo rd i t ove r o the r s w i th a big st ick. The A r a b people wil l ~aever aga in b e n d the k n e e to t he imper ia l i s t s . "

Guangming Ribao ( Ju ly 19) dec la res : " T h e c r i m i n a l des igns of the U.S . -Br i t i sh i n t e r v e n t i o n i s t s a re no t l imi t ed to the i nvas ion of L e b a n o n a n d J o r d a n a n d t he supp re s s ion of t he m o u n t i n g natio~aal in- d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t in these two coun- tries. A m p l e m a t e r i a l ex is t s to show t h a t these i nvas ions a re a c o m p o n e n t p a r t of a n ove r - a l l p l an of a m i l i t a r y a d v e n t u r e d i r ec t ed a g a i n s t t he surgi~ag n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t in the Midd le E a s t r eg ion as a whole ."

Da Gong Bao (Ju ly 17) pou r s sco rn on the A m e r i c a n p lea t h a t t he l a n d i n g of

m a r i n e s in L e b a n o n is to "pro tec t Amer i - c an l ives a n d p rope r ty . " "This is an old t r i ck of t he impe r i a l i s t s ' g u n b o a t policy," says the p a p e r r eca l l i ng ~nnumerab le in- s t ances f r o m A m e r i c a n his tory. Accord- ing to th i s logic of t he U.S. colonialists , t he U n i t e d Sta.tes "wil l be just if ied in c a r r y i n g ou t a r m e d i n t e r v e n t i o n in any p a r t of the wor ld w h e r e t h e r e a re A m e r i c a n res iden ts . "

I r a q : A n t i - I r a p e r i a l i s t F o r e p o s t

All P e k i n g p a p e r s give p r o m i n e n t dis- p l ay to news of t he I r aq i revo lu t ion , ha i l i ng it as a g r e a t v i c to ry for the A r a b people.

A l e a d e r in Zhongguo Qingnian Bao ( Ju ly 17) dec la res : " T h e v ic tory of the I r aq i people ha s g r ea t l y changed the b a l a n c e of p o w e r in the Middle East. A k e y s t o n e of impe r i a l i s t aggress ion has co l lapsed; a who le n a t i o n ha s tunned its guns in a n e w d i r ec t ion and become a fo repos t of the a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t f ront . This is w h y t he wor ld ha i l s the v ic tory of the people of I raq , wh i l e the h a n d f u l of w a r m o n g e r s h e a d e d by U.S. impe r i a l - i sm a re m o r t a l l y sca red and h a v e been reduced to p l ay ing t h e i r l as t t r u m p card ."

Guangrning Ribao ( Ju ly 17) ha s th is to say: " T h e I r aq i r e v o l u t i o n shows t h a t the w r a t h of the peoples t r a m p l e d uaader foot and exp lo i t ed by the imper ia l i s t s is l ike a ba l l of c o n s u m i n g fire, w h i c h sooner or l a t e r wil l des t roy the imper i a l - ists a n d t h e i r agen ts . "

" I t ha s also p roved to t he people of L e b a n o n and a l l t he Midd le Eas t t h a t i m p e r i a l i s m is n o t h i n g to be a f ra id of, t h a t t he forces of f e u d a l i s m wil l col lapse a t the f i rs t r e so lu te blow, t h a t as long as t hey r e m a i n un i t ed and pers i s t in t h e i r s t ruggle , f inal v ic tory will su re ly be the i r s . "

The Middle East erupts again B y Hua C h u n - w u

Crusade of the blind and the lame B y Mi KU

No time for disguise!

! I

B y Hua Chun-wu

19

World Press o n the Middle East

The U.S.-British Road to Disaster F r o m the four co rne r s of the e a r t h a n

a n g r y w a v e of d e n u n c i a t i o n g ree ted t he B e i r u t l and ing of U.S. Mar ines , t he musc l e m en of the E i s e n h o w e r Doctr ine , to sho re up the B a g d a d P a c t w h i c h ha s no Bagdad . F r o m the W a s h i n g t o n w e l t e r of p ious p l a t i t udes t h e r e f ina l ly e m e r g e d the n a k e d f igure of a wol f in wolf ' s c lo th ing t r y i n g to s ink its fangs in to t he A r a b n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t a n d wor ld peace. T h e out- c ry of r evu l s ion to the U.S. t roops in L e b a n o n and the Br i t i sh i nvas ion of J o r d a n was wor ld -wide , i n s t a n t a n e o u s an d r e m a r k a b l y broad, r a n g i n g f r o m lef t to r i gh t and inc lud ing n e w s p a p e r s a n d pol i t ical c i rcles t h a t on ly y e s t e r d a y had no q u a r r e l w i t h W a s h i n g t o n a n d London. The e n t i r e A r a b world , backed by the social is t c a m p wi th al l i ts s t r e n g t h , the en t i r e press voic ing the s e n t i m e n t s of As ia and Afr ica , a n d coun t less news - pape r s in Europe a n d the A m e r i c a s w e r e of l ike m i n d : the U.S. a n d B r i t a i n a re gui l ty of m i l i t a r y aggres s ion t h a t is doomed to fail. He re is a s u r v e y of in i t i a l press r eac t ions d u r i n g the f irst days fol- lowing the invas ions , a v a i l a b l e as we go to press.

Pravda d e c l a r e d t h a t the r e a s o n for the U.S. m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n in L e b a n o n was the des i re of t he oil monopo l i s t s to p e r p e t u a t e t h e i r colonia l d o m i n a t i o n and p l u n d e r in the Middle Eas t w h i c h was t r e m e n d o u s l y prof i table . This i n t e r v e n - t ion, the Sovie t d a i l y s t ressed, is on ly the f irst s tep of a colonia l w a r aga in s t the peoples of the A r a b East , a n d i t w a r n e d t h a t t he ac t ion of the U.S. i m - per ia l i s t s c r ea t ed a g r a v e d a n g e r to wor ld peace a n d secur i ty .

A n ed i tor ia l in the K o r e a n Minjoo Chosen, in Pyongyang , s t a t ed t h a t the a r m e d U.S. i n t e r v e n t i o n in L e b a n o n t h o r o u g h l y exposed t h e U.S. impe r i a l i s t s as the s w o r n e n e m i e s of peace a n d the

,,AN

m u r d e r e r s of coun t r i e s f igh t ing for f ree - dom a n d independence . No t ing t h a t the U.S. impe r i a l i s t s h a d l a u n c h e d open m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n in L e b a n o n and s i m u l t a n e o u s l y r a i sed the ques t ion in t he U.N. Secu r i t y Counci l in a n ef for t t~ legal ize it, Rodong Sh~nmoon r eca l l ed t h a t th i s was j u s t w h a t t he U.S. impe r i a l i s t s had done in t h e i r aggress ion aga in s t Korea .

F r o m Cairo, in the h e a r t of the A r a b wor ld , Al Goumhouria po in ted ou t t h a t the a r g u m e n t s a d v a n c e d by the U.S. Gov- e r n m e n t for i ts a r m e d occupa t ion of L e b a n o n w e r e un jus t i f i ed a n d u n t e n a b l e . I t s r ea l m o t i v e was to u n d e r m i n e A r a b na t iona l i sm. The s a m e fa t e w h i c h be- fel l t h e A n g l o - F r e n c h aggressors in P o r t Sa id a w a i t e d the U.S. forces t h a t l a n d e d in Bei ru t , t he in f luen t ia l Ca i ro da i ly p red ic ted .

Al Massa, t he Cai ro e v e n i n g paper , c o n d e m n e d the A m e r i c a n interventio¢~ as " a n . ac t of f l ag ran t a n d un jus t i f i ab l e aggres s ion aga in s t a n i n d e p e n d e n t coun- t ry w h o s e people h a d dec ided to get r id of a c o r r u p t r e g i m e a n d a t y r a n n i c a l r u l e r w h o m A m e r i c a f r o m the s t a r t h a d t r i ed to s a v e by d i rec t i n t e r v e n t i o n . "

" C h a s e Off t he Dogs of W a r " was the h e a d i n g of a n ed i to r ia l in Bombay Chronicle ( E n g l i s h - l a n g u a g e dai ly) w h i c h dec l a r ed : "The dec is ion to u n l e a s h the dogs of w a r in Wes t As i a wil l go d o w n as the mos t s c a t t e r - b r a i n e d and a t roc ious of E i s e n h o w e r ' s decis ions in al l t hese six yea r s as p r e s iden t . "

Delh i ' s Hindustan Times, a n o t h e r Eng - l i s h - l a n g u a g e da i ly in India , r e fu t ed E i s e n h o w e r ' s a r g u m e n t s for i n t e r v e n t i o n a n d sa id : " I t is no t on ly A r a b n a t i o n a l - i sm t h a t i t h a s t u r n e d to fight, bu t the U.N. i tself ."

I n D j a k a r t a the da i ly Suluh Indonesia a n d the E n g l i s h - l a n g u a g e Times of Indo-

nesia bo th po in ted out t h a t the p r e t e x t of "p ro t ec t i ng A m e r - ican l ives" a d v a n c e d by the U n i t e d S ta t e s for i ts l a n d i n g in B e i r u t ~ "could not be accep ted by peo- ple in t h e i r sound s t a t e of m i n d . "

Rangoon ' s w e l l - k n o w n and in f luen- t ia l New Light of Burma dec la red edi- to r ia l ly t h a t the

2O

l a n d i n g of U.S. t roops in L e b a n o n was a n ac t of aggress ion and was u n a c c e p t a b l e no m a t t e r w h a t p r e t ex t s or reas¢>ns A m e r i c a pu t fo rward . The ed i to r ia l u rged m e m b e r s of the Un i t ed Na t ions not to a l low t h e m s e l v e s to be d r agged in to the i n t e r n a l affa i rs of the Middle Eas t and not to yield to U.S. p ressure .

In K a r a c h i t he Pakistan Times s t a t ed ed i to r ia l ly t h a t the l a n d i n g of U.S. t roops in L e b a n o n was "a d a n g e r o u s leap in the d a r k " and w e n t on to say: " In I raq, as in L e b a n o n , t h e r e is no t the s l igh tes t jus t i f i ca t ion for ou t s ide rs to c l a im the pre - roga t ive of t a k i n g s ides in a pu re ly in- t e r n a l q u a r r e l . "

Mos t of t he P a k i s t a n i press , bo th lef t and r ight , took a n ed i to r ia l s t and aga ins t the l a n d i n g of the U.S. M a r i n e s in Leba- non a n d u rged t he P a k i s t a n G o v e r n m e n t to t ake a rea l i s t ic pos i t ion t o w a r d s the exp los ive s i t ua t i on in the Middle East. The Times of Karachi sa id ed i tor ia l ly t h a t "ac tua l ly , t he ques t ion of al l ques- t ions is w h e t h e r the M u s l i m Middle Eas t is going to h a v e a n i n d e p e n d e n t pe rson- a l i ty of i ts own, or is i t going to con t inue to be a n a p p e n d a g e of the imper ia l s t r a t e g y of th i s p o w e r or t h a t power . "

In J a p a n , w h e r e the Kish i g o v e r n m e n t is p l ay ing a two- faced game, pub l ic opin- ion ha s spoken out s t rong ly a g a i n s t the U.S. i n t e r v e n t i o n in L e b a n o n and th is has been echoed in t he l ead ing J a p a n e s e dail ies. Asahi Shimbun w r o t e t h a t the L e b a n e s e civi l w a r was a n i n t e r n a l ques- t ion a n d fo re ign coun t r i e s shou ld not in- t e rvene . ¥omiuri Shimbun said t h a t the a r m e d U.S. i n t e r v e n t i o n w m l d only w o r s e n the Midd le E a s t e r n crisis.

In Br i t a in , w h e r e the ru l ing circles d o n ' t s eem to h a v e d iges ted t h e lesson of Suez a n d a r e p l ay ing ba l l w i t h Dulles, w o r k e r s a n d d e m o c r a t i c o rgan iza t ions t h r o u g h o u t the count ry , as t he L o n d o n Daily Worker repor ted , w e r e c o n d e m n i n g the U.S. i nvas ion of L e b a n o n and d e m a n d - ing t h a t the Br i t i sh G o v e r n m e n t r e f r a i n f r o m s u p p o r t i n g the U n i t e d S ta tes in Midd le Eas t adven tu r e s . Notes of con- ce rn also a p p e a r e d in some of the bou r - geois papers . The Daily Mirror d u b b e d those c ! a m o u r i n g for m i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n - t ion " m i n d l e s s musc l e m e n " and w a r n e d the To ry g o v e r n m e n t aga ins t s end ing B r i t i s h t roops to Jordam. The Libera l News Chronicle dec la red t h a t w h a t m u s t be opposed a t any cost "is w a r on I r aq c loaked in pious ph ra se s a b o u t the Br i t i sh

na t iona l s ' safe ty ." I t e m p h a s i z e d : " A n y a t t e m p t to r e s t o r e by force t he e l e m e n t s now in ecl ipse would be pol i t ica l fol ly as well as m i l i t a r y aggress ion ."

Across the At lan t i c , L a t i n A m e r i c a n p o p u l a r s e n t i m e n t was d r a m a t i c a l l y ex - p ressed by d e m o n s t r a t o r s m a r c h i n g t h r o u g h the s t ree t s of Buenos Aires , Argen t ina , shou t ing : " D o w n w i t h Y a n k e e I m pe r i a l i sm! The I n v a d e r s Shou ld Qui t Lebanon! " A n d in New York Ci ty t he Na t iona l C o m m i t t e e of t he C o m m u n i s t Par ty , U.S.A. i ssued a s t a t e m e n t to t he press d e n o u n c i n g the s e n d i n g of U.S. t roops to L e b a n o n a n d dec la r ing : "L ike mil l ions of o t h e r A m e r i c a n s we A m e r i - can C o m m u n i s t s a r e deep ly a l a r m e d a t these act ions. Wi th ~hem we say: H a n d s Off the L e b a n o n , I raq , J o r d a n a n d all t he o t h e r Midd le E a s t e r n coun t r i e s ! We d e m a n d t he r e m o v a l of al l t h e A m e r i - can m i l i t a r y forces f r o m the L e b a n o n and the Midd le East . W e call for t he a b a n d o n m e n t of the E i s e n h o w e r Doct r ine , an end to the bypas s ing of the Un i t ed Na t ions and a d h e r e n c e to the p r inc ip l e s of the B a n d u n g Confe rence . "

M a n y p a p e r s v i e w e d t he i nvas ion of L e b a n o n and J o r d a n not as i so la ted events , bu t as a i m e d also aga in s t the g rea t v ic to ry of the I r aq i people in ove r - t h r o w i n g the Fa i sa l m o n a r c h y a n d e s t ab - l i sh ing a republ ic .

Wi th all t he Cai ro da i l ies t h a t g ree ted the b i r t h of the I r aq i Repub l i c as a glor ious day in t he h i s t o ry of the A r a b s , A1 Goumhouria pa id t r i b u t e to t he I r aq i people who f ina l ly " s t o r m e d the big ja i l and o v e r p o w e r e d its j a i le r s . " T h e p a p e r

sa id the I r aq i r e v o l u t i o n would he lp t he people rea l i ze t h e i r a sp i r a t i ons for inde - pendence , l iber ty , n a t i o n a l d ign i ty a n d A r a b uni ty .

In I n d o n e s i a Harian Rakjat voiced a typ ica l A s i a n - A f r i c a n v i ew dec l a r i ng t h a t the I r aq i r e v o l u t i o n s h o w e d t h a t t h e p i l l a r of i m p e r i a l i s m in t he A r a b wor ld h a d col lapsed a n d t h a t t h e r e was a l r e a d y no " B a g d a d " in the B a g d a d Pact .

In India , t he Ca l cu t t a E n g l i s h - l a n g u a g e da i ly Amri ta Bazar Patrika dec la red t h a t t he I r aq i r e v o l u t i o n had " w r i t t e n the e p i t a p h of the B a g d a d P a c t a~d t he E i s e n h o w e r Doc t r ine , " u n d e r l i n i n g an - o t h e r r e a s o n for the pan i c in t he West.

The W h i t e House and W h i t e h a l l h a v e f l aun ted wor ld pub l ic op in ion and h a v e e m b a r k e d on m i l i t a r y a d v e n t u r e s . Bu t the per i l of t he U.S. a~d Br i t i sh pos i t ions is u n d e r s c o r e d even by some of the bourgeo i s papers . T h e L o n d o n News Chronicle s t a t ed : " T h e r e is obv ious t e m p t a t i o n to i n t e r v e n e . . . . B u t such i n t e r v e n t i o n wou ld be a o n e - w a y road to d i sas te r . " W r i t i n g in t he Daily Mirror, L a b o u r M.P. R i c h a r d C r o s s m a n w a r n e d t h a t t he s i t u a t i o n would end in a n o t h e r d i sa s t rous de fea t for A n g l o - A m e r i c a n policy.

In I n d i a the H ind i da i ly Nay Bharat Times w a r n e d t h a t any U.S. or B r i t i sh i n t e r v e n t i o n aga in s t A r a b n a t i o n a l i s m would "g ive r i se to a t e r r i b l e w h i r l w i n d . " The Times of India po in t ed ou t t h a t " i t is no acc iden t t h a t t he fu ry of A r a b n a t i o n a l i s m has s t r u c k a t the ve ry s t rong- ho ld of t he B a g d a d Pac t . " I t w a r n e d t h a t

" a n y k ind of i n t e rven t ion , should the Wes t be so reckless as to u n d e r t a k e such a su ic ida l expedi t ion , wou ld un i te the e n t i r e A r a b w o r l d " and t he r e fo re t h e r e was "no a l t e r n a t i v e for the West bu t to b u r y the B a g d a d P a c t and t he E i s e n h o w e r Doct r ine . "

A n ac t ive peace f ron t is be ing forged t h r o u g h o u t the wor ld . I t s s e n t i m e n t s we re ap t ly exp re s sed in a reso lu t ion u n a n i m o u s l y adop ted by the de lega tes of the A f r o - A s i a n coun t r i e s a t the Congress for D i s a r m a m e n t a~d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Co- ope ra t i on w h i c h is m e e t i n g in S t o c k h o l m as we go to p ress :

"We rea l i ze t h a t these t rag ic h a p p e n - ings in the A r a b wor ld a re no t isola ted or d i s connec t ed even t s bu t a re a n i n t eg ra l p a r t of t he l a r g e r p a t t e r n of impe r i a l i s t d o m i n a t i o n w h i c h h a s for cen tu r i e s over - s h a d o w e d t he des t in ie s of the A f r o - A s i a n peoples. Ch ina , Korea , V ie t -nam, Indo- nesia , Egyp t and n o w Alger ia , Lebanon , I r a q a n d J o r d a n a r e al l l inks in the s ame i n f a m o u s chain . Because of th is we a re deep ly a w a r e of the un i ty of i n t e r e s t w h i c h b inds us t o g e t h e r agai,nst the des igns and in t e re s t s of the imper i a l i s t aggressors - - a u n i t y w h i c h m a k e s the t r a g e d y of a n y m e m b e r of the A f r o - A s i a n f a m i l y a col lec t ive t r a g e d y for al l of us, a u n i t y w h i c h is a l r e ady a m i g h t y force a n d is no t to be l igh t ly t r i f led with.

"We appea l to t he people of the wor ld to e x e r t t h e i r conce r t ed p r e s su re on t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t s to s top th is w a n t o n aggres- s ion a g a i n s t Lebanon , J o r d a n and I raq, to b r i n g a b o u t t he w i t h d r a w a l of al l for - e ign t roops f rom all A r a b coun t r i es . . . . "

F .e-.O-~.o-qI--O..O-O..O.-O,,.~.O..O ,'4P'-m--O..O~O..~.N..O.4..~0..O.4..O,.O..O..O..O.,.~(:=:: : : : : :np..o., ,o..o,,o., ,e,.o., ,o-o.~.o.~.qp..o.4.,o..qJ-~.qp.,o,, ,4l~ ,,,o..o,4..t 1.4p..,i0..a..o~..o,,.4p,,4o.,as*.o.-o,.o.-o..o..o.4..o..~.ll.4.o..4b(: ~ =::: =~.= ::=~.: : i

! susr or- T .E PRESS I !

I! "Defend Y e n / by Tu Peng-cheng

A n o v e l a b o u t t h e i m p o r t a n t b a t t l e of t h e 1947 c a m p a i g n i n C h i n a ' s

n o r t h w e s t to p r o t e c t ¥ e n a n , t h e t h e n h e a d q u a r t e r s of t h e C h i n e s e

r e v o l u t i o n , f r o m K u o m i n t a n g a t t a c k . T h e a u t h o r h i m s e l f t o o k p a r t

i n t h e c a m p a i g n . I n d e s c r i b i n g t h e m e n of t h e p e o p l e ' s a r m y

w h o r o u t e d t h e n u m e r i c a l l y a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y s u p e r i o r e n e m y ,

t h e i r w a y of l i f e a n d t h e i r o u t l o o k , h e is a b l e to d r a w o n f i r s t - h a n d

e x p e r i e n c e . A n e x c i t i n g , w e l l - t o l d s t o r y , Defend Y e n a n ! c o n v e y s t h e

f a c t s a n d a t m o s p h e r e of t h i s c r u c i a l t i m e i n C h i n a ' s r e v o l u t i o n .

406 pp.

I l lustrated

Published by: FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRi=SS..Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Distributed by: GUOZI SklUDIAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Suchou I'-Iul:ung t Peking t China

2I

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

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P E K I N G O P E R A

• A T THE C R O S S R O A D S , t he w e l l - k n o w n " f i g h t i n g in the d a r k " a c r o b a t i c p l ay ; B E A T I N G THE D R U M A N D R E V I L I N G T S A O TSAO, the e p i s o d e of t he T h r e e K i n g d o m s p e r i o d in w h i c h Mi H e n g , a j u s t a n d u p r i g h t m a n , r e v i l e s t he t r e a c h e r o u s P r i m e M i n i s t e r of t he H e n , T s a o Tsao , to h i s f a c e a t a b a n q u e t ; a n d T H E D R U N K E N B E A U T Y , the s t o r y of L a d y Y a n g , a c o u r t f a v o u r i t e , w h o d r o w n s h e r s o r r o w in w i n e w h e n the e m p e r o r f a i l s to c o m e to her .

J u l y 27 m a t i n e e Chi Hstang T h e a t r e

• THE W A T E R C U R T A I N C A V E a n d T H E R E D - M A N E D S T E E D T h e f i rs t is the s t o r y of hOW M o n k e y S u n a n d h i s m o n k e y fol- l o w e r s s e t up t h e i r " k i n g d o m " in a w o n d e r - ful s t one c a v e b e h i n d a w a t e r f a l l . T h e s e c o n d dea l s w i t h s o m e e p i s o d e s f r o m the c lass ica l s t o r y a b o u t W a n g P a o - e h u a n , d a u g h t e r o f a w e a l t h y m a n d a r i n , w h o def ied the w i s h e s of h e r f a t h e r a n d chose love a n d p o v e r t y .

J u l y 27 evg . Chi Hsiang T h e a t r e

• L O V E U N D E R THE W I L L O W S - - O t h e r - w i s e k n o w n a s Ltang S h a n - p o and Chu Y ing - tat, the t r a g i c s t o r y of two love r s . T h e ta le , p o p u l a r t h r o u g h o u t the c e n t u r i e s , h a s c o m e to s y m b o l i z e the p e o p l e ' s r e s i s t a n c e to f e u d a l m a r r i a g e c o n v e n t i o n s i n a n c i e n t China ,

J u l y 26 People's T h ea t r e

• T H E B O T T O M L E S S P I T E p i s o d e f r o m the Pi lgr image to the W e s t - - M o n k e y S u n W u - k u n g ba t t l e s a g a i n s t ev i l sp i r i t s .

J u l y 27 m a t i n e e Peop le ' s T h e a t r e

• T H E W I L D B O A R F O R E S T L u Ch i - shen , the " t a t t o o e d p r i e s t , " s a v e s L i n C h a n g , one of the I08 h e r o e s in W a t e r Margin, f r o m an a t t e m p t on h is l ife.

J u l y 26 evg . Tiench iao T h ea t r e J u l y 27 evg . Peop le ' s T h e a t r e

• THE T I G E R - H U N T E R S A d a p t e d f r o m W a t e r Margin. T w o b r o t h e r s , bo th h u n t e r s . a r e i m p r i s o n e d b y a p o w e r f u l l a n d l o r d w h o w a n t e d the t i g e r t h e y h a d ki l led. T h e i r s i s t e r - i n - l a w r e s c u e s t h e m a n d l a t e r al l t h r e e Join the h e r o e s on the L i a n g s h a n M o u n t a i n .

J u l y 28 e v g . Peop le ' s T h e a t r e

(All operas l is ted a b o v e are p r o d u c e d by t h e China P e k i n g Opera C o m p a n y , s tarr ing such I a m b u s art is ts as Lt S h a o - c h u n , Tu Chin- fang, Y u a n Shah-hat and o thers . )

P I N G C H U OPERA

• B I T T E R FLOV~ERS A n e w p l a y d e s c r i b - i n g h o w t h e S h a n t u n g p e a s a n t s r o s e up a g a i n s t the b i t t e r l i fe t h e y led u n d e r t he t r a i t o r s a n d l a n d l o r d s a t t he s t a r t of t h e A n t i - J a p a n e s e War . P r o d u c e d b y the Ch ina P l n g c h u Opera . Company,

J u l y 22 & 23 evg . Ta C h a n g T h e a t r e

CHU YI

• R E G I S T R A T I O N A d a p t e d f r o m a s h o r t s t o r y b y Chub Shu- l i . A y o u n g coup le s t r u g g l e s a g a i n s t f e u d a l a t t i t u d e s to m a r - r i age . Se t in t h e C h i n e s e c o u n t r y s i d e j u s t a f t e r t he l i be r a t i on . P r o d u c e d b y the P e k i n g Chu Y1 T r o u p e .

J u l y 22 evg . C h a n g a n T h ea t r e

SONG A N D D A N C E

• C H I N E S E F O L K S O N G S A N D D A N C E S P e r f o r m e d by the C e n t r a l S o n g a n d D a n c e T r o u p e .

J u l y 24 & 25 evg . P e o p l e ' s T h ea t r e

22

T H E A T R E

• S O N OF T H E W O R K I N G C L A S S B a s e d on the a u t o b i o g r a p h y of Wu Yun- to , one of C h i n a ' s b e s t - l o v e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y h e r o e s . T h r i c e s e v e r e l y w o u n d e d , he n e v e r s t o p p e d w o r k i n g f o r t he r e v o l u t i o n . P r o d u c e d by the T i e n t s i n P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e .

J u l y 27-30 Tteneh iao Thea t r e

• K U A N H A N - C H I N G A p l a y by T i e n H e n in c o m m e m o r a t i o n of t he 700th a n n i v e r s a r y of t he g r e a t 13th c e n t u r y p l a y w r i g h t . T h i s p l a y s h o w s the i n d o m i t a b l e sp i r i t o f K u a n H a n - c h l n g as he s t r u g g l e s to o v e r c o m e the d i f f i cu l t i e s t h a t b e s e t h i m w h i l e w r i t i n g a n d s t a g i n g h i s f a m o u s S n o w in M i d s u m m e r . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s Ar t T h e a t r e .

J u l y 22-31 Capital T h e a t r e

• B A L L A D OF T H E M I N G T O M B S Tien H e n ' s la tes t - -a p l a y on the pas t , p r e s e n t and f u t u r e of the g r e a t M i n g T o m b s R e s e r v o i r . P r o d u c e d by the C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e .

J u l y 23-25 Tieneh iao Thea t r e

FILMS

• T H E C O U R T E S A N ' S J E W E L B O X Col- o u r e d f i lm of t he S z e e h u a n ope ra . A b e a u t i - fu l a n d t a l e n t e d c o u r t e s a n , s e e k i n g love and h a p p i n e s s , m a r r i e s a s cho l a r . On d i s c o v e r i n g t h a t t he s c h o l a r m a r r i e d h e r on ly to sell h e r f o r a h i g h pr ice , s h e t h r o w s h e r i m - m e n s e l y v a l u a b l e b o x of j e w e l s in to the r i v e r a n d d r o w n s h e r s e l f .

J u l y 22-24 Hsin Chieh Kou , P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen tre Ctnema, Ta HUe, Chino Tab KOU

J u l y 25-28 C h a n g Y a n g J u l y 25-26 K w a n g a n M e n

• T H E R O O T OF L I F E A M e x i c a n f e a t u r e f i lm c o m p r i s e d of f o u r s h o r t s t o r i e s re- f l ec t ing the p r e s e n t l i fe o f t he M e x i c a n In - d ians . D u b b e d in Ch inese .

J u l y 22-24 C h u n g Yang , K w a n g a n Men , P e k i n g W o r k e r s " Club

J u l y 25-27 P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen- tre Cinema, Chino Tab K o u

• L I N C H U N G A n ep i sode f r o m W a t e r Margin. O r i g i n a l l y a l a w - a b i d i n g c i t izen, L in C h a n g is f o r c e d b y c o r r u p t o f f i c i a ldom to j o i n the p e a s a n t o u t l a w s on L i a n g s h a n M o u n t a i n .

J u l y 22-24 Chi ldren ' s Cinema, Capital Thea t re , S h e n g Lt, Hsin C h a n g K u o , K w a n g h o T h e a t r e

• T W O R O A D S OF L I F E Col0u red Sov ie t f e a t u r e f i lm o n the t~wo :d i f fe ren t r o a d s t a k e n b y sot'he S o v i e t y o u t h - - o n e of w o r k a n d h a p p i n e s s , t he o t h e r of v a n i t y a n d e m p t i n e s s . ~Dubbed in Ch inese .

J u l y 25-28 Hsin Chieh Kou , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' Club, Chtao Tao K o u

J u l y 26-28 P e k i n g E x h i b i t i o n Cen tre Cinema, K w a n g a n Men, Ta H u e

• T H E S I L E N T W O R L D A c o l o u r e d F r e n c h fi lm. An o c e a n o g r a p h e r a n d h i s p a r t y t a k e us on a t r i p to t he M e d i t e r r a n e a n , t he R e d Sea a n d the I n d i a n O c e a n a n d o p e n b e f o r e u s a w o r l d of u n d e r w a t e r b e a u t y . I n F r e n c h , w i t h C h i n e s e t i t les .

J u l y 22-24 P e k i n g T h e a t r e J u l y 25-28 Hsin C h u n g Kuo , K w a n g h o

T h e a t r e

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N OF T H E " 'LEAP FOR- W A R D " I N P E K I N G ' S I N D U S T R Y D i s p l a y e d a r e n e w i n d u s t r i a l n~ach ine ry a n d p r o d u c t s p r o d u c e d a n d r e n o v a t e d b y P e k i n g w o r k - e r s m o s t l y in ~he f i rs t h a l f o f t h i s y e a r s i nce t h e " b i g l e a p . " M a n y p r o d u c t s h a v e r e a c h e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d s : D a i l y 9:00 -11:30 a .m. , 2-8 p .m.

A t t he W o r k i n g Peop le ' s Palace of C u l t u r e

• N A T I O N A L F A R M T O O L S E X H I B I T I O N D a i l y ( excep t Mort.) 8:30 a.m.-6:00 p .m. at the Col lege of A g r i c u l t u r a l Mechan iza t i on , ou t s i de T e h S h e n g Men Ga te , n o r t h ci ty .

• E X H I B I T I O N OF S O V I E T P A I N T I N G S , S C U L P T U R E S A N D W O O D C U T S O v e r 500 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e w o r k s by S o v i e t a r t i s t s p r o d u c e d d u r i n g the p e r i o d 1955-57. Da i ly ( excep t M o n . ) • 9-12 a .m. , 3-8 p .m. till A u g u s t 8,

A t t he Palace M u s e u m , i n s ide T u n g H u e Men G a t e

• P A L A C E M U S E U M Exh ib i t ion of Ar t i c les Used by Feudal

E m p e r o r s - - T h e v a l u a b l e co l lec t ion of j e w e l : l e r y a n d o t h e r t r e a s u r e s o f f o r m e r e m p e r o r s . A m o n g t h e m is t he l a r g e s t p iece of c a r v e d j a d e in the wor ld , d e p i c t i n g the p e o p l e ' s s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t f lood in the t i m e of E m p e r o r Yu.

D a i l y 6:30 a . m . - 6:00 p ,m.

Exhib i t ion of A n c i e n t Chinese W e a p o n s ~ f r o m the S h a n g d y n a s t y up to the C h i n g d y n a s t y . E x h i b i t e d in the H i s t o r i c a l M u s e u m i n s i d e the P a l a c e M u s e u m .

6:30 a .m. - 6:00 p.m.

S P O R T S

• C I T Y W A T E R POLO T O U R N A M E N T M a t c h e s to se lec t a t e a m to r e p r e s e n t P e k i n g in the n a t i o n a l c h a m p i o n s h i p s s c h e d u l e d to t a k e p lace in L u s h u n - T a l i e n l a t e r in the s u m m e r .

J u l y 27 at Tab Jan Ting S w i m m i n g Pool

S W I M M I N G

O U T D O O R S W I M M I N G P O O L S T h e Tab J a n T ing S w i m m i n g Pool

D a i l y 12:30-2:30 3:30-5:30 p .m. T h e Sh ih Cha Hai S w i m m i n g Pools

Mon . -Sa t . 9-11 a.ra. 12:30-2:30 3:30-5:30 7-9 p.m.

Sun. 9-11 a.m. 12:00-2:30 3:30-6:00 p.m.

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

• A N O T H E R N E W F E A T U R E " A S u m m e r N i g h t " - - d a i l y s h o w i n g s : 1:00 a n d 4:00 p .m.

Also

" T r i p T h r o u g h the U n i v e r s e " - - 2 : 3 0 and T:30 p.m.

BUS T O U R S

SEE T W O OF C H I N A ' S F A M O U S H I S T O R I C A L S I T E S I N ONE T R I P ! Spec ia l b u s e s w i t h g u i d e s l e a v e e v e r y

W e d n e s d a y a n d S u n d a y f o r :

• THE G R E A T W A L L - One of the a r c h i - t e c t u r a l w o n d e r s of the wor ld , th i s a n c i e n t d e f e n c e w o r k h a s a h i s t o r y of o v e r 2,000 y e a r s . T h e b u s wi l l t a k e y o u to the foo t of i t s h i g h e s t po in t .

and

• T H E M I N G T O M B S - T h e 13 m a g n i f i c e n t t o m b s of t he M i n g e m p e r o r s a p p r o a c h e d t h r o u g h an a v e n u e of g i a n t s t a t u e s c a r v e d ou t o f w h i t e m a r b l e . T h e f i r s t t o m b w a s bu i l t in 1040.

Buses s tar t 1rom the e a s t end of L u n g F a n T o u T i a o St. ( jus t o u t s i d e C h i e n m e n Gate} a t 8 a .m. a n d wi l l s top f o r p a s s e n g e r s a t the n o r t h e n d of Pe t C h a n g Ch ieh St., a t T i An Men Gate , a n d a t T e h S h e n g Men G a t e (nea r t h e No. 5 b u s s tops) .

T i c k e t s cost 4 y u a n . T h e y a r e o b t a i n a b l e at all t a x i s t a t i ons , or , b y r i n g i n g 5-7661 you can h a v e t h e m d e l i v e r e d to y o u r door .

A p a r t f r o m t r a v e l l i n g t i m e 5 ~ h o u r s wil l be s p e n t a t t he Wal l a n d the Tombs.

~ ; ~ ~ INTERLOCK KNITTING MACHINE

To knit plain fobri or with hor,-

zontal stripes. With a few simple

modif ications the machine can

produce plush fabrics

°: ,

Main fetltures Very easy to operate. Does not take up much

room Fitted with an automatic broken yarn stop motion to

minimize defects.. Interchangeable cylinders ore available to meet

specific requirements. Turns out a high grade article with an

e';cellent finish.

China National Transport Machinery Import ~,a omco: erh L; Kc, u, Hdchlao, peking corporation Cable Address: TRANSMACH PEKING

( ImporEers and Exporters ) Shanghai Blanch: 27 Chungsh~n Road, El, Shanghai' Cable Ad&ess: TRANSMACH SHANGHAI

~.nquiries

I welcomed

Prompt attention!

I I

d Tonic llTit~out a Peer

PANAX GINSENG EXTRACTUM A useful tonic for treating con- sumption, rheumat i sm and m a n y • chronic diseases of the c irculatory and nervous systems. Helps restore vital i ty .

Colt/ai~s :

P a n a x i c ac id • P a n a x i n

Panaquilon • Essential oils Vitamins A, BI, Bs etc.

PINE BRAND

DisEribuEed by:"

TIENTSIN MEDICINE & DRUGS CORPORATION Branch of

CHINA N A T I O N A L NATIVE PRODUCE EXPOR T CORPORATION

308 Hs ing An Road, Tients in , China Cable Address : DRUGS TIENTSIN

Hongkong Agent: Teck Soon. Hong Ltd. 38 Bonham Strand, W., Hongk0ng Cable Address : STILLON H O N G K O N G

12 "DIAMOND" elecEric CLOCKS

":r ~ l : ~ DIAMO.B

f?

Made in China

\,,\1111,,/ TRADE'MARK

Each clock is meticulously tested for accuracy before,

packing

RELIABLE ALARM CLOCKS A~rac t i ve and elegant * Compac~ and sturdy

Sweep second hand • Luminous

5803 5806 5808

CHINA NATIONAL SUNDRIES EXPORT

Address: 128 Hu Chiu Road, Shanghai, China

CORPORATION Shanghai Branch

Cable Address- SUNDRY* SHANGHAI