Strategic Abandonment: Alliance Relations in Northeast Asia in the Post-Iraq Era by Daniel Sneider

8/3/2019 Strategic Abandonment: Alliance Relations in Northeast Asia in the Post-Iraq Era by Daniel Sneider

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HEOYGOYX

[}glnhg / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / |bb

W/X/$]EA Xghw}byr ]g`nybeox

Xy}nygfbh Nmnoieodgoy3 N``bnohg ]g`nybeox bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn bo yjg [exy$B}n~ G}n

Inobg` Xogbig} / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >

Ae}gn‒x Iedgxybh Mnxg le} N``bnohg vbyj yjg Wobygi Xynygx

@gg Xeea$Ceof / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / =8

W/X/$]EA Gheoedbh ]g`nybeox

Bxxwgx bo W/X/$]EA Gheoedbh ]g`nybeox

Aese Abreyn noi ]emg}y Xyg}o / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /9>

Hw`yw}n` Boygf}nybeo Mgyvggo yjg Wobygi Xynygx noi Ae}gn3 @eeabof Mgreoi yjg

L}gg Y}nig Nf}ggdgoy

De Ceof}ro / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /67

Hno n Ign` Mg Ieog5 Yjg I[]A Owh`gn} ^wgxybeo ]g|bxbygi

@gxxeox l}ed yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno Owh`gn} Bxxwg

F}gfe}r L/ Y}g|g}yeo / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /:2

‐[gnhg bo Ew} Ybdg— ny Vjny Hexy5 [exxbm`g Lbonohbn` noi @gfn` Bd{`bhnybeox el

Igowh`gn}bsbof Oe}yj Ae}gn

Xheyy ]gdm}noiy / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >>7

N ]gn` Ign` e} n [e`bybhn` Dnx~wg}nig5 Yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno Owh`gn} ^wgxybeo

]g|bxbygi

@gg Cwof$jeeo / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >86

Gnxy Nxbn‒x Gheoedbh noi Xghw}byr ]gfbeon`bxd3 Eì Heoxy}nboyx noi Ogv [}ex{ghyx

Yw}obof yjg Xbz$[n}yr Ynàx boye n Dw`yb`nyg}n` Xghw}byr L}ndgve}a le}

Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn

Fb`mg}y ]esdno / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / >92

Gheoedbh noi Xghw}byr Boxybywybeo Mwbìbof bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn\boei A/ Nffn}vn` noi Dbo Fre Aee / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ><6

Ae}gno Xely [evg}3 Y}noxonybeon` Hw`yw}n` Lèvx, Ae}gno Lb`d, noi Ib{èdnhr

bo Gnxy Nxbn

‐Fwgxyx— el yjg Ign} @gnig}3 Xjbo Xnof$ea, Hjeb Gwo$jgg, noi Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x

Hw`yw}n` H}bxbx

Abd Xwa$rewof / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / />27

]gdgdmg} Dg, ]gdgdmg} Wx, ]gdgdmg} Ae}gn3 Jn``rw, L`nxjmnhax, noi yjg

Y}noxle}dnybeo el Xewyj Ae}gn Boye no Wole}fgyynm`g Onybeo Nn}eo Jno Ceeo Dnfono$[n}a / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /=;2



Yevn}ix Xwxynbonm`g Gheoedbh , Xghw}byr ]g`nybeox bo Gnxy Nxbn3 W/X/ , ]EA [e`bhr E{ybeox >

XY]NYGFBH NMNOIEODGOY3

N@@BNOHG ]G@NYBEOX BO OE]YJGNXY NXBN BO YJG

[EXY$B]N^ G]N Inobg` Xogbig} #

HEOYGOYX

B/ Boy}eiwhybeo

BB/ Yjg \bgyond Vn} G}n3 Yjg Jbxye}bhn` [}ghgigoy

BBB/ Nmnoieodgoy Lgn}x nlyg} yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno Owh`gn} Ygxy

B\/ Ae}gn3 Mgyvggo Goynof`gdgoy noi Nmnoieodgoy

\/ Heoh`wxbeo3 Hewoyg}bof Xy}nygfbh Nmnoieodgoy

# Inobg` Xogbig} bx Nxxehbnyg Ib}ghye} le} ]gxgn}hj ny yjg Xje}goxygbo Nxbn$

[nhblbh ]gxgn}hj Hgoyg} Xynole}i Wob|g}xbyr/ Jg yjnoax D}bon` ]n|boig} Dgoeo

le} }gxgn}hj nxxbxynohg/



= W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

B/ Boy}eiwhybeo

Yjg xghw}byr n``bnohg mgyvggo yjg Wobygi Xynygx noi yjg ]g{wm`bh el Ae}gn *]EA" bx

yjg lewoinybeo le} yjg n}hjbyghyw}g el xy}nygfbh xynmb`byr bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn yjny jnx

goiw}gi le} de}g yjno n jn`l hgoyw}r/ Nèof vbyj yjg W/X/ n``bnohg vbyj Cn{no, yjbx

xghw}byr n}hjbyghyw}g jnx dnboynbogi yjg mn`nohg el {evg} igx{byg |nxy fge{e`bybhn`

hjnofgx, oey ̀ gnxy yjg goi el yjg fèmn` Heì Vn}/ By {}e|bigi no go|b}eodgoy yjny

lexyg}gi x{ghynhw`n} gheoedbh f}evyj noi yjg boxybywybeon`bsnybeo el igdeh}nybh

fe|g}onohg/

Yjg xynmb`byr h}gnygi woig} yjbx xy}nygfbh n}hjbyghyw}g bx oev hjn``gofgi mr n wob~wg

hedmbonybeo el yj}gg ig|gè{dgoyx’yjg }bxg el Hjbon, Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x mbi ye mghedg

n owh`gn} {evg}, noi yjg vgnagobof el yjg Wobygi Xynygx bo yjg vnag el yjg B}n~ Vn}/

Yjgxg g|goyx ibxyw}m yjg hn}glw``r h}nlygi mn`nohg el {evg} yjny vnx h}gnygi iw}bof

yjg Heì Vn} g}n/ Hjbon‒x f}evyj nx no gheoedbh noi db`byn}r {evg}, hedmbogi vbyj

byx nx{b}nybeox le} }gfbeon` `gnig}xjb{, h}gnygx no n`yg}onyb|g {e`g el {evg} ye yjg

Wobygi Xynygx/ Yjg iglbnoy ighbxbeo el yjg Igdeh}nybh [ge{`g‒x ]g{wm`bh el Ae}gn

*I[]A" ye ygxy n owh`gn} ig|bhg yj}gnygox yjg xghw}byr el Ae}gn noi Cn{no noi

e{gox yjg iee} ye lw}yjg} {}e`blg}nybeo bo yjg }gfbeo/

Yjgxg yve ig|gè{dgoyx jn|g mggo vbig`r ibxhwxxgi ndeof {e`bhrdnag}x noi gz{g}yx

bo yjg }gfbeo noi bo yjg Wobygi Xynygx/ Mwy yjg}g jnx mggo `byy`g gzndbonybeo el yjg

inofg}ewx irondbh mgyvggo yjgxg g|goyx noi yjg B}n~ Vn}/ Yjg igyg}be}nybof db`byn}r

noi {e`bybhn` xbywnybeo bo B}n~ noi bo yjg Dbii`g Gnxy de}g m}eni`r jnx xbfoblbhnoy`r

vgnagogi yjg Wobygi Xynygx bo Gnxy Nxbn/ By jnx xvwof {wm`bh e{bobeo nfnboxy yjg

Wobygi Xynygx noi, nx he``nyg}n` indnfg, woig}dbogi xw{{e}y le} yjg n``bnohgx/ Yjg

lehwx el W/X/ nyygoybeo noi }gxew}hgx eo yjg Dbii`g Gnxy lggix n {g}hg{ybeo yjny W/X/

boyg}gxy bo Gnxy Nxbn bx igh`bobof/ De}g {}elewoi`r, by gohew}nfgx {evg}x xwhj nx

Hjbon noi ]wxxbn ye nxxg}y de}g l}g~wgoy`r noi de}g meì`r yjgb} igxb}g le} n de}g

dw`yb{e`n} {evg} xy}whyw}g/

Yjg vn} jnx n`xe ig{`gygi yjg W/X/ le}hg xy}whyw}g bo yjg [nhblbh, i}nvbof n`` yjg W/X/

N}dr noi Dn}bog He}{x f}ewoi le}hgx heddbyygi ye yjg [nhblbh yjgnyg} boye nhyb|g

ig{èrdgoy bo B}n~/ Yjg fèmn` }gig{èrdgoy el W/X/ le}hgx jnx n`}gnir {}eiwhgi n

xbfoblbhnoy i}e{ bo le}hg ̀ g|g`x bo Ae}gn noi {`nox n}g ye de|g le}hgx hw}}goy`r mnxgi

bo Cn{no ye mnxgx bo Fwnd noi g`xgvjg}g/ N`yjewfj W/X/ on|n` noi nb} le}hgx bo yjg

[nhblbh }gdnbo ny xbfoblbhnoy `g|g`x, by bx oey h}gibm`g yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx hewì

heddby ̀ n}fg owdmg}x ye yjg iglgoxg el Ae}gn bo yjg g|goy el n dnce} heol`bhy/

By bx bd{exxbm`g ye aoev jev yjbx ibdbobxjgi hn{nmb`byr jnx nllghygi yjg yjboabof el yjgOe}yj Ae}gno ̀ gnig}xjb{, mwy by xggdx ̀ bag`r yjny yjgr jn|g oey e|g}èeagi yjbx xjbly bo



Yevn}ix Xwxynbonm`g Gheoedbh , Xghw}byr ]g`nybeox bo Gnxy Nxbn3 W/X/ , ]EA [e`bhr E{ybeox 8

}gxew}hgx/ Yjg {g}hg{ybeo el n Wobygi Xynygx meffgi ievo bo B}n~ hewì eo`r jn|g

gohew}nfgi yjgd ye ynag yjg }bxa, eog {}g|bewx`r n|ebigi, el ygxybof n owh`gn} ig|bhg/

Yjg x{ghyg} el n Wobygi Xynygx vgnagogi bo B}n~, lnhbof n }bxbof f}gny {evg} noi no

wo{}gibhynm`g ogv owh`gn} xynyg, lggix lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy bo meyj yjg ]EA noi

Cn{no/ Bo Cn{no yjg}g bx f}evbof heohg}o yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx bx vb``bof ye }gnhj no

nf}ggdgoy vbyj yjg I[]A yjny ̀ gn|gx n xdn`` owh`gn} n}xgon` boynhy mwy heoynbox yjg

{}em`gd el {}e`blg}nybeo el owh`gn} dnyg}bn`x e} yghjoeèfr ye vjny bx xggo nx n de}g

xg}bewx yj}gny el {}e`blg}nybeo bo B}no/ Yjbx }nbxgx yjg inofg} el n xg{n}nybeo el |byn`

onybeon` xghw}byr boyg}gxyx mgyvggo yjg yve n``bgx’le} Cn{no, g|go n xdn`` owh`gn}

n}xgon` bo Oe}yj Ae}gn {exgx no gzbxygoybn` yj}gny, fb|go yjg igoxbyr el byx w}mno

{e{w`nybeox/ Cn{nogxg heohg}ox nmewy Oe}yj Ae}gn elygo n}g n xw}}efnyg le} igg{g}

nozbgybgx nmewy yjg }bxg el Hjbon noi n{{}gjgoxbeox yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx dbfjy xgga

n {n}yog}xjb{ vbyj Hjbon ny yjg gz{goxg el Cn{no/

Vjb`g by jnx mggo ̀ gxx |bxbm`g, lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy jn|g n`xe mggo f}evbof bo yjg

]EA/ Yjgxg vg}g x{n}agi bo {n}y mr yjg ievoxbsbof el yjg W/X/ le}hgx bo Ae}gn noi

yjg ighbxbeo ye m}bof yjg Hedmbogi Le}hgx Heddnoi ye n hèxg, nx B vb`` ibxhwxx bo

de}g igynb` mgèv/ Mwy, nx bo Cn{no, yjg}g bx n`xe n xy}nygfbh ve}}r nmewy Hjbon‒x

f}evbof bol`wgohg bo yjg }gfbeo noi eo yjg Ae}gno {goboxw`n bo {n}ybhw`n} noi,

xgheoin}b`r, n heohg}o nmewy Cn{no‒x f}evbof db`byn}r }e`g/ Yjg {exxbmb`byr yjny Ae}gn

dnr mghedg hnwfjy mgyvggo yjgxg yve {evg}x vbyjewy n xy}eof W/X/ {}gxgohg bo yjg

}gfbeo jnx gdg}fgi nx no n}fwdgoy bo xedg Ae}gno hb}h`gx le} {}gxg}|bof yjg n``bnohg

vbyj yjg Wobygi Xynygx/

Jbxye}bhn``r, noi by }gdnbox y}wg yeinr, lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy mr yjg Wobygi Xynygx

jn|g mggo {nb}gi vbyj yjg lgn} el goynof`gdgoy/ Ae}gnox noi Cn{nogxg jn|g ve}}bgi

nmewy mgbof i}nvo boye vbig} heol`bhyx mr yjgb} W/X/ n``r nx n }gxw`y el yjgb} xghw}byr

heddbydgoyx/ Yjny jnx mggo n {g}xbxygoy bxxwg bo Cn{no, le} gznd{`g, bo yjg wxg el yjg

W/X/ mnxgx eo Eabonvn ye xw{{e}y hedmny e{g}nybeox bo \bgyond, Ynbvno, noi Ae}gn/

De}g }ghgoy`r yjbx bxxwg gdg}fgi bo Ae}gn bo }gx{eoxg ye yjg W/X/ igxb}g le} ‐xy}nygfbh

l`gzbmb`byr— bo wxbof Ae}gn$mnxgi le}hgx le} }gfbeon` e} fèmn` e{g}nybeox/

Goynof`gdgoy lgn}x i}nv w{eo yjg onyw}n` igxb}g el meyj n``bgx, noi g`bygx bo meyj

hewoy}bgx, ye l}gg yjgdxg`|gx l}ed gzhgxxb|g ig{goigohr eo yjg Wobygi Xynygx noi ye

nxxg}y f}gnyg} boig{goigohg bo yjg le}dnybeo el le}gbfo noi xghw}byr {e`bhbgx/ Yjbx jnx

mggo de}g g|bigoy bo Ae}gn bo yjg {nxy xg|go rgn}x, n ybdg vjgo Ae}gnox jn|g lg`y n

f}evbof xg{n}nybeo mgyvggo yjgb} n{{}enhj ye heoynbobof Oe}yj Ae}gn noi yjg {e`bhbgx

el yjg Fge}fg V/ Mwxj nidbobxy}nybeo/ Mwy g|go bo Cn{no, iw}bof n ybdg vjgo yjg

xghw}byr n``bnohg jnx mggo hèxg} yjno g|g} mgle}g, Cn{nogxg {e`bhrdnag}x jn|g {wxjgi

le} de}g nwyeoedr/



9 W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

Bo meyj hewoy}bgx, jevg|g}, yjg lgn} el nmnoieodgoy jnx jbxye}bhn``r mggo mr ln} yjg

dexy {evg}lw` igyg}dbonoy el {e`bhr/ Evbof bo {n}y ye yjg ̀ gfnhr el ig{goigohr noi

ye fge{e`bybhn` bxe`nybeo, meyj Ae}gnox noi Cn{nogxg jn|g ve}}bgi de}g nmewy mgbof

`gly nèog yjno nmewy mgbof i}nffgi boye wovnoygi heol`bhyx/ N}fwnm`r, yjg Ae}gno

noi Cn{nogxg ighbxbeox ye ibx{nyhj le}hgx ye B}n~ noi ye xw{{e}y yjg vn} bo Nlfjnobxyno

vg}g i}b|go de}g mr yjbx lgn} yjno mr xw{{e}y le} yjexg vn}x/ Ae}gno noi Cn{nogxg

{e`bhrdnag}x oggigi, le} ibllg}goy }gnxeox, ye agg{ yjg Wobygi Xynygx hèxg noi

woig}xyeei yjny yjgb} xw{{e}y le} W/X/ {e`bhr bo yjg Dbii`g Gnxy vewì jg`{ nhhed{`bxj

yjny fen`/

Yjg xg{n}nybeo el W/X/ xghw}byr boyg}gxyx l}ed yjexg el byx n``bgx bo Ae}gn noi Cn{no,

hedmbogi vbyj n {g}hg{ybeo el yjg igh`bog el W/X/ xy}gofyj noi boyg}gxy bo Gnxy Nxbn,

h}gnygx yjg inofg} el xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy/ Yjg heoxg~wgohgx el lgn} {l xy}nygfbh

nmnoieodgoy n}g dw`yb{`g noi xjewì mg el xg}bewx heohg}o ye W/X/ {e`bhrdnag}x, nx

vg`` nx yjexg vje xw{{e}y yjg n``bnohg xrxygd bo Gnxy Nxbn/ Eog heoxg~wgohg bx ye

{}e{g` Ae}gn noi Cn{no boye n hèxg} gdm}nhg el Hjbon, noi {eygoybn``r ]wxxbn/ Noeyjg}

{exxbm`g ewyhedg bx ye boh}gnxg boxynmb`byr, boh`wibof yjg }bxa el heol`bhy n}bxbof ewy el

dbxhn`hw`nybeo/

Xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy lgn} bx lgi mr, noi bo yw}o gohew}nfgx, }bxbof onybeon`bxd bo

meyj Ae}gn noi Cn{no/ Yjg w{xw}fg bo onybeon`bxd n`}gnir bd{nhyx yjg n``bnohgx vbyj

yjg Wobygi Xynygx/ Heoxg}|nyb|g Cn{nogxg onybeon`bxd lggix ell boh}gnxgi ygoxbeox

vbyj Hjbon e|g} jbxye}r bxxwgx, elygo nhhed{nobgi mr igdnoix yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx

ynag xbigx bo xwhj ibx{wygx/ [}gxbigoy ]ej Dee$jrwo el Xewyj Ae}gn yn{{gi boye

Ae}gno onybeon`bxd bo n dnoog} yjny, vjgyjg} boygoigi e} oey, xg}|gi ye ̀ eexgo ybgx

vbyj yjg Wobygi Xynygx/

[g}jn{x yjg dexy xg}bewx inofg} {exgi mr yjg lgn} el xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy bx yjny

el owh`gn} {}e`blg}nybeo, yjny Ae}gn noi Cn{no dbfjy xgga ye }g{`nhg vjny bx xggo nx n

igf}nigi fwn}noygg el gzygoigi igyg}}gohg l}ed yjg Wobygi Xynygx vbyj yjgb} evo

owh`gn} hn{nmb`byr/ Yjbx dnr xggd yjg ̀ gnxy ̀ bag`r ewyhedg el xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy,

fb|go yjg iedgxybh {e`bybhn`, yghjobhn`, noi boyg}onybeon` }gxy}nboyx eo meyj hewoy}bgxfebof owh`gn}/ Mwy by bx {eygoybn``r yjg dexy ve}}bxedg ig|gè{dgoy, noi by bx oey

vbyjewy {}ghgigoy/

Yjg irondbh mgyvggo lgn}x el goynof`gdgoy noi nmnoieodgoy bo ew} n``bnohg

}g`nybeoxjb{x bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn bx oey wob~wg/ W/X/ {exyvn} n``bnohgx bo Gw}e{g jn|g

mggo hjn}nhyg}bsgi mr yjg xndg {nyyg}o3 n``bgx jn|g xewfjy ye dnzbdbsg yjgb} }e`g bo

iglbobof m}eni xy}nygfr yevn}i yjg Xe|bgy Wobeo noi oev yevn}i eyjg} ni|g}xn}bgx

vjb`g yjgr nyygd{y ye ̀ bdby yjgb} em`bfnybeox ye hn}}r ewy yjexg {e`bhbgx/ Yjbx bx nx y}wg

el ew} n``bnohg vbyj M}bynbo nx by jnx mggo vbyj Fg}dnor, noi hg}ynbo`r L}nohg/




Owh`gn} {e`bhr bo Gw}e{g jnx bo {n}ybhw`n} xy}wff`gi vbyj yjbx {nyyg}o el n``bnohg

}g`nybeox/ Bo }gx{eoxg ye yjg Xe|bgy owh`gn} yj}gny ye Gw}e{g noi yjg Gw}e{gno n``bgx‒

heohg}o nmewy yjg }g`bnmb`byr el yjg W/X/ }gx{eoxg, ew} n``bgx xewfjy nxxw}nohg el

gzygoigi igyg}}gohg bo yjg le}d el yjg ig{èrdgoy el W/X/ boyg}dgibnyg owh`gn} le}hgx

bo Gw}e{g/ Mwy yjgr n`xe e{ygi, bo yjg hnxg el M}bynbo noi L}nohg, le} h}gnybeo el no

boig{goigoy owh`gn} igyg}}goy/ Ny yjg xndg ybdg, ew} n``bgx lgn}gi mgbof i}nffgi boye

wovnoygi heol}eoynybeo vbyj yjg Xe|bgyx noi {w}xwgi yjgb} evo xy}nygfbgx el

gofnfgdgoy/

BB/ Yjg \bgyond Vn} G}n3 Yjg Jbxye}bhn` [}ghgigoy

Yjg hw}}goy heo|g}fgohg el ig|gè{dgoyx bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn’yjg }bxg el Hjbon, Oe}yj

Ae}gn‒x owh`gn} hjn``gofg, noi yjg vgnagobof el W/X/ {evg} evbof ye yjg vn} boB}n~’jnx n jbxye}bhn` {}ghgigoy bo yjg \bgyond Vn} g}n/ Iw}bof yjg {g}bei el W/X/

bo|e`|gdgoy bo \bgyond, l}ed yjg dbi$>2<;x yj}ewfj yjg dbi$>26;x, yjg}g vnx n`xe n

hedmbonybeo el n f}evbof Hjbogxg hjn``gofg, boh}gnxgi Oe}yj Ae}gno ni|goyw}bxd,

noi n xgoxg el W/X/ vgnaogxx/ Yjbx h}gnygi n lgn} el nmnoieodgoy ndeof W/X/ n``bgx

bo yjg ]EA noi Cn{no, n {g}hg{ybeo yjny {}eiwhgi n xg}bewx {}e`blg}nybeo }bxa/

Ny yjg e{gobof el yjg W/X/ db`byn}r boyg}|goybeo bo \bgyond, }g|e`wybeon}r Hjbon vnx

n`}gnir }bxbof nx n yj}gny ye }gfbeon` xynmb`byr/ Yjg Hjbogxg vg}g mnhabof n mbi le}

{evg} mr yjg heddwobxyx bo Boieogxbn nx vg`` nx gohew}nfbof yjg \bgyondgxg, Ajdg},noi @ne boxw}fgohbgx/ Bo Ehyemg} >2<9, yjg Hjbogxg heoiwhygi yjgb} lb}xy ygxy el n

owh`gn} vn}jgni, le`èvgi bo >2<< mr yjg ygxy el n dbxxb`g$ig`b|g}gi vn}jgni, noi n

rgn} `nyg} mr yjg ygxy el n jri}efgo medm/ Yefgyjg} vbyj f}evbof g|bigohg yjny

Mgbcbof vnx ny eiix vbyj byx Xe|bgy n``bgx, {n}ybhw`n}`r bo yjg ighbxbeo ye {w}xwg n owh`gn}

hn{nmb`byr, yjgxg ig|gè{dgoyx h}gnygi |bxbm`g wognxg nmewy xghw}byr, {n}ybhw`n}`r bo

Cn{no noi, ye n ̀ gxxg} gzygoy, yjg ]EA/

Yjg xghw}byr yj}gny l}ed yjg I[]A, vjbhj `gnogi yevn}i Mgbcbof bo yjg f}evbof

Xboe$Xe|bgy ibx{wyg, n`xe gxhn`nygi iw}bof yjbx {g}bei/ Yjg I[]A ̀ gnig}xjb{ xnv yjgWobygi Xynygx meffgi ievo bo \bgyond noi yjg ]EA vgnagogi mr yjg ighbxbeo ye

ig{èr g`byg wobyx ye nxxbxy yjg W/X/ db`byn}r hnd{nbfo bo \bgyond/ Yjgr hn}}bgi ewy n

xg}bgx el nhybeox, ygxybof W/X/ noi Ae}gno vb``’mgfboobof vbyj yjg heddnoie nxxnw`y

eo yjg M`wg Jewxg bo >2<:, le`èvgi yve inrx ̀ nyg} mr yjg xgbsw}g el yjg WXX [wgmè

noi n`xe }g{gnygi nyygd{yx ye nxxnxxbonyg [}gxbigoy [n}a Hjwof$jgg, yjg dexy

x{ghynhw`n} el vjbhj yeea {`nhg bo Xgew` bo >269/

Yjg ybig el W/X/ le}ywogx bo \bgyond, {n}ybhw`n}`r nlyg} yjg Ygy ellgoxb|g el >2<: noi

[}gxbigoy Cejoxeo‒x xwmxg~wgoy ighbxbeo oey ye xgga }gg`ghybeo, mgfno ye lggi n{g}hg{ybeo bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn el W/X/ vgnaogxx noi }gy}gny/



< W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

N xgh}gy nxxgxxdgoy mr n xgobe} Xynyg Ig{n}ydgoy ellbhbn` el Cn{nogxg nyybywigx

*Xogbig} >2<:", goyby`gi ‐Cn{no3 [n}yog} bo [exxbm`g Ibxn}}nr,— hn{yw}gi yjbx xjbly3

Heoy}bmwybof ye yjg hw}}goy ibxheoygoy jnx mggo yjg nxxwd{ybeo el dnor

yjny Q[}bdg Dbobxyg}T Xnye vnx nhybof oey bo Cn{no‒x evo boyg}gxyx mwy ny

W/X/ mgjgxy/ Mwy, de}g bd{e}ynoy, n feei owdmg} el Cn{nogxg n}g jn|bof

xgheoi yjewfjyx nmewy W/X/ xynrbof {evg} bo Nxbn/ W/X/ mn`nohg el

{nrdgoyx ibllbhw`ybgx, yjg Ygy ellgoxb|g, yjg [wgmè bohbigoy, iedgxybh

ibxe}ig}x noi yjg [}gxbigoy‒x Dn}hj 8> x{gghj n}g n`` hbygi nx g|bigohgx

el W/X/ vgnaogxx/ Bo xg{n}nyg {}b|nyg heo|g}xnybeox, yjg Fe|g}oe} el

yjg Mnoa el Cn{no Wxndb, Le}gbfo Dbobxyg} Dbab noi n `gnibof

heoxg}|nyb|g l}bgoi el yjg W/X/ gnhj }g|gn`gi iewmyx nmewy ew} \bgyond

noi Nxbno {e`bhbgx///

Yjgxg l}wxy}nybeox vbyj yjg W/X/ jn|g bog|bynm`r yw}ogi de}g noi de}g

Cn{nogxg ye m}eeibof nmewy yjg oggi le} no ‐boig{goigoy— Cn{nogxg

le}gbfo {e`bhr’g/f/ gxhn{bof l}ed vjny Dbab jnx hn``gi ‐gzhgxxb|g

ig{goigohg— eo yjg W/X/

Yjg f}evbof Cn{nogxg lgn} el nmnoieodgoy x{w}}gi ynà el ig|gè{bof owh`gn} vgn{eox,

{n}ybhw`n}`r nlyg} yjg Hjbogxg owh`gn} ygxy/ Bo n Ighgdmg} >2<9 heo|g}xnybeo vbyj

Givbo ]gbxhjnwg}, W/X/ ndmnxxnie} ye Cn{no, njgni el jbx |bxby ye Vnxjbofyeo, [}bdg

Dbobxyg} Xnye ̀ nwohjgi boye n ibxhwxxbeo el owh`gn} iglgoxg, hbybof yjg gznd{`g el yjg

M}bybxj owh`gn} igyg}}goy/ ‐Bl yjg eyjg} lg`èv jnx owh`gn} vgn{eox, by bx eo`r heddeo

xgoxg ye jn|g yjgd eogxg`l,— Xnye xnbi, hbybof [}bdg Dbobxyg} Jn}eì Vb`xeo el yjg

Wobygi Abofied/ Yjg Cn{nogxg {wm`bh vnx oey }gnir le} yjbx mwy vewì jn|g ye mg

giwhnygi noi yjg rewofg} fgog}nybeo xjevgi xbfox el febof yjbx vnr, jg yeì

]gbxhjnwg} *xgg ]gbxhjnwg} Q>2<9T"/

Xnye yeì Cejoxeo yjg ogzy deoyj bo Vnxjbofyeo yjny Cn{no xjewì nh~wb}g owh`gn}

vgn{eox bo }gx{eoxg ye Hjbon‒x owh`gn} hn{nmb`byr/ Vjb`g Xnye igh`n}gi Cn{no‒x yj}gg

oeo$owh`gn} {}bohb{`gx bo >2<6’heddbydgoyx oey ye dnowlnhyw}g, {exxgxx, e} n`èvyjg boy}eiwhybeo el owh`gn} vgn{eox boye Cn{no’jg {}b|nyg`r heoybowgi ye }nbxg yjg

{exxbmb`byr el febof owh`gn} *Anxg =;;>"/

Xnye‒x Hnmbogy Bole}dnybeo ]gxgn}hj Ellbhg heddbxxbeogi n hed{}gjgoxb|g xywir

el yjg owh`gn} e{ybeo, vjbhj vnx hn}}bgi ewy bo yve {n}yx bo >2<: noi >26;/ Yjg lb}xy

{n}y gzndbogi yjg yghjobhn`, gheoedbh, noi e}fnobsnybeon` bxxwgx }g`nygi ye ig|gè{bof

owh`gn} vgn{eox, noi yjg xgheoi {n}y lehwxgi eo yjg hexyx noi mgoglbyx l}ed n

xy}nygfbh, {e`bybhn`, noi ib{èdnybh {g}x{ghyb|g/ Yjg }g{e}y heoh`wigi yjny, n`yjewfj

Cn{no vnx hn{nm`g el ig|gè{bof yjg vgn{eox, by vewì ie b}}g{n}nm`g indnfg yeW/X/$Cn{no xghw}byr }g`nybeox/ Cn{no, yjg nwyje}x n}fwgi, hewì oey nlle}i ye le`èv




yjg L}gohj {nyj/ Cn{no vnx xyb`` mgyyg} ell heoybowbof ye ig{goi eo yjg W/X/ owh`gn}

wdm}g``n/ Mwy Cn{nogxg {e`bhrdnag}x, oey wo`bag yjgb} hewoyg}{n}yx bo Gw}e{g, vg}g

heohg}ogi yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx vewì oey }bxa byx evo xghw}byr ye }gx{eoi ye n yj}gny

dewoygi mr n owh`gn} Hjbon nfnboxy Cn{no nèog/

Ye xedg gzygoy, yjg ynà el febof owh`gn} vnx boygoigi ye le}hg yjg Wobygi Xynygx ye

xy}gofyjgo byx heddbydgoy ye {}e|big gzygoigi igyg}}gohg ye Cn{no/ By n`xe jg`{gi

heo|bohg yjg Wobygi Xynygx yjny by oggigi ye }gyw}o Eabonvn ye Cn{nogxg xe|g}gbfoyr

noi eyjg} xyg{x igxbfogi ye me`xyg} yjg n``bnohg bo yjg grgx el yjg Cn{nogxg {e{w`nhg/

Yjexg glle}yx vg}g n`dexy woig}dbogi mr yjg Obzeo ‐xjehax—’yjg xgh}gy ighbxbeo

ye gxynm`bxj iâygoyg vbyj Hjbon’vjbhj n`xe }g|g}mg}nygi bo Xewyj Ae}gn/ [}b|nyg`r

ellbhbn`x bo meyj hewoy}bgx vg}g heo|bohgi yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx jni dnig ign`x vbyj

yjg Hjbogxg ny yjgb} gz{goxg/ ‐Jev ̀ eof hno vg y}wxy yjg Wobygi Xynygx5— [}gxbigoy

[n}a nxagi bo no ell$yjg$}ghe}i dggybof vbyj Ae}gno }g{e}yg}x eo yjg inr Abxxbofg}‒x

xgh}gy y}b{ ye Hjbon vnx nooewohgi *Emg}ie}lg} =;;>, >8"/

Yjg bd{nhy el yjg \bgyond Vn} vnx g|go de}g xg}bewx le} yjg ]EA/ Yjg Oe}yj

Ae}gno gxhn`nybeo xjeea yjg ̀ gnig}xjb{ bo Xgew`, vjbhj vnoygi ye m}bof mnha byx le}hgx

l}ed Xewyj \bgyond/ Iewmyx nmewy W/X/ xy}gofyj noi heddbydgoy f}gv nlyg} ogv`r

g`ghygi W/X/ {}gxbigoy, ]bhjn}i Obzeo, {}eh`nbdgi yjg xe$hn``gi Fwnd Iehy}bog bo

>2<2, hn``bof eo Ndg}bhn‒x Nxbno n``bgx ye ynag de}g }gx{eoxbmb`byr le} yjgb} evo iglgoxg/

Yjg nm}w{y ighbxbeo ye vbyji}nv yjg 6yj Bolnoy}r Ib|bxbeo l}ed Ae}gn bo >26>, igx{byg

xy}eof e{{exbybeo l}ed [}gxbigoy [n}a, vnx n yw}obof {eboy bo woig}dbobof heolbigohg

bo yjg W/X/ xghw}byr fwn}noygg/ Yjg W/X/ }gy}gny l}ed \bgyond bo >267, le`èvgi mr

ogv`r g`ghygi [}gxbigoy Cbddr Hn}yg}‒x ighbxbeo ye vbyji}nv yjg }gxy el W/X/ f}ewoi

le}hgx l}ed Ae}gn eo`r igg{gogi yjny lgn} el nmnoieodgoy/

Yjg Xewyj Ae}gno fe|g}odgoy mgfno n xg}bewx {}ef}nd ye ig|gè{ byx evo owh`gn}

vgn{eox, {n}y el n m}enig} glle}y ye xgga f}gnyg} iglgoxg nwyeoedr noi hn{nmb`byr/

Nhhe}ibof ye [n}a Hjwof$jgg‒x inwfjyg}, [n}a Fgwo$jrg, bo no boyg}|bgv vbyj yjg

Deoyj`r Hjexwo [n}a yeea yjg bobybn` xyg{x ye fe owh`gn} bo }gx{eoxg ye yjg W/X/ighbxbeo ye {w`` ewy yjg 6yj Ib|bxbeo/>

Nhhe}ibof ye yjg Hgoy}n` Boyg``bfgohg Nfgohr, hbybof n xgobe} Ae}gno ellbhbn`, yjg

{`noobof ye ig|gè{ yjg hn{nhbyr ye heoxy}why n owh`gn} vn}jgni dnr jn|g mgfwo bo

>2<2, vbyj yjg nbd el hed{`gybof by mr yjg `nyg >26;x/ ‐[na‒x Q[n}a‒xT igxb}g le}

ni|nohgi vgn{eox n{{gn}x ye mg {n}y el no e|g}n`` glle}y ye ig|gè{ db`byn}r xy}gofyj

>/ Jeof Xwof Fw`‒x {n{g} *=;;=" bx yjg dexy hed{`gyg nhhewoy el yjg Xewyj Ae}gno owh`gn} vgn{eox{}ef}nd noi yjg W/X/ }gx{eoxg/



: W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

bo yjg g|goy WX le}hgx ̀ gn|g Ae}gn,— yjg HBN *>269" heoh`wigi/ ‐Jg bx xbfon`bof’

noi dnr jn|g boygoigi jbx }gdn}ax ye }gnhj WX ellbhbn`x’no nmb`byr noi igxb}g ye

nxxg}y Ae}gn‒x db`byn}r boig{goigohg l}ed yjg WX noi bd{`rbof yjny Xgew` vb`` mg

nm`g ye xynoi nèog nfnboxy yjg Oe}yj bo yjg le}gxggnm`g lwyw}g/—

Yjg `nha el n h`gn} W/X/ {e`bhr }gfn}ibof byx èof$yg}d db`byn}r {}gxgohg bo Ae}gn

i}e|g yjg owh`gn} {}ef}nd, W/X/ ellbhbn`x heoh`wigi/ ‐Yjgxg wohg}ynboybgx ̀ gni [}gxbigoy

[n}a boye {}g{n}nybeox le} vjny jg xggx nx ew} g|goywn` vbyji}nvn`, {}g{n}nybeox

vjbhj boh`wig boyg}on` }g{}gxxbeo noi {`nox le} yjg ig|gè{dgoy el owh`gn} vgn{eox,—

n xgh}gy hnm`g l}ed yjg W/X/ Gdmnxxr *Xogbig} >267" vn}ogi bo Cwog >267/ ‐Yjgr

n`xe boiwhg e{ybdbxd eo yjg {n}y el Oe}yj Ae}gn nmewy ew} vbyji}nvn` noi iewmyx bo

Cn{no nmewy ew} h}gibmb`byr noi nmewy yjg lwyw}g el Ae}gn/—

Yjg Wobygi Xynygx le}hglw``r boyg}|gogi e|g} xg|g}n` rgn}x, mèhabof Xgew`‒x glle}yx

ye nh~wb}g owh`gn} yghjoeèfr l}ed L}nohg noi Hnonin vjb`g yj}gnygobof ye m}gna ell

yjg xghw}byr n``bnohg byxg`l/ Mwy yjg Wobygi Xynygx n`xe hed{goxnygi Xgew` vbyj xw{{e}y

le} byx owh`gn} gog}fr {}ef}nd, nhhgxx ye ni|nohgi heo|goybeon` vgn{eox yghjoeèfr,

n xèvbof el {`nox ye vbyji}nv W/X/ y}ee{x, noi xy}gofyjgobof gzygoigi igyg}}gohg/

Yjg h}gnybeo el yjg Hedmbogi Le}hgx Heddnoi *HLH" bo >26: nx no boygf}nygi

jgni~wn}yg}x heddnoi mgyvggo W/X/ noi ]EA le}hgx vnx n`xe {}ed{ygi mr yjg

oggi ye hewoyg} lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy/

Yjg Wobygi Xynygx n`xe }gheoxbig}gi {`nox ye vbyji}nv W/X/ owh`gn} vgn{eox l}ed

Ae}gn/ N HBN }g{e}y *>266" eo yjg bd{`bhnybeox el vbyji}nvbof yjexg vgn{eox vn}ogi,

‐Xgew` vb`` }gni yjg yeyn` vbyji}nvn` el owh`gn} vgn{eox nx g|bigohg el WX boygoy ye

le}fe yjgb} wxg bo n lwyw}g heol`bhy/— [}gxbigoy [n}a dbfjy }gxwdg yjg owh`gn} vgn{eox

{}ef}nd bl yjg}g vnx nor lw}yjg} ‐}giwhybeo bo yjg h}gibmb`byr el yjg WX n``bnohg,— yjg

dgde xnbi/

BBB/ Nmnoieodgoy Lgn}x nlyg} yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno Owh`gn} Ygxy

Yjg {n}ybn``r xwhhgxxlw` ygxy el n owh`gn} ig|bhg mr yjg I[]A eo 2 Ehyemg} =;;<

y}bffg}gi n dnce} h}bxbx el heolbigohg eo yjg xghw}byr xrxygd bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn/ Igx{byg

}g{gnygi yj}gnyx l}ed yjg Wobygi Xynygx noi byx xghw}byr n``bgx bo yjg ]EA noi Cn{no

yjny yjbx heoxybywygi no ‐wonhhg{ynm`g— xyg{, yjg I[]A ̀ gnig}xjb{ {}ehggigi vbyj

lnoln}g/ Noi vjb`g yjg Hjbogxg fe|g}odgoy n`xe vn}ogi nfnboxy yjbx xyg{, yjg}g vnx

heoxbig}nm`g heohg}o bo Yeare noi ye n ̀ gxxg} gzygoy bo Vnxjbofyeo noi Xgew` yjny by

jni oey xg}bewx`r y}bgi ye jn`y yjg owh`gn} ygxy/

Yjg ib{èdnybh {}ehgxx yjny jnx woleìgi xbohg yjg ygxy xggdgi ye eo`r heolb}d yjgOe}yj Ae}gno mg`bgl yjny by hewì oey eo`r xw}|b|g yjg bddgibnyg boyg}onybeon` }gx{eoxg

mwy yjny byx ogfeybnybof ̀ g|g}nfg vewì mg gojnohgi/ Yjg >8 Lgm}wn}r =;;6 nf}ggdgoy




yjny le`èvgi yjg }gxwd{ybeo el ogfeybnybeox xggdgi ye heolb}d yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno

hn`hw`nybeo/ By dnr el hew}xg ̀ gni ye lw`` igowh`gn}bsnybeo el yjg I[]A/ Wole}ywonyg`r

yjg}g bx n`xe }gnxeo ye nxxwdg yjny yjg I[]A vb`` h`bof ye yjg gojnohgi {e`bybhn` noi

db`byn}r {evg} by fnbogi l}ed g|go n xdn`` noi wo{}e|go owh`gn} n}xgon`/ Bo nor hnxg,

woyb` ib{èdnhr rbgìx n ibllg}goy ewyhedg, vg dwxy lnhg yjg }gn`byr el [reofrnof‒x

owh`gn} m}gnayj}ewfj/

Yjg W/X, ]EA, noi Cn{no n}g oev hed{g``gi ye heoxbig} yjg bd{`bhnybeox el n owh`gn}

Oe}yj Ae}gn/ Bo yjg hnxg el yjg ]EA, nx ibxhwxxgi mgèv, yjg bobybn` }gx{eoxg jnx

mggo `n}fg`r ye nii bd{gywx ye yjg gofnfgdgoy {e`bhbgx el yjg ]ej Dee$jrwo

nidbobxy}nybeo/ Yjg heo|gobof el n xgheoi Oe}yj$Xewyj xwddby bo [reofrnof bo Ehyemg}

=;;6 h`gn}`r }gl`ghygi yjg mg`bgl el yjg ]ej nidbobxy}nybeo yjny n }n{bi igg{gobof el

gheoedbh, {e`bybhn`, noi g|go db`byn}r gofnfgdgoy vbyj yjg Oe}yj ellg}gi yjg eo`r

noxvg} ye yjg owh`gn} h}bxbx/ Lgn}x el goynof`gdgoy’dexy x{ghblbhn``r yjg lgn} el

mgbof i}nffgi boye n heol`bhy eo yjg {goboxw`n nx n }gxw`y el yjg nhybeox el yjg Wobygi

Xynygx noi eyjg}x’}gdnbo xy}eof/ Mwy yjg}g bx n`xe n {n`{nm`g lgn} el nmnoieodgoy

yjny jnx n`xe mggo yewhjgi ell, eog yjny bx ̀ bag`r ye lboi f}gnyg} gz{}gxxbeo nlyg} yjg

w{hedbof {}gxbigoybn` g`ghybeo bo yjg ]EA/

Mgle}g ̀ eeabof ny yjg Ae}gno }gx{eoxg, vg oggi ye woig}xynoi yjg }gnhybeo bo Cn{no/

Yjg owh`gn} ygxy bx h`gn}`r n hnyn`rxy le} no g}w{ybeo el xy}nygfbh nozbgyr bo Cn{no, dexy

boyg}gxybof`r gz{}gxxgi bo yjg dexy vbigx{}gni noi {wm`bh ibxhwxxbeo el yjg owh`gn}

e{ybeo bo yjg {exyvn} {g}bei/ Yjbx ibxhwxxbeo iegx oey mr nor dgnox `gni ye yjg

heoh`wxbeo yjny Cn{no vb`` fe owh`gn} ny nor ybdg bo yjg ogn} lwyw}g,= mwy by iegx

boibhnyg n f}evbof inofg} el xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy yjny woig}dbogx n``bnohg }g`nybeox

noi xynmb`byr bo yjg }gfbeo/

Yjbx ibxhwxxbeo mgfno le`èvbof yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno dbxxb`g ygxy bo Cw`r noi yjg }g{e}yx

yjny n owh`gn} ygxy dbfjy mg bddbogoy/ Vjb`g n f}gnyg} xgoxg el yj}gny noi }bxbof

onybeon`bxd lgi yjbx {wm`bh igmnyg, yjg dnbo i}b|g} jnx mggo n lgn} el W/X/ nmnoieodgoy/

‐Yjg}g n}g hewoy}bgx vbyj owh`gn} vgn{eox bo Cn{no‒x |bhbobyr,— le}dg} {}bdg dbobxyg}

Rnxwjb}e Onanxeog xnbi eo 7 Xg{ygdmg} *Areie Ogvx Xg}|bhg =;;<", nooewohbof nxywir el Cn{no‒x xghw}byr e{ybeox ye mg heoiwhygi mr yjg Boxybywyg le} Boyg}onybeon`

[e`bhr Xywibgx *BB[X", n yjboa ynoa yjny jg lewoigi/ ‐Vg n}g hw}}goy`r ig{goigoy eo

W/X/ owh`gn} vgn{eox *nx n igyg}}goy" mwy by bx oey oghgxxn}b`r aoevo vjgyjg} yjg

W/X/ nyybywig vb`` heoybowg/—

Yjg Nxnjb Xjbdmwo >9 Ehyemg} =;;< }g{e}ygi yjny Onanxeog xynygi yjny, vjb`g

dnboynbobof yjg yj}gg oeo$owh`gn} {}bohb{`gx, Cn{no ‐xjewì heoxbig} yjg owh`gn} bxxwg

=/ Le} yjg dexy w{$ye$inyg noi yje}ewfj ibxhwxxbeo el yjbx bxxwg, xgg Jwfjgx *=;;6"/



>; W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

bo e}ig} ye goxw}g vg n}g {}g{n}gi le} yjg {exxbmb`byr el n dnce} hjnofg bo boyg}onybeon`

xehbgyr/ Mr ‚dnce} hjnofg‒ vg n}g yjboabof el xwhj gzy}gdg hnxgx nx yjg Wobygi

Xynygx }goewohbof yjg {}eyghybeo el n``bnohg {n}yog}x woig} byx owh`gn} wdm}g``n e} yjg

hed{`gyg he``n{xg el yjg WX$Cn{no n``bnohg/—

Yjg lehwx eo Oe}yj Ae}gn bx ye xedg gzygoy n mn}g`r ibxfwbxgi, mwy de}g {e`bybhn``r

nhhg{ynm`g, }gnhybeo ye yjg }bxg el Hjbon, boh`wibof byx db`byn}r mwbìw{/ Nhhe}ibof ye

Ynanxjb Anvnandb *=;;6", vje bx ib}ghybof yjg BB[X xywir, yjg hw}}goy xbywnybeo bx no

ghje el yjg }gx{eoxg ye Hjbon‒x owh`gn} ygxyx bo yjg >2<;x/ Cn{nogxg {e`bhrdnag}x

n}g oey nbdbof ny febof owh`gn} yjgdxg`|gx nx dwhj nx xggabof fwn}noyggx el gzygoigi

igyg}}gohg ye hn`d lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy/

‐Bo yjg lwyw}g,— xnrx Anvnandb *=;;6", ‐Cn{no dbfjy mg lnhgi vbyj nmnoieodgoy mr

yjg WX bl yjg WX hjeexgx ye fgy hèxg ye Hjbon/— Yjg owh`gn} ibxhwxxbeo bo Cn{no bx

i}b|go mr n {g}hg{ybeo el yj}gny’el n Ae}gno {goboxw`n woblbgi vbyj owh`gn} vgn{eox

noi wohg}ynboyr nmewy Hjbon’mwy yjg dexy xg}bewx bxxwg bx ‐og}|ewxogxx nmewy vjbhj

ib}ghybeo yjg WX bx ynabof bo yjg lwyw}g/— Yjg}g n}g boh}gnxbof heohg}ox bo Cn{nogxg

{e`bhr hb}h`gx, jg }g{e}yx, nmewy n xbywnybeo }gxgdm`bof yjg {exy$\bgyond g}n, vbyj no

bovn}i$èeabof Wobygi Xynygx noi n Igdeh}nybh nidbobxy}nybeo ̀ gi mr Jb``n}r H`boyeo

yjny bx ‐boh`bogi ye nmnoieo Cn{no/—8

Heoxg}|nyb|g dgibn bo Cn{no hn}}bgi g|go de}g ̀ w}bi ibxhwxxbeox el Cn{no‒x |wòg}nmb`byr

noi yjg oggi ye gz{è}g yjg owh`gn} e{ybeo/ Cn{nogxg xghw}byr gz{g}yx ygoi ye ibxdbxx

yjbx nx hjnyyg}, oey n xg}bewx ibxhwxxbeo el vjny de|bof yevn}i owh`gn} hn{nmb`byr

dbfjy dgno/ Mwy yjg ynà }gl`ghyx n f}evbof xy}nygfbh xg{n}nybeo yjny bx ig|gè{bof

mgyvggo Cn{no noi yjg Wobygi Xynygx/

Yjexg heohg}ox {}ed{ygi Cn{nogxg fe|g}odgoy ellbhbn`x ye {}b|nyg`r nxa yjg Wobygi

Xynygx le} n {wm`bh }gxynygdgoy el yjg gzygoigi igyg}}gohg heddbydgoy/9 Yjbx }g~wgxy

vnx dnig vjgo Xgh}gyn}r el Xynyg Heoie`ggssn ]bhg |bxbygi Cn{no eo >: Ehyemg}

=;;<, ̀ gxx yjgo yve vggax nlyg} yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno ygxy/

‐B heolb}dgi vbyj Xgh}gyn}r ]bhg yjny yjg W/X/ heddbydgoy ye {}e|bibof igyg}}gohg

woig} yjg Cn{no$W/X/ xghw}byr xrxygd vb`` mg dnboynbogi,— yjgo le}gbfo dbobxyg} Nxe

Yn}e xnbi ny n ceboy {}gxx heolg}gohg *IEX =;;<"/ ‐Yjny bx ye xnr yjny yjg W/X/

8/ Yjg Cn{nogxg {}gxx xgbsgi w{eo Jb``n}r H`boyeo‒x gxxnr *=;;6" eo jg} le}gbfo {e`bhr |bgvx nxg|bigohg el yjny yb`y/ Bo }gfn}i ye Nxbn, yjg gxxnr xnbi yjny yjg W/X/ }g`nybeoxjb{ vbyj Hjbon ‐dnr mg yjgdexy bd{e}ynoy mb`nyg}n` }g`nybeoxjb{ bo yjg ve}ì bo yjbx hgoyw}r/— Cn{no, vjbhj wxgi ye jn|g yjny `nmg`,

mn}g`r }nygi n dgoybeo bo yjg gxxnr/

9/ Yjbx }g~wgxy vnx }g`nygi mr xgobe} Cn{nogxg Le}gbfo Dbobxy}r ellbhbn`x bo no boyg}|bgv vbyj yjg nwyje}/



Yevn}ix Xwxynbonm`g Gheoedbh , Xghw}byr ]g`nybeox bo Gnxy Nxbn3 W/X/ , ]EA [e`bhr E{ybeox >>

heddbydgoy ye iglgoi Cn{no woig} yjg Cn{no$W/X/ xghw}byr xrxygd vb`` mg dnboynbogi

woig} nor hb}hwdxynohgx/—

]bhg }gx{eoigi *IEX =;;<" yjny ‐yjg Wobygi Xynygx jnx yjg vb`` noi yjg hn{nmb`byr ye

dggy yjg lw`` }nofg’noi B woig}xhe}g lw`` }nofg’el byx igyg}}goy noi xghw}byr

heddbydgoyx ye Cn{no/—

Cn{nogxg heohg}ox vg}g oey goyb}g`r nxxwnfgi mr yjbx xynygdgoy/ Heoxg}|nyb|g

Cn{nogxg {e`bybhbnox }g{gnygi`r ~wgxybeogi yjg h}gibmb`byr el yjg W/X/ xghw}byr fwn}noyggx

ye Cn{no/ @bmg}n` Igdeh}nybh [n}yr ̀ gnig} Xjebhjb Onanfnvn hn``gi le} n igmnyg eo

yjg owh`gn} e{ybeo/ ‐Vjny bx yjg owh`gn} wdm}g``n5— Onanfnvn nxagi bo no boyg}|bgv

bo yjg dnfnsbog Xjwano Mwoxjwo eo = Oe|gdmg} =;;</ ‐Vg xjewì fb|g yjewfjy ye

xwhj n lwoindgoyn` dnyyg}/ / / / Yjboabof yjg}g bx oe oggi g|go le} igmnyg mghnwxg el

yjg Cn{no$W/X/ n``bnohg bx ̀ nwfjnm`g/ Bx yjg WX yjny aboi5—

Heoxg}|nyb|g heddgoynye}x n`xe `boagi yjbx ye yjg Hjbon yj}gny/ Xw{{exg Hjbon

nyynhagi yjg Xgoanaw Bx`noix, yjg bx`noi f}ew{ bo yjg Gnxy Hjbon Xgn yjny bx ibx{wygi

yg}}bye}r vbyj Hjbon noi yjg èhnybeo el dnce} eb` noi fnx lbgìx, nxagi le}dg}

ndmnxxnie} Jbxnjbae Eansnab, n hèxg ni|bxg} ye le}dg} {}bdg dbobxyg} Xjbose Nmg,

bo n }g{e}y bo yjg Xnoagb Xjbdmwo el 2 Oe|gdmg} =;;</ Vewì yjg Wobygi Xynygx

hedg ye yjg iglgoxg el Cn{no5 Bl Cn{no jni owh`gn} vgn{eox, vewì by hnwxg Hjbon ye

yjboa yvbhg, Esnanab veoig}gi/

Vbyjbo n lnb}`r ̀ bdbygi hb}h`g el Cn{nogxg xghw}byr gz{g}yx, yjg}g bx yjg mgfboobof el n

igmnyg e|g} e{ybeox/ Yjg owh`gn} e{ybeo byxg`l bx vbig`r h}bybhbsgi nx meyj

hewoyg}{}eiwhyb|g bo byx bd{nhy eo Cn{no‒x xghw}byr noi bogllghyb|g bo ign`bof vbyj

yj}gnyx/ N`dexy n`` Cn{nogxg non`rxyx }w`g ewy nor {nyj yjny vewì mg e{{exgi mr yjg

Wobygi Xynygx/ Yjg}g bx xedg ibxhwxxbeo el nie{ybof vjny bx hn``gi yjg ‐Yve noi n

Jn`l Oeo$Owh`gn} [}bohb{`gx—’e} cwxy yve’vjbhj }glg}x ye gbyjg} nhhg{ybof yjg

de|gdgoy el W/X/ owh`gn} vgn{eox yj}ewfj Cn{no de}g e{go`r e} nhywn` ig{èrdgoy

el yjexg vgn{eox boye Cn{no/ Yjbx bx xggo nx n dgnox el ̀ ehabof bo yjg owh`gn} wdm}g``n/

Yjexg |bgvx }gdnbo bo n xdn`` dboe}byr, mwy ve}}bgx nmewy yjg h}gibmb`byr el gzygoigi

igyg}}gohg n}g heoxbig}nm`g noi Cn{nogxg ellbhbn`x heoybowg ye {}gxx le} {wm`bh

xynygdgoyx ye }gnxxw}g yjgb} {wm`bh/ Nx }ghgoy`r nx Dnr =;;6, bo yjg Ceboy Xynygdgoy

el yjg Xghw}byr Heoxw`ynyb|g Heddbyygg *IEX =;;6" el yjg yve onybeox, yjg ‐W/X/

}gnllb}dgi yjny yjg lw`` }nofg el W/X/ db`byn}r hn{nmb`bybgx’meyj owh`gn} noi oeo$

owh`gn} xy}bag le}hgx noi iglgoxb|g hn{nmb`bybgx’le}d yjg he}g el gzygoigi igyg}}gohg

noi xw{{e}y W/X/ heddbydgoyx ye yjg iglgoxg el Cn{no/—

Igx{byg yjgxg }gnxxw}nohgx, Cn{nogxg lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy jn|g nhywn``r nhhg`g}nygi,bo ̀ n}fg {n}y evbof ye yjg gofnfgdgoy el W/X/ ib{èdnhr vbyj yjg I[]A/ Cn{nogxg



>= W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

{e`bhrdnag}x, ghjegi mr yjg dgibn, hed{`nbo yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx vb`` dnag n ign`

yjny `gn|gx wo}gxe`|gi Cn{no‒x mb`nyg}n` bxxwgx vbyj yjg I[]A’yjg nmiwhybeo el

Cn{nogxg onybeon`x/ De}g xg}bewx`r, Cn{nogxg {e`bhrdnag}x ve}}r yjny yjg Wobygi

Xynygx bx }gnir ye nhhg{y n l}ggsg eo yjg Oe}yj‒x owh`gn} {}ef}nd yjny vb`` xg|g}g`r

}gxy}bhy byx nmb`byr ye {}e`blg}nyg owh`gn} vgn{eox noi yghjoeèfr ye B}no mwy vb`` ̀ gn|g

boynhy n xdn`` n}xgon` noi dbxxb`g ig`b|g}r xrxygdx xwllbhbgoy ye yj}gnygo Cn{no/

Yjg }ghgoy igmnyg e|g} yjg gzygoxbeo el Cn{no‒x db`byn}r }e`g bo yjg Boibno Ehgno jnx

}gl`ghygi yjgxg lgg`bofx el lgn} el nmnoieodgoy/ Nxagi vjgyjg} yjg Wobygi Xynygx bx

yjg eo`r hewoy}r yjny vewì hedg ye yjg iglgoxg el Cn{no, n {}edbogoy `nvdnag}

l}ed yjg e{{exbybeo Igdeh}nybh [n}yr el Cn{no, Answjb}e Jn}nfwhjb, }gx{eoigi bo

yjg Yeare Xjbdmwo el 2 Xg{ygdmg} =;;63

Yjny bx oey y}wg/ Meffgi ievo bo yjg B}n~ vn}, yjg Wobygi Xynygx vnx oey

nm`g ye ynag db`byn}r nhybeo le`èvbof n owh`gn} ygxy mr Oe}yj Ae}gn/ Yjg

Wobygi Xynygx bx y}rbof ye ig$`bxy Oe}yj Ae}gn nx n xynyg x{eoxe} el

yg}}e}bxd igx{byg yjg bxxwg el Cn{nogxg nmiwhygi mr Oe}yj Ae}gn/ Cn{no

bx mgbof bfoe}gi igx{byg byx heddbydgoy ye yjg Wobygi Xynygx/ Oe eog

x{n}gx ybdg e} gog}fr le} yjg vgna le`èvg}/

Yjg B}n~ Vn} jnx n`xe xg}|gi ye lggi yjexg vje xgga f}gnyg} boig{goigohg bo yjg

le}dw`nybeo el Cn{nogxg le}gbfo {e`bhr, yjewfj xyb`` vbyjbo yjg l}ndgve}a el yjg n``bnohg/

Igdeh}nybh [n}yr el Cn{no `gnig} Bhjb}e Esnvn `gi yjg e{{exbybeo ye gzygoxbeo el

Cn{no‒x dn}bybdg ig{èrdgoy bo ̀ n}fg {n}y eo yjg f}ewoix yjny by jni mghedg heol`nygi

vbyj e{g}nybeox bo xw{{e}y el yjg B}n~ Vn}, n vn} vbyjewy boyg}onybeon` cwxyblbhnybeo noi

xw{{e}y/

‐Yjg Wobygi Xynygx bx n`vnrx e|g}heolbigoy el byx evo wob`nyg}n`bxd, noi by iegx oey

oeybhg yjny byx nhybeox n}g ibx}w{ybof yjg boyg}onybeon` heddwobyr, xyn}ybof vbyj yjg

Wobygi Onybeox,— Esnvn *=;;6" v}eyg }ghgoy`r/ ‐Bl Cn{no bx ye }gn``r mg no n``r el yjg

WX *noi by bx yjg xndg le} eyjg} n``bgx", by xjewì jeì byx jgni w{ jbfj noi xy}b|g ye fb|g

{}e{g} ni|bhg ye yjg WX/—

Esnvn *=;;6" dnig by h`gn} yjny jg xnv yjg B}n~ Vn} nx n dnoblgxynybeo el yjny

wob̀ nyg}n b̀xd3

Yjg B}n~ vn} vnx hn}}bgi ewy mr yjg WX noi M}bybxj le}hgx `nwohjbof

xy}bagx/ / / / Bo yjg WO, L}nohg, xw{{exgi ye mg no n``r, vnx e{{exgi/

]wxxbn vnx n`xe e{{exgi, noi xe vnx Hjbon/ Bo x{byg el yjny, yjg WX noi

M}bynbo eo yjgb} evo nhhe}i `nwohjgi yjg B}n~ vn}/ De}ge|g}, by vnx

}g|gn`gi `nyg} yjny yjg}g vnx oe y}wyj ye B}n~ {exxgxxbof vgn{eox el dnxx igxy}whybeo, h`nbdgi nx yjg }gnxeo le} yjg vn}/ Meyj yjg WX noi



Yevn}ix Xwxynbonm`g Gheoedbh , Xghw}byr ]g`nybeox bo Gnxy Nxbn3 W/X/ , ]EA [e`bhr E{ybeox >8

M}bynbo jni oe hjebhg mwy ye nidby yjny yjgb} cwxyblbhnybeo le} yjg B}n~ vn}

jni mggo ̀ exy/

B\/ Ae}gn3 Mgyvggo Goynof`gdgoy noi Nmnoieodgoy

Jbxye}bhn``r, le} Xewyj Ae}gn, yjg lgn} el nmnoieodgoy jnx mggo yjg iedbonoy lnhye}

bo igyg}dbobof xghw}byr {e`bhr noi yjg n{{}enhj ye yjg n``bnohg vbyj yjg Wobygi Xynygx/

W/X/ {}e{exn`x ye }giwhg e} vbyji}nv byx n}dgi le}hgx l}ed Ae}gn jn|g mggo dgy bo

yjg {nxy vbyj n`n}d noi {}eygxy/ Noi vjb`g yjg igxb}g le} Ae}gnobsnybeo el yjg hewoy}r‒x

iglgoxg hn{nmb`bybgx jnx mggo n heoxynoy el iglgoxg {`noobof xbohg yjg [n}a Hjwof$

jgg g}n, Ae}gnox jn|g jgxbynygi ye ynag lw`` }gx{eoxbmb`byr le} yjgb} evo xghw}byr/

Yjbx jbxye}bhn` {exbybeo jnx hjnofgi xbfoblbhnoy`r bo yjg {nxy ighnig nx n }gxw`y el igdeh}nybsnybeo, yjg de|gdgoy yevn}i gofnfgdgoy noi }n{{}ehjgdgoy vbyj yjg

I[]A, noi yjg f}evyj el Ae}gno onybeon`bxd, gx{ghbn``r ndeof yjg rewofg} fgog}nybeo/

Lgn} el goy}n{dgoy jnx ynago yjg {`nhg el lgn} el nmnoieodgoy ye xedg gzygoy/ Yjg

h`gn}gxy gz{}gxxbeo el yjbx bx n mg`bgl yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx vewì wob`nyg}n``r hn}}r

ewy n {}ggd{yb|g vn} nfnboxy Oe}yj Ae}gn’n xhgon}be yjny vnx vbig`r ibxhwxxgi bo

Ae}gno dgibn bo yjg nlyg}dnyj el yjg B}n~ bo|nxbeo/ Yjg W/X/ {}gxxw}g le} Ae}gno

bo|e`|gdgoy bo yjg B}n~ heol`bhy n`xe {}ed{ygi e{{exbybeo eo yjg f}ewoix yjny yjbx vnx

goynof`bof Ae}gn bo n vn} by ibi oey y}w`r xw{{e}y/

‐Yjg mn`nohg el yjg yve lgn}x bo yjg W/X/$]EA n``bnohg }g`nybeoxjb{ bx n`xe {g}hgb|gi

ibllg}goy`r nh}exx fgog}nybeox,— n}fwgx xehbeèfbxy @gg Xeea$ceof *=;;7", n le}dg}

xgobe} lg`èv ny Ae}gn‒x Xgceof Boxybywyg/ ‐Yjg lgn} el nmnoieodgoy bx `gxx nhwyg

ndeof rewofg} Xewyj Ae}gnox, {g}jn{x mghnwxg yjgr ygoi ye mg`bg|g yjny yjg Wobygi

Xynygx vb`` og|g} nmnoieo Xewyj Ae}gn iwg ye byx xy}nygfbh |n`wg/ Mr heoy}nxy, eìg}

Xewyj Ae}gnox lgn} yjny yjg noyb$W/X/ |ebhgx el Xewyj Ae}gno rewyj noi {e`bhr ibxhe}i

mgyvggo Vnxjbofyeo noi Xgew` }gfn}ibof Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x owh`gn} {}em`gd vb`` boiwhg

yjg Wobygi Xynygx ye }gyjboa yjg xy}nygfbh |n`wg el Xewyj Ae}gn noi oe ̀ eofg} heddby

ye yjg hewoy}r‒x iglgoxg/—

Yjg igxb}g le} f}gnyg} nwyeoedr n{{gn}gi ye mg yjg dnbo deyb|nye} le} yjg ]ej Dee$

jrwo nidbobxy}nybeo‒x ni|ehnhr el iglgoxg }gle}dx nbdgi ny f}gnyg} xg`l$}g`bnohg nx

vg`` nx yjg igdnoi ye y}noxlg} vn}ybdg e{g}nybeon` heoy}e` ye yjg ]EA, m}bofbof yjg

HLH xy}whyw}g ye n hèxg/ Yjexg igdnoix hebohbigi vbyj W/X/ {`nox ye }gxy}whyw}g byx

le}hgx bo Ae}gn/ Yjg bobybn` fen`, ibxhwxxgi vbyjbo yjg l}ndgve}a el yjg Lwyw}g el yjg

N``bnohg *LEYN" ynàx, vnx ye }gèhnyg W/X/ le}hgx bo Ae}gn nvnr l}ed yjgb} ‐y}b{$

vb}g— {exbybeo eo yjg l}eoy ̀ bogx ye n {exbybeo xewyj el yjg Jno ]b|g}/ Yjg boygoy vnx ye

fb|g yjg le}hgx f}gnyg} demb`byr noi ye heoxe`binyg yjg W/X/ mnxg bd{}boy noi }giwhgheol`bhyx e|g} yjg W/X/ db`byn}r {}gxgohg/



>9 W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

Mwy yjbx LEYN ibxhwxxbeo vnx e|g}ynago, bo }gx{eoxg ye yjg 2%>> nyynhax noi yjg B}n~

Vn}, mr n `n}fg} fèmn` }gig{èrdgoy el W/X/ le}hgx woig} yjg ib}ghybeo el W/X/

Xgh}gyn}r el Iglgoxg Ieonì ]wdxlgì/ Yjbx `gi ye n W/X/ ighbxbeo bo Cwog =;;9,

woig}ynago vbyjewy xbfoblbhnoy heoxw`ynybeo, ye }giwhg byx f}ewoi le}hgx bo Ae}gn mr

eog$yjb}i *>=,7;; y}ee{x ewy el 86,;;;"/ Yjg =oi M}bfnig el yjg =oi Bolnoy}r Ib|bxbeo

vnx ig{èrgi ye B}n~ bo yjg xwddg} el =;;9 noi ny `gnxy eog m}bfnig el yjg =oi

Bolnoy}r Ib|bxbeo jnx mggo }gfw`n}`r }eynybof xbohg yjgo boye B}n~/ Yjg ighbxbeo ye

xynybeo yjg =oi Bolnoy}r Ib|bxbeo xewyj el Xgew` oev n{{gn}x ye mg ̀ gxx n dnyyg} el

he{bof vbyj n Oe}yj Ae}gno nyynha yjno el lnhb`bynybof yjg wxg el yjg {}bohb{n` W/X/

f}ewoi le}hg woby eo yjg {goboxw`n le} dbxxbeox ewyxbig el Ae}gn/ Ny yjg xndg ybdg,

yjg Iglgoxg Ig{n}ydgoy {}e{exgi ye nhhg`g}nyg yjg ybdgynm`g le} yjg y}noxlg} el

vn}ybdg heddnoi ye =;;2, dwhj lnxyg} yjno yjg Ae}gnox yjgdxg`|gx jni {}e{exgi/

Xedg Xewyj Ae}gno ellbhbn`x jn|g xwffgxygi yjny ]wdxlgì vnx deyb|nygi bo {n}y mr

jbx }gnhybeo ye Xewyj Ae}gno noyb$Ndg}bhnobxd/ Nhhe}ibof ye le}dg} {}gxbigoybn`

ni|bxg} Deeo Hjwof$bo, ]wdxlgì xjewygi ‐Fei indo by. Fgy yjgd ewy.— vjgo

vnyhjbof n yg`g|bxbeo ogvx m}enihnxy el W/X/ db`byn}r {e`bhg {g}xeoog` m`ggibof nlyg}

mgbof jby mr n xyeog yj}evo mr xywigoy {}eygxye}x/7 ]wdxlgì‒x b}}bynybeo vbyj Ae}gno

onybeon`bxd vnx oey n xgh}gy, mwy by xggdx ̀ bag`r yjny yjbx xjbly jnx mggo n dnyyg} el

oghgxxbyr de}g yjno el hjebhg’by bx ibhynygi mr yjg xje}ynfg el f}ewoi le}hgx n|nb`nm`g

le} iwyr bo B}n~/

Yjg hedmbonybeo el yjg W/X/ vbyji}nvn` el byx le}hgx noi yjg ibxxe`wybeo el yjg HLH

mgfno, jevg|g}, ye }g|b|g yjg lgn}x el nmnoieodgoy yjny jni mggo xwmxwdgi bo yjg

{wm`bh dboi, noi hg}ynbo`r bo yjg {e`bhbgx el yjg ]ej nidbobxy}nybeo, mr yjg lgn} el

goynof`gdgoy/ Yjgxg heohg}ox vg}g dexy |bxbm`r |ebhgi bo yjg heoxg}|nyb|g dgibn,

dexy`r mr {e`bhr g`bygx noi mr ̀ gnig}x el yjg e{{exbybeo F}noi Onybeon` [n}yr *FO["/

Yjg Oe}yj Ae}gn mn``bxybh dbxxb`g ygxyx bo Cw`r =;;< wo`gnxjgi yjbx vn|g, noi yjg

owh`gn} ygxy bo Ehyemg} fn|g by lw``g} yj}eny/

‐N lw`` vbyji}nvn` el W/X/ y}ee{x l}ed Ae}gn bx oev n le}gfeog heoh`wxbeo,— v}eyg

heoxg}|nyb|g he`wdobxy Abd Ing$ceeof *=;;<"/ ‐By bx {}emnm`r he}}ghy ye nxxwdg yjnybl n owh`gn} vn} m}gnax ewy bo yjg Ae}gno [goboxw`n, yjg W/X/ vb`` oey yj}ev byx f}ewoi

y}ee{x jg}g, yjewfj yjg}g hewì mg Nb} Le}hg xw{{e}y/—

E{{exbybeo ye yjg y}noxlg} el vn}ybdg heddnoi n`xe mgfno ye xw}lnhg iw}bof yjny

xwddg}, bobybn``r l}ed le}dg} db`byn}r ellbhg}x, bo noybhb{nybeo el yjg noown` dggybof el

iglgoxg dbobxyg}x xhjgiw`gi le} Ehyemg} =;;< bo Vnxjbofyeo, I/H/, vjgo n ybdgynm`g

7/ Yjbx bohbigoy, e}bfbon``r }g{e}ygi bo Ieof$n B`me eo =: Nwfwxy =;;9, vnx hbygi bo N}dgi Le}hgx noi Xehbgyr *=;;6"/




noi }eni dn{ le} yjg heddnoi y}noxlg} vnx ye mg lbon`bsgi/ Bo Xg{ygdmg}, le} gznd{`g,

><; le}dg} ib{èdnyx, boh`wibof yj}gg le}dg} hnmbogy dbobxyg}x, bxxwgi n ceboy xynygdgoy

*}g{e}ygi bo yjg Ae}gn Ybdgx el >> Xg{ygdmg} =;;<", n}fwbof yjny Ae}gn oggigi

de}g ybdg ye xy}gofyjgo byx iglgoxg hn{nmb`bybgx noi ye mwbì {wm`bh heoxgoxwx mgle}g

ynabof mnha heddnoi nwyje}byr/

Yjg heoxg}|nyb|g noi g`byg {}eygxyx le}hgi yjg ]ej nidbobxy}nybeo ye gzygoi yjg inyg

le} yjg heddnoi y}noxlg}/ Yjg n``bgx jni nf}ggi ye n l`gzbm`g y}noxbybeo ybdg`bog,

mgyvggo >7 Ehyemg} =;;2 noi >7 Dn}hj =;>=/ Mwy yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno owh`gn} ygxy bo

Ehyemg} woig}dbogi {wm`bh heolbigohg bo Xewyj Ae}gn‒x nmb`byr ye ynag w{ dwhj el yjg

mw}igo el byx evo iglgoxg/

N }gxe`wybeo nie{ygi bo Lgm}wn}r =;;6 mr yjg Onybeon` Nxxgdm`r‒x Iglgoxg Heddbyygg,

woig} yjg ̀ gnig}xjb{ el yjg FO[, w}fgi n jn`y ye yjg y}noxlg} woyb` yjg owh`gn} h}bxbx

vnx lw``r xgyy`gi/ Ogn}`r jn`l yjg hewoy}r‒x ̀ nvdnag}x xgoy n ̀ gyyg} ye yjbx gllghy n inr

mgle}g yjg iglgoxg hjbglx el yjg ]EA noi yjg Wobygi Xynygx vg}g xgy ye dggy ye

lbon`bsg yjg y}noxlg} inyg/ ‐Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x mn``bxybh dbxxb`gx noi owh`gn} vgn{eox {exg

n f}n|g yj}gny ye yjg xghw}byr el Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn nx vg`` nx eo yjg {goboxw`n,— xnbi

]g{/ Jvnof Cbo$jn, n le}dg} db`byn}r ellbhg} noi ̀ gnig} el yjg FO[ bobybnyb|g eo yjbx

bxxwg1 jbx xynygdgoy vnx }g{e}ygi bo yjg Ae}gn Ybdgx el == Lgm}wn}r =;;6/

Yjg iglgoxg hjbglx lbon``r nf}ggi ye xgy yjg y}noxlg} inyg mnha ye =;>=, mwy yjg bxxwg

jnx xyb`` oey ibgi/ Bo n ceboy xynygdgoy, n f}ew{ el 76 le}dg} xgobe} iglgoxg ellbhbn`x

hn``gi le} yjg ow``blbhnybeo el yjg nf}ggdgoy/ Yjgr hn``gi eo yjg ogzy fe|g}odgoy ye

}gnxxgxx yjg y}noxlg} ybdg`bog eo yjg mnxbx el xghw}byr heoibybeox eo yjg {goboxw`n/

‐Yjg ]g{wm`bh el Ae}gn oev lnhgx n inwoybof xghw}byr hjn``gofg l}ed Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x

lb}xy$g|g} owh`gn} medm ygxy ̀ nxy Ehyemg},— yjg xynygdgoy, }g{e}ygi bo yjg Ae}gn Ybdgx

eo =: Lgm}wn}r =;;6, xnbi/ ‐Mwy yjg fe|g}odgoy bx {wxjbof le} ibxdnoy`bof yjg ]EA$

WX Hedmbogi Le}hgx Heddnoi, yjg dexy gllghyb|g xghw}byr le}dw`n ye igyg} no

nyynha l}ed Oe}yj Ae}gn noi goxw}g e|g}vjg`dbof W/X/ }gbole}hgdgoyx bo yjg hnxg

el vn}/— Yjg FO[ jnx {`gifgi ye }g|bgv yjg {`no, yjewfj oey oghgxxn}b`r ye }e`` by

mnha goyb}g`r, bl yjg {n}yr vbox yjg Ighgdmg} =;;6 {}gxbigoybn` g`ghybeo/

Mgjboi yjgxg xynygdgoyx bx n igmnyg ndeof Ae}gno xghw}byr gz{g}yx eo yjg bd{`bhnybeox

le} Xewyj Ae}gn‒x xghw}byr el n owh`gn}$n}dgi Oe}yj Ae}gn/ Yjg ]ej nidbobxy}nybeo

jnx gdm}nhgi n |bgv {e{w`n} ndeof xedg Ae}gno x{ghbn`bxyx yjny n Oe}yj Ae}gno

owh`gn} hn{nmb`byr bx oey n xbfoblbhnoy yj}gny ye Xewyj Ae}gn byxg`l3 [reofrnof vewì

oey yn}fgy yjg Xewyj mwy }nyjg} xggx yjg vgn{eo nx n igyg}}goy nfnboxy {exxbm`g W/X/

nyynha noi le} wxg nx n mn}fnbobof hjb{/

Bo n ̀ gofyjr non`rxbx {wm`bxjgi bo =;;9, le}dg} iglgoxg dbobxy}r n}dx heoy}e` gz{g}y,Hjgeo Xgeof$vjwo, n xgobe} }gxgn}hj lg`èv ny yjg Ae}gn Boxybywyg le} Onybeon`



>< W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

Woblbhnybeo, hjn``gofgi yjny heo|goybeon` vbxied/ N`yjewfj Oe}yj Ae}gn vewì oey

mg nm`g ye wxg e} yj}gnygo yjg wxg el owh`gn} vgn{eox nfnboxy yjg Wobygi Xynygx, bo

lgn} el dnxxb|g }gyn`bnybeo, ‐Oe}yj Ae}gn dbfjy lgg` l}gg ye boybdbinyg e} nyynha Xewyj

Ae}gn vbyj owh`gn} vgn{eox,— Hjgeo *=;;9, 7<" v}eyg/

Yjg iglgoxg {e`bhr gz{g}y *Hjgeo =;;9, 7<‘76" gz{}gxxgi f}evbof iewmy nmewy yjg

|n`bibyr el W/X/ gzygoigi igyg}}gohg, gx{ghbn``r bo ̀ bfjy el ygoxbeox mgyvggo yjg n``bgx,

n |bgv oey heolbogi ye jbd nèog3

Xewyj Ae}gn bx ellbhbn``r woig} yjg W/X/ owh`gn} wdm}g``n/ / / / Yjbx

dgnox yjny bl nyynhagi mr [reofrnof, Vnxjbofyeo vb`` gzg}hbxg lw``

e{ybeox boh`wibof {exxbm`g wxg el owh`gn} vgn{eox ye iglgoi Xgew`/ Mwy

Xewyj Ae}gnox‒ heolbigohg bo yjg W/X/ owh`gn} wdm}g``n jnx mggo

ibdbobxjbof/ / / / Woig} yjg hb}hwdxynohgx, Oe}yj Ae}gn bx dwhj `gxx

`bag`r ye ve}}r nmewy owh`gn} }gyn`bnybeo l}ed yjg Wobygi Xynygx bo iglgoxg

el Xewyj Ae}gn noi yjwx, hno lw``r gocer byx l}ggied ye ynag ni|noynfg

el owh`gn}$}g`nygi e{ybeox l}ed yj}gny dnob{w`nybeo ye nhywn` wxg/

Hjgeo xwffgxyx yjny yjg Oe}yj Ae}gnox hewì g|go igdeoxy}nyg yjgb} hn{nmb`byr bo yjg

dbixy el n h}bxbx ye le}hg n Xewyj Ae}gno hn{byw`nybeo/

Hjgeo n`xe ghjegi vbig} ve}}bgx nmewy Cn{no‒x db`byn}r }e`g/ Jg xwffgxygi yjny yjg

Wobygi Xynygx hewì gohew}nfg Cn{no ye nh~wb}g owh`gn} vgn{eox nx n hewoyg} ye n

Oe}yj Ae}gno owh`gn} hn{nmb`byr e} ye {}ei Hjbon boye nhybeo/ ‐Cn{no‒x owh`gn} vgn{eo

bo gzhwxg el owh`gn}$n}dgi Oe}yj Ae}gn bx n de}g edboewx ewyhedg yjno Oe}yj

Ae}gn‒x owh`gn} vgn{eo noi xjewì mg {}g|goygi l}ed jn{{gobof,— Hjgeo *=;;9, <2"

v}eyg/

Xedg Ae}gno xghw}byr non`rxyx ̀ boa yjg Oe}yj Ae}gno yj}gny ye W/X/ vgnaogxx }gxw`ybof

l}ed byx bo|e`|gdgoy bo yjg Dbii`g Gnxy/ ‐[ge{`g xyb`` ve}}r yjny Oe}yj Ae}gn vewì

lgg` de}g ny ̀ bmg}yr ye hjn``gofg noi boybdbinyg Xewyj Ae}gn vbyj byx xw{g}be}byr bo

vgn{eox el dnxx igxy}whybeo noi dbxxb`gx,— v}eyg Jeof Arw$iea *=;;<, >>2", n {e`bhrni|bxg} ye yjg ]EA n}dr hjbgl el xynll noi yjg iglgoxg noi le}gbfo dbobxy}bgx/ ‐Eo`r

lgv mg`bg|g yjny yjg W/X/ vewì mg nm`g ye }gyn`bnyg nfnboxy [reofrnof xbohg by bx

meffgi ievo bo B}n~ noi Nlfjnobxyno/—

Ndeof de}g heoxg}|nyb|g Ae}gno non`rxyx, xbdb`n} bo xedg vnrx ye yjgb} bigeèfbhn`

hewoyg}{n}yx bo Cn{no, yjg >8 Lgm}wn}r nf}ggdgoy bo yjg xbz${n}yr ynàx vnx h}bybhbsgi

le} {eygoybn``r ̀ gn|bof bo {`nhg n owh`gn} hn{nmb`byr yjny ibi oey yj}gnygo yjg Wobygi

Xynygx mwy {exgi n yj}gny ye Xewyj Ae}gn noi Cn{no/




‐Yjg W/X/ dnr igor by, mwy vg lgg` mgy}nrgi mr Ndg}bhn,— v}eyg heddgoynye} Abd

Ing$ceeof *=;;6m"/ ‐Yjg W/X/ bx xyn}ybof ye }g|gn` yjny by bx heddbyygi ye yjg {}eyghybeo

el Xewyj Ae}gn bo le}d eo`r, noi yjny by iegx ye vbxj ye woig}ynag nor xwmxynoyb|g

iwybgx/ / / / Yjg hgoy}n` nzbx el yjg Ae}gno {}em`gd bx de|bof nvnr l}ed eog y}b{n}ybyg

xy}whyw}g’el Xewyj Ae}gn, yjg W/X/, noi Cn{no’ye noeyjg}3 yjg W/X/, Hjbon, noi

Oe}yj Ae}gn/—

Abd n}fwgi yjgo noi bo n xwmxg~wgoy he`wdo *Abd =;;6n" yjny Xewyj Ae}gn oev jni

ye }gheoxbig} yjg owh`gn} e{ybeo le} byxg`l3

Vg oggi yjg iglgoxg g~wb{dgoy yjny n`èvx wx ye he{g vbyj Oe}yj

Ae}gn‒x owh`gn} vgn{eox/ Yjny dgnox vg oggi ye }gheoxbig} ew} {exbybeo

eo owh`gn} vgn{eox/

Vg n}g xw}}ewoigi mr hewoy}bgx yjny gbyjg} jn|g e} n}g hn{nm`g el mwbìbof

owh`gn} n}dx/ Mghnwxg by jnx owh`gn} vgn{eox, Oe}yj Ae}gn jnx mggo

nm`g ye xw}|b|g noi ogfeybnyg vbyj yjg mbf {evg}x/ El hew}xg, Hjbon n`xe

jnx owh`gn} vgn{eox, noi yjg xyn}a }gn`byr bx yjny Cn{no, vbyj n owh`gn}

}g{}ehgxxbof {`noy, bx hn{nm`g el dnabof owh`gn} n}dx nor ybdg by oggix

ye/ Bo niibybeo, bl vg hnooey gz{ghy yjg xw{{e}y el yjg owh`gn} wdm}g``n

{}e|bigi mr yjg W/X/, vg hewì mg ̀ gly jg`{`gxx ny n h}exx}enix bo Gnxy

Nxbn ndbixy n le}gxy el owh`gn} vgn{eox/ / / / Nx èof nx by ye`g}nygx

Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x owh`gn} vgn{eox, yjg W/X/ jnx oe cwxyblbhnybeo le}

{}g|goybof nor hewoy}r yjny bx igx{g}nyg ye xw}|b|g l}ed ig|gè{bof byx

evo/

Yjbx bx n |bgv ny yjg goi el yjg x{ghy}wd ye mg xw}g/ Eyjg}x xwffgxy yjny gzygoigi

igyg}}gohg hno mg }gbole}hgi yj}ewfj yjg }gboy}eiwhybeo el W/X/ owh`gn} vgn{eox boye

yjg Ae}gno {goboxw`n, no bign yjny n`xe jnx ̀ byy`g mnhabof/ Mwy yjgxg |bgvx jboy ny n

m}enig} ibnèfwg yjny jnx mggo xedgvjny mw}bgi ewy el xbfjy, eyjg} yjno bo heoxg}|nyb|g

ogvx{n{g}x, mr yjg nmb`byr el yjg hw}}goy nidbobxy}nybeo ye bol`wgohg {wm`bh ibxhew}xg/

Yjbx iegx oey xwffgxy yjg}g bx n xjbly el e{bobeo nfnboxy yjg {e`bhr el gofnfgdgoy vbyj

Oe}yj Ae}gn/ Meyj yjg }w`bof noi e{{exbybeo {n}ybgx m}eni`r xw{{e}y yjny mnxbh xy}nygfr/

Mwy mg`bgl bo gheoedbh gofnfgdgoy iegx oey oghgxxn}b`r h`nxj vbyj yjg xgoxg el n

f}evbof lgn} el nmnoieodgoy noi n{{}gjgoxbeo el nmewy ̀ exbof yjg xghw}byr noi xynmb`byr

{}e|bigi mr yjg n``bnohg xrxygd/

Yjbx bx }gl`ghygi, xedgvjny boib}ghy`r, bo n xwmy`g xvbof el Xewyj Ae}gno {wm`bh e{bobeo/

Yjg [gv Fèmn` Nyybywigx [}ecghy *=;;6" heoiwhygi n ogv xw}|gr el xedg 96 hewoy}bgx

iw}bof yjg x{}bof el =;;6/ Yjg {e`` ellg}x hed{n}nyb|g inyn nh}exx hewoy}bgx noi n`xehed{n}gx vbyj {}g|bewx {e``bof inyn bo Ae}gn ynago bo =;;8 noi =;;=, vjgo noyb$W/X/

e{bobeox vg}g ny yjgb} jgbfjy/



>: W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

W/X/ ln|e}nmb`byr jnx }bxgo xbfoblbhnoy`r bo Ae}gn’l}ed 9< {g}hgoy bo =;;8 ye 7:

{g}hgoy bo =;;6, hed{n}nm`g vbyj yjg |bgv el yjg Wobygi Xynygx bo Cn{no noi Boibn/ By

bx boyg}gxybof, yjewfj, yjny yjbx bx n ibllg}goybnygi |bgv nx Ae}gnox mr ̀ n}fg dn}fbox ie

oey xw{{e}y yjg W/X/$`gi vn} eo yg}}e}bxd1 ogbyjg} ie yjgr jn|g dwhj heolbigohg bo

[}gxbigoy Fge}fg V/ Mwxj/

Ny yjg xndg ybdg, woln|e}nm`g |bgvx el Hjbon n}g f}evbof bo Ae}gn’l}ed 8> {g}hgoy

bo =;;= ye 9= {g}hgoy bo =;;6/ Hjbon‒x gheoedbh f}evyj bo {n}ybhw`n} bx xggo nx n ‐mni

yjbof— le} Ae}gn mr <; {g}hgoy el }gx{eoigoyx/ Le} heoy}nxy, yjg Cn{nogxg, n`yjewfj

yjgr jn|g no g|go de}g woln|e}nm`g |bgv el Hjbon, ygoi ye xgg Hjbon‒x gheoedbh

f}evyj nx n feei yjbof le} yjgb} hewoy}r/

Yjg {}gxbigoybn` g`ghybeo hnd{nbfo bo Xewyj Ae}gn xggdx ye n`xe }gl`ghy yjbx xjbly el

e{bobeo, vbyj yjg heoxg}|nyb|g FO[ hnoibinyg @gg Drwof$mea jeìbof n heddnoibof

`gni bo {e``x, vbyj n xgheoi heoxg}|nyb|g hnoibinyg n`xe heddnoibof ̀ n}fg xw{{e}y/ Ny

yjbx v}bybof, yjg |eyg jnx oey rgy ynago {`nhg xe by bx yee gn}`r ye mg xw}g bl yjgxg y}goix

vb`` heoybowg/ Mwy by bx hg}ynbo`r {exxbm`g yjny yjg ogzy M`wg Jewxg nidbobxy}nybeo vb``

mg hèxg} ye yjg |bgvx el yjexg Ae}gnox le} vjed xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy bx n agr

bxxwg/

\/ Heoh`wxbeo3 Hewoyg}bof Xy}nygfbh Nmnoieodgoy

W/X/ {e`bhrdnag}x jn|g mgfwo ye gz{è}g yjg bd{`bhnybeox el yjg xy}nygfbh ibxnxyg} mr

yjg Mwxj nidbobxy}nybeo bo B}n~, lehwxbof dexy el n`` eo yjg }gfbeo byxg`l/ Ny no gn}`bg}

xynfg el yjg heol`bhy, yjg bd{nhy eo W/X/ n``bnohg {n}yog}xjb{x vnx dexy`r gzndbogi bo

yjg heoygzy el Gw}e{g/ Vjgo by hedgx ye Gnxy Nxbn, non`rxyx jn|g ygoigi ye heddgoy

m}eni`r eo yjg {}em`gd el ogf`ghy, yjg vnr yjg B}n~ Vn} jnx xwhagi w{ n`` yjg nyygoybeo

el xgobe} ellbhbn`x/

@gxx nyygoybeo jnx mggo {nbi ye yjg he}}exb|g gllghy el yjg B}n~ Vn}, noi yjg {g}hg{ybeoel W/X/ vgnaogxx yjny by h}gnygx, eo ew} n``bnohgx bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn vbyj yjg ]EA

noi Cn{no/ Bo {n}y, yjbx gllghy vnx heohgn`gi mr yjg n{{n}goy xw{{e}y le} yjg vn} mr

ew} n``bgx, meyj el vjed jn|g xw{{`bgi le}hgx eo yjg f}ewoi noi ̀ efbxybhn` xw{{e}y ye

yjg vn} glle}y/ Nx vg jn|g ibxhwxxgi nme|g, jevg|g}, yjny xw{{e}y vnx i}b|go bo

`n}fg {n}y mr n igg{g} lgn} el W/X/ nmnoieodgoy noi n igxb}g ye goxw}g W/X/ xw{{e}y

le} Ae}gno noi Cn{nogxg {e`bhr fen`x bo yjg }gfbeo/

Yjg {g}hg{ybeo el W/X/ vgnaogxx, el }gxew}hgx noi nyygoybeo lehwxgi eo yjg Dbii`g

Gnxy ny yjg gz{goxg el |byn` boyg}gxyx bo Nxbn, jnx boyg}xghygi vbyj yjg |bxbm`g }bxg el Hjbogxg {evg} noi nwyje}byr, gx{ghbn``r bo yjg }gfbeo, noi yjg bonmb`byr el yjg Wobygi




Xynygx ye jn`y Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x nxxg}ybeo el byx xynywx nx n owh`gn} vgn{eox xynyg/ Yjbx

hedmbonybeo jnx lgi n f}evbof lgn} el nmnoieodgoy, vjbhj hegzbxyx nèofxbig yjg

lgn} el mghedbof goynof`gi mr yjg Wobygi Xynygx bo wovnoygi heol`bhyx/

Yjg lgn} el nmnoieodgoy bx oey n ogv {jgoedgoeo bo yjg W/X/ n``bnohg }g`nybeoxjb{

vbyj yjg ]EA noi Cn{no/ Vg xnv n xbdb`n} heo|g}fgohg ny yjg ybdg el yjg \bgyond

Vn} vjgo yjg mg`bgl vnx vbigx{}gni yjny yjg Wobygi Xynygx vnx bo }gy}gny l}ed Nxbn

nx vg`` nx vgnagogi mr yjg ̀ eof vn} bo Xewyjgnxy Nxbn/ Yjgo yee, yjg n``bnohg xy}whyw}g

bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn vnx hjn``gofgi mr Hjbon, vjbhj h}exxgi yjg owh`gn} yj}gxjeì bo

yjg dbi$>2<;x, noi mr no nff}gxxb|g Oe}yj Ae}gn/

Yjg xynmb`byr noi xghw}byr {}e|bigi mr yjg n``bnohg n}hjbyghyw}g bo Oe}yjgnxy Nxbn bx

oev yj}gnygogi mr yjbx f}evbof xgoxg el xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy/ Vg iglbog xy}nygfbh

nmnoieodgoy nx yjg lgn} el nmnoieodgoy hedmbogi vbyj n xgoxg el xg{n}nybeo el

xy}nygfbh boyg}gxyx/ Bo Ae}gn, yjg xgoxg el nmnoieodgoy jnx mggo i}b|go bo }ghgoy

rgn}x mr {e`bhbgx yjny n{{gn} ye ievof}nig yjg }g`g|nohg el yjg n``bnohg ye yjg xghw}byr

el yjg hewoy}r/ Mwy g|go bo Cn{no, vjg}g yjg}g bx ̀ gxx ~wgxybeobof el yjg |n`bibyr el yjg

n``bnohg, yjg}g n}g n`xe f}evbof lgg`bofx el xg{n}nybeo mgyvggo Cn{no noi yjg Wobygi

Xynygx/

Xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy ̀ gnix ib}ghy`r ye wohg}ynboyr noi boxynmb`byr’wohg}ynboyr nmewy

jev yjg Wobygi Xynygx dbfjy }gx{eoi ye xghw}byr yj}gnyx noi boxynmb`byr nx }bxbof {evg}x

noi eyjg} nhye}x hjn``gofg yjg hw}}goy mn`nohg el {evg}/ Ny yjg gzy}gdg goi, xy}nygfbh

nmnoieodgoy hno ̀ gni’nx by ibi bo yjg \bgyond Vn} g}n’ye owh`gn} {}e`blg}nybeo eo

yjg {n}y el W/X/ n``bgx vje oe èofg} lgg` xghw}g nmewy yjg fwn}noyggx el gzygoigi

igyg}}gohg/

Xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy bx n {}em`gd vbyj n mwb`y$bo hw}g, {}e|bigi yjny n`` yjg {n}yog}x

bo yjg n``bnohg xrxygd xyb`` igxb}g yjg xynmb`byr noi xghw}byr yjny xrxygd {}e|bigi/ By

}g~wb}gx heohg}ygi glle}yx ny heoxw`ynybeo noi yjg le}dnybeo el heddeo {e`bhr ny yjg

ib{èdnybh, {e`bybhn`, noi db`byn}r ̀ g|g`x el yjg n``bnohgx/ Yjg}g jnx mggo n hw}bewx

nmxgohg el yjny aboi el heoxw`ynybeo, {n}ybhw`n}`r bo yjg ]EA$W/X/ n``bnohg mwy n`xevbyj Cn{no noi ny yjg ̀ g|g` el y}b`nyg}n` hee}ibonybeo ndeof yjg ]EA, Cn{no, noi yjg

Wobygi Xynygx/ Xwhj heoxw`ynybeox hewì boh`wig3

• N yje}ewfj }ggzndbonybeo el yjg ybdgynm`g le} heddnoi y}noxlg} bo Ae}gn,

boh`wibof ̀ boabof yjny ybdgynm`g de}g h`gn}`r ye n ceboy xywir el yjg db`byn}r noi

{e`bybhn` heoibybeox eo yjg {goboxw`n/ Yjbx iegx oey dgno yjny yjg fen` el

y}noxlg} oggix ye mg }g|g}xgi’eo`r yjny vg xjewì jn|g yjg xy}nygfbh

ibxhwxxbeo yjny xjewì jn|g nhhed{nobgi yjny ighbxbeo1

• Ibxhwxxbeox ny n jbfj ̀ g|g` jgì mr yjg Wobygi Xynygx vbyj meyj yjg ]EA noi



=; W/X/‘Ae}gn Nhnigdbh Xrd{exbwd

Cn{no nmewy yjg {e`bhr el gzygoigi igyg}}gohg/ Vjny n}g yjg gz{ghynybeox el

ew} n``bgx1 woig} vjny hb}hwdxynohgx vewì igyg}}goy le}hgx mg wxgi1 vjny

n}g yjg e{ybeox, meyj heo|goybeon` noi owh`gn}, yjny dbfjy mg gd{èrgi ye

{}e|big gzygoigi igyg}}gohg1 noi vjny eyjg} dgnxw}gx, boh`wibof yjg y}noxlg}

el ni|nohgi iglgoxg yghjoeèfr, vewì nbi igyg}}gohg1 noi

• N xgobe}$`g|g` xy}nygfbh ibnèfwg ndeof yjg Wobygi Xynygx, yjg ]EA, noi

Cn{no, jgì vbyj yjg fen` el gzhjnofbof |bgvx eo yjg fèmn` noi }gfbeon`

xbywnybeo, {}em`gdx el heddeo boyg}gxy, noi n}gnx el y}b`nyg}n` hee{g}nybeo,

boh`wibof eo bxxwgx xwhj nx n`yg}onyb|g gog}fr ig|gè{dgoy noi ig|gè{dgoy

nxxbxynohg/

Iw}bof yjg ogzy rgn}, ̀ gnig}xjb{ vb`` hjnofg bo yjg Wobygi Xynygx noi bo yjg ]EA, noi

{g}jn{x bo Cn{no nx vg``/ Vjnyg|g} yjg ewyhedg el yjg {e`bybhn` {}ehgxx, yjbx vb``

h}gnyg n dedgoy ye hewoyg} yjg i}bly yevn}i xy}nygfbh nmnoieodgoy/ Vg xjewì oey

dbxx yjny e{{e}ywobyr/

]GLG]GOHGX

N}dgi Le}hgx noi Xehbgyr/ =;;6/ Oe}yj Ae}gn noi yjg ]EA$WX Xghw}byr N``bnohg/ N}dgi

Le}hgx noi Xehbgyr >;, oe/ >; *9 N{}b`"/

Hjgeo Xgeof$vjwo/ =;;9/ Owh`gn}$N}dgi Oe}yj Ae}gn noi Xewyj Ae}gn‒x Xy}nygfbh Hewoyg}

dgnxw}gx/ Ae}gno Cew}on` el Iglgoxg Non`rxbx ><, oe/ = *Ln``"/

HBN *Hgoy}n` Boyg``bfgohg Nfgohr"/ >269/ Vgga`r ]g|bgv, < Xg{ygdmg}/ HBN L}ggied el Bole}$

dnybeo Nhy G`ghy}eobh ]gnibof ]eed, hnxg oe/ L$=;;=$;=;9>/

’’’/ >266/ Yjg Bd{`bhnybeox el Vbyji}nvbof Owh`gn} Vgn{eox l}ed Ae}gn, *dgde}no$

iwd"/ >> Nwfwxy/ HBN L}ggied el Bole}dnybeo Nhy G`ghy}eobh ]gnibof ]eed, hnxg

oe/ L$=;;=$;=;9>/

H`boyeo, Jb``n}r/ =;;6/ Xghw}byr noi E{{e}ywobyr le} yjg Yvgoyr$Lb}xy Hgoyw}r/ Le}gbfo Nllnb}x*Oe|gdmg}%Ighgdmg}"/

IEX *Ig{n}ydgoy el Xynyg"/ =;;</ ]gdn}ax vbyj Cn{nogxg Le}gbfo Dbobxyg} Yn}e Nxe nlyg}

Yjgb} Dggybof *bo Yeare"/ Vnxjbofyeo, I/H/3 W/X/ Ig{n}ydgoy el Xynyg/ >: Ehyemg}/vvv/xynyg/fe|%xgh}gyn}r%}d%=;;<%69<<2/jyd/

’’’/ =;;6/ Ceboy Xynygdgoy el yjg W/X/$Cn{no Xghw}byr Heoxw`ynyb|g Heddbyygg/ Vnxjbof$

yeo, I/H/3 W/X/ Ig{n}ydgoy el Xynyg/ > Dnr/ vvv/xynyg/fe|%}%{n%{}x%{x%=;;6%dnr%

:9;:9/jyd/

Jeof Arw$iea/ =;;</ Xewyj Ae}gn‒x ]gx{eoxg ye yjg Oe}yj Ae}gn‒x Owh`gn} noi Dbxxb`gBxxwgx/ Ae}gno Cew}on` el Xghw}byr Nllnb}x >>, oe/ = *Ighgdmg}"/



Yevn}ix Xwxynbonm`g Gheoedbh , Xghw}byr ]g`nybeox bo Gnxy Nxbn3 W/X/ , ]EA [e`bhr E{ybeox =>

Jeof Xwof Fw`/ =;;=/ Xgn}hj le} Igyg}}gohg3 [n}a‒x Owh`gn} E{ybeo bo yjg >26;x/ Wo{wm`bxjgidnowxh}b{y/

Jwfjgx, @`gvg`ro/ =;;6/ Vjr Cn{no Veo‒y Fe Owh`gn} *Rgy"3 Boyg}onybeon` noi IedgxybhHeoxy}nboyx eo yjg Owh`gn}bsnybeo el Cn{no/ Boyg}onybeon` Xghw}byr 8>, oe/ 9 *X{}bof"/

Anxg, Rw}b/ =;;>/ Yjg Hexyx noi Mgoglbyx el Cn{no‒x Owh`gn}bsnybeo3 No Boxbfjy boye yjg >2<:% 6; Boyg}on` ]g{e}y/ Yjg Oeo{}e`blg}nybeo ]g|bgv *Xwddg}"/

Anvnandb Ynanxjb/ =;;6/ Boyg}|bgv vbyj nwyje}/ Yeare, >< N{}b`/

Abd Ing$ceeof/ =;;</ Vjny ‚Boig{goigohg‒ Vb`` Dgno/ Hjexwo B`me =2 Nwfwxy/

’’’/ =;;6n/ Nmnoieogi ny n Owh`gn} H}exx}enix/ Hjexwo B`me >= Dn}hj/

’’’/ =;;6m/ Vg Dwxy @gn}o ye Ie Vbyjewy yjg W/X/ Hjexwo B`me =< Lgm}wn}r/

Areie Ogvx Xg}|bhg/ =;;</ Gz$[}gdbg} Onanxeog [}e{exgx Cn{no Xywir Owh`gn} E{ybeo/

Cn{no [e`bhr noi [e`bybhx >> Xg{ygdmg}/

@gg, Xeea$ceof/ =;;7/ N``rbof vbyj yjg Wobygi Xynygx3 Hjnofbof Xewyj Ae}gno Nyybywigx/

Ae}gno Cew}on` el Iglgoxg Non`rxbx >6, oe/ > *X{}bof"/

Emg}ie}lg}, Ieonì/ =;;>/ Yjg Yve Ae}gnx3 N Heoygd{e}n}r Jbxye}r/ ]g|/ gi/ Ogv Re}a3

Mnxbh Meeax/

Esnvn Bhjb}e/ =;;6/ E{go @gyyg} ye D}/ Abvnynan Anvnmnyn eo jev ye |bgv yjg XIL‒x }glwg`bof

e{g}nybeox ny xgn3 Oev bx yjg ybdg ye gxynm`bxj {}bohb{`gx le} boyg}onybeon` xghw}byr/Xganb Oe|gdmg}/ Y}nox`nygi mr yjg W/X/ Gdmnxxr, Yeare/

[gv Fèmn` Nyybywigx [}ecghy/ =;;6/ Fèmn` Wognxg vbyj Dnce} Ve}ì [evg}x/ Vnxjbofyeo,

I/H/3 [gv ]gxgn}hj Hgoyg}/ =6 Cwog/ jyy{3%%{gvfèmn`/e}f%}g{e}yx%ibx{`nr/{j{5]g{e}yBI4=7<

]gbxhjnwg}, Givbo/ >2<9/ Hnm`g *xgh}gy" ye Xgh}gyn}r el Xynyg Igno ]wxa/ =2 Ighgdmg}/ Cn{no

noi yjg W/X/, >2<;‘>26</ Ibfbyn` Onybeon` Xghw}byr N}hjb|g, iehwdgoy oe/ CW;;9;;/

Xogbig}, ]bhjn}i @/ >2<:/ Dgde}noiwd ye Nxxbxynoy Xgh}gyn}r el Xynyg Vb``bnd Mwoir/ 6 Dnr/Cn{no noi yjg W/X/, >2<;‘>26</ Ibfbyn` Onybeon` Xghw}byr N}hjb|g, iehwdgoy oe/

CW;;29;/

’’’/ >267/ WX [e`bhr yevn}i Ae}gn, hnm`g l}ed ndmnxxnie} ye xgh}gyn}r el xynyg/ Cwog/

Vnxjbofyeo, I/H/3 Fge}fg Vnxjbofyeo Wob|g}xbyr, Onybeon` Xghw}byr N}hjb|g,

Emg}ie}lg} he``ghybeo/





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Strategic Abandonment: Alliance Relations in Northeast Asia in the Post-Iraq Era by Daniel Sneider