Structural Asset Management & Maintenance- CIVE5976M

7/30/2019 Structural Asset Management & Maintenance- CIVE5976M

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CIVE5976M Architectural Engineering Studies

GOOD QUALITY DESIGN

Some key questions for the designer

(architect or engineer!)


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INTRODUCTION


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Introduction to Good Quality Design

There are many different (and differing) opinions on what

constitutes good quality design;

Design means many different things to different people;

Much of what is contained in these notes is based on:

A]. Discussions (ongoing) in the

Schools Ins ti tut e for Resil ient

Infrastructure(Resilient Design

Group) and other multi-disciplinary

research groups in the University

and ......


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Introduction to Good Quality Design

B]. The guidance provided by CABE (The Commission forArchitecture and the Built Environment).

CABE is the UK governments advisor on architecture, urban

design and public space : see www.cabe.org.uk

In particular, these notes make reference to an essay by Richard

Simmons (at the time Chief Executive of CABE) on Good Design: the

fundamentals

A full pdf copy of this has been uploaded to the Blackboard VLE
http://www.cabe.org.uk/http://www.cabe.org.uk/


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Further reading: Good Quality Design

Other sources of information & background reading include:

Design Qual ity Indicators as a tool for th inking

(paper by Gann, Salter and Whyte published in 2003 see pdf file

uploaded to the Blackboard VLE)

English Partnerships Delivering quali ty places(see also: www.englishpartnerships.co.uk )

The urban design compendium

(see www.urbandesigncompendium.co.uk)
http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/http://www.urbandesigncompendium.co.uk/http://www.urbandesigncompendium.co.uk/http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/


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Further reading: Good Quality Design

Other sources of information include:

The code for sustainable homes

(www.communities.gov.uk)

ALSO see notes provided by

Prof Tristram Hope onBREEAM, LEED, etc.

(methods of assessing the

environmental quality or the

sustainability of designs)
http://www.communities.gov.uk/http://www.communities.gov.uk/


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Good Design Why it matters!

The his toryand cul tureof a nation and the characterof its people are

reflected in the public spaces, buildings, bridges, towns and cities of

the nation.

Public spaces and buildings are a statement of the values,

aspirations, national identity, public pride, self-esteem and

confidence of the people.

They are a nations cultural assets and are examples of art and

expression as much as any painting or sculpture.

Public spaces, buildings, bridges, etc are more widely seen and used

than most other forms of art!

It is not just the iconic structures that are important!

Arguably the quality of the average construction is a truer

representation of the history, culture and character of a nation than

its specialist (look at me) types of construction?


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Good Design Why it matters!

We use public spaces, buildings, bridges, gardens, streets, parks, etc

every day ....

Good examples will help to improve the quality of life

Bad examples become liabilities high maintenance; increased

crime(?); poor health(?); social exclusion(?)

Clients are not just the people or organisation that pays for the

design or uses it the results of design are enjoyed (or suffered?) by

all!

Architects and engineers have a huge impact on the built

environment and the people using it.

What we create usually lasts for many years hence bad design has

a negative impact on people for many years.


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Mumbai good design? (any evidence of design?)


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What isgood quality design?

What are we trying to achieve?

How do we know when we have achieved it?

What do we need to do to help us to achieve it?

Achieving Good Quality Design

ANSWER

Broadly speaking : NO!

Detailed (specialist) aspects of design? : NO! (the main aims and

objectives are the same the engineer and the architect carry out

detailed design ofdifferentparts of a structure)

QUESTION

Are the engineer and the architect trying to achieve different things?


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What is good quality design? EARLY GUIDANCE

Earliest known (and most widely acknowledged) guidance on

building design published by the Roman architect and engineerMarcus Vitruvius Pol l io(usually known as Vitruvius).

Vitruvius: born circa 70 80 B.C. , died circa 15 B.C.

Considered by some to be the Worlds first known engineer (?)

His famous ten books on architecture define the main principles of

architecture his guidance was followed by Michelangelo, Palladio,

Vignola and others.

Widely accepted that Vitruvius guidance forms the basis of the

principles of modern architecture

NOTE: In 1914, Vitruvius ten books were translated by Prof. Morris Hicky

MORGAN & published by Harvard University Press; re-published by

Dover publications in 1960; still available from Thomas Telford Books in

2009


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Vitruvius 3 Principal Qualities of Good Design

COMMODITYBuildings should work they should be fit for the purpose for which

they are designed.

FIRMNESSBuildings should be soundly built and durable.

DELIGHTBuildings should be good looking their design should please the

eye and the mind.

These form the basis of th e current CABE guidel ines (som e 2050

years later !) .....


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Good quality design is not a

function of personal taste or

fashion

Personal taste varies and fashions

change

Style canhelp contribute to the

quality of a building, bridge or

public space, particularly if the

designers aim is to try to match or

reflect the style of existingconstruction.

BUT trying to imitate (usually

poorly!) an earlier style often does

not work well!

Often it is better to use modern

styles, materials and methods.

The CABE principles of Good Design

initial comments


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CABEs 3 guiding principles of Good Design

Regardless of style, CABE states that the 3 most important

principles of good design are:

ROBUSTNESS OR DURABILITY

USEFULNESS OR EFFICIENCY

BEAUTY OR THE ABILITY TO DELIGHT PEOPLE

Expanding on these principles ......


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Buildings and public spaces are well designed IF:

THEY ARE USEFUL, BUILT TO LAST AND EASY TO CARE

FOR.Comments

Remember the principal points of the Structural Asset Management

and Maintenance lectures!

Durability is important as identified by Vitruvius over 2000 yearsago!

Designers should discuss the whole life (or life cycle) costs with

their Clients

It must be made clear to the Client that an additional initial

investment in better quality, more durable materials will pay for itselfmany times over during the design life of the structure.

Your Client must be made aware of the implications of lack of

investment in durable materials.

Even if the Client opts for minimal initial cost (possibly because of

budget limitations and/or cash flow constraints) at least you have

exercised your professional duty as an architect or engineer.

Expanding on the CABE principles of Good Design


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THEY ARE USEFUL, BUILT TO LAST AND EASY TO CARE

FOR.Comments

Easy to care for?

Designers should think about ease of inspection and maintenance at

the outset discussions with the Client are essential so that the

Client understands how often various parts of a building will need to

be maintained.

Decisions about surface finishes can have a big impact on future

maintenance surface coatings vs cladding?

Detailing cladding panels that can be removed to provide access to

building services plant and the structure?

Discussions need to take place about alternative maintenance

strategies and the impact of maintenance (or repair) on the

continuing function of the structure and the cost.

Consider the provision of Ownership Manuals? (This is fairly

common for building services plant but not the structure!)



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YOU CAN FIND YOUR WAY AND MOVE AROUND EASILY

Comments

Remember your obligations under the Disability Discrimination Act

(DDA) as well as your ethical obligations to disabled people.

Is there a logical flow (of people) through your building (does there

need to be?)

Does the building convey a feeling of safety and security?

Does the lighting, the use of footways and paths, the use of

appropriate signs; the use of different textured materials, etc. help to

direct people to where you want them to be in the building?

Is the layout of the building sufficiently simple (or logical) to avoid

feelings of confusion (assuming that you dont want to confuse the

end users!)


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THEY RELATE WELL TO THE PLACE WHERE THEY ARE

CONSTRUCTED

Comments

Does the building fit in well with adjacent buildings and space?

OR if the aim is to provide a contrast, how well has this been

achieved?Buildings and public spaces are well designed IF:

THEY ARE FLEXIBLE (I.E. ADAPTABLE!)

Comments

Sustainability is partly about getting more out of what we alreadyhave. (To minimise waste, reduce carbon footprint; reduce cost?)

Can the building be readily adapted to meet new needs in the future?

Does the structural layout permit change of use?

There are many examples of Victorian factory buildings in the UK that

have been converted to residential buildings.


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THEY ARE ENVIRONMENTALLY EFFICIENT AND WILL HELP

US TO LIVE AND WORK IN A SUSTAINABLE MANNER

Comments

This is an extremely broad issue covering the basic tenets of

sustainability such as financial, social, environmental, natural material

drivers Also future-proofing against the short-term effects of climate change

(e.g. Increased flood risks) and the longer term issues such as rising

water levels, increased ambient temperatures; loss of energy sources;

use of renewables; etc. all come into consideration

These will be considered in far more detail by Prof Hope.

Prof Hope will also consider different ways of trying to measure

sustainability in design (CEEQUAL, BREEAM, LEED) difficult to get

anything meaningful or sufficiently definitive.


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How do we know if buildings and public spaces are well designed?

PEOPLE TELL YOU THAT THEY ARE!

Comments

It is generally accepted good practice to carry out design audits ask

people who use the building (or public space) if it works well? Do they

enjoy the working environment can they deliver services more

efficiently? Are the costs of ownership as envisaged?

What are the views of the maintenance staff? Is it relatively easy to

inspect the building services (and the structure)? Is access OK to

carry out routine maintenance?

Are people proud of the building or space? Does it improve theirquality of life?

Review the design activity? Carry out an audit did the design team

work well? What can be improved?

Carry out a construction audit! Ask the contractor if, from their

perspective, was the design good (can you improve buildability?)


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The Role of Codes of Practice?

Some (many?) engineers think that if they meet the requirements of a

code of practice, they will achieve good design

Is this correct?

What do codes of practice provide?

Guidance on structura l design?(achieving acceptable margins of

safety; a level of reliability; local and global stability; robustness;

limits for acceptable in-service behaviour e.g. deflection limits, crack

control in concrete, etc.)

Codes do NOT cover all aspects of design!

Take a closer look at codes of practice ........


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Structural Design

Guidance on structural design is provided in the suite of structural

Eurocodes .......

EN = In the UK these standards havebeen adopted by the British

Standards Institution (or BSI) and

therefore have the designation BS

EN 1990, 1991, etc.


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Structural Design

The principles of structural design are defined in ........

This is sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as Eurocode 0

Its correct title is The Eurocode it is supplemented by the 9 other

codes (BS EN 1991, BS EN 1992, etc.) which are commonly known as EC1,

EC2, EC3, etc.


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BS EN 1990 (and, by implication, all the other Eurocodes) are

intended for use by everyone involved in the construction process!

It is reasonable to assume that clients will understand and appreciate

the implications of the codes?

Engineers and architects (the design team) must help their clients to

understand the implications of design decisions

Extracts from BS EN 1990


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More worrying (?) extracts from BS EN 1990

Note the emphasis on qualified and experienced personnel; supervision

and quality control; materials and products (complying with standards);

maintenance and assumed use!


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Further extract from BS EN 1990: Design Lives


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Reminder:

durability is

important!

(Corrosion 1 year

after completion ofconstruction!)


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Buildability (ease of construction) is important may also

contribute in the future to ease of demolition and recyclability

Bolted connection: English

Institute for Sport, Sheffield


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Pinned

connection:

Sheffield Winter

Gardens


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Architecturally honest

details are also easy to inspect

and, if necessary, maintain

Pinned

connection:

Sheffield Winter

Gardens


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English Institute for Sport, Sheffield

Will people feel safe and secure? Are there clearroutes into different parts of a building?


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Scale and proportion: has good

use been made of the space?

Sheffield Winter Gardens


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Bracing to improve stability against lateral

wind loading should not be an afterthought!

Poor communication between the architectand the structural engineer?

The Arcam, Amsterdam


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Wind bracing has not been

an afterthought here!

Careful attention to detail is important here welded tubes have been


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All these issues should have been accounted for in early discussions withthe Client and accounted for in the structural design

Careful attention to detail is important here welded tubes have been

used. The fabrication costs are high although the bridge has been pre-

fabricated in a fabrication shop and floated to site.

There is also a risk of fatigue failure of the welds in service and the

corrosion protection system (paint) will need to be replaced every 20

years (?)


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Large cantilever roof

Conservatorium, Amsterdam

Important to be aware of the design challenges at the outset!


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Important to be aware of the design challenges at the outset!

Flexible cantilever under reversible (wind) loading; thermal and moisture

variations; long-term integrity of the connection between cladding and

support structure; consequences of failure of cladding; inspection and

maintenance problems (?); access?


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Bolted connections easy to carry out on site?

Easy to dismantle in the future (aids recycling?)


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Simple pinned

connection

More complex connections combination of


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p

shop-welded vertical trusses with site bolted

bracing and lateral restraints has produced a

buildable solution


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Simplicity an

honest detail?

Q lit f hit t l d t ili i i t t


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Quality of architectural detailing is important

simplicity and honesty contribute to the aesthetic

appeal and keep construction and maintenance simple


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Details reflecting cultural heritage


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Details reflecting cultural heritage

(Chinese culture - Singapore)

Same materials and construction


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Same materials and construction

techniques as original 1850

construction


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Large cantilevering

space frame roof tied

to building

Visually impressive

Structurally simple

Maintenance?

Repair? Access?

Has the Client been

made aware of thelikely future

problems?

Should this be

sacrificed in favour ofgood architectural

design?


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.... and finally, some alarm bells from CABE

Documents

Structural Asset Management & Maintenance- CIVE5976M