Studi Kualitatif Kecemasan pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran · PDF filestudi kualitatif kecemasan mahasiswa kedokteran saat menghadapi objective structured clinical examination (osce) skripsi

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STUDI KUALITATIF KECEMASAN MAHASISWA KEDOKTERAN

SAAT MENGHADAPI OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED CLINICAL

EXAMINATION (OSCE)

SKRIPSI

Untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan

Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Kedokteran

MUHAMMAD MARDHIYA ALGHIFARI

G0012138

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET

Surakarta

2016


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PENGESAHAN SKRIPSSI

Skripsi dengan judul: Studi Kualitatif Kecemasan pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran saat Menghadapi Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)

Muhammad Mardhiya Alghifari, NIM: G0012138, Tahun: 2016

Telah diuji dan sudah disahkan di hadapan Dewan Penguji Skripsi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta

Pada Hari Kamis, Tanggal 19 Mei 2016

Pembimbing Utama Nama : Prof. Dr. Hartono, dr., M.Si NIP : 19650727 199702 1 001 (……………………………)

Pembimbing Pendamping Nama : Amandha Boy Timor R., dr. NIK : 19881216 2013 0 201 (……………………………)

Penguji Utama Nama : Ari Natalia Probandari, dr., MPH, Ph.D NIP : 19751221 200501 2 001 (……………………………)

Penguji Pendamping Nama : Briandani Subariyanti, dr. NIK : 19850906 2013 0 201 (……………………………)

Surakarta, ……………………………

Ketua Tim Skripsi

Kusmadewi Eka Damayanti, dr., M.Gizi. NIP. 19830509 200801 2 005

Kepala Program Studi

Sinu Andhi Jusup, dr., M.Kes. NIP. 19700607 2000112 1 002

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commit to user

iii

PERNYATAAN

Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa dalam skripsi ini tidak terdapat karya yang pernah

diajukan untuk memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan di suatu perguruan tinggi, dan

sepanjang pengetahuan saya tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang pernah ditulis

atau diterbitkan oleh orang lain, kecuali yang secara tertulis diacu dalam naskah

dan disebutkan dalam daftar pustaka.

Surakarta, 19 Mei 2016

Muhammad Mardhiya Alghifari

NIM. G0012138

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ABSTRAK

Muhammad Mardhiya Alghifari, G0012138, 2016. Studi Kualitatif Kecemasan pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran saat Menghadapi Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Skripsi. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta. Latar Belakang: Mahasiswa merasa OSCE sebagai peristiwa yang penuh tekanan (stresful). Selain itu OSCE juga menginduksi kecemasan lebih tinggi dibanding jenis ujian lainnya. Ada kekhawatiran kecemasan akan berdampak baik pada mahasiswa karena dapat mempertahankan perilaku mereka yang berorientasi pada tugas (task oriented). Namun dilain pihak, kekhawatiran yang berlebihan akan sangat melemahkan dan mengganggu mereka dalam menghadapi ujian jika tidak dikelola dengan benar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali masalah kecemasan tersebut, apa saja faktor-faktor penyebabnya, dan bagaimana mekanisme coping mahasiswa dalam menghadapinya khususnya pada mahasiswa Program Studi Kedokteran FK UNS. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif yang ingin menggambarkan tentang suatu fenomena yang terjadi pada subjek penelitian. Sampel adalah mahasiswa aktif Prodi Kedokteran FK UNS angkatan 2012-2015 yang telah menempuh OSCE. Sampel diambil secara purposive sampling dengan jenis maximum variation sampling. Sampel terpilih dari masing-masing angkatan akan dibagi untuk mengikuti sesi FGD dan wawancara. Hasil FGD dan wawancara kemudian dianalisis dengan metode content analysis. Hasil Penelitian: Data yang ditemukan berupa kategori-kategori besar permasalahan penelitian yang diantaranya berupa persepsi OSCE menurut mahasiswa, faktor-faktor penyebab kecemasan saat OSCE, dan mekanisme koping mahasiswa saat menghadapi OSCE Simpulan Penelitian: Kecemasan ketika menjalani OSCE terjadi pada sebagian besar mahasiswa. Faktor-faktor yang menjadi pemicu kecemasan tersebut terbagi menjadi faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Dalam menghadapi stressor berupa OSCE mahasiswa akan menggunakan dua jenis strategi koping, problem-focused coping dan emotion-focused coping. Kata Kunci: Kecemasan, OSCE, Mekanisme Coping, Mahasiswa Kedokteran


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v

ABSTRACT

Muhammad Mardhiya Alghifari, G0012138, 2016. Qualitative Study of Anxiety among Medical Student when Facing the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Mini Thesis. Faculty of Medicine Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. Bacground: Student feels that OSCE is a stressfull event. OSCE also induces anxiety higher than any other exam. There are fears that anxiety will impact on students because it can defend their oriented task behavior (task oriented). But on the other hand, excessive concerns will be very debilitating and annoying them in the exam if they aren’t managed it properly. This study aims to explore that anxiety problems, what are the contributing factors, and how students coping mechanism to deal with it especially in Medical Student Sebelas Maret University. Method: This study used a qualitative descriptive approach that want to described a phenomenon occured on the subject of research. Samples were active student of Medical Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University first year until fourth year, who have been through the OSCE. The sample was taken by purposive sampling method with maximum variation sampling type. Selected samples of each batch will be divided to follow the focus group discussion and interview session. The result of FGD and interviews than analyzed by content analysis method. Result: The data found in this research were large categories of research problems included student perception about OSCE, the factors that caused OSCE anxiety, and student coping mechanism when faced with OSCE Conclusion: Anxiety when undergoing OSCE happened to most students. Factors that triggered this anxiety were divided into internal and external factors. When faced with stressors such as OSCE students will used two types of coping strategies, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Keywords: Anxiety, OSCE, Coping Mechanism, Medical Student


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PRAKATA

Alhamdulillahhirobbil’aalamin, segala puja dan puji penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan kenikmatan dan kemudahan-Nya kepada penulis, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan penelitian ini dengan judul Studi Kualitatif Kecemasan Mahasiswa Kedokteran Saat Menghadapi Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Penelitian tugas karya akhir ini merupakan salah satu persyaratan dalam menyelesaikan Program Studi Sarjana Kedokteran di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta.

Penulis menyadari bahwa penelitian tugas karya akhir ini tidak akan berhasil tanpa adanya bimbingan, petunjuk, dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak, oleh karena itu dengan penuh rasa hormat ucapan terima kasih yang dalam saya berikan kepada: 1. Prof. Dr. Hartono, dr., M.Si., selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas

Maret Surakarta sekaligus selaku Pembimbing Utama yang telah memberikan banyak waktu, ilmu yang luar biasa, serta motivasinya selama proses bimbingan hingga terselesainya skripsi ini.

2. Sinu Andhi Jusup, dr., M.Kes., selaku Ketua Prodi Kedokteran atas pengingatnya kepada penulis sehingga penulis selalu termotivasi menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

3. Amandha Boy Timor Randhita, dr., selaku Pembimbing Pendamping yang telah menyediakan banyak sekali waktu, ilmu, masukan, saran, nasihat, motivasi, dan kesabaran yang luar biasa selama proses bimbingan hingga terselesainya skripsi ini.

4. Ari Natalia Probandari, dr., MPH., Ph.D., selaku Penguji Utama yang telah memberikan banyak kritik dan saran yang begitu bermanfaat dalam penyusunan skripsi ini.

5. Briandani Subariyanti, dr., selaku Penguji Pendamping yang yang telah memberikan banyak kritik dan saran dalam penyusunan skripsi ini.

6. Ratna Kusumawati, dr., M.Biomed. selaku Penguji dari Tim Bagian Skripsi namun tetap bersedia meluangkan banyak waktu untuk membimbing, mengajari, dan memberi masukan kepada penulis selama proses pembuatan skripsi ini.

7. Bu Enny, SH., MH. dan Bp. Sunardi selaku Tim Skripsi FK UNS atas bimbingan, perhatian, dan bantuan yang sangat besar hingga terselesainya skripsi ini dengan baik.

8. Yang tercinta kedua orang tua saya, Ayahanda Sunarto dan Ibunda Anik Destriarini, adik saya Nuur Rachma Diah Falupi, serta seluruh keluarga besar yang senantiasa mendoakan, bersabar, selalu percaya, dan tak pernah berhenti memotivasi serta memberikan dukungan dalam segala hal hingga terselesaikannya skripsi ini.

9. Yang terkasih, Wahyu Agustin Dwi Ciptaningtyas atas kesabarannya, doanya, dukungannya, senyum dan cintanya, semangatnya, bantuannya, dan segala yang sudah diberikan dengan tak henti-hentinya.

10. Keluarga besar Asisten Fisiologi 2012, beserta staff dan dosen atas semangat dan doanya yang tulus kepada penulis.

11. Wawan, Risnu, Rico, Mas Kiki, Mas Ibnu, Mas Ikhsan, Mas Alan, Mas Vidi, Ivan selaku keluarga besar Kos Sasana Medika, Hanif, Aris, Fajar, Aulia, Gusti, Anin, Novi, Annisa, selaku Teman-teman KKN TI Madiun, dan juga teman-teman Keluarga Besar Oragastra, atas semangat dan segala bantuannya.

12. Semua pihak yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung membantu proses penelitian tugas karya akhir ini yang tidak mungkin disebutkan satu persatu.

Meskipun tulisan ini masih belum sempurna, penulis berharap skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pembaca. Saran, koreksi, dan tanggapan dari semua pihak sangat diharapkan oleh penulis.

Surakarta, 17 Mei 2016 Muhammad Mardhiya Alghifari


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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

PRAKATA ...................................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................... vii

DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................... xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

A. Latar Belakang Masalah ............................................................ 1

B. Rumusan Masalah ...................................................................... 4

C. Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................... 4

D. Manfaat penelitian ..................................................................... 5

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI

A. Tinjauan Pustaka

1. Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi - Problem Based Learning

di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret ................ 6

2. Skills Lab ................................................................................ 7

3. Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)

a. Pengertian ........................................................................... 9

b. Faktor-faktor yang Memengaruhi Hasil dari Pelaksanaan

OSCE ................................................................................. 12

4. Kecemasan

a. Pengertian ........................................................................... 13

b. Penyebab Kecemasan ........................................................ 14

c. Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kecemasan ................. 17

d. Gejala dan Gambaran Klinis Kecemasan .......................... 22

5. Mekanisme Coping

a. Pengertian Coping .............................................................. 23

b. Bentuk-bentuk Coping ....................................................... 24

c. Proses Coping .................................................................... 34


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d. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi Coping ........................ 35

6. Hubungan OSCE, Kecemasan, dan Mekanisme Coping ........ 38

B. Kerangka Pemikiran .................................................................. 43

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN

A. Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................... 44

B. Lokasi Penelitian ........................................................................ 44

C. Subjek Penelitian ....................................................................... 44

D. Metode Pengumpulan Data ........................................................ 48

E. Instrumen Penelitian .................................................................. 50

F. Definisi Operasional .................................................................. 50

G. Prosedur Penelitian .................................................................... 51

H. Cara Kerja .................................................................................. 51

I. Analisis Data .............................................................................. 53

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN

A. Deskripsi Partisipan ................................................................... 56

B. Hasil Penelitian

1. Persepsi OSCE Menurut Mahasiswa .................................... 59

2. Faktor-faktor Penyebab Kecemasan saat OSCE ................... 63

3. Mekanisme Coping Mahasiswa ketika Menghadapi

OSCE .................................................................................... 69

BAB V PEMBAHASAN

A. Kecemasan pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran saat Menghadapi

OSCE

1. Persepsi OSCE Menurut Mahasiswa .................................... 76

2. Faktor-faktor Penyebab Kecemasan saat OSCE ................... 79

3. Mekanisme Coping Mahasiswa ketika Menghadapi

OSCE .................................................................................... 85

4. Keterkaitan OSCE, Kecemasan, dan Mekanisme

Coping ................................................................................... 91

B. Keterbatasan Penelitian .............................................................. 94


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BAB VI SIMPULAN DAN SARAN

A. Simpulan ..................................................................................... 96

B. Saran .......................................................................................... 97

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 99


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DAFTAR TABEL

Halaman

Tabel 4.1 Karakteristik Partisipan dengan Metode Wawancara .................. 57

Tabel 4.2 Karakteristik Partisipan dengan Metode FGD .............................. 58

Tabel 4.3 Hasil Content Analysis terkait Persepsi OSCE Menurut Mahasiswa .................................................................................... 59

Tabel 4.4 Hasil Content Analysis terkait Faktor-faktor Penyebab Kecemasan saat OSCE ................................................................. 63

Tabel 4.5 Hasil Content Analysis terkait Mekanisme Coping ketika Menghadapi OSCE ....................................................................... 69


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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Halaman

Gambar 2.1 Skema Proses Coping .............................................................. 34

Gambar 2.2 Kerangka Pemikiran ................................................................ 43

Gambar 5.1 Skema Keterkaitan OSCE, Kecemasan, dan Mekanisme Coping ..................................................................................... 93


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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance

Lampiran 2. Surat Izin Penelitian

Lampiran 3. Informed Consent

Lampiran 4. Pedoman Diskusi Terarah dan Wawancara

Lampiran 5. Transkrip FGD Angkatan 2012

Lampiran 6. Transkrip Wawancara Angkatan 2012







Lampiran 13. Hasil Coding

Lampiran 14. Dokumentasi Kegiatan

Documents

Studi Kualitatif Kecemasan pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran · PDF filestudi kualitatif kecemasan mahasiswa kedokteran saat menghadapi objective structured clinical examination (osce) skripsi