ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Study of molecules with carbon-carbon bonds

CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS Carbon is the element present in all

living things. All compounds are classified as organic

or inorganic. Organic compounds-carbon containing Inorganic compounds-do not contain

carbon (several exceptions like CO2)

CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS Carbon atoms contain 4 electrons in

their outermost energy level.Most atoms are stable with 8 electrons in

their outermost energy level.To fill its outer energy level, carbon forms

4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements.

CARBON BONDING When carbon bonds to other carbons, it

can form 3 main shapes:1. Straight Chains 2. Branched Chains3. Rings

CARBON BONDING There are 3 types of

bonds carbon can form:1. Single bonds2. Double bonds3. Triple bonds

HOW CARBON-CARBON BONDS ARE MADE

ATP- “energy currency” (stores energy for use in biological reactions)ATP releases energy when one of its high‐

energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group

Helps form organic compounds

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Built mostly from C, H, & O. There are 4 major macromolecules (organic

compounds).1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

Each class has different properties.Properties depend on how much C, H, O there is

and what “other elements” are present.

MONOMERS & POLYMERS Monomers are the “building blocks” or

“bricks” of larger organic compounds, called polymers. The largest polymers are called macromolecules.

To make different types of buildings, you have to use different bricks. To make different macromolecules you need to use different monomers (bricks).Some bricks build carbohydrates other

bricks build proteins.

CARBOHYDRATES C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O) Monomer (brick) =Monosaccharides (simple

sugars)Examples:

Glucose – cell energy, blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar, sweetness Galactose – milk sugar

Disaccharides- two simple sugars bonded togetherExamples:

Sucrose –table sugar Maltose Lactose – in milk

CARBOHYDRATES Many simple

sugars=polysaccharidesNot sugars, but still carbsExamples:

Starch- glucose storage in plants

Cellulose- plant fibers, give structure

Glycogen-glucose storage in animals

Job= Energy sourceAlso provides structure in plants

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Examples:GlucoseFructose

Galactose

Disaccharides (two sugars)

Examples:SucroseMaltoseLactose

Polysaccharides (complex

carbohydrates)

Examples:Starch

GlycogenCellulose

LIPIDS Made up of C,H,& O, with greater numbers of H. Monomers (bricks) = Fatty acids Types of Lipids:

SteroidsPhospholipidsWaxFats and oils

Job= Energy STORAGE, insulation, build cell membranes

TYPES OF LIPIDS Steroids

Sex hormones Estrogen & Testosterone

Cholesterol Provides support for cell

membrane Too much can accumulate

and cause heart disease

Phospholipids Cell membranes

WaxesBee wax, plant

cuticle (aloe) Fats and oils

Solids or liquids

FATS “Good” fats

Unsaturated (bent chains)

Oils (liquid)In cold blooded

animals and plants Fish, olives

Example foods Salmon, walnuts,

avocados

in these foods

FATS “Bad” fats

Saturated (straight chains)

SolidIn warm blooded

animals Cows, pigs

Example foods Butter, in

cheeseburgers

in these foods

Lipids

Made of fatty acid monomers

Steroids

Examples: cholesterol,

sex hormones

Waxes

Examples: Beewax, earwax

Phospholipids

Make up cell membranes

Fats and oils

Unsaturated

Saturatedty

pes

PROTEINS Mainly C,H,O,N, & S. Monomers (bricks) =

amino acids Proteins are made of

chains of amino acids that fold into sheets, tubes, blobs and other shapes.

Job depends on typeMany structural and

regulatory functions

PROTEINS Examples:

Enzymes – speed up reactions

Keratin – structure in hair, nails

Collagen – muscles and tendons, stretching

Insulin – breaks down sugar

Antibodies – defense in immune systems

Proteins

Made of amino acid monomers

Keratin

In hair and nails

Collagen

In muscles and tendons,

provides stretch

Enzymes

Speed up

reactions

Insulin

Regulate blood sugar

Antibodies

Immune system defense

Regulatory Examples

Structural Examples

NUCLEIC ACIDS Made up of C,H,O,N & P Monomers (bricks) = nucleotides Examples:

DNA or RNA Job = stores and then transmits your

genetic informationProvides the instructions to build proteins