STUDY ON LIGHTING IN OFFICE BUILDINGS KUCHING AREA

FAIZAL BIN ABD RAHMAN

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

(Civil Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2004

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This work is gratefully dedicated to my father and mother.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Regards to my project, I am thankful with the help of my supervisor Dr. Azhaili Baharun who

spent his time guiding and giving comments on my thesis progress. Never doubt our effort and

ability, an understanding supervisor and wonderful friend.

To the all individual person who helped me in this project which took a long time and very hard

until the end and to those people who helped me in intangible ways.

To my father and mother who always give a motivation and support to me. Their support gives

me a strong motivation to do the best in my project, although it was very challenging.

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ABSTRACT

This project is a preliminary research on lighting in office buildings Kuching area. The main

aim of the project is to conduct a survey on lighting systems and consumption characteristics.

The research had been carried out on five office buildings where the analysis is done using the

collected data. From the research, it shows that most of the offices building are not over

consumption in lighting system and provide comfortable luminaries in working space.

The major factor, which influenced the highest lighting lux and consumptions are using of

complex lighting system in working space and lighting systems, which is not improved

The day lighting in building and used of different types of lamps also will affected the results.

There should be emphasized on lighting system in today and future offices building, since it's

will effect the quality, occupants health and may reduced electric usage.

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AB STRAK

Projek ini adalah kajian mengenai sistem dan penggunaan lampu pada bangunan pejabat di

sekitar Bandaraya Kuching. Salah satu tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menyelidik kuantiti

penggunaan lampu dan teknologi yang sedia ada,

Secara keseluruhannya, bangunan-bangunan pejabat di sekitar Kuching, tidak melebihi indeks

dan masih berada di tahap selesa kepada pengguna dan pekerja dalam tempat bekerja.

Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai yang tinggi dalam kuantiti penggunaan lampu adalah

kepelbagaianjenis lampu yang digunakan dalam ruang bekerja dan system lampu yang tidak

dipertingkatkan. Pencahayaan semulajadi dan sistem lampu yang berbezajuga mempengaruhi

indeks.

Sistem lampu pada masa ini dan masa akan datang haruslah diberi perhatian yang serius

memandangkan ia mempengaruhi kualiti kerja, kesihatan pekerja dan mampu mengurangkan

kos elektrik.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

TITLE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

1.1 Lighting In Offices Building

1.2 Lighting Technologies

1.3 Structure Of Thesis

1.4 Objectives And Aims of This Study

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CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

2.1 Lighting strategies 11

CHAPTER THREE: Methodology

3.1 Data Collection

3.2 The Important Of Data Collection

3.3 Lighting Lux

3.4 Procedure Of Conducting Survey

CHAPTER FOUR: Result And Discussion

4.0 Introduction

4.1 Case Study

4.2 Summary Of Data

4.3 Analysis

4.4 Discussion

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CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion And Recommendation

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendation

5.3 Future Works

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REFERENCES 42

SCHEDULE 43

APPENDIX 1 Survey data For Yayasan Sarawak Building

APPENDIX 2 Survey data For Padawan Council Building

APPENDIX 3 Survey data For Sultan Iskandar Building

APPENDIX 4 Survey data For Menara Pelita Building

APPENDIX 5 Survey data For Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan Building

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LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 4.1 Yayasan Sarawak Building

Figure 4.2 Padawan Council Building

Figure 4.3 Sultan Iskandar Building

Figure 4.4 Menara Pelita Building

Figure 4.5 Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan

Table 4.6 Lighting type

Table 4.7 Buildings ranking lighting consumptions

Figure 4.71 Figure of Fluorescent Lamp Tube With Parabolic Lense

Figure 4.72 Figure of Fluorescent Lamp With Anodized Aluminium Reflector

Figure 4.8 Buildings average lighting lux graph

Figure 4.9 Buildings lighting consumptions graph

Figure 4.10 Graph showing buildings Lux vs Recommended minimum buildings lux

Figure 4.11 Graph showing buildings Lux vs maximum buildings lux

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Chapter 1

Introduction

Wuyner, (1992) said that lights we commonly use to illuminate other things with can

mostly be divided into two main categories: Incandescent lights, which use a filament, and Are

Lights, which use an electrical arc running thru a gas plasma. Arc Lights can be further divided

into the world of high pressure arc lights in which light is produced in a physically small bulb of

high pressure gasses and low pressure arc lights. Examples of incandescent lights include the 60

and 100 watt light bulbs most of us use in our homes, most car headlamps and all current bicycle

headlamps. Incandescent lights come in a number of variants, which go under the names of

"krypton", "xenon", "halogen", and "quartz-halogen".

Examples of high pressure are lamps include mercury vapor lamps, and metal halide arc

lamps. All of these are found in street lamps, and industrial and stadium lightings. Examples of

low pressure arc lamps include fluorescent lights, the sort we often use in homes, offices, and

neon sign lamps.

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1.1 Lighting In Office Buildings

The occupants can be influenced to work more effectively when they are in environment

that promote "work like" atmosphere. Lighting system should be design properly because

worker productivity often increases because of the improvements in visibility and

environment brought about by new well-designed energy-efficient lighting systems.

Lighting systems must be familiar with fundamental concepts about lighting including:

" Quantity

" Quality

" Lamp technologies

" Ballast technologies

" Luminaries

" Controls

" Maintenance

Lighting systems are typically the second largest energy consumer in the offices building and

should be considered for inclusion. It was also the most significant of total energy usage in

offices. Lighting systems which are provided in building are subject to the code of "Energy

Building Management" standard.

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1.2 Lighting Technologies

Deep Perimeter Daylighting Systems

Fong, (1998) mentioned that conventional windows provide daylight in the outer 10 to 12

feet of a perimeter space. New daylighting technologies extend the daylit area by redirecting

sunlight further from the glazing aperture, may reducing electric lighting and cooling energy

within a larger floor area. The design is to collect sunlight from a source that varies in both

intensity and position and to distribute the luminous flux comfortably with minimal glare and

thermal impacts .

The system use a customized geometry developed for solar path have been developing

consists of a window wall divided into an upper daylighting and a lower view aperture. The

lower view aperture incorporates spectrally selective glazing with a shading device to control

glare, direct sun, heat gains, and view for those occupants adjacent to the window. The upper

daylighting aperture incorporates a prototype light shelf or light-pipe technology to transport

direct sunlight to depths of (30 ft) from the window wall; supplemental daylight is contributed

from the lower view window for the first (15 ft) from the window (Figure 2).

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Summer Equinox

Wintor

Spectrally Selective

Glass 0.6'

(a)

Secondary Reflector: Specular Reflective Film

Main reflector: Compound Reflective Film

(b)

Figure 2.

South-facing light shelf:

(a) Section along centerline of room

(b) Detail of light shelf reflectors

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The QL lamp technologies

New exterior lighting technology is considering using Philips QL lamp based on excellent

induction technology, which lasts five to ten times longer than other current fluorescent or HID

(high intensity discharge) light sources. It has no filament or electrode to burn out, enabling a

lifetime of up to 100,000 hours and no warm-up time.

1.3 Structure Of thesis:

First chapter is the introduction part, which consist of objectives of this research and also

mentions about lighting technologies which available for lighting efficient.

Chapter two describes literature review, which covers study on standard design for lighting

system and efficient luminaries.

Chapter three consists the methodology of this research project, which explains how the data

collection is being done. The process of lighting consumption survey in building and the

importance for each data is collected.

For the following submission of final year project two, it is presented chapter.

Chapter four describes on results & discussion part.

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1.4 Objectives and Aims of This Study

This lighting study aims mainly research on lighting used in office buildings Kuching area.

It in objective of main study to analyze lighting use factor and to suggest optimum lighting

usage. The scope is applied to the offices building, which will be selected in Kuching area and

collected the data. Below are the main objectives of this research.

1. To finding the illuminance acceptable condition in offices building by literature review.

2. To finding availability of different lighting system by literature review.

3. To measure the lighting intensity in selected office building, check whether their

intensity is below or upper than suggested by building regulation.

4. To Identify the percentage of overall energy usage on lighting.

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Chapter 2

Literature Review

This chapter wills elaborate on research work that has been carried out and is closely to the

study conducted.

For the lighting system, Wayner, (1992) said that types of task being performed should be

noticed, since light replacement with more efficient lamps often involves chancing the colour of

resultant high.

Ex: high pressure sodium lamps are much more efficient than mercury vapor lamps or even

metal halide lamp, but the produce a yellowish light that make fine colour distinction difficult

In Malaysia, minimum lighting level standard for task area in office buildings should be

followed to insure worker productivity and safety. Lighting design should be relate to other

building systems because lighting has thermal which the change may affect the performance of

cooling system. Inadequate levels can decrease productivity, and they can also lead to a

perception of floor indoor air quality.

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William, (1994) mentioned that Lighting energy use represents only 5-25 % of total energy

cost for a standard office buildings, but it is usually cost effective to address because lighting

improvement are often easier to make than many process upgrades.

For an area of task, which is a working space, older workers may require greater light level

than young worker where modular task lighting would allow worker to increase their light level

on specific task.

0' Connor, (1997) suggested average illuminance levels, lighting for general offices is

300-400 lux and maximum allowable light power for illumination system for office is 20 w/m2

and Lighting made up 28 % of the total energy cost and a starling 54% per cent of the electricity

cost.

Illuminating Engineering Society IES recommends that the place where working space are

visual task and only occasionally performed, the range of illuminances is 100-150-200 lux

where it's reference work plane is general lighting throughout spaces.

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"Adding lense or reflector to a lighting fixture change the light distribution pattern

(i. e, photometrics). Replacing the lens or diffuser can be helpful in situations where the system

was poorly designed or the use of the space has changed. For example, many offices area which

were lighted appropriately for traditional paperwork now have glare on video terminals because

people are using computer instead of typewriters or pens. " (William, 1994).

Tanya, (1996) mentioned that it was estimated that the average lamp was on for about 2500

hours per year. It could probably be reduced to 1800 hours (or by over 25%) simply by avoiding

waste which need cooperation from the occupants, for example by making minor changes to

operating programmers, cleaning schedules and light levels in corridors. Much greater savings

could often be made by replacing or upgrading luminaries and control systems with new

technologies, but realistically these could be contemplated only in new installations or major

refurbishments.

For maintance the lighting and reduce the waste of energy, the switches should be placed

strategically so that the last person to leave the space or task area can switch off all remaining

lighting and corridors, toilets and occasionally used rooms with user-controlled on-switching,

but with manual or automatically sensed 'OFF' control to allow for forgetfulness. Fully

automatic occupancy sensing works best in circumstances where people do not have their hands

free to use switches, e. g. when carrying boxes into storerooms, restacking library shelves etc.

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The basic functional goal of incorporating window and lighting systems in commercial

buildings is to give occupants an adequate level of daylight or electric lighting to perform visual

tasks productively since some of the occupants like a view outside. Windows admit radiant heat

as well as light, and more expensive to remove the heat than to supply the light.

In a study of office workers in the Pacific Northwest region, slightly more than 40% of the

occupants said the sunlight in their offices was too bright at least some of the time, and 60% of

the occupants said the window was a primary source of glare and interfered with their work.

Lee, (1995) said that yet more than 50% of the occupants in several Tokyo high- rise office

buildings preferred to have seats nearer the window, citing the brightness, outside view, wide

visual range, and open feeling as advantages.

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2.1 Lighting Strategies

Givoni, (1991), suggested that offices are typified by diverse clerical tasks performed on

the whole at desks though not exclusively. The groupings of specific tasks are susceptible to

change during the lifetime of the electric lighting installation. There are three strategies for

lighting this environment.

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The first strategy is uniform lighting. For any office larger than a single cellular office this

entails a uniform (equally spaced) grid of luminaries, which pays no attention to the planning

layout of tasks. The luminaries are generally suspended from, mounted on or recessed within

the ceiling and for reasons of economy and energy efficiency these are normally linear

fluorescent luminaries. (Refer to Figure 2.1 a)

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Figure 2.1b

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The ease with which these installations can be designed and the flexibility of change that

they can accommodate has made them ubiquitous. They intentionally produce a lighting

environment with little variation and are sometimes labeled boring because of this.

(Refer to Figure 2.1 b)

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The second strategy for office lighting is localized lighting. This form of lighting must

relate to the pattern of work groups as it aims to provide sufficient task illumination over

workstation areas in preference to areas of less critical visual tasks. An inevitable result of this

type of lighting is a greater diversity in the illuminance pattern in the interior.

(Refer to figure 2.1 c)

Figure 2.1 d

Because a high level of task illuminance is not provided over the whole interior on plan,

localized installations can facilitate energy savings. One technique of providing localized

lighting is by the use of up lighters. If these are free standing or screen mounted they can

provide a degree of flexibility to accommodate change within the office.

(Refer to figure 2.1 d)

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Figure 2.1 e

The third strategy is local lighting. This form of lighting is similar to localized lighting, in

that it relates to tasks in the office, but it aims to light to a sufficiently high level only the area of

critical task and not the whole workstation. Usually this means the desktop. The rest of the

office is lit by a system of background lighting or ambient lighting, which aims to provide a

sufficient and generally. (Refer to figure 2.1 e)

Uniform level of lighting for non-critical visual tasks and ambience. The background

lighting can be provided by a ceiling mounted system of uniform lighting or by up lighters.

Figure 2.1 f

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This strategy like localized lighting provides potential for energy savings because of its non-

uniformity but suggests greater diversity in the illuminance pattern in the interior.

Figure 2.1 g

The resulting illuminance pattern combines the illuminance pattern of the background lighting

with the illuminance pattern of the task lighting and will change with desk layout. Both

uplighting and task lighting present a wiring management problem.

(Refer to figure 2.1 f and 2.1 g)

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