Subject Index

A abscess 220-221 accessory ossicles 23-26,109,124-126,145 - os trigonum 76,111,175 achilles tendinopathy 293-297 achillodynia 169 achondrogenesis 130 achondroplasia 132 acrocephalosyndactyly 139 acromegaly 128,274-275 aero-osteolysis 139 adamantinoma 339 adhesive capsulitis 41 air bubble 91 Albers-Schonberg disease 136 Albert's disease 171 amniotic band 116 amyloidosis 259 aneurysmal bone cyst 340 angiosarcoma 335 ankylosing spondylitis 128,255 anterior impingement syndrome 297,298 anterior tibial artery 78,96 anterolateral impingement 85,91, 193-195,298-299 Apert's syndrome 139 apophysitis calcanei 171 arachnodactyly 141 ARCO 283 arthritis 251-262 arthritis mutilans 259 arthrodesis 357-359 arthrography - conventional arthrography 36-41,180 - CT arthrography 37,55-56 - MR arthrography 85-93,181 arthrogryposis 140 arthroplasty 360-361 avascular necrosis 164,271,279

B ballet dancing 174 benign fibrous histiocytoma 340 benign nerve sheath tumour 345 betamethasone 108 biphalangism 120 bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation 340 Bohler'sangle 23,151 bone infarct 340 bone mineral density 264-266 bone scintigraphy - in osteochondritis 285

- in osteonecrosis 283 - in tumours 328 brachydactyly 129 brachyphalangy 128 broadband ultrasound attenuation 266 Brodies's abscess 221 brown tumour 270 bullet 368-369 bunionette 308, 365 bupivacaine 108 bursitis 169,170,295 bursography 37-38,41

C calcaneal pitch 118 calcaneal spur 299 calcifying aponeurotic fibroma 341 calcium pyrophosphate 253 callus 236-23 7 Camurati-Engelmann disease 139 carbonic anhydrase-2 136 cellulitis 217 Charcot arthropathy 234 checkrein deformity 175 chondroblastoma 333 chondrocalcinosis 260 chondrodysplasia punctata 129 chondroectodermal dysplasia 131 chondromyxoid fibroma 335 chondrosarcoma 335 Chopart's joint 80,234 claustrophobia 61 claw toe 364 clear -cell sarcoma 346 cleidocranial dysplasia 139 Cobey view 301 computed tomography (CT) 43-59 - anatomy 50 - artefact 48 - arthrography 55-56 - fluoroscopy 45,56 - helical 44-45 - Hounsfield units 48-49 - image quality 46 - in infection 224 - in osteochondritis 285 - in osteonecrosis 280 - in tumours 328 - intervention 56-5 7 - multislice 45 cone shaped epiphyses 128, l39

374

congenital limb deficiency 115-116 curry toe 364

D deep peroneal nerve 78, 97 dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 340 desmoid 208 desmoplastic fibroma 337 devitalization 239 diabetic foot 233-250 diaphyseal aclasis 135 diaphyseal dysplasia 139 digital nerves 82 dislocation - talus 157 - tarso-metatarsal (lisfranc) 158 dorsalis pedis artery 78 double line sign 282 Dual X-ray Absorptiometry 266 Dupuytren's contracture 173, 208 dysostosis 128 dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica 135

E edema 237 Electric torture 368 Ellis-van Crefeld syndrome 131 enchondroma 334 enchondromatosis 135 enthesopathy 255 entrapment neuropathy 70 epidermal inclusion cyst 348 epiphyseal injury 160 epithelioid sarcoma 348 erosions 253-254 Ewing's sarcoma 338 extraskeletal chondroma 347 extraskeletal chondrosarcoma 347 extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma 346 extraskeletal osteosarcoma 347

F falaca 367 falanga 367 Ferkel's phenomenon 298 fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva 141 fibroma of the tendon sheath 341 fibromatosis 207 - 209 fibro-ostosis 171, 173 fibrosarcoma 337,341 fibrous cortical defect 336 fibrous dysplasia 141,337 field strength 61 fixation 352-355 flat foot 119-120 flexor digitorum accessorius longus muscle 69 foot deformity 235 foreign body 217 fracture - avulsion fracture 147, 179 - bi -malleolar fracture 149 - calcaneal fracture 150-153,353,355 - cuboid fracture 153-155

- cuneiform fracture 153-155 - insufficiency fracture 157,256,273 - Jones's fracture 155,357 - Maisonneuve fracture 149 - management 352-353 - metatarsal fracture 155-157 - navicular fracture 153 - Pilon fracture 147 - stress fracture 157,270 - talarfracture 149-150,353 fracture classification - AD 146 - Danis 146 - Hawkins 150 - Henderson 146 - Lauge Hansen 146 - modified Lauge Hansen 160 - Salter-Harris 160 - Weber 146 fracture risk 266 Freiberg's disease 157,280,309-310

G gadolinium 64, 65, 86, 304 ganglion 56,167,348 gas 219,220 giant-cell reparative granuloma 340 giant-cell tumour 167-168,337 giant-cell tumour of the tendon sheath 344 glomus tumour 343 gout 255,259 granuloma 218 granuloma annulare 348

H haemangioendothelioma 335 haemangioma 335,342 haemangiopericytoma 335 haemophilia 252 haemosiderin 252 Haglund's syndrome 75, 172,295 hallux rigidus 305-308,361-364 hammertoe 364 heel pad thickness 274 heel pain 201 hindfoot calcaneus 301 hindfoot equinus 301 hindfoot valgus 301 hindfoot varus 301 Hurler's syndrome 134 hyperparathyroidism 128,270 hyperthyroidism 273 hypochondroplasia 133 hypoparathyroidism 272 hypophosphatemic osteomalacia 269 hypothyroidism 272

immunopathy 235-236 inferior peroneal retinaculum 72 instability 92 intraosseous ganglion 340 intraosseous lipoma 329,339

Subject Index

Subject Index

Jansen 133 joint - ankle joint 36-3 7, 109 - calcaneocuboid 37 - intercuneiform joint 11 0 - interphalangeal 11 0 -lateral cuneocuboid joint 110 - metatarsophalangeal 110 - naviculocuboid joint 11 0 - naviculocuneiform joint 110 - subtalar joint 37,109 - talocalcaneonavicular joint 37,110 - talonavicular joint 11 0 juvenile aponeurotic fibroma 341 juvenile chronic arthritis 128 juvenile idiopathic arthritis 256-257

K Kager's triangle 76,104 Kaposi's sarcoma 325,343 kinematic MR 168 knee-capping 367, 368 Kohler's disease 280 K-wire 353

L langerhans cell hisiocytosis 337 Larsen's syndrome 140 lateral plantar nerve 82 Ledderhose disease 208 leg length discrepancy 165 leiomyoma 347 leiomyosarcoma 347 ligament - anterior talofibular 27-29,72,87,101,181 - anterior tibiofibular 27-29 - calcaneofibular 27-29,72,86,87,101,182 - calcaneonavicular (spring) 80 - deltoid 27-29,69,103,186 -lateral 72-73,181-184 - long plantar 80 - medial 69-70,186-187 - pathology 179-200 - posterior talofibular 27-29,72,87,101,181 - posterior tibiofibular 27-29 - short plantar 80 - spring 188 - talocalcaneal 78 - tear 88,89 - tibiocalcaneal 69 - tibionavicular 69 - tibiotalar 69 ligament injury -lateral collateral ligament 190-193 - medial collateral ligament 196 - spring 196-197 - subtalar 197 - syndesmosis 195 lipoblastoma 342 lipoma 342 lipoma arborescens 54 liposarcoma 339,342

Lisfranc injury 198-199,353 Lisfranc's joint 80,234 Lisfranc's ligament 188 longitudinal deficiency 116 Looser zone 268,271 lotus foot 367,370 lymphoma 338

M macrodystrophia lipomatosa 142 magic angle effect 62, 66 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 61-84 - anatomy 65-83 - arthrography 85-93 - coils 62 - gradient -echo 64-65 - in achilles tendinopathy 294 - in infection 224-226 - in osteochondritis 285 - in osteonecrosis 281 - in sesamoid pathology 315 - in tumours 328 - spin -echo 64 - Tl-weighted 64 - T2-weighted 64 Majewski 132 malignant fibrous histiocytoma 337,341 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour 346 mallet toe 364 Marfan's syndrome 141 McCune-Albright syndrome 141 medial longitudinal arch 78,81 medial plantar nerve 82 melorheostosis 13 7 -138 meniscoid lesion 298 metabolic bone disease 263-277 metaphyseal dysostosis l33 metaphyseal dysplasia 139 metastasis 339 metatarsus varus 306 midfoot deformity 302-305 Morquio-Brailsford syndrome 135 Morton's neuroma 82,325,344 Mucopolysaccharidoses 134-135 Mueller-Weiss syndrome 280 multicentric reticulohistiocytosis 255,259 multiple epiphyseal dysplasia 130 multiple exostoses 135 muscle - abductor digiti quinti 79 - abductor hallucis 79 - accessory soleus 76, 104, 169 - gastrocnemius 74 - soleus 74 - soleus quartus 169 myeloma 338 myositis ossificans 348 myxoma 348

N necrosis 219 necrotizing fasciitis 219-220 neural fibrolipoma 142

375

376

neurofibroma 142,339,345 neurofibromatosis 142, 345 neurolemmoma 339 neuroma 325 neuropathic osteoarthropathy 234-235,241-245,304-305 nodular fasciitis 341 non-ossifying fibroma 336

o Ollier's disease 135 open magnet 61 orthoses 304 ossification centre 117 osteoarthritis 108,259 osteoblastoma 332 osteochondral fracture 162-163 osteochondral lesion 89,91 osteochondritis dissecans 284-289 osteochondroma 334 osteochondrosis 309 osteogenesis imperfecta 136 osteoid osteoma 56,57,85,326,332 osteomalacia 267-269 osteomyelitis 223,246-247 osteonecrosis 279 osteopathia striata 138 osteopetrosis 136 osteopoikilosis 138 osteoporosis 264-266 osteosarcoma 332-333 Ottawa ankle rules 145

p

Paget's disease 275 palmatoria 367,370 paratenon 75,104 peripheral neuropathy 234 peripheral vascular disease 235,238-239 peritendinitis 169,170 peroneocalcaneus internus muscle 69 peroneus quartus (quadratus) muscle 71 pes cavus 120,305 pes planus 141, 302-304 phased array coil 62 pigmented villonodular synovitis 54, 260, 253, 344 plantar fascia (aponeurosis) 79,173,204-211 plantar fascia rupture 206-207 plantar fasciitis 173,201,205-206,300 plantar fasciotomy 209-211 plantar fibroma 208 plantar fibromatosis 173,341 plantar spur 299 plexiform neurofibroma 345 polydactyly 129 posterior ankle impingement Ill, 297 posterior tibial tendon dysfunction 302-303 post-traumatic osteoarthritis 163 primitive neuroectodermal tumour 346 proximal femoral deficiency 116 pseudo achondroplasia 134 pseudohypoparathyroidism 128,272 pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 128,272 pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis 341

Subject Index

psoriasis 253,255,257-259 pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy 274 pulse oximeter 61 Pyle's disease 139

Q quadrature coil 62 quantitative CT 265 quantitative ultrasound 266

R radiography - in infection 223-224 - in tumours 328 - measurement techniques 19-23 - projections 4-18 - stress views 8-10, 180 radionuclide studies - in infection 226-227 red marrow 66 reflex sympathetic dystrophy 164,267 Reiter's syndrome 253,255,257-259 renal osteodystrophy 271 renal tubular acidosis 136 retinaculum - flexor 36, 70 - inferior extensorv 34, 36 - inferior peroneal 34, 36 - superior extensor 36 - superior peroneal 34 retro-achilles bursa 75, 104 retrocalcaneal bursa 37, 104 rhabdomyosarcoma 347 rheumatoid arthritis 253,256 rheumatoid nodule 256 rickets 267 - 269 Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome 141

S Saldino-Noonan 131 Salter-Harris fracture 161 sarcoma 275,326 Scarf osteotomy 307 Schmid 133 schwannoma 345 sedation 61 septic arthritis 227-228 septic tenosynovitis 222 seronegative spondylarthropathy 173 seronegative spondylarthropathy 255,257-259 sesamoid bones 23, 126-128,309,313-323 - in arthropathy 316-317 - in avascular necrosis 317 - in infection 315 - in trauma 318-322 sesamoiditis 309,318 Sever's disease 171 short metatarsal 128 short rib-polydactyly syndrome 131 signal to noise 61, 62 sinus tarsi 78,85,187,197,198 sinus tarsi syndrome 201 sinus tracts 216-217

Subject Index

skin ulceration 215-216, 236 small saphenous vein 98 soft tissue infection 218, 219 spectral presaturation 64, 65 spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita 134 sprain 189 stenosing tenosynovitis 27,41 Stickler's syndrome 129 Stieda process 77 STIR 62,64,65,229 Streeter's band 116 subtalar joint 78 Sudek's atrophy 267 sural nerve 75,98 susceptibility artefact 62 syndactyly 129 syndesmotic recess 28 synovial (osteo )chondromatosis 54,252,260,344 synovial sarcoma 344

T tailor's bunion 308 talar declination 118 talipes 118-119 tarsal coalition 53,54,81,103,109,120-123,140 tarsal tunnel 70 tarsal tunnel syndrome 202-204 tendinosis 167,170,171 tendon - achilles 29-31,73-76,103,169 - anterior 77 -78 - extensor digitorum longus 36,77,96 - extensor hallucis longus 36,77,96,176 - flexor digitorum longus 35-36,67 -69,87, 101, 173 - flexor hallucis longus 35-36,67-69,87,101,104,173,174 - in tennis leg 172 - in Bechterew's disease 172 - in hypercholesterolemia 172 - in Reiter's disease 172 - in rheumatoid arthritis 172 - in systemic lupus erythematosis 172 - in tendon rupture 172 - in tuberculosis 172 - in xanthoma 172

- lateral 70-72 - medial 67-69, - peroneus brevis 31-35,70-72,91,99,175,176 - peroneus longusv 31-35,71-72,99,175,176 - peroneus quartus 34 - peroneus tertius 77 - plantaris 75,104,173 - tibialis anterior 36,77,96,176 - tibialis posterior 35-36,67 -69, 10 1, 173, 174 tendon injury 167 tendon overuse syndrome 167,168 tenography 38-40,41-42,180 tenosynovitis 41,42,239 thanatophoric dysplasia 130 thyroid acropachy 273 thyrotoxicosis 273 tibialis posterior artery 103 tibialis posterior nerve 103 tibio-fibular syndesmosis 72,90,184-186 Tillaux fracture 161 Tinel's test 96 toe deformity 308-309 toe-screw 367,370 transducer 95 transverse deficiency 116 transverse interfascicular septum 203 Trevor's disease 135 tri-plane fracture 160-162 tumoral calcinosis 347

U ultrasound 95-106 - in achilles tendinopathy 294 unicameral bone cyst 339 urate 259

V vertical talus 120,140,141 vitamin D 267 von Recklinghausen's disease 142 von Willebrand's disease 252

W wrap artefact 62

377

List of Contributors

THOMAS D. BERG, MD Department of Radiology University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

THOMAS H. BERQUIST, MD, FACR Professor of Radiology, Director of Education Mayo Foundation Mayo Clinic 4500 San Pablo Road Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA

STEFANO BIANCHI, MD Division of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology Hospital Cantonal Universitaire de Geneve Rue Micheli-du-Crest 24 1211 Geneva 14 Switzerland

S. LEON BURROWS, MD Professor, Department of Radiology University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

VICTOR N. CASSAR-PULLICINO, LRCP, MRCS, MD, DMRD, FRCR Consultant Radiologist Department of Radiology The Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic and District Hospital Oswestry, Shropshire SYlO 7 AG UK

VI JAY P. CHAND NAN I MD Department of Radiology Grant Medical Center OWH, VPC) III S. Grant Avenue Columbus, OH 43215 USA

MARK COBBY, MD Department of Radiology Frenchay Hospital Frenchay Park Road Bristol BS16 1LE UK

A. MARK DAVIES, MD Consultant Radiologist The MRI Centre Royal Orthopaedic Hospital Birmingham B31 2AP UK

BRIAN J. DEMICHAELIS, MD Department of Radiology University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

GEORGE Y. EL-KHOURY MD Professor, Department of Radiology University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics Iowa City, IA 52242 USA

J. MARK ELLIOTT, MRCPI, FRCR Consultant Radiologist Department of Radiology Musgrave Park Hospital Stockman's Lane Belfast BT9 7JB UK

SCOTT J. ERICKSON, MD Department of Radiology Froedtert East Clinics - 2nd Floor 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53226-3596 USA

JEAN GARCIA, MD Division of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology Hospital Cantonal Universitaire de Geneve Rue Micheli-du-Crest 24 1211 Geneva 14 Switzerland

HARRY K. GENANT MD Professor of Radiology, Medicine, Epidemiology and Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Radiology University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA 94143-0628 USA

380

AMILCARE GENTILI, MD Professor of Radiology UCSD Thornton Hospital, Department of Radiology 9300 Campus Point Drive, 7756 La Jolla, CA 92037 USA

ANDREW J. GRAINGER, MRCP, FRCR Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist Department of Radiology Freeman Hospital High Heaton Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN UK

J. WALTER HELGASON,MD Department of Radiology Grant Medical Center OWH, VPC) 111 S. Grant Avenue Columbus, OH 43215 USA

SIEGFRIED HOFMANN, MD Orthopedic Hospital Stolzalpe 8852 Stolzalpe Austria

HERWIG IMHOF, MD Professor, Universitatsklinik fUr Radiodiagnostik Klinische Abteilung fur Osteologie Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wahringer GUrtel18-20 1090Wien Austria

JEREMY P. R. JENKINS, MBChB, FRCP, DMRD, FRCR Department of Clinical Radiology Manchester Royal Infirmary Oxford Road Manchester, M13 9WL UK

FRANZ KAINBERGER, MD Professor, Universitatsklinik fUr Radiodiagnostik Klinische Abteilung fur Osteologie Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wahringer GUrte118-20 1090Wien Austria

ALLEN KATZ, MD Department of Radiology Froedtert East Clinics - 2nd Floor 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53226-3596 USA

JOSEF KRAMER, MD, PhD Institut fUr CT & MR Diagnostik Am Schillerpark Rainerstrasse 6-8 4020 Linz Austria

List of Contributors

GRAHAME LAVIS, BSc (Hons) FpodA FChS Associate Specialist Podiatrist Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre Windmill Lane Oxford OX3 7LD UK

HANS PETER LEDERMANN, MD Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 132 S.1Oth Street - 1096 Main Building Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA

CARLO MARTINOLI, MD Istituto di Radiologia Universita di Genova Largo R Benzi 1 16100 Genova Italy

EUGENE G. McNALLY, FRCR, FRCPI Consultant Musculoskeletal Radiologist Department of Radiology Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre Windmill Lane Oxford OX3 7LD UK

WILLIAM B. MORRISON, MD Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 111 S. 11 th St. 3390 Gibbon Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA

STEFAN NEHRER, MD Professor, Universitatsklinik fUr Orthopadie Klinische Abteilung fur Osteologie Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wahringer GUrte118-20 1090Wien Austria

MICHAEL RECHT, MD Cleveland Clinic Foundation Diagnostic Radiology Musculoskeletal Section 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195-5145 USA

PETER RENTON, FRCR Consultant Radiologist Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital London WI W 5AQ, and University College London Hospitals London WClE 3BG UK

List of Contributors

DAVID A. RITCHIE, MD Department of Radiology Royal Liverpool University Hospital Prescot Street Liverpool L7 8XP UK

LEANNE L. SEEGER, MD Professor, Department of Radiological Sciences 200 UCLA Medical Plaza Suite 165 - 57 Los Angeles CA 90095-6952 USA

MARK E. SCHWEITZER, MD Department of Radiology Thomas Jefferson University Hospital 111 S. 11th, # 3390 Gibbon Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA

BERNHARD TINS, MD, Dip!. Phys., FRCR Department of Radiology The Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic & District Hospital Oswestry Shropshire, SY10 7 AG UK

PRUDENCIA N.M. TYRRELL, MD Consultant Radiologist Department of Diagnostic Imaging The Robert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic and District Hospital Oswestry, Shropshire SYlO 7 AG UK

DANIEL VANEL, MD Department of Radiology Institut Gustave Roussy 39 rue Camille Desmoulins 94805 Villejuif France

HERMANN VOGEL, MD Professor, Department of Radiology Albers-Schonberg Institut fiir Strahlendiagnostik Allgemeines Krankenhaus St. Georg Lohmiihlenstrasse 5 20099 Hamburg Germany

lAIN WATT, MD Department of Clinical Radiology Bristol Royal Infirmary Marlborough Street Bristol BS2 8HW UK

RICHARD WILLIAM WHITEHOUSE, MD Department of Clinical Radiology Manchester Royal Infirmary Oxford Road Manchester, M13 9WL UK

JOSEPH S. Yu, MD Associate Professor of Radiology Chief, Musculoskeletal Division Department of Radiology The Ohio State University Medical Center S-255 Rhodes Hall 450 W. 10th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210 USA

381

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