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8/20/2019 Submission Resubmit
1/56
14/5/2015
Submission to theSouth Australian
Nuclear IndustryRoyal Commission byDr Graeme Murphy
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Nuclear IndustryPlease accept the following submission to the Royal Commission.
I believe that the commission provides a wonderful opportunity to bring a large 21st century industry to
South Australia.
In this submission I have included a lot of information which I have outlined and included in appendices.Many of these will mirror submissions given by others.
The particular issues I ask you to note.
1.
Appendices A & B
These are not intended to be political. They are merely my explanation of the definitions of various
concepts. I have tried to explain the difference between a radioisotope and a radionuclide, between a
neutron and a nucleon and other such distinctions.
Definitions are hyperlinked to Wikipedia or other references.
2.
Appendix C
I have attempted to explain the concept of area under the curve.
Radionuclides which have very long half-lives cannot be highly
radioactive. Anti-nukes sometimes say “highly radioactive for
millions of years”. This is impossible.
3. Appendix F
I do my best to explain exactly what nuclear waste is.
4.
Appendix G
Personal journey.
5.
Appendices H, I & J
I consider very important to compare radioactivity from nuclear
events with background. The full sized diagram on page 10
demonstrates how small the releases of Chernobyl & Fukushimawere in comparison to background radioactivity.
6.
Appendix K
A lot has been said about Strontium-90 (90 Sr ). Anatomically, I
don’t think 90 Sr is a big problem.
This is my own opinion & I have not read something similar.
7. Appendix Q
In my opinion the anti-nuclear movement is a denialist movement. Its lack of scientific rigour, its
tactics and misrepresentation of facts uses the same gimmicks and stratagems as climate-change-
denialists and flat-earthers.
I hope that you are able to make findings which include: -
1.
The history of nuclear energy show it to be safer than any other energy source.
2.
Climate-change is an urgent problem and nuclear energy is likely to play the largest role in decarbonisation.
3.
The specific level of radioactivity from human nuclear activities is extremely small compared with
background.
Specifically, I would like to see precise numbers put on it including:-
(i)
The entire release from Fukushima was the equivalent of 1/30000 th of the natural radioactivity
in the oceans and similarly equal to 1/25,000,000 th of the natural radioactivity in the Earth’s
crust .
(ii)
The entire world’s stocks of fission products, 79 Se, 93 Zr , 99 Te, 107 Pd , 126Sn , 129 I and 135 Cs would,if buried in South Australia, would add 16 parts per million to the background radioactivity.
~ 2 ~
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide
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Climate ChangeIt is my opinion that: -
1. Climate Change should be considered an
environmental emergency.
2. All options need to be considered to
combat Global Warming, and
3. The case that so-called Renewable Energy,can by itself lead to a complete
decarbonisation is extremely weak, and
thus Nuclear Energy will be required, and
the sooner the better.
My Concerns 1.
The risks of climate change are bigger than
realised.
2.
The required scale of an effective response to
the problem is bigger than realised.
3.
The potential of non-nuclear low-carbon
sources isn’t as big as realised.
4.
Nuclear isn’t as bad as some people think.
To adequately address climate change we need large amounts
of energy. Whether or not it proves possible to reduce
energy usage with a higher efficiency, the world will require
vastly more energy than it does now. Extra energy will berequired to: -
1.
Provide the vast amount of energy required to lift the
3rd world out of poverty. 2.
Charge electric cars 3.
Generate the large amounts of H2 necessary for
transport. Manufacture synthetic
hydrocarbons as necessary
for heavy transport.
Nuclear energy
is essential to
the future
development of
human society.
4.
Reality Check: Germany's Defective
Green Energy Game Plan
~ 3 ~
8/20/2019 Submission Resubmit
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Specific figures you may not be aware of: - 1. The radioactivity released into the environment by Fukushima, Chernobyl and other nuclear incidents is
extremely small compared with natural environmental radioactivity .
2. It is far-fetched to suggest that this tiny amount ofradioactivity can result in serious environmental consequences.
I will give you some specific figures; I believe that an
independent assessment can confirm these: -
1. The total radioactivity released from Fukushima is 1/30000 th of the natural radioactivity in the oceans.Cook Islands is 1/30000th of the size of Australia.
2. The total radioactivity released from Fukushima is
1/25,000,000 th of natural radioactivity in the Earth’s crust.Cook Islands is 1/25,000,000th of the Earth’s surface.
3. The entire world’s stock of the long-lived fission products,79 Se, 93 Zr , 99 Te, 107 Pd , 126Sn , 129 I and 135 Cs if dumped inSouth Australia would add 16 parts per million to the natural
radioactivity in SA, and 2 ppm to thenatural radioactivity in Australia.A mouse is 16 ppm compared with anelephant. The tiny red dot on the map is16 ppm.
4. The Russian submarine Kursk containedthe amount of Uranium equal to the naturalUranium in 1/3rd of a km of seawater (ieone 4-billionth of the natural Uranium in theoceans)This is equivalent to adding about half of a 44 gallon drum of water
to Sydney Harbour. 1 part in 4 billion. 5. Depleted Uranium left behind in Iraq is equal to the natural Uranium in
0.1mm of Iraqi soil. The top metre of Iraqi soil contains 10000x the
Uranium in a chemical form much more easily absorbed than metallic
Uranium.
The comparison is a not very
crowded elevator with
Adelaide Oval crowd for the
Showdown. 1:10000
~ iii ~ 4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium
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There is No Conspiracy Helen Caldicott [249] believes in a mass cover-up – “The World Health Organization is now part of the
conspiracy & the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy & cover-up in the history of
medicine.” [250] [251] [252] [253]
Cindy Folkers says she has “ uncovered a deliberate conspiracy on the part of the government and
nuclear industry to intentionally poison the public with radioactive food with the goal of making
contaminated food acceptable.” [254] Arnie Gundersen states on his website
“ world governments continue to cover-up
the true magnitude of this disaster, and
the mainstream media ignores it ” .[255]
Christopher Busby claims “ the Japanese
government is deliberately spreading
radioactive material from Fukushima all
over Japan .” [256] [257]
Caldicott Quotes
“The World Health Organization is now part of the conspiracy
and the cover-up. This is the biggest medical conspiracy &
cover-up in the history of medicine.”
”The northern hemisphere (of Earth) will become
uninhabitable”
“We’re talking about a disaster of unbound proportions” from
Fukushima Daiichi — 2.5 to 3 million deaths a possibility”
“50 years or more of highly contaminated water flowing into
Pacific from Fukushima”
”Radiation from Fukushima will kill Millions of People”
“More people died from Chernobyl than the black plague”
“If the present trends continue; the food we eat, the water
we drink will soon be contaminated enough with radioactive
pollutants to pose a health hazard far greater than any
plague humanity has ever experienced.”
In the last 25 years, there have been a million deaths due to
the Chernobyl incident and the Fukushima melt down was 2-3
times stronger than Chernobyl.
It will be a global catastrophe of epic proportions,
contaminating the northern hemisphere, resulting in tens of
millions of deaths.
Is this why Anastacia Paluszczukhas blocked Uranium exploration
in Queensland?
~ 1 ~ 5
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dicott-were-talking-about-a-disaster-of-unbound-proportions-from-fukushima-daiichi-2-5-to-3-million-deaths-a-possibility-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/www/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=385x584724http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/www/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=385x584724http://ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b=1&f=5&t=1659147http://ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b=1&f=5&t=1659147http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://c/Users/Graeme/Documents/It%20will%20be%20a%20global%20catastrophe%20of%20epic%20proportions,%20contaminating%20the%20northern%20hemisphere,%20resulting%20in%20tens%20of%20millions%20of%20deathshttp://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://foodintegritynow.org/2013/07/03/dr-helen-caldicott-radiation-and-fukushima-what-they-arent-telling-you/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://www.thinkclimateconsulting.com.au/2011/06/16/your-friday-fearmonger-courtesy-of-helen-caldicott/http://ak47.net/archive/topic.html?b=1&f=5&t=1659147http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php/www/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=385x584724http://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-50-years-highly-contaminated-water-flowing-pacific-fukushima-tepco-vp-optimistic-concerns-long-term-location-melted-fuel-mystery-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-were-talking-about-a-disaster-of-unbound-proportions-from-fukushima-daiichi-2-5-to-3-million-deaths-a-possibility-videohttp://enenews.com/caldicott-were-talking-about-a-disaster-of-unbound-propor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My recommendations 1. Nuclear energy is a very positive
option for the environment and is
certain to expand into the
future. Australia needs to be
actively involved in the industry.
2. A much more urgent action isrequired to address Climate-
Change we should be moving to
replace coal and gas fired
electricity plants now.
3. South Australia should be
willing to build and maintain a
world-wide permanent nuclear
waste repository. The total
amount of radioactivity fromthe long-lived radionuclides
requiring permanent storage is
negligible compared to the
natural radioactivity in the
environment.
4. South Australia should actively consider a fuel-leasing scheme. Nuclear fuel for reactors can be
provided on the basis that the waste is returned to SA. This will ensure safe disposal & reduce
proliferation concerns.The extreme claims of the anti-nukes are undoubtedly wildly exaggerations. In a country like
Nigeria for example, it is probably impossible for them to damage the environment as much with
nuclear waste as they have with petroleum products. Nonetheless, there is significant potential for
environmental harm. They will be building nuclear power plants and by far the best option is to
ensure that all waste is returned to a facility where the very best management can be undertaken.
5. Consideration needs to be given to the decarbonisation of electricity, and the subsequent
decarbonisation of transport. I would like to see a suite of nuclear reactors commenced immediately to
replace the lignite-burning monsters in the La Trobe Valley and elsewhere. A second suite of reactors
could then be built to make hydrogen to replace methane for industrial use. These reactors could also
be used for back-up electricity. That is, most of the time, the energy would be used to manufacture
H2 from H2O but could be diverted to generate electricity when needed. This would enable the
unpredictable and intermittent nature of wind and solar to be accommodated to some extent.
One mile = 63,360 inches
About 16 ppm
I can imagine the Greens or FOE or PSR sitting around the table trying
to model decarbonisation without a contribution from nuclear energy.
The first attempts at modelling don’t work – And rather than admit that
the ideological certainty that renewable energy is a 100% sure thing is
absurd, it must be the model that is wrong.
The model is changed, tweaked and assumptions modified until the
model is twisted into to fitting the pre-ordained outcome. Large energyefficiency dividends are necessary to make the model work.
There is no further efficiency dividend to accommodate electricity for
electric cars or H2 & other fuel generation.
~ 2 ~ 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-129http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change
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My Conclusions
1. Climate-Change is an emergency.
2. Nuclear energy is extremely safe, statistically safer
than wind or solar. Both nuclear and renewable energy
are far safer than fossil-fuels. Nuclear power is
extremely safe & should contribute to decarbonisation. 3. The worst accidents do not release large amounts of
radioactivity into the environment compared with
natural radioactivity.
4. The cost of nuclear power and renewable energy
remains higher than fossil-fuels. The long-term costs
are uncertain. There is virtually no support for the belief that nuclear
energy is necessarily too expensive outside of the Doctrinaire Anti-Nukes.
5. The IPCC has called nuclear and renewable energy low-carbon. Once
decarbonisation is achieved any mixture of nuclear, wind and solar is
carbon free.
6. The recent open letter to environmentalists from Profs Barry Brook &
Corey Bradshaw needs to be taken seriously. It is a serious letter from
serious scientists. There is a very substantial body of scientists
who believe the dangers of not going nuclear are far greater than
the dangers of nuclear.
7. There is a very substantial body of mainstream scientific opinion
which does not believe that Climate-Change can be avoided by
renewable energy alone.
8. Politely I might say there is a divergence of opinions on the bestoption to address Climate-Change. In practice, there is a strong
case that only the doctrinaire anti-nukes really believe that
renewable energy by itself will be able to address Climate-Change.
9. The anti-nuclear movement does not
behave in a scientific manner. It
behaves as a denialist movement. It’s
unscientific and a mirror of climate-
change denial.Wikipedia and Rationalwiki have pages
on denialism. The anti-nuclear
movement behaves as a denialist
movement just as Climate-Change-
Denial and Flat-Earthers are denialist
movements.[259] [260]
Denialist ideas demonstrate consistent
patterns of behaviour which includes
The Conspiracy and fake experts .
Nuclear energy is essential to prevent catastrophic
Climate-Change, let’s get started straight away.
~ 3 ~ 7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-you-dealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-you-dealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/A_comparative_guide_to_science_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theoryhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2007/05/02/fake-experts/http://www.forbes.com/sites/kathycaprino/2014/05/19/are-you-dealing-with-a-real-expert-or-a-fake-7-ways-to-tell/2/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Flat_Earthhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Climate_change_denialhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Denialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change
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~ 6 ~
Appendices Appendix A - I define the words used in nuclear physics.
Non-political.
What is the difference between a radioisotope &
a radionuclide, between a nucleus & a nucleon?
Appendix B - I discuss radioactivity, radiation, half-lifeand measurement – Non-political.
&
rays.
Appendix C - Area under the curve – Why a radionuclide
cannot be both highly radioactive and long-lived.
Activists sometimes say that there is a problem
with nuclear waste which is both long-lived &
highly radioactive. Radionuclides cannot be both
long-lived & highly radioactive. The area under the curve explains the reason.
Appendix D - Natural and Man-Made Radioactivity in
the Environment.
I explain how the radioactivity from nuclear
accidents compares with background radiation.
App endix E - Radioactivity and Cancer.
I discuss the complex relationship between radiation and cancer. It is important
to note that people living in areas of high natural radioactivity do not have an
elevated incidence of cancer. It is also important to note what happened when
the inadvertent addition of the radionuclide 60Co to structural steel led to a very
radioactive building.
Appendix F - What is nuclear waste?
Nuclear waste is scary stuff, or is it?
Appendix G - Personal Journey.
Why I have gone from supporter to
extreme sceptic of the anti-nuclear
movement.Appendix H -The Arithmetic is Simple.
The numbers don’t add up for the
anti-nukes. The entire release from
Fukushima is 1/30000th of the natural
radioactivity in the oceans, and
1/25,000,000th of the natural
radioactivity in the Earth’s crust. The
Kursk contained Uranium equal to1/3rd of the natural Uranium in 1 km3
of seawater.
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Appendix I – Depleted Uranium in Iraq.
The amount of depleted Uranium left behind in Iraq
is very small compared with the natural Uranium in
Iraqi soil.
Appendix J – The toxicity of Uranium & Plutonium.
Uranium & Plutonium are heavy metals that are a
little bit radioactive, nothing too dangerous.
Appendix K - Strontium-90 – It’s not a big problem.90Sr mimics Calcium, but there’s a lot of 84Sr,
86Sr, 87Sr and 88Sr in the environment and neither
Calcium nor Strontium end up in the cell near the DNA.
Appendix L – Scare Campaigns
Paul Keating didn’t invent the scare campaign.
Appendix M - Radioactivity versus Surface Area.
Compare the area of the Cook Islands to that ofAustralia, the same ratio as Fukushima radiation to
natural radiation in the oceans.
Appendix N - Nuclear Waste in SA.
The entire world’s supply of long-lived
radionuclide fission products would add
only 16 parts per million to the natural
radioactivity in the state.
Appendix O - Carbon is the Enemy!!!There is an environmental catastrophe
coming!!!
Appendix P – The True Cost of Nuclear
Energy.
Anti-nukes say nuclear is too expensive.
What do independent reports say?
Anti-nukes say nuclear has a high CO2
cost. What do independent reports say?
Appendix Q - Climate-Change-Denial, other
denialist convictions and Anti-Nukes.
Climate-Change-Denial & the anti-
Nukes use the same denialist tactics.
Appendix R – Climate Change & Nuclear Power
“There is no credible path to climate
stabilization that does not include a
substantial role for nuclear power”
Appendix S – Climate Change & Nuclear Power.Pro-Renewable & Pro-Nuclear for the
climate and the planet.
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Natural radioactivity and anthropogenic radioactivity:
Nuclear facilities when functioning properly release virtually no radioactivity. The worst nuclear
accidents that have occurred, have released levels of radioactivity many orders of magnitude
smaller than the natural radioactivity in the environment.
Total radioactivity from Chernobyl & Fukushima compared with
natural radioactivity in the oceans. The 5 metre yellow circle
(shown only in tiny part), surrounding the blue circle above,
represents the natural radioactivity in the Earth’s crust.
Natural radioactivity of the oceans
16,000,000 Petabecquerels
Total radioactivity release
Chernobyl 5300 PBq
Total radioactivity release
Fukushima 520 PBq
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Appendix A - Definitions An atom is the basic building block of ordinary matter. An atom is built of protons , neutrons and
electrons . The protons and neutrons are approximately the same weight and collectively they are called
nucleons . The protons and neutrons occupy the centre of the atom, and this is called the nucleus . It is
sometimes pictured like a solar system, with the nucleus in the centre, like the sun, and the electrons
orbiting around it like planets.[Figure 1] It is a very
inaccurate approximation, but is useful for simple
purposes. The nucleus only occupies
0.0000000000004%[1] of the space of the atom[Figure 2]
but contains 99.94% of the mass. [2]
The nucleus
is sometimes
pictured like
a berry.[Figure 3]
Again, this an
inaccurate
model, but a
useful one.
The simplest
atomic nucleus consists of one proton without any neutrons .
This is written 1H , or more completely
A nuclide is any one unique combination of protons and neutrons . An element El
with an atomic mass A is usually written as AEl , although is more correct: -
A = Atomic Mass = protons + neutrons
Z = Atomic Number = protons
N = Neutron Number = neutrons
A is always = Z+ N 1H , 4 He, 6Li and 22 Na[Figure 4] are other nuclides .12 C , 13 C , 14 C , 16O , 23 Na, 39 K , 40 K , 90 Sr , 127 I , 129 I , 131I , 208Pb, 235 U
and 238U are 14 of the many nuclides in the environment.
A radionuclide is a nuclide which is radioactive, coloured red . It
is very common for radioisotope to be used when the correct
term ought to be radionuclide.
Isotopes are variant nuclides of the same chemical element .
They have the same number of protons and the same atomic
number , but a different number of neutrons . 39 Ca, 40 Ca, 41Ca, 42 Ca, 43 Ca, 44 Ca, 45 Ca, 46Ca, 47 Ca, 48Ca, are
isotopes of the chemical element Calcium with 20 protons in the
atomic nucleus and the Atomic Number 20 . Again, a radioisotope is an isotope which is radioactive,
coloured red above. The distinction is not always absolute however. 40 Ca and 46Ca coloured brown , are
theoretically radioactive, although radioactive decay has never been observed. Radioactive decay of48Ca coloured beige, has been detected, with the unimaginably long half-life of 2.3x1019 years.
Figure 1
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 1
Figure 2
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Nuclides Isotopes are important in the discussion of the nuclear fuel cycle. Isotopes of Uranium all contain 92
protons but the number of neutrons varies from 125 to 150. Only three isotopes of Uranium exist to
any significant extent naturally. Uranium-238 & Uranium-235 are primordial isotopes . They exist on
Earth because they have very long half-lives & a substantial quantity remains from the formation of
the Earth. Uranium-234 only exists as a decay product of 238U . One other Uranium isotope is also
important in the discussion of nuclear energy . Uranium-233 is the main fissile nuclide in the
Thorium fuel cycle. Usually this 233 U is bred for purpose directly from Thorium-232 .
Isotopes of Plutonium include 239 Pu , 240 Pu , 241Pu , 242 Pu and 244 Pu .
Isotopes are also important in the discussion of fission products . Strontium isotopes formed include
radioactive 90 Sr and 89 Sr , as well as non-radioactive 88Sr , 87 Sr and 86Sr .
Isobars are nuclides of the same atomic mass , or total number of nucleons . 40 S , 40 Cl , 40 Ar , 40 K , 40 Ca and 40 Sc , are isobars with 40 nucleons and an atomic mass of 40.
Isotones are nuclides with the same number of neutrons . 12 Be, 13 B , 14 C , 15 N , 16O , and 17 F are isotones with 8 neutrons .
Nuclides may be primordial , cosmogenic , or anthropogenic . For a radionuclide to exist on the Earth,
which is about 4.5 billion years of age, it must either have a very long half-life, or must have been
created more recently by a mechanism which may be natural or artificial.238U is an example of a primordial nuclide. It has a half-life of 4.5 billion years. There was a quantity
of 238U on the Earth 4.5 billion years ago, and there is approximately half of that now. The four most
important primordial radionuclides are 238U , 235 U , 232 Th and 40 K . The vast amount of heat built up inside
the Earth’s crust comes predominantly from the decay of these radionuclides and their daughters .
Neutrons
Figure 5
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~ 9 ~
14C – Carbon 14 14 C is an example of a cosmogenic radionuclide. 14 C has a half-
life of 5730 years and no primordial 14 C remains on Earth.
Nonetheless, 14 C is continually being created in the upper
atmosphere from cosmic rays .
The third group, anthropogenic radionuclides is only detectable because of human activities. 90 Sr , 99 Tc , 129 I , 131I , 134 Cs and 137 Cs are examples of nuclides only detectable because of the human use of nuclear
fission . (Theoretically, there are tiny levels of these nuclides present at all times because of spontaneous fission .)
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion Large amounts of energy may be released by two
distinct and opposite processes, and nuclear fusion .
Both have been used for making atomic weapons , but
only nuclear fission is able to be used to produce
electricity with today’s technology.
Nuclear fusion occurs when two very small nuclei fuse
into one slightly larger nucleus releasing energy.
Nuclear fission occurs when one large nucleus fissions
into two smaller nuclei releasing energy. The release of energy in both nuclear fusion & fission
is possible because the nuclear binding energy is highest for the nuclides in the middle of the periodic
table. There is energy to be gained by fusing the lightest of elements & fissioning the heaviest of
elements. The binding energy is highest in the middle of the periodic table, & energy can be released
just as it may be by a ball rolling down a hill. The nucleus with the highest binding energy is 56Fe.
Nuclear fission of Uranium isotopes can
release large amounts of energy, & this is the
basis of all nuclear power plants today.
Nearly all of these require a fissile nuclide.
The nuclide is most commonly 235 U . 239 Pu and233 U are other fissile nuclides . Natural
Uranium contains approximately 0.7% of 235 U ,
which is enriched . The proportion of 235 U is
increased. 3-5% is typical for a nuclear power
plant , but higher enrichment level in the
region of 20% are used in nuclear submarines .
Enrichment to beyond 80% 235 U is required to
manufacture a nuclear weapon . 239 Pu is also
used for the production of electricity. 239 Pu is created from 238U during the process of 235 U fission .
When 238U captures a low-energy neutron it usually does not fission and becomes 239 U . 239 U decays
with a half-life of 23.5 minutes to 239 Np which itself then decays to 239 Pu with a half-life of 2.4 days.
Nuclear reactors can utilise a mixture of 235 U & 239 Pu with some of the 239 Pu begotten in situ.
A mixture of 239 Pu with isotopes of Uranium are the principle behind the Megatons to Megawatts
program where weapons-grade 239 Pu from dismantled Soviet weapons has been used for electricity
generation in the USA.
Figure 7 Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 6
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binding_energyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-233https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_submarinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriched_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_temperaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/halfli.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-2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~ 10 ~
Appendix B - Radioactivity Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896, and subsequently Rutherford and Villard identified
three components called alpha, beta and gamma rays.
rays were subsequently identified as 4He nuclei consisting of two protons and two neutrons. decay
occurs in heavy nuclei and it is the process by which these elements gradually diminish in the environment.
The atomic number is reduced by two and the atomic mass by four as the result of decay .
238U 234Th + and 226Ra 222Rn + are examples of decay . decay is one example of cluster decay . Very much more rarely, heavy significantly larger than 4He. 235U 211Pb +
24Ne and 228Th 208Pb + 20O + are examples of cluster decay .
rays were subsequently identified as consisting of a single
electron. decay occurs in nuclei where there is an excess
of neutrons. The atomic number is increased by one and the
atomic mass remains unchanged as the result of decay . 234Pa 234U + and 40K 40Ca are examples of decay .
- decay is sometimes used to differentiate the process of
electron release from + decay which occurs when an anti-electron or positron is released and the process of
electron capture (EC) . 40K 40Ar + + is an example of + decay and 40K + e- 40Ar is an example of EC . In
addition, double - decay and double EC are also known to occur. 48Ca 48Ti + 2- is an example of double -
decay . 130Ba + 2e- 130Xe is an example of double EC .
rays were subsequently identified as consisting of
high energy photons like an x-ray . Usually, when
or decay occurs there is residual energy which is
ejected as a ray . rays are much more
penetrating than or rays .
The decay chain of 238U is shown on the right. Eachnucleus undergoes 14 decays as it progresses from238U to 206Pb consisting of 8 than decays and 6
decays .
The decay chains of fission fragments of size 90
and 143 are also illustrated above. Only - and
rays are produced.
Figure 5
Figure 13
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 10
14
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