Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering ...eprints.uns.ac.id/19216/1/AWAL.pdfperpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering

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ABSORPTION AND POROSITY CHARACTERISTICS OF

VARIOUS CONCRETE PATCH REPAIR MATERIALS

THESIS

Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering Program in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of

Engineering in Infrastructure

Prepared by:

NASSR OMER SHAHAT ASHLEMBO

S941302040

MASTER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GRADUATE PROGRAM - SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

2015


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to

my academic supervisors Assoc. Prof. SA. Kristiawan, M.Sc.Ph.D. and Dr. Ir. Agus

Parwito Rahmadi. M.S. who continuously guided me throughout every step of my study

and generously shared their time and knowledge with me.

My special thanks must be extended to technical staff members at the concrete

Laboratory at UNS for their collaboration and assistance while carrying out my laboratory

work.

I am very grateful to my mother, father, brothers and sisters for their motivation and

support throughout my study, and my beloved wife who cares, helps and encourages me,

my children Fwzea and Omar who give me happiness during my study.

Millions of words of thanks for fellow friends who showed their concern and

support all the way. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately, it is not possible

to list all of them in this limited space.


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ABSTRACT

Studying concrete porosity and absorption is very important for determining the

compatibility and durability of concrete repair materials. The objectives of this research

were: to know the absorption, porosity and compatibility of various repair materials, to

know the extent of protection given by various repair materials on concrete based on the

measurement of absorption and porosity. Percent of absorption and porosity were

measured according to ASTM C642-06. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis was

conducted to study the porous and bond behaviour of concrete with repair materials.

Absorption and porosity rate were determined based on ASTM C 1585-04.

The result showed that UPR-Mortar 50 % repair material had the lowest absorption and

porosity measurements indicating that it provided sufficient protection. This repair material

is compatible based on porosity and absorption, but incompatible based on bond strength

because it had weakest bond with concrete when exposed to temperature. The highest

measurement values for absorption and porosity were found for concrete with normal

mortar repair material indicating that it did not provide sufficient protection. This repair

material was compatible based on bond, but incompatible based on porosity and

absorption.

Based on Scanning electron microscope analysis, normal mortar repair with normal

concrete had more pores but with strongest bond whereas UPR-mortar 50% repair material

had weak bond after exposed to high temperature but lowest pores. The peculiar feature of

this research is that better bond compatibility between repair materials and concrete does

not guarantee good protection from absorption and porosity. Materials with weak bond

strength can surprisingly have protection from concrete absorption and porosity.

Keywords: Absorption, Compatibility, Concrete, MS, Porosity, Protection, Repair

materials, SEM


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Abstrak

Mempelajari porositas beton dan absorpsi sangat penting untuk menentukan kompatibilitas

dan durabilitas materi perbaikan beton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: untuk mengetahui

absorpsi, porositas dan kompatibilitas dari berbagai bahan perbaikan, untuk mengetahui

sejauh mana perlindungan yang diberikan oleh berbagai bahan perbaikan pada beton

berdasarkan pengukuran absorpsi dan porositas. Persentase absorpsi dan porositas diukur

sesuai dengan ASTM C642-06. Scanning Electron Microscope analisis dilakukan untuk

mempelajari perilaku berpori dan ikatan beton dengan bahan perbaikan. Absorpsi dan

tingkat porositas ditentukan berdasarkan ASTM C1585-04.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UPR-Mortar 50% materi perbaikan memiliki

absorpsi dan porositas terendah pengukuran yang menunjukkan bahwa itu memberikan

perlindungan yang cukup. Materi perbaikan ini kompatibel berdasarkan porositas dan

absorbsi, tapi tidak sesuai berdasarkan kekuatan ikatan karena itu ikatan yang paling lemah

dengan beton bila terkena suhu. Nilai pengukuran tertinggi untuk penyerapan dan porositas

ditemukan untuk beton dengan bahan perbaikan mortir yang normal menunjukkan bahwa

hal itu tidak memberikan perlindungan yang cukup. Bahan perbaikan ini kompatibel

berdasarkan ikatan, tetapi tidak sesuai berdasarkan porositas dan absorbsi.

Berdasarkan Scanning analisis mikroskop elektron, perbaikan mortar normal dengan beton

normal memiliki lebih banyak pori-pori tapi dengan ikatan kuat sedangkan UPR-mortir

50% bahan perbaikan memiliki ikatan lemah setelah terkena suhu tinggi tetapi pori-pori

terendah. Fitur khas dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa kompatibilitas ikatan yang lebih baik

antara bahan perbaikan dan beton tidak menjamin perlindungan yang baik dari penyerapan

dan porositas. Bahan dengan kekuatan ikatan yang lemah mengejutkan dapat memiliki

perlindungan dari penyerapan beton dan porositas.

Kata kunci: Absorpsi, Kompatibilitas, Beton, MS, Porositas, Perlindungan, materi

Perbaikan, SEM


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE .................................................................................................................................. i

ENDORSEMENT .............................................................................................................. ii

STATEMENT ................................................................................................................... iii

PROCLAMATION ........................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. v

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ vi

ABSTRAK (Indonesian language) ................................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS ..................................................................................................... xvii

LIST OF APPENDIX ................................................................................................... xviii

CHAPTER I (INTRODUCTION) ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................. 1

1.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objectives of the research .............................................................................. 4

1.4 Limit of the research........................................................................................ 4

1.5 Benefit of the research .................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II (LITERATURE REVIEW AND BASIC THEORY) .......................................... 6

2.1. Literature review ............................................................................................. 6

2.1.1. Absorption ........................................................................................ 6

2.1.2. Porosity ............................................................................................. 8

2.1.3. Compressive Strength ....................................................................... 9

2.1.4. Compatibility between Repair Material and Concrete

Substrate .......................................................................................... 10

2.2. Basic Theory ................................................................................................... 12

2.2.1. Absorption ...................................................................................... 12

2.2.2. Porosity ........................................................................................... 14

2.2.3. Compressive Strength ..................................................................... 16


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2.2.4. Compatibility between Repair Material and Concrete

Substrate .......................................................................................... 17

2.3. Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER III (RESEARCH METHOD) .................................................................................. 26

1.

2.

3.

3.1. Location and Time ......................................................................................... 26

3.2. Type of research ............................................................................................ 26

3.3. Research variables and parameters ................................................................ 26

3.4. Data collection .............................................................................................. 27

3.4.1. Primary data ................................................................................... 27

3.4.2. Secondary data ................................................................................. 27

3.5. Method and Materials .................................................................................... 27

3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

3.5.1. Concrete Cylinder ........................................................................... 27

3.5.2. Slump Test ...................................................................................... 29

3.5.3. Compressive strength (Test: ASTM C39/C39M – 03) .................. 29

3.5.4. Repair materials .............................................................................. 30

3.5.5. Percent of Absorption and porosity (ASTM C642 – 06) ................ 35

3.5.6. Absorption rate (ASTM C1585 – 04) ............................................. 36

3.6. Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 39

3.6.1. Compatibility of repair materials .................................................... 39

3.6.2. Relation between compatibility and protection ............................... 40

3.7. Flow chart of research .................................................................................... 41

CHAPTER IV (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ..................................................................... 42


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4.

4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 42

4.2. Compressive strength test Result .................................................................. 42

4.3. Absorption and porosity percent results (ASTM C642 – 06) ....................... 43

4.3.1. Repair materials ............................................................................... 43

4.3.2. Concrete cylinder ........................................................................... 44

4.3.3. Concrete cylinder with repair materials ......................................... 45

4.3.4. Comparison compatibility and protection provided based on

absorption and porosity percent ..................................................... 47

4.4. Absorption rate results (ASTM C1585 – 04) ............................................... 51

4.4.1. Repair materials ............................................................................... 52

4.4.2. Concrete cylinder ........................................................................... 55

4.4.3. Concrete cylinder with repair materials ......................................... 56

4.4.4. Comparison compatibility and protection provided based on

absorption rate ................................................................................ 59

4.5. Macro structure (MS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) ............. 64

4.5.1. Normal concrete with Normal mortar ............................................ 64

4.5.2. Normal concrete with UPR-Mortar 50% Repair ............................ 65

4.5.3. Normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................... 67

4.5.4. Normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ..................................... 69

4.6. Summary of all test results ........................................................................... 70

4.

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

4.4.

4.5.

CHAPTER V (CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS) ........................................... 73

5.

5.1. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 73

5.2. Recommendation for further works .............................................................. 74


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REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 75

APPENDIX ....................................................................................................................... 79

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 VicRoads classification for concrete durability based on AVPV ............... 14

Table 3.1 Parameters and Variables ........................................................................... 26

Table 3.2 Concrete mix design outputs at 30 MPa ......................................................... 28

Table 3.3 The proportion of the initial mixture of Normal concrete (30 MPa) .......... 29

Table 3.4 Permissible time tolerances prescribed for concrete testing ...................... 30

Table 3.5 Mixing ratio of repair material (Normal mortar) ....................................... 30

Table 3.6 The proportion of the initial mixture of repair material

(Normal mortar) ......................................................................................... 31

Table 3.7 Mixing ratio of repair material (UPR-Mortar 50%) .................................. 32



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(UPR-Mortar 50%) .................................................................................... 32

Table 3.9 Mixing ratio of repair material (BASF Nanocrete) ................................... 33


(BASF Nanocrete R4) ................................................................................ 33

Table 3.11 Mixing ratio of repair material (Sika Repair Mortar) ................................ 34

Table 3.12 The proportion of initial mixture of repair material

(Sika Repair Mortar) .................................................................................. 34

Table 3.13 Times and Tolerances for the Measurements Schedule ............................. 39

Table 4.1 Compressive strength for Concrete cylinder ................................................... 42

Table 4.2 Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for all repair material used ................. 43

Table 4.3 Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Normal concrete used .................. 45

Table 4.4 Durability based on absorption difference (∆I) of Concrete cylinder ...... 45

Table 4.5 Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Concrete cylinder with

all repair material used ............................................................................... 46

Table 4.6 Durability based on absorption difference (∆I) of Concrete

cylinder with repair materials .................................................................... 46

Table 4.7 Comparison of test results according to ASTM C642 - 06 for

Normal concrete and Normal mortar ......................................................... 47


Normal concrete and UPR-Mortar 50% .................................................... 48


Normal concrete and BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................................ 49


Normal concrete and Sika Repair Mortar .................................................. 50


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Table 4.11 Final test results ASTM C642 - 06 for Concrete cylinder with

all Repair materials .................................................................................... 51

Table 4.12 Linear relationship (initial rate and secondary rate) according to

ASTM C1585-4 of all repair materials ....................................................... 54


ASTM C1585-4 of Normal concrete ......................................................... 56


ASTM C1585-4 of Concrete cylinder with repair materials ...................... 59

Table 4.15 Comparison of linear relationship according to ASTM C1585-4

for Normal concrete and Normal mortar ................................................... 60


for Normal concrete and UPR-Mortar 50% ............................................... 61


for Normal concrete and BASF Nanocrete R4 .......................................... 62


for Normal concrete and Sika Repair Mortar ............................................ 63

Table 4.19 Summary of all test results ......................................................................... 71


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Effect of boiling on absorption .................................................................. 14

Figure 2.2 The relationship between porosity and permeability of water ................... 15

Figure 2.3 Explain to the width of tube (pore size) determines how far

the water is drawn up the tube ................................................................... 15

Figure 2.4 Modeling the Compressive Strength Test and Crack Patterns in

Concrete ..................................................................................................... 16

Figure 2.5 The various parts of a composite system ................................................... 17

Figure 2.6 Internal and external causes concurring towards structure deterioration .. 18

Figure 2.7 The most important types of compatibility that need to be considered

in repair design ............................................................................................ 19

Figure 2.8 Different types of volumetric compatibility ............................................... 20


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Figure 2.9 Combined effect of drying shrinkage and loading on the development of

normal and shear strains in a repaired beam .............................................. 21

Figure 2.10 Effect of elastic moduli mismatch ............................................................. 22

Figure 2.11 Electrochemical incompatibility ................................................................. 25

Figure 3.1 Schematic of the Procedure ....................................................................... 37

Figure 3.2 Flow chart of research ................................................................................ 41

Figure 4.1 The effect of (Normal mortar) on the protection of concrete and the

compatibility between them ....................................................................... 49

Figure 4.2 The effect of (UPR-Mortar 50%) on the protection of concrete and

the compatibility between them ................................................................. 49

Figure 4.3 The effect of (BASF Nanocrete R4) on the protection of concrete and the


Figure 4.4 The effect of (Sika Repair Mortar) on the protection of concrete and the


Figure 4.5 Absorption rate average calculations of all repair material samples .......... 55

Figure 4.6 Absorption rate average calculations of all samples

(Concrete cylinder) ..................................................................................... 56

Figure 4.7 Absorption rate average calculations of all samples

(Concrete cylinder with Sika Repair Mortar) ............................................. 59

Figure 4.8 Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete, normal mortar and

concrete cylinder with normal mortar ........................................................ 60

Figure 4.9 Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. UPR-Mortar 50% and

concrete cylinder with UPR-Mortar 50% .................................................. 61

Figure 4.10 Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. BASF Nanocrete

R4 and concrete cylinder with BASF Nanocrete R4 .................................. 62


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Figure 4.11 Evaluation absorption rate of the normal concrete. Sika Repair Mortar and

concrete cylinder with Sika Repair Mortar ................................................ 63

Figure 4.12 Photos by the Macro structure (MS) shows compatibility condition between

ordinary normal concrete with Normal mortar .......................................... 64

Figure 4.13 Photos by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows compatibility

condition between ordinary normal concrete with normal mortar ............ 65


ordinary normal concrete with UPR-Mortar 50% ...................................... 66


condition between ordinary normal concrete wit UPR-Mortar 50% .......... 67


ordinary normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 ................................. 68


condition between ordinary normal concrete with BASF Nanocrete R4 .. 68


ordinary normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ................................... 69


condition between ordinary normal concrete with Sika Repair Mortar ..... 70


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LIST OF SYMBOLS

ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials

AAI - Absorption after immersion

AAIB - Absorption after immersion and boiling

I - The absorption rate

Mt - The change in specimen mass in grams. at the time t

a - The exposed area of the specimen. in mm2

d - The density of the water in g/mm3

BDd - Bulk density. dry

BDAI - Bulk density after immersion

BDAIB - Bulk density after immersion and bioling

AD - Absorption density


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VPPS - Volume of permeable pore space (voids)

A - Mass of oven-dried sample in air. g

B - Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion. g

C - Mass of surface-dry sample in air after immersion and boiling. g

D - Apparent mass of sample in water after immersion and boiling. g

g1 - Bulk density. dry. Mg/m3

g2 - Apparent density. Mg/m3

ρ - Density of water = 1 Mg/m3= 1 g/cm

3

MS - Macro structure

SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope

LIST OF APPENDIX

APPENDIX Page

79

A Concrete mix design and result of materials test for concrete

B Results of ASTM C642 – 06 test

C Results of ASTM C1585 – 04 test

D Pictures of materials and tests from the Laboratory


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Documents

Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering ...eprints.uns.ac.id/19216/1/AWAL.pdfperpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id Submitted to the Post Graduate of Civil Engineering