Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds Summary

Regional Red List Series

Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds

Compiled by S.GombobaatarEdited by H.J.Brown, D.Sumiya, N.Tseveenmyadag, Sh.Boldbaatar, J.E.M. Baillie, G.Batbayar, E.M.Monks, M.Stubbe

All involved in the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds and as-sociated documents would like to thank the World Bank for the initiative, support, and guidance which has made the production of this book possible.

This book is part of the Regional Red List Series produced by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL). ZSL was founded in 1826, and is an international scientific, conservation and educational organization. Its mission is to achieve and promote the worldwide conservation of animals and their habitats. ZSL runs London Zoo and Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, carries out scientific research through the Institute of Zoology, and is actively involved in the field of conservation through international field conservation programmes.

In addition to the World Bank’s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Reform, ZSL, the National University of Mongolia, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and the Ministry of Nature, Envi-ronment and Tourism, the following organizations contributed to the process:

Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RYwww.zsl.org

Registered Charity no. 208728

Mongolian Ornithological Society

P.O.Box 537 Ulaanbaatar 210646A, Mongolia

www.mos.mn

1

Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds

Compiled by S.Gombobaatar

Edited by H.J.Brown, D.Sumiya, N.Tseveenmyadag, Sh.Boldbaatar, J.E.M. Baillie, G.Batbayar, E.M.Monks, M.Stubbe

2

This publication has been funded by the World Bank’s Netherlands-Mongolia Trust Fund for Environmental Re-form.

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colours, de-nominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) has contributed to the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds, providing technical support, staff time, and data. IUCN supports the production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds, but the information contained in this document does not necessarily represent the views of IUCN.

Published by: Zoological Society of London, UK, Mongolian Ornithological Society and National University of Mongolia

Copyright: © Zoological Society of London, Mongolian Ornithological Society, National University of Mongolia and contributors 2011. All rights reserved.

DDC 598.168 517 G-62ISBN: 978-99962-0-571-2

Citation: Gombobaatar, S. (compiler), Brown, H.J., Sumiya, D., Tseveenmyadag, N., Boldbaatar, Sh., Baillie, J.E.M., Batbayar, G., Monks, E.M., Stubbe, M. (editors) (2011). Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds. Regional Red List Series Vol. 8. Zoological Society of London, Mongolian Ornithological Society and National University of Mongolia. (In English and Mongolian)

Keywords: Conservation measures, summary conservation action plans, birds, Mongolia, threats

Printed by: ADMON Printing, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Front cover: Saker Falcon, White-naped Crane, Pallas’s Fish-eagle, Great Bustard, Relict Gull and Swan Goose courtesy of S.Gombobaatar Back cover: Demoiselle Crane, Lesser Kestrel, Relict Gull, Amur Falcon, Great Bustard, Mongolian Lark, Mongolian Gull, Cinereous Vulture, Bar-headed Goose, Upland Buzzard, Fork-tailed Swift, and Saker Falcon courtesy of S.Gombobaatar

All distribution maps drawn by S.Gombobaatar and reviewed by D.Sumiya, N.Tseveenmyadag, and Sh.Boldbaatar.

The Mongolian Biodiversity Databank holds further details on all the species listed in this book. They are available to the public and can be accessed through:

Dr. S.Gombobaatar

Ornithological Laboratory, School of Biology and Biotechnology, National University of Mongolia and Mongolian Ornithological Society,

Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaUlaanbaatar 210646A., P.O.Box 537.

Tel: +976 91000148; 976-11-323970E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Because only a limited number of hard copies will be produced, electronic versions of this report will be available through the ZSL library (http://library.zsl.org; www.zuil.mn; www.mos.mn).

3

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION TO THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS

FORMAT OF THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS

REFERENCES

THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANSCritically Endangered• Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus)• Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)Endangered• White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala)• Relict Gull (Larus relictus) • Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) • Pallas’s Fish-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) • Short-toed Snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus) • Reed Parrotbill (Paradoxornis heudei) Vulnerable• Lesser White-fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) • Baikal Teal (Anas formosa) • Ferruginous Duck (Aythya nyroca) • Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus) • Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) • Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) • White-naped Crane (Grus vipio) • Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) • Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus) • Great Bustard (Otis tarda) • Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) • Mongolian Ground-jay (Podoces hendersoni)Near Threatened • Great Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) • Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus) • Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) • Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)• Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides) • Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) • Falcated Duck (Anas falcata) • White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) • Altai Snowcock (Tetraogallus altaicus) • Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) • Common Crane (Grus grus) • Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) • White-throated Bushchat (Saxicola insignis) • Saxaul Sparrow (Passer ammodendri) • Yellow-breasted Bunting (Emberiza aureola) • Ochre-rumped Bunting (Emberiza yessoensis)

ANNEXESI. List 1: Species identified as occurring within Mongolia and assessed at the third Mongolian Biodiversity Databank WorkshopII. List 2: Possible species occurring within Mongolia

4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The production of this book would not have been possible without the support and commitment of a large community of experts on Mongolian birds. The compilation and production of the Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds is the result of the dedication and knowledge of all of the experts who participated in the third Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop in 2009.

We would like to express our thanks to all contributing experts from Mongolia:Osor Shagdarsuren, Damdin Sumiya, Ravchig Samiya, Nyamsuren Batsaikhan, Jamsranjav Munkhbat (Faculty of Biology, National University of Mongolia), Galtbat Batbayar, Myagmarjav Munkhjargal (Steppe Forward Programme, National University of Mongolia), Natsagdorj Tseveenmyadag, Galbadrakh Mainjargal, Bayarmagnai Enkh-Orshikh, B.Mungunbagana (Mongolian Academy of Sciences), Chuluunbaatar Uuganbayar (Mongolian State University of Agriculture), S.Gantugs (Khovd University), Sandagdorj Bayarkhuu (Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism), Badamsed Delgermaa (Eastern Mongolian Protected Area Administration), Baasan Delgermaa (State Specialized Inspection Agency), Purevdorj Amartuvshin, Biraazana Odkhuu, Bayandonoi Gantulga, Purevdorj Jargalsaikhan, Unenbat Tövshin, Davaasuren Batmunkh, Enkhbat Unurjargal, Bayarmagnai Yumjirmaa, Nadmidtogoo Yanjintsevel, Jamsran Munkh-Erdene, Naranbaatar Nomin, Valentin Schatz (Mongolian Ornithological Society), Dorj Usukhjargal, Tumurbaatar Batbaatar (Hustai Nuruu National Park), Khorloo Munkhbayar (Ecological Centre and Mongolian State University of Education), B.Bayarjargal, and Purev-Ochir Gankhuyag (Wildlife Science and Conservation Centre).

Our special thanks go to the overseas experts for their contributions:Jonathan Baillie, Zoological Society of London in the UK; Michael Stubbe, Halle-wittenberg University in Germany; Igor Fefelov, Research Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University in Russia; Toshio Ikeuchi, Foster A Goose Programme in Japan; Stuart Butchart and Jez Bird, BirdLife International in the UK; and Sally Wren and Tim Wacher, Zoological Society of London in the UK.

We would not have been able to publish this book without help of the following bird photographers: Bayandonoi Gantulga (Mongolia), Frank Weihe (Germany), Khumbaa Tumdendelger (Mongolia), Nitin Srinivasamurthy (India), Nyamsuren Batsaikhan (Mongolia), Rishad Naoroji (India), Shagdarsuren Boldbaatar (Mongolia), Setev Shar (Mongolia), Toshio Ikeuchi (Japan), Tumurbaatar Batbaatar (Mongolia), and Yasuo Watanabe (Japan).

This publication would not have been possible without the involvement of the following people who contributed and helped at every stage of the book:Galtbat Batbayar and Eleanor Monks from the Steppe Forward Programme who helped draft this book; Jonathan Baillie, Sally Wren, and Tim Wacher from the Zoological Society of London who helped organise the workshop and editing the book; Michael Stubbe, Halle-Wittenberg University, for his help with filling a gap in the database on raptors and invalueable knowledge and experience on raptors in Mongolia; Igor Fefelov, Research Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, and Toshio Ikeuchi from Japan for their encouragements and for sharing and exchanging information and experiences on waterfowls; Stuart Butchart and Jez Bird, BirdLife International, for participating in the workshop, filling gaps for each species, and exchanging their experiences and sharing information on redlisting; Tony Whitten, World Bank, for his encouragement from the beginning of the proposal and workshop until the end, supporting all activities, and participating in the workshop, sharing his experiences and making a speech on the importance of the regional Red List in Hustai; L.Ochirkhuayag (WCS) and P. Enkhkhuyag (GIS expert) for their help with GIS analysis, including overlapping maps and .shp files for distribution map analysis; D.Sanjmyatav (WWF) and WWF for providing the DEM files to illustrate all distribution maps of each species; Bayarmagnai Yumjirmaa (Mongolian Ornithological Society) for her help with writing the breeding ecology section of all breeding species and data sorting; Radnaakhand Tungalag (National University of Mongolia) for her help in understanding and separating plant communities and habitats based on the vegetation division of ecosystems in Mongolia on ArcView .shp files; Purevdorj Amartuvshin and Bayandonoi Gantulga (Mongolian

5

Ornithological Society) for their help in drawing the species distribution maps and technical assistance for maps and illustrations; Mishig Tsogbadrakh, dean of the Faculty of Biology (until 2010), and Nyam-Osor Batkhuu, director of the School of Biology and Biotechnology (2010-present), for their encouragements and provision of a meeting hall; Ravchig Samiya, vice president of the National University of Mongolia, for his encouragement, provision of the workshop hall, and all help from the University; Henry Brown, Zoological Society of London and Steppe Forward Programme for proof editing and helping with the format of the book; Myagmarjav Munkhjargal, Steppe Forward Programme, National University of Mongolia, for her excellent simultaneous translation during the workshop; Purevdorj Amartuvshin, Biraazana Odkhuu, Bayandonoi Gantulga, Purevdorj Jargalsaikhan, Unenbat Tuvshin, Davaasuren Batmunkh, Enkhbat Unurjargal, Janchiv Ganchimeg, Yanjintsevel, Bayagmagnai Yumjirmaa (Mongolian Ornithological Society) for finding all references, filling the gaps in the literature, and organising and arranging the workshop and trips between Ulaanbaatar and Hustai; and Sally Wren and Gitanjali Bhattacharya, Zoological Society of London, for collecting and combining the database on SIS DEM.

Without the help and comments of the editors, this book would not have been published and therefore our thanks go to all editors.

This book is one of the outputs of the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project, which was initiated and funded by the World Bank and implemented by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) (regionally represented by the Steppe Forward Programme) and the National University of Mongolia, in collaboration with the Mongolian Ornithological Society, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism, the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and many other regional and international organisations. We would like to specifically highlight the following organisations which played an important role in the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project:

The World Bank (with funding from the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Beijing) initiated the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project, and provided generous financial support, without which the production of the Mongolian Red List of Birds and Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds would not have been possible. Special thanks are extended to Tony Whitten, who has guided this project at every stage of its development. Our thanks go to Mrs B.Enkhtsetseg for her encouragement and help.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) played a fundamental role in the production of this book and associated documents. We thank IUCN for the use of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, technical advice, data, and for staff participation.

The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) led the implementation of the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Project. Jonathan Baillie (project leader), Henry Brown, Sally Wren and Gitanjali Bhattacharya are all based at ZSL. Special thanks are extended to Glyn Davies, Director of Conservation Programmes, for leadership and guidance throughout the project.

The National University of Mongolia (NUM) provided the venue for the workshop, and is also home to the Steppe Forward Programme and the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank. The University was actively involved in supporting the project throughout its development and implementation. Special thanks go to Sundev Gombobaatar, Osor Shagdarsuren, Damdin Sumiya, Ravchig Samiya and Batsaikhan Nyamsuren for guidance, support, contributions, and expert advice for the workshop.

The Mongolian Ornithological Society (MOS) led the process of creating the database on birds, typesetting and completing the Red List. Our special thanks go to all staff of the Society including Damdin Sumiya, Chuluunbaatar Uuganbayar, Badamsed Delgermaa, Purevdorj Amartuvshin, Biraazana Odkhuu, Bayandonoi Gantulga, Purevdorj Jargalsaikhan, Unenbat Tövshin, Davaasuren Batmunkh, Enkhbat Unurjargal, Janchiv Ganchimeg, Yanjintsevel, Bayarmagnai Yumjirmaa, Valentin Schatz (Germany), and Nomin for their literature searches, information gap filling, help with the illustrations and distribution maps for each species, and workshop logistics and expert contributions at the workshop.

6

The Steppe Forward Programme (SFP) started as a Darwin Initiative (UK DEFRA) and has been running in Mongolia since 2003. This project is administered by ZSL and works in collaboration with the National University of Mongolia. We would like to thank all the staff of this programme, particularly Sundev Gombobaatar for his research skills and dedication, Henry Brown, Eleanor Monks and Galtbat Batbayar for advice and guidance, and Myagmarjav Munkhjargal for her advice and excellent translation work.

The Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS) is thanked for their knowledge sharing and for contributing to the effectiveness of the workshop. We would like to thank all dedicated biologists, Natsagdorj Tseveenmyadag, Shagdarsuren Boldbaatar, Bayarmagnai Enkh-Orshikh and B.Mungunbagana, who contributed their time and knowledge to this project, many of whom also participated in the workshop.

The Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET) supported the project and its aims throughout its development and implementation. Our special thanks go to Ch.Jargalsaikhan (vice minister of MNET), D.Enkhbat, Ts.Banzragch, D.Batbold, S.Bayarkhuu, A.Namkhai and P.Tsogtsaikhan for their help and encouragements.

The Mongolian State University of Education (MSUE) actively participated in and supported this project. Special thanks go to Khorloo Munkhbayar and Munkhbaatar Munkhbayar from the Ecological Centre, State University of Education, for sharing their vast knowledge and for their dedication throughout the process.

Birdlife International (BI) participated in the workshop and shared data on each species as well as exchanged their experience on the Red List process for birds. We would like to thank Stuart Butchart and Jez Bird for their knowledge and for their dedication throughout the process.

Halle-Wittenberg University, Germany, Research Institute of Biology at Irkutsk State University, Russia and Foster A Goose Programme, Japan, are thanked for their support with, and involvement in, this project. Special thanks are extended to Michael Stubbe, Igor Fefelov, and Toshio Ikeuchi for their valuable advice.

7

INTRODUCTION TO THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS

The birds of Mongolia were recently assessed using the ‘IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria’ (IUCN, 2001) in conjunction with the ‘Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels’ (IUCN, 2003). The assessments were carried out during the Mongolian Biodiversity Workshop from 30 September to 4 October 2009. This was the third time that regional guidelines had been applied to Mongolian birds and the results of the assessment provided an overview of their conservation status. A full list of bird species occurring in Mongolia along with possible species is included in the Annexes. Before and during the assessment process, compilers and experts drafted summary conservation action plans for a number of threatened species, outlining recommended conservation measures that could be implemented to help arrest declines.

From a total of 476 native species of Mongolian birds that were assessed (Annex I), 10% are categorised as regionally threatened; 0.6% are categorised as Critically Endangered (CR), 1.7% as Endangered (EN), 3.3% as Vulnerable (VU), and 4.4% as Near Threatened (NT). Almost 90% of Mongolian birds are categorised as Least Concern (LC) excluding Data Deficient and Not Applicable categories. Just 30 species are categorised as Data Deficient (DD). A further 87 species were categorised as Not Applicable, as they did not meet the requirements for regional assessment (see notes on application of the guidelines). Each species assessed as threatened is the subject of a summary conservation action plan in this document.

These summary conservation action plans are intended to highlight species of particular concern and to alert policy-makers, conservationists, and government and planning authorities of actions that will help to ensure that all birds of Mongolia maintain viable populations in the future. Detailed action plans are already in place for some of the species. The Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian birds are not intended to replace these documents, but to accompany them, and further details are provided for action plans already available. Each summary conservation action plan presents information about the status of the species, the current known distribution, threats faced, conservation measures presently established, and recommended conservation measures. In addition, we have listed species that could occur in Mongolia but have not been recorded yet (Annex II).

8

FORMAT OF THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS

The Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds are arranged according to the IUCN format and threat categories. The summary conservation action plan for each species follows the format outlined below:

Species name and taxonomic authorityCommon name(s) (English and Mongolian)Subspecies in Mongolia (if applicable)Synonyms (if applicable)DescriptionBrief information on the physical characteristics of the species.

Conservation overviewGlobal status (global risk of extinction): IUCN global population assessment for each species given in the ‘2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species’ (IUCN, 2004). Regional status (risk of extinction within Mongolia): Regional assessments conducted for the first time for Mongolian birds using the ‘IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1’ (IUCN, 2001) and the ‘Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels: Version 3.0’ (IUCN, 2003). For further details please refer to Gombobaatar et al. (2011) or the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank. Conservation assessments are identical to global status if endemic to Mongolia.Legal status: Existing protective legislature for Mongolian birds, including both Mongolian laws (e.g. Hunting Laws and the Law on Fauna) and international laws (e.g. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)). Legislated hunting seasons and details of permits and quotas for foreign hunters have been included where appropriate.

DistributionGlobal distribution: Listed from West to East and based largely on IUCN (2004); additional references given in relevant species accounts. Current distributions that include introductions into countries outside the native global range.Regional distribution: Accompanied by a distribution map for Mongolia. These maps were updated during the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop. For further details on the production of the maps see Gombobaatar et al. (2011).

AbundanceHistoric population trends and recent population estimates within Mongolia.Habitat and ecologyHabitat preferences within Mongolia and general comments on their ecology. Specific habitat type is based on IUCN habitat type categories. Dominant threatsBrief outline of dominant threats and their causes, identified as being of immediate and primary concern by participants during the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop. Threat processes can be complex and reflect multiple factors; for more detailed information please refer to the Mongolian Biodiversity Databank.Conservations measures in placeSpecific conservation actions currently established.Conservation measures requiredActions suggested by compilers and experts at the Mongolian Biodiversity Workshop, and specialists in subsequent reviews, which are expected to reduce the negative impact of threats and ensure the future persistence of the species. All summary conservation action plans have been compiled and reviewed by participants of the workshop and other specialists.

9

REFERENCES

Adiya, Ya. & Suran, D. 2008. Handbook of Nature Conservationists and Rangers. Ulaanbaatar. p.164-166 (in Mongolian)

Amartuvshin, P., Gombobaatar, S., Harness, R. 2010. Impacts of Power Lines on the Bird Mortality and Retrofitting Measures. M.Sc. thesis. National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. (in Mongolian)

Amartuvshin, P., Gombobaatar, S., Harness, R. 2010a. The assessment of high risk utility lines and conservation of Globally threatened pole nesting steppe raptors in Mongolia. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Asian Raptors. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 23-27 June 2010. Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network and Mongolian Ornithological Society. p. 58 (in English)

Archimaeve-Ozerskaya, T.P. & Zabelin, V.I. 2010. Waterbirds of Uvs nuur Depression. Erforsch. Biol. Ress. Mongolei (Haale/Saale) 11: 259-2668 (in English)

Arlott, N. 2007. Birds of the Palearctic Passerines. Harper Collins Pub. London. 240 pp. (in English)

Badam, Kh. & Ariunzul, Ya. (compiler and editor) (2005). Mongolian Law on Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar. 248 pp. (in Mongolian)

Badarch, D., Raymond, A., Zikinskas and Peter J.Balint (eds). Mongolia Today: Science, Culture, Environment and Development. London. p. 143-171. (in English)

Badley, J., Busuttil, S., Brookhouse, J., Gombobaatar, S., Goroshko, O., Rowland, S., Thomas, M., Uuganbayar, Ch. 2005. Important Bird Area Survey in Eastern Mongolia. A report on three ornithological surveys during May-September 2004. Ulaanbaatar. 73 p. (in English and Mongolian)

Bannikov, A.G. & Skalon, V.N. 1948. Ornithological Notes in Mongolia. Newsletter Nature Conservation 5:17-31. (in Russian)

Banzragch, S., Shijirmaa, D., Shagdaruren, O., Sumiya, D., Gombobaatar, S., Batzol, B. 1998. Status, number and population of Saker Falcons in Mongolia. International Symposium on Conservation of Houbara Bustard and Falcons. Pakistan.Lahore. (in English)

Batdelger, D. 1996. Red Book of Mongolian Birds. First Pan-Asian Ornithological Conference and XII Birdlife Asia Conference. Coimbatore, India. p. 9. (in English)

Batdelger, D. 1998. Conservation status of the Great Bustard, Otis tarda. Proceedings of the 22nd International Ornithological Congress in Durban, South Africa. (in English) Batdelger, D. 2002. Mass mortality of birds in Mongolia. Falco 20:4. (in English)

Batmunkh, D., Gilbert, M., Gombobaatar, S. 2010. The status and distribution of Pallas’s Fish Eagle in Mongolia. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Asian Raptors. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 23-27 June 2010. Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network and Mongolian Ornithological Society. p. 38. (in English)

Batsaikhan, N., Bold, A. and Dorjderem, S. 2005. The distribution of Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni Gray, 1832). Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 2. (in Mongolian)

10

Batsaikhan, N. & Stubbe, M. 2008. Status of Mongolian Ground-jay in the Southern and eastern Gobi deserts of Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. 27:43-46. (in Mongolian)

Baumgart, W. 1978. Tree nesting of Mongolian Saker falcon (Falco cherrug milvipes). Beitr. Vogelkd. Leipzig 24:362-364. (in German)

Baumgart, W. 1991. Saker Falcon. Wittenberg Lutherstadt, Germany. (in German)

Berezovskii, V.A. 1881. Check List of Bird’s Collection, collected by G.N.Potanin’s Expeditions in NW Mongolia in 1876-1877. Peterburg, Russia. V.I. 346 pp. (in Russian)

Bianki, V.L. 1907. Materials for Avifauna in Mongolia and East Tibet. Coll. of Expedition of Russian Geographical Society in 1899-1901. V.5. (in Russian)

Bianki, V. 1915. Materials for Avifauna in Eastern Mongolia and NE Tibet from Data of the Mongolian-Sychuani Expedition in 1907-1909, led by P.K.Kozlova. Moscow. p.199. (in Russian)

Birdlife International. 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia: Birdlife International Red Data Book. Cambridge, UK. Birdlife International. UK. (in English)

Birdlife International. 2001a. Threatened Birds of Asia: Birdlife International Red Data Book. Cambridge, UK. Birdlife International. 1516 pp. (in English)

BirdLife International. 2011. IUCN Red List for Birds. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 07/12/2010. (in English)

Bold, A. 1965. About birds in Bulgan river. Ornithology 7:346-349. (in Russian)

Bold, A. 1966. The list of Mongolian birds. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 1:9-16. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. 1969. Birds of Hentii mountain region. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences3: 4-26. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. 1972a. Ring-necked Pheasant. Game Animals and Their Conservation of the Mongolian People’s of Republic. Ulaanbaatar. p.113-115. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. 1973. Birds of Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 7:139-166. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. 1989. Ecological and Geographical Aspects of Conservation and Utilization of Ornitho-fauna of the Mongolian People’s of Republic. Thesis of doctor of biological sciences (Sc.D.). Moscow. 502 pp. (in Russian)

Bold, A. 1997. Mongolian Red Book: part Birds. Ministry for Nature and the Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian and English)

Bold, A. 2003. Saker Falcon of Mongolia and the problems with its protection. Modern Problems of Ornithology in Siberia and Central Asia. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Conference. V.II. Ulan-Ude. p.117-120. (in Russian)

11

Bold, A. 2005. Birds of Buuntsagaan lake and its surrounding areas. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 2:23-32. (in Mongolian).

Bold, A. & Dementiev, G.P. 1963. Altai Snowcock in the mountains of the Gobi. Scientific Proceedings of the Natural Science Institute of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 1: 79-81. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. & Eregdendagva, D. 1970. The species composition of birds in Buir lake, Khalkh and Numrug river valleys. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 5:47-56. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. & Dulamtseren, S. 1974. Short notes of mammals and birds in the region of Batkhaan and Hugnukhaan. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 8:79-84. (in Russian)

Bold, A. & Dulamtseren, S. 1975. Very rare and rare birds and mammals of the Mongolian People’s Republic. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 10: 50-55. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A., Dulamtseren, S. & Tsendjav, D. 1976. On problems of sustainable use of game animals in Khangai mountain range. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of General and Experimental Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. 66-68. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A., Polyakov, A.A. Fomin, V.E., Tseveenmyadag, N. 1985. Problems of conservation on rare species of birds in the Mongolian People’s of Republic. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of General and Experimental Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 16: 122. (in Russian)

Bold, A., Dorjiev, Ts.Z., Yumov, B.O.,Tseveenmyadag, N. 1991. Bird fauna in the basin of Lake Baikal. Ecology and Bird Fauna in Eastern Siberia. Ulaan-Ude. p.3-24. (in Russian)

Bold A., Tseveenmyadag, N., Zvonov, B.V. 1995. Cranes of Mongolia. Cranes and Storks of the Amur river. The Proceedings of the International Workshop Khabarovsk-Poyarkovo- Khabarovsk July 3-12. Moscow: Arts literature publishers. p. 42-47. (in English)

Bold, A. & Boldbaatar, Sh. 2001. Range and seasonal distribution, peak and decline of the Saker Falcon in Mongolia. Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. p.155-159. (in English)

Bold, A. & Tseveenmyadag, N. 2001. Great Bustard. CITES Manual Guide. Ministry of Nature and Environment and JICA. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 284 pp. (in Mongolian)

Bold. A., Tseveenmyadag, N., Boldbaatar, Sh., Sumiya, D., Gombobaatar, S., Mainjargal, G. 2001. A nomenclature and taxonomy of birds of Mongolia. Nomenclature 4: 80-91. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. & Tseveenmyadag, N. 2005. Relict Gull (Larus relictus Lonberg, 1931) in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 25:188-192. (in Mongolian)

Bold, А., Stauber, J. Gerdin, M., Urunostov, M. 2005. Found Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis L.) in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 25:186-187. (in Mongolian)

Bold, A. & Batsaikhan, N. 2006. The impact of aridization on the birds of Mongolia. Siberian Ornithology 4: 39-45. (in Russian)

12

Bold, A., Tseveenmyadag, N., Boldbaatar, Sh., Mainjargal, G. 2007. Checklist of Mongolian birds in ten different languages. State Terminology V.2. 150 p. (in Mongolian)

Boldbaatar, Sh. 1997. Mongolian Red Book: part Birds. Ministry for Nature and the Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian and English)

Boldbaatar, Sh. 2002. Birds of Gurvansaikhan mountain range. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 1:64-76. (in Mongolian)

Boldbaatar, Sh. 2002a. New findings for Mongolina avifauna. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 1:45-49. (in Mongolian)

Boldbaatar, Sh. 2003. The Birds of the Eg river basin, Mongolia. Bull. Ornithological Observations in Siberia and Mongolia. V.III. Ulan-Ude, Buryat University Press. p. 6-17. (in Russian)

Boldbaatar, Sh. 2005. Notes on wintering birds and mammals of Ikh Nart and its surrounding area. Scientific Proceedings of Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. 25:193-198. (in Mongolian)

Boldbaatar, Sh. 2008. Results of ornithological studies at Hustai National Park. In the proceedings of International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Issues of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. (in Mongolian)

Bradter, U., Gombobaatar, S., Uuganbayar, Ch., Grazia, T. 2002. Time budget of White-naped crane Grus vipio in Ulz river basin. Proceedings of Biodiversity of Mongolia. September 2002, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. p.42-43. (in English)

Bradter, U., Gombobaatar, S., Uuganbayar, Ch., Grazia, T.E., Exo, K.M. 2005. Reproductive performance and nest site selection of White-naped Cranes (Grus vipio) in the Ulz river valley, northeastern Mongolia. J. Bird Conservation International 15:4:313-326. (in English)

Bradter, U., Gombobaatar, S., Uuganbayar, C., Grazia, T. And Exo, K. 2007. Time budgets and habitat use of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio in the Ulz river valley, north-eastern Mongolia during the breeding season. Bird Conservation International 17: 259-271.(in English)

Bräunlich, A. 1995. Report on the First WWF Expedition to the Great Lakes Basin, Western Mongolia, May-July, and Preliminary Recommendations of a New Protected Area. Ulaanbaatar. 43 p. (in English)

Braunlich, A. 2006a. From the field, Mongolia. (Unpublished). (in English)

Braunlich, A. & Steudtner, J. 2008. Hodgson’s Bushchat Saxicola insignis in the Mongolian Altai. Birding Asia. 9:70-71. (in English)

Buckton, S. 1998. Report of Field Trip to Lakes of the Gobi Valley (Taatsiin Tsagaan, Orog, Adgiin Tsagaan, and Boon Tsagaan lakes), Terkhiin Tsagaan and Ugii lakes. Ministry of Nature and Environment. Ulaanbaatar. (in English)

Bunchin, V. 1972. About Altai Snowcock. Bayankhongor, Mongolia. p.24-65. (in Mongolian)

Busching, W.-D. 2003. Identification of Mongolian birds, Families: Motacillidae, Bombycillidae, Troglodytidae, Cinclidae, Prunellidae and Laniidae) based on feather collections. Beitraege zur Gefiederkunde & Morphologie der Voegel. 1. (in German)

13

Busching, W. –D. 2005. Identification of Mongolian birds, Families: Turdidae, genera Saxicola, Oenanthe, Monticola, Phoenicurus, Luscinia and Tarsiger) based on feather collections. Beitraege zur Gefiederkunde & Morphologie der Voegel. 3. (in German)

Buturlin, S.A. 1913. Birds of Huvsgul Expedition by S.V.Elpatevskii. Notes of zoological branch of the Imperial Society: nature, anthropology, and ethnography under editorial supervision by K.S. Elpatevskii. New edition 1. Moscow. (in Russian)

Byers, C., Curson, J. and Olsson, U. 1995. Sparrows and Buntings. A Guide to the Sparrows and Buntings of North America and the World. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New-York. 344 p. (in English)

Chan, S. & Goroshko, O.A. 1998. Action Plan for Conservation of the Great Bustard. Asia counsil, Birdlife International, Tokyo. p.1-44. (in English)

Cramp, S. 1993. Handbook for the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of Western Palearctic.V.VII. Flycatchers to Shrikes. Oxford University Press. (in English)

Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. 1977. The Birds of Western Palearctic. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (in English)

Crivelli, A. and Vizi, O. 1981. The Dalmatian Pelican, Pelicanus crispus Bruch 1832, a recently world-endangered bird species. Biol. Conserv. 20:297-310. (in English)

Crivelli, A.J., Marsili, L., Focardi, S. & Renzoni, A. 1999. Organochlorine compounds in pelicans (Pelecanus crispus and Pelecanus onocrotalus) nesting at lake Mikri Prespa, north-western Greece. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62: 383-389. (in English)

David, A. 1867. Journal d’un voyage en Mongolie fait en 1866 sous les auspices de S.E.M. Duruy, Ministre del’Instruction Publique. Nouv. Arch. Mus. His. Nat. Paris 3:18-96. (in French)

Dawaa, N., Busching, W.D., Sumijaa, D., Bold, A. & Samijaa, R. 1994. Checklist of Birds and Mammals of Mongolia. T. 1: Birds. Naumann-Museum Köthen. 207 p. (in German)

del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. eds. 1996. Handbook of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (in English)

del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. eds. 2005. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol.10. Cuckoo-shrikes to Thrushes. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 895 p. (in English)

Dementiev, G.P. 1962. Ornitho-geographical studies of Gobi desert in Mongolia. Ornithology 3:376-381. (in Russian)

Dementiev, G.P. & Bold, A. 1963. About Altai Snowcock in mountain ranges of Trans-Altai Gobi. Scientific Proceedings of the Natural Sciences 1:79-80. (in Russian)

Dixon, A., Nyambayar, B., Etheridge, M., Gankhuyag, P. & Gombobaatar, S. 2008. Development of the artificial nest project in Mongolia. Falco 32:8-10. (in English)

Dubois, P.J. & Moutou, F. 1998. Mongolie 2 au 19 juillet 1998. Voyage Destination Nature. Unpublished birs watching report. (in French)

Duff, G.D., Bakewell, D.N., Willams, M.D. 1991. The Relict Gull Larus relictus in China and elsewhere. Forktail 6:43-65. (in English)

14

Ellis, D.H., Ellis, M.H., Tsengeg, P. 1997. Remarkable Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) breeding records for Mongolia. J. Raptor Research 31:234-240. (in English)

Ellis, D.H., Tsengeg, P., Whitlock, P., Lish, J.W. Batdelger, D., Conover, A. 2001. Saker Falcons use artificial eyries in Mongolia. Newsletter of the World Working Group of Birds of Prey and Owls. 29/32:27-29. (in English)

Enkhnasan, D. & Gombobaatar, S. 2005. Morphology and taxonomy of Saxaul Sparrow Passer ammodendri stolickzae in Mongolia. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 2:134-139. (in Mongolian).

Erdenebat, U. 1989. Birds of Munkhsaridag, Bayangol and Their Surrounding Areas (Taxonomy, Distribution, and Habitats). Bachelor thesis of the National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. p.31-45. (in Mongolian)

Ferguson-Lees, J. & Christie, D.A. 2001. Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm London. 992 p. (in English)

Fischer, W. 1970. Ornithological observations and an attemped bird survey at the Mongolian desert lakes, Orog and Buuntsagaan lakes. Zool. Abh. Ber. Mus. Tierkd. 30:101-129. (in German)

Fischer, W. 1985. Observations of the Relict Gull in Mongolia. Dutch Birding 7:117-120. (in English)

Fomin, V.E. & Bold, A. 1991. Catalogue of the Birds of the Mongolian People’s Republic. Moscow. Nauka. 124 p. (in Russian)

Fujita G., Harris J., Bold A., Tseveenmyadag N., Chuluunbaatar S., 1994. Habitat preference of Demoselle and White naped cranes, Anthropoides virgo and Grus vipio, breeding in Mongolia. P 93-96. The Future of Cranes and Wetlands. Proceedings of the International Symposium. Tokyo and Sapporo, Japan, in Jine 1993. Wild bird Society of Japan. Tokyo. (in English)

Gaadamba, Sh. (ed.).1990. Secret History of Mongols. State publishing house. Ulaanbaatar. p. 200-209. (in Mongolian)

Gagina, T.N. 1961. Structure of bird fauna in Pribaikal and their origins. Bull. of Barguzin Strictly Protected Area 2: 81-100. (in Russian)

Gantulga, B., Gombobaatar, S., Muehlenberg, M. 2010. Current status of raptors in the taiga forest, Northern Mongolia. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Asian raptors. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 23-27 June 2010. Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network and Mongolian Ornithological Society. p. 79. (in English)

Gilbert, M., Gombobaatar, S. and Batmunkh, D. 2009. The Status and Distribution of Pallas’s Fish Eagle in Mongolia. Report for the Peregrine Fund Small Grant. 31 pp. (in English)

Golovushkin, M.I. 1986. Ornithofauna in the Great Lakes Depression and Its Zoo-geographical Analyzes. Ph.D. thesis. Kiev, Russia. p.17-20. (in Russian)

Gombobaatar, S. 1995. Cranes of the Basins of Onon and Ulz Rivers, Mongolia. Bachelor thesis. National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 80 p. (in Mongolian)

Gombobaatar, S. 1996. White naped cranes Grus vipio of the Ulz and Onon river basins. Scientific Proceedings of the National University of Mongolia Biology (3) 121:46-51. (in Mongolian)

15

Gombobaatar, S. 1997. Crane conservation in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Students Conference of the National University of Mongolia 1:35. (in Mongolian)

Gombobaatar, S. 2002. Cranes of Onon and Ulz river basins. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 1:90-109. (in Mongolian)

Gombobaatar, S. 2004. Wintering Water Birds (Anseriformes) and Their Conservation. 2004 International Symposium on Migratory Birds, GUNSAN, KOREA. p.187-201. (in English)

Gombobaatar, S. 2011. Birds of Mongolia: a Photographic Guide to the Birds of Mongolia. V.2. Mongolian Ornithological Society, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. (in press) (in English) Gombobaatar, S. & Sumiya, D. 1998. Conservation of cranes in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of National University of Mongolia. Biology 7(141):45-56. (in Mongolian)

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D., Shagdarsuren, O. 1999. Anthropogenic factors to the Saker falcon (Falco cherrug) population in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the National University of Mongolia Biology 8(144):33-42. (in Mongolian)

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D., Potapov, E., Fox, N. 2000. Abiotic and biotic factors to the Saker Falcon population (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the National University of Mongolia Biology 10(163):17-22. (in Mongolian)

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D., Shagdarsuren, O., Potapov, E., Fox, N. 2001. Diet studies of Saker falcon (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard. Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2000. p.116-127. (in English)

Gombobaatar, S. & Bold, A. 2002. Cranes of Onon and Ulz river basins. Birds, Amphibians and reptiles of Mongolia 1:90-109. (in Mongolian).

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D., Samiya, R., Bayarlkhagva, D. 2003. Current research and future trends of cooperative raptor research between Mongolia and Korea. The Korean and Mongolian Joint Symposium on Biodiversity Conservation. Seoul National University, South Korea. (in English).

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D., Shagdarsuren, O. Potapov, E., Fox, N. 2004. Saker falcon (Falco cherrug milvipes Jerdon) mortality in Central Mongolia and population threats. Mongolian Journal of Biological Science (2)2:13-21. (in English)

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D. Potapov, E., Fox, N., Stubbe, M. 2006. Raptor mortalities in the Central Mongolian Steppe. Populationoekologie von Greifvogel-und Eulenarten (Population Ecology of Raptors and Owls) 5:491-503. (in English).

Gombobaatar, S., Uuganbayar, Ch., Sumiya, D., Potapov, E., Fox, N. 2006a. Diet studies of breeding and wintering Saker Falcons Falco cherrug in Central Mongolia. Populationoekologie von Greifvogel-und Eulenarten (Population Ecology of Raptors and Owls) 5:193-203. (in English)

Gombobaatar, S., Sumiya, D., Potapov, E., Munkhzaya, B., Odkhuu, B. 2007a. Breeding biology of the Saker Falcon Falco cherrug in Mongolia. J. Raptors Conservation (9):17-26. (in English)

Gombobaatar, S., Harness, R., Amartuvshin, A. 2009. Negative impacts of 15 KV power lines on the birds of Mongolia and retrofitting measures. Asia Research Network 7 (1):33-35. (in English)

16

Gombobaatar S., Amartuvshin P., Harness, R. 2011. Negative impacts of 15 kv power lines on the birds of Mongolia and retrofitting measures. Scientific Proceedings of the Biological Institute of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences. (in Mongolian) (in press)

Gombobaatar, S., Munkh-Erdene, J., Buyantsog, B., Jelen, E. 2011b. Wintering Ring-necked Pheasants (Phasanius colchicus) in Western Mongolia. Report to the Focusgruppe der Edelfasanen, France. Mongolian Ornithological Society and National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar-Mongolia. 20 pp. (in English)

Goroshko, O.A. 2001. Swan Goose in eastern Transbaikalia and Mongolia. Casarca. 7:68-98. (in Russian)

Goroshko, O.A. 2002. Condition and Conservation of Populations of Cranes and Bustards in South-eastern Zabaikaliya and Neighbouring Regions of Mongolia. Ph.D. thesis. p. 25. (in Russian)

Goroshko, O.A. 2003. Autumn gathering of birds on fields near Torey lakes in 2002. The Ornithological Observation in Siberia and Mongolia 7: 168-170. (in English)

Goroshko, O. A. 2004. Data for waterbirds at Buyr lake (eastern Mongolia). Mongolian Journal of Biological Sciences 2(1): 67–68. (in English)

Goroshko, O.A. 2005. Status of population of Swan Geese in the Dauria transboundary Ecoregion in 2004. Report for Japanese Association for Wild Geese Protection. p.1-9. (in English)

Goroshko, O.A. 2005a. Present status and conservation of Swan Geese population in eastern Mongolia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecosystems of Mongolia and Frontier Areas of Adjacent Countries: Natural Resources, Biodiversity and Ecological Prospects. Ulaanbaatar. p. 277-279. (in English)

Goroshko, O.A. &Tseveenmyadag,N. 2000. New data on Great Bustard Otis tarda dybowkii in the Onon river basin (Russia and Mongolia). Bustards in Russia and neighbouring countries. Scientific Proceedings of Saratov. p.29-33. (in Russian)

Goroshko, O. & Tseveenmyadag, N. 2001. White-naped Crane in south-eastern Transbaikalia and north-eastern Mongolia. Achievements and Problems of Ornithology of Northern Eurasia on a Boundary of Centuries. Magarif Publishers, Kazan. p. 522-529. (in Russian with English summary).

Goroshko, O. A. & Tseveenmyadag, N. 2003. Status of White-naped Crane in Mongolia in 1999 and 2000. Ornithological Observation in Siberia and Mongolia. V. III. Ulan-Ude, Buryat University Press. p.92-115. (in Russian)

Harness, R. & Gombobaatar S. 2008. Raptor electrocutions in the Mongolian steppe. Winging it 20 (6):3-6. (in English)

Harness, R., Gombobaatar S., Yosef, R. 2008. Mongolian distribution power lines and raptor electrocution. J. IEEE 52: 1-6. (in English)

Harness, R. E., Gombobaatar, S., Yosef , R. 2009. Bird spikes are ineffective to prevent Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) electrocutions in Mongolia. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Raptor Research Foundation 2009. Pitlochry, Scotland. 29 September – 4 October 2009. 51 p. (in English)

Harness R.E. & Gombobaatar, S. 2010. Perch discouragers and raptor electrocutions: Mongolian perspective. Proceedings of the International Conference on Southeastern Utility Pole. February 22–23, 2010. Doubletree Downtown Memphis, Tennessee Forest Products Society, USA. p.93-97. (in English)

17

Harper, M. 1996. Baikal Teal in Huvsgul, northern Mongolia. TWSG News 9:27-29. (in English)

Hatzilacou, D. 1993. The Distribution of the Globally Endangered Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus in Greece: Threats Pertaining to its Habitats and Recommendations for Protection. Sandy, U.K.: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. (in English)

Heidecke, D., Stubbe, M., Sumjaa, D. & Ansorge, H. 1992. First records of some bird species of Mongolia. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium of the Erforschung Biologischer Ressourcen der Mongolei. Deutschland, 25.3.-30.3.1992. (in German)

Hennache A. & Ottaviani, M. 2006. Monograph on Pheasants. V.2. W.P.A., Cleres, France. p.91-118. (in French)

Higuchi, H., Ozaki, K., Kanmuri, N., Soma, M., Ilyachenko, V. and Golovushkin, K. 1995. Satellite tracking of migrating cranes in East Asia. Cranes and Storks of the Amur river, Khaborovsk. pp.139-141. (in English)

Howard, R. & Moore, A. 1994. A Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 2nd edition. Academic Press. 630 p. (in English)

Iliichyev, V.D. & Zubakin, V.A. 1988. Birds of SSSR. Gulls. Moscow. Nauka. 416 pp. (in Russian)

IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version 3.1. IUCN Species SurvivalCommission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. ii + 30 pp. (in English)

IUCN (2003). Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels Version:3.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. ii + 26 pp. (in English)

IUCN (2004). 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available online at http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 25 March, 2006. (in English)

IUCN-Global Mammal Assessment (in prep.). The Global Mammal Assessment. IUCN SpeciesSurvival Commission. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. (in English)

Kishinskii, A.A., Fomin, V.E., Bold, A., Tseveenmyadag, N. 1982. Birds of Munkhkhairkhan Mountain Range. Moscow, Nauka. p.62-81. (in Russian)

Kitson, A.R. 1978. Notes on the waterfowl of Mongolia. Wildfowl 29:23-30. (in English)

Kitson, A.R. 1980. Further notes from Mongolia. Brit. Birds 73:398-401. (in English)

Klienstauber, G. & Succow, M. 1978. Avifauna in northern Mongolia. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. Bd, 54. Suppl. Ann. Orn. 2:3-34. (in German)

Kozlova, E.V. 1930. Birds of South-Western Baikal, Northern Mongolia and Central Gobi. Moscow. Nauka. p. 7-361. (in Russian)

Kozlova, E.V. (1923-1933). The birds of south-west Transbaikalia, northern Mongolia and Central Gobi. Ibis (13)2:316-438, 567-596. (in Russian)

Kozlova, E.V. 1932. Birds of High Mountains of Khangai. Coll. Mongolian Commission. 13. Leningrad. (in Russian)

18

Kozlova, E.V. 1975. Birds of Natural Zonal Steppe and Desert of Central Mongolia. Leningrad. p.23-31. (in Russian)

Königstedt, D. & Gleinich, W. 1988. Notes on the field identification of young Pallas’s Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus. Limicola 2:70-73. (in German)

Liegl, C. 1998. Waterfowl in Har Us Lake National Park and at Ayrag Lake Western Mongolia. Report on two expeditions in June and September 1998. WWF Project Office in Mongolia. Internal report, unpublished. (in English)

Madge, S. & Burn. H. 1993. Crows and Jays: a Guide to the Crows, Jays and Magpies of the World. Helm Information, Robertsbridge, U.K. (in English)

Madge, S. & McGowan, P. 2002. A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonguails and Sandgrouse of the World. Princeton University Press, USA-Canada and Christopher Helm A&C Black, London. (in English)

Mainjargal, G. 2005. Birds of the valleys of lakes in Eg river basin. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles 2:77-84. (in Mongolian)

Mauersberger, G. 1979. Okofaunistische und biologische Beitrage zur Avifauna der Mongolie. Allgemeiner Teil und Podicipediformes bis Galliformes. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 55 (Ann. Orn. 3) 99-126. (in German)

Mauersberger, G. 1980. Taxonomical problems of Mongolian avifauna. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 59, Suppl.: Ann. Orn.7: 47-83. (in German)

Mauersberger, G. Wagner, S., Wallschlaeger, D. & Warthold, R. 1982. New data for Mongolian avifauna. Mitt. Zool. of Mus. Berlin. (58)1:11-74. (in German)

Meine, C.D. & Archibald, G.W. (eds) 1996. The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge. UK:IUCN-The World Conservation Union. (in English)

Mix, H.M. & Braunlich, A. 2000. Dalmatian pelican. Endangered Animals: a Reference Guide to Conflicting Issues. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood press. p.78-83. (in English)

MNE & JICA. 2001. Manual Guide of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Ulaanbaatar. Uran bishrelt. (in Mongolian)

Muller, H.E.J. 1986. Die Ornis der Insel Salanga, sowie Beitrage zur Ornithologie der Halbinzel Malakka. Eine zoogoegraphische studie. J. Orn. 30:353-448. (in German)

Munkhbayar, Kh., Dolgorsuren, G., Ariunbold, J., Buyandelger, S., Munkhbaatar, M. 2004. Some birds of prey in the eastern steppe of Mongolia and artificial nest sites. Proceedings of the International Conference on Biodiversity of Euro-Asia Continental Wetlands. 6-9 Sep. 2004, Ulaanbaatar. p.72-73. (in English)

Munkhbayar, Kh., Ariunbold, J., Munkhbaatar, M. 2005. Experiences of recoveries of number of raptors in steppe ecosystem in eastern Mongolia. Proceedings of Ecosystems of Mongolia and Frontier Areas of Adjacent Countries: Natural Recourses, Biodiversity and Ecological Prospectives. p. 298-300. (in English)

Munkhzaya, B. & Gombobaatar, S. 2007. Growth Rate and Identification of Sex and Age of Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug milvipes) Chicks in Mongolia. M.Sc. thesis. National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. (in Mongolian)

19

Namnandorj, O. 1976. Protected Areas and Protected Animals of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. p.137-140. (in Mongolian)

Nyambayar, B., Braunlich, A., Tseveenmyadag, N., Shar, S., and Gantugs, S. 2007. Conservation of the critically endangered east Asian population of Dalmatian pelican Pelicanus crispus in Western Mongolia. Birding Asia 7:68-75. (in English)

Nyambayar, B. & Tseveenmyadag N (eds). 2009. Directory of Important Bird Areas in Mongolia. Key sites for Conservation. Ulaanbaatar. 103 pp. (in English and Mongolian)

Nyambayar, B., Bayarjargal, B. Jonathan, S. and Braunlich, A. 2010. Houbara Bustard and Saker Falcon Surveys in Galba Gobi IBA, Southern Mongolia. Preliminary technical report to the World Bank and BirdLife International. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 41 pp. (in English)

Ocock, J., Baasanjav, G., Baillie, J. E. M., Erbenebat, M., Kottelat, M., Mendsaikhan, B. and Smith, K. (compilers and editors). 2006. Mongolian Red List of Fishes. Regional Red List Series Vol. 3. Zoological Society of London, London. (in English and Mongolian).

Oddie, K. 2000. Saxaul Sparrow in Mongolian Gobi. Field research report. Ulaanbaatar. 43 pp. (in English)

Ostapenko, V.A., Gavrilov, V.M., Bold, A., Tseveenmyadag, N. 1977. Ecological and faunistic investigations of birds in Mongolia. Proceedings of the 7th Soviet Union Ornithological Conference. Kiev, Nauka, Dumka 1:92-94. (in Russian)

Ostapenko, V.A. & Tseveenmyadag, N.1983. Distribution of cranes in eastern Mongolia in summer. Bull. Cranes of Palearctic. Bladivostok, Academy of Sciences of USSR. p.177-179. (in Russian).

Otgontuya, D. & Gombobaatar, S. 2010. Birds and their related terms in the Secret History of Mongols. J. Mongol Studies. XXXI (328): 314-328. (in Mongolian)

Ozaki, K., & Baba, T. 1995. Recoveries and resightings of color banded Grus vipio and Grus monacha cranes in North-east Asia. Cranes and Storks of the Amur River, Khaborovsk. pp.32-40. (in English)

Pevtsov, M.V. 1951. Bird List Collected During the Expeditions Through Mongolia and China in 1878-1879. Coll. of Russian Geographical Society- expedition Through China and Mongolia. Moscow. (in Russian)

Pevtsov, M.V. 1883. Checklist of Birds, Collected During the Trips in Mongolia and China between 1878-1879. Omsk. p.227-288. (in Russian)

Piechocki, R. 1968. Contributions of aviafauna in Mongolia. T. I. Non-Passeriformes. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 44: 149-292. (in German)

Piechocki, R. 1983. Outline of the history of research into the Avifauna mongolica. Erforsch. Boil. Ress. Halle (Saale) 3:5-31. (in German)

Piechocki, R. & Peters, G. 1966. General zoological report on the Mongolian-German biological expeditions in 1962 and 1964. Mitt. Zool. Mus. 42:3-43. (in German)

Piechocki, R., Stubbe, M., Uhlenhaut, K., Sumjaa, D. 1981. Contributions of aviafauna in Mongolia. T. III. Non-Passeriformes. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 57, Suppl.: Ann. Orn.5:71-128. (in German)

Popov, V.V. 1991. Records of the distribution of rare birds in Hentii province (Mongolia). Ecology and Fauna of Birds in Eastern Siberia. Ulan-Ude, Academy of Sciences of SSSR. p.147-151. (in Russian)

20

Polyakov, 1912, A.A., Fomin, V.E., Bold, A., Tseveenmyadag, N. 1982. Birds of mountain massifs of Munkh khairkhan, Mongolia. Zoological Research. Moscow. p.69. (in Russian)

Potanin, G.N. 1883. Bird List Collected in NW Mongolia by G.Adrianov During the Expedition in 1879. Notes of Expeditions and Materials for Physic-geography and Topography of Mongolia. V.3. (in Russian)

Potapov, R.L. 1986. Birds of Mongolian Altai and neighbouring territories. Distribution and biology of birds Altai and Far East. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Science of the SSSR 150:57-73. (in Russian)

Potapov E., Fox N., Shagdarsuren O., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S. 2000. Home ranges and habitat use of in Saker Falcons in Mongolia. Proceedings of the II International Conference of the Middle East Falcon Research Group on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 01-04 July.144-154. (in English)

Potapov E., Fox N., Gombobaatar S., Sumiya D., Shagdarsuren O. 2001a. Radiotracking study of habitat use of breeding Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) in Mongolia. Proceeding of the 4 th Eurasian Congress on Raptors, Seville, 25-29 September. 146. (in English)

Potapov E., Fox N., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S., Shagdarsuren O. 2001b. Nest site selection in Mongolian sakers. Proceeding of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard. Mongolia. 132-137. (in English)

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S., Fox N. 2002. Nest site selection in Mongolian sakers. Falco 19: 9-10. (in English)

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Gombobaatar S., Shagdarsuren O., Tuya S., Ochirkhuyag L., Fox N. 2002a. First documented clutch and brood of six in Saker Falcons. Falco 20: 14-16. (in English)

Potapov E., Sumiya D., Shagdarsuren O., Gombobaatar S., Karyakin I., Fox N. 2003. Saker farming in wild habitats: progress to date. Falco 22: 5-7. (in English)

Potapov E., Gombobaatar S., Sumiya D., Shagdarsuren O., Fox N. 2004. Artificial nests experiment in Mongolia 2004: success again. Falco 24:9-10. (in English)

Przewalskii, N.M. 1876. Materials for Ornithological Fauna in Mongolia and Tangut Country. V. 2. (in Russian)

Rose, P.M. & Scott, D.A. 1997. Waterfowl Population Estimates. Slimbridge, UK: International waterfowl and wetland research Bureau. (in English)

Samiya, R. 1978. Game Water Birds at Huvsgul Lake and Its Surroundings. Bachelor thesis. National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. p.17-75. (in Mongolian)

Scott, D.A. 1989. A Directory of Asian Wetlands. Gland, Swizerland, and Cambridge, UK: International Union for Conservation Nature and Natural Resources. (in English) Shagdarsuren, O. 1961. On the research of wildlife in Khangai mountain range. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 1:43-47. (in Mongolian)

Shagdarsuren, O. 1964. Raptors of Central and Southern Mongolia and Theirs Practical Importance. PhD thesis. Moscow. (in Russian)

21

Shagdarsuren, O. 1969. Some important hunting birds of Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 3: 142-176. (in Mongolian)

Shagdarsuren, O. 1983. Raptors of Mongolia. State publishing house. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian)

Sergelen, Sh. 1986. Species Composition and Practical Importance of Birds at Uvur Gorkhi. Bachelor thesis. National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian)

Shagdarsuren, O., Sumiya, D., Gombobaatar, S., Potapov, E., Fox, N. 2001. The Saker in Mongolia: numbers and distribution. Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2000. p.25-33. (in English)

Skryabin, N.G., & Sumiya, D. 1976. Birds. Natural Condition and Resources of Huvsgul in Mongolia 10:232-239. (in Russian)

Stenzel, T., Stubbe, M., Samjaa, R., & Gombobaatar, S. 2005. Quantitative investigations on bird communities in different habitats in the Orkhon-Selenge-Valley in northern Mongolia. Erforsch. Biol. Ress. Mongolei Halle/Saale 2005 9: 311-391. (in German)

Stephan, B. 1988. Ornithological observation in the Mongolian People’s Republic. Faun. Abh. Staat. Mus. Tierkd. 15:167-197. (in German)

Stephan, B. 1994. Ornithological studies in Mongolia. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin. 70, Suppl.: Ann. Orn.18:53-100. (in German)

Stepanyan, L.S. & Bold, A. 1983. Materials on breeding ecology of the birds in Tuva and Mongolia. Ornithology 18:33-39. (in Russian).

Stresemann, E. & Portenko, L.A. eds. 1982. Atlas der Verbreitung Palearctischer Vogel, 9. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. (in German)

Stubbe, M. & Bold, A. 1971. Gulls and terns (Laridea, Aves) in Mongolia. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin Bd.47(1):253-275. (in German)

Stubbe, M. Uhlenhaut, K. Anzorge, H. Sumiya, D. 1993. Altitudinal movement of ornitho-fauna of high mountains region of Kharkhiraa. Proceedings of Natural Condition and Biological Resources of Western Mongolia and It’s Neighbouring Areas. Ulaanbaatar p. 119-121. (in Russian)

Stubbe, M., Stubbe, A., Wehrden, H., Batsajchan, N., Samjaa, R. 2007. Biodiversity in space and time-towards a grid mapping for Mongolia. Erforsch. Biol. Ress. Mongolei (Haale/Saale) 10:391-405. (in English)

Stubbe, M., Stubbe, A., Batsajchan, N., Gombobaatar, S., Stenzel, T., Wehrden von H., Boldbaatar, Sh., Nyambayar, B., Sumjaa, D., Samjaa, R., Ceveenmjadag, N., Bold, A. 2010. Grid Mapping and breeding biology of raptors in Mongolia. Efrorsch. Boil. Ress. Mongolei (Haale/Saale) 2010 (11):23-117. (in German)

Sumiya, D. 1973. On species composition of birds at Huvsgul lake and its surroundings. Natural conditioin and resources of Prihuvsgul. Proceedings of Soviet-Mongolian joint Complex Expedition 2:201-218. (in Russian)

Sumiya, D. 2002. Avifauna in the Hövsgöl lake basin of Mongolia: Non- passerines. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 1:126-178. (in Mongolian)

22

Sumiya, D. 2006. Birds of Hövsgöl lake and adjoining territories. The Geology, Biodiversity and Ecology of Lake Hövsgöl (Mongolia). Backhuys Publishers, Leuden, The Netherlands. p.465-478. (in English)

Sumiya, D. & Skryabin, N.G. 1989. Birds of Huvsgul Lake and Its Surroundings of the Mongolain People’s of Republic. Irkutsk. 193 pp. (in Russian)

Sumiya, D. & Batsaikhan, N. 1999. Bird Community of Khangai Railway Station. Scientific Proceedings of the National University of Mongolia Biology 9 (146 ): 189-203. (in Mongolian)

Sumiya, D., Gombobaatar, S. & Narankhuu, G. 2000. Rare birds in Ulz river valley. Scientific Proceedings of the National University of Mongolia Biology 7 (141): 3-9. (in Mongolian)

Sumiya, D., Gombobaatar, S., Shagdarsuren, O., Potapov, E.R., Nick, F. 2001. Wintering of the Saker falcon in Mongolia. Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. 2000. p.138-143. (in English)

Sushkin, P.P. 1938. Birds of Russian Altai and Neighbouring Areas of NW Mongolia. V.1 & 2. Academy of Sciences of SSSR. Moscow. (in Russian)

Tarasov, P.P. 1944. Biological Observation to Birds of Prey (Falconiformes, Strigiformes) in South-Eastern Zabaikal. Irkutsk. p.161-176. (in Russian)

Tarasov M.P. 1960. Materials of Bird Fauna South-eastern Part of Mongolian Altai and Neighbouring Gobi. Biological bulletin of the East Siberian branch of Russian Geographical Society, SSSR and Institute of Anti-plague in Siberia and Oriental. Irkutsk. 162 pp. (in Russian)

Terbish, Kh. & Gombobaatar, S. 2003. Species diversity of vertebrate animals in Mongolian Altai. Eco-geographical Evaluation of Mongol Altai Mountain Region. Khovd. 2003. 149-171. (in Mongolian)

Tsegmid, N. & Uuganbayar, Ch. 2006. Conservation of Ugii Lake Ecosystems: Biology and Ecology of Ugii lake. Ulaanbaatar. p. 53-67. (in Mongolian)

Tsengeg, P. 1996. Biology and Ecology of Saker Falcon in Mongolia. Bachelor thesis. National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian)

Tseveenmyadag, N. 1997. Mongolian Red Book: part Birds. Ministry for Nature and the Environment of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar. (in Mongolian and English)

Tseveenmyadag, N. 1998. Waterbirds in Eastern Mongolia. In T.Adiyasuren, T.Mundkur and A.Namkhai. (eds). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Wetland Conservation in Mongolia and North –east Asia. Ulaanbaatar. Development and Environment NGO. Mongolia and Wetland International. (in English)

Tseveenmaydag, N. 2001. Great Bustard (Otis tarda dybowskii L.) in Mongolia. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 23:143-158. (in Mongolian)

Tseveenmyadag, N. 2003. Great Bustard in Mongolia and future collaboration between Mongolian and Korean researchers. Proceedings of the Symposium on Cooperation Between Korea and Mongolia for Wildlife Conservation. October 25, 2003. p.50-60. (in English)

Tseveenmyadag, N. 2005. Recent Situation and Ecology of Cranes in Mongolia. PhD thesis Ulaan-Ude. 143p. (in Russian).

23

Tseveenmayadag, N., Bold, A., Fomin. B.E., Ostapenko, B.A. 2000. Birds in Onon, Ulz and Khalkh river basin. Scientific Proceedings of the Institute of Biology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 22:153-161. (in Mongolian)

Tseveenmyadag, N. & Goroshko, O. 2001. Some results of studies on reproduction and autumn migration of rare cranes in eastern Mongolia. Ecosystem of Eastern Mongolia 1: 56-63. (in Mongolian)

Tseveenmyadag, N. & Bold, A. 2005. Birds of Ugii lake and surrounding areas. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 2:33-40. (in Mongolian)

Tseveenmyadag, N., Bold, A., Nyambayar, B., Boldbaatar, Sh., Mainjargal, G. 2005. Negative impacts of chemical poisons on agricultural practice in Mongolia. Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles of Mongolia 2:85-93. (in Mongolian)

Tseveenmyadag, N., Nyambayar, B., Munkhzul, Ts. 2007. 2006– unusual year for number of occurrence of Siberian Crane in Mongolia. Bull. Crane Working Group Eurasia. 10:36-38. (in Russian)

Tseveenmyadag, N., Nyambayar, B., and Munkhzul, Ts. 2010. A Field Guide to the Common Birds of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 186 pp. (in Mongolian)

Tugarinov, A.Ya. 1916. Materials for Ornithofauna in NW Mongolia (Tann Uul and Uvs Lake). p.141-154. (in Russian)

Tugarinov, A.Ya. 1929. North Mongolia and Birds of the Country. Proceedings of research in Mongolian and Tuva Republic. V. 3. Leningrad. p.10-236. (in Russian)

Tugarinov, A.Ya. 1932. Birds of Eastern Mongolia Through the Observation of Expeditions. Coll. of Academy of Sciences of USSR. (in Russian)

UNEP-WCMC 2006. UNEP-WCMC Species Database: CITES-listed Species. http://www.cites.org/.

Usukhjargal, D., Gombobaatar, S., Boldbaatar, Sh. 2010. Status and Conservation of raptors in Hustai National Park. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Asian raptors. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 23-27 June 2010. Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network and Mongolian Ornithological Society. p. 83. (in English)

Uuganbayar, Ch. & Gombobaatar, S. 2003. Diet Studies of Breeding and Wintering Saker Falcons in Central Mongolia. M.Sc. thesis at the National University of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. (in Mongolian)

Uuganbayar, Ch., & Gombobaatar, S. 2010. A dietary study of Saker Falcons Falco cherrug in Central Mongolia. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Asian raptors. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 23-27 June 2010. Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network and Mongolian Ornithological Society. p. 84. (in English)

Vaurie, C. 1964. The Birds of the Palearctic Fauna. L.: Witherly. (in English)

Wichmann, F., 2001: Analyse der Vogelgemeinschaft im Habitatmosaik Einer NaturlandschaftIm Norden der Mongolei, Westchentie. Diplomarbeit Univeristät Göttingen. (in German)

Zahler, P., Lhagvasuren, B., Reading, R., Wingard, J.R., Amgalanbaatar, S., Gombobaatar, S., Onon, Y. 2004. Illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade in Mongolia. Mongolian J. of Biol. Science (2) 2:23-32. (in English)

Zorig, G. 1989. Altai Snowcock. Ulaanbaatar. Mongolia. 260 pp. (in Mongolian)

24

THE SUMMARY CONSERVATION ACTION PLANS

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED

Pelecanus crispus Bruch, 1832

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae

Common name(s): Dalmatian Pelican (English), Bortsgor khoton (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 160-180 cm, wing span 270-320 cm, weight 10-13 kg. In all plumages, has greyish underside to secondaries and inner primaries (becoming darker on outer primaries) that lacks strong contrast with pale underwing-coverts and often with whiter central-panel. Forehead feathering broader across upper mandible (orbital skin more restricted than on Great White Pelican P. onocrotalus, which has not been recorded in Mongolia). Legs and feet always dark grey (pinkish on Great White). Breeding adult has orange pouch and purple skin around eye, and curly or bushy crest. Non-breeding adult is more dirty white; pouch and skin around eye are paler. Immature is dingier than adult non-breeding, with some pale grey-brown on upperwing-coverts and scapulars. Juvenile has pale grey-brown mottling on hind neck and upperparts, including upperwing-coverts; pouch is greyish-yellow.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, A2ce+3ceRegional status: Critically Endangered, C2a(i)Legal status: Listed as rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1953. Listed in CITES Appendix I and CMS Appendix I and II.

DistributionGlobal distribution: Western Sahara, Spain, Algeria, Norway, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovakia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Romania, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Latvia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Egypt, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, China, Mongolia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Republic of Korea, Japan. This is a regionally extinct vagrant in Hungary and is regionally extinct in Austria and Germany. It is possibly extinct regionally in Bangladesh.

Immatures. Photograph courtesy of Kh.Tumendelger©.

25

Regional distribution: This species breeds at Khar-Us, Shuvuun Tsuglaan lake (c.40 breeding pairs in 1976 (Ostapenko et al., 1977; Crivelli and Vizi, 1981; Bold, 1997) and up to 23 in July-August 1992 (C. Bealey in litt. 1999; Birdlife International, 2001)), Airag lake (19 adults and five occupied nests in June 1995 (Birdlife International, 2001), 23 adults and 2-3 occupied nests, and probably a fourth unoccupied nest in June 1998, 5 adults and 2 juveniles in September 1998 (Birdlife International, 2001), 31 birds (24 adults and 7 young) in 1999 (Birdlife International, 2001), 14 adults, 8 nests and 7 pulli, one nest with a dead pullus, and 2 nests with clutches of one and two eggs in July 1999 (Birdlife International, 2001), 8 young birds and three of unknown age in August 1999 (Birdlife International, 2001)), Khar and Dörgön lakes (Great Lakes Depression (Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Birdlife International, 2001; Nyambayar et al., 2007)). Liegl (1998) recorded 23 individuals at Airag lake on 24 June 1998, but in the following two days only six birds were seen at a time. In 1999, a number of researchers found flightless pelican nestlings on Bombogor Island. This was the last known breeding event by Dalmatian Pelicans in Western Mongolia until recently. There was a single pelican in Airag Lake on 6 July 2004 but the lake was not scrutinized for breeding evidence. However, in September 2006, Martin Gilbert of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) found a dead young pelican (old carcass from this year) in almost the same area. The head of this bird was chopped off by a local (Nyambayar et al., 2007). It migrates through Khyargas (10 birds in 1976 (Bold, 1997), 2 adults in June 1995 (Birdlife International, 2001)); Ereen and Taigam lake (Great Lakes Depression), Uvs lake (Uvs lake Depression) (a bird in 1985 (Bold, 1997)); Khovd Chono Kharaikh river delta & Khar lake (one adult in June 1995), the delta of Khovd river, Khar-Us lake (two adults in June 1995) (Birdlife International, 2001); Khar-Us lake, Shuvuun Tsuglaan lake (over 300 birds were seen in summer 1956, 207 in 1972 and 13 in 1981 (Bold, 1997), a few birds were seen flying high over the lake in June 1974 (Piechocki et al., 1981)); Bayan lake (immature birds may occur) (Bold, 1997); eastern side of Agwash swamp (one adult in June 1995) (Birdlife International, 2001); Oigon lake, Zavkhan (13 birds in 1976) (Bold, 1997); Zavkhan river on migration (Bold 1997); Ögii lake of Övörkhangai province (immature birds may occur) (Bold, 1997); Bööntsagaan lake, Bayankhongor province, 120 km NW of Orog lake (Piechocki, 1968); Kholbooj lake, Bayankhongor province (50 birds in autumn 1979) (Bold, 1997); Orog lake, Bayankhongor province (recorded in 1926) (Kozlova 1932), 3 birds with scarlet bills typical of breeding birds but no evidence of breeding in April-May 1977 (Kitson, 1978); Taatsiin Tsagaan lake, Bayankhongor province, with 6 birds observed in May 1977 (Kitson, 1978; Birdlife International, 2001). One immature pelican was seen at Sangiin Dalai lake, north-east of Övörkhangai province, on 20 August 2007, an individual was photographed by S.Gombobaatar at a pond near Steppe Nomads tourist camp in Bayandelger sum, Baganuur district, in Herlen river valley on 6 July 2008. Sh.Boldbaatar, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, saw the same bird at the same site a few days later in 2008 (S.Gombobaatar pers.comm., 2008) (Kozlova, 1930; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar et al., 2007; A. Braünlich, pers. comm.; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009).

AbundanceThe World population consists of 10,000-13,900 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 298,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). The highest number of the species was recorded at Airag lake, Western Mongolia, consisting of 31 birds (24 adults and 7 young) in 1999, and most successful breeding record was 8 nests with 7 chicks, 1 nest with one chick, and 2 nests with 1-2 eggs in July 1999 (A. Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001). The latest unpublished data indicates that there are now about 200 Pelicans in Mongolia (Bold, 1997). In 1950-1970, 200-400 pairs nested in Mongolia. The number of the species had decreased rapidly in the country and remained at 200 individuals in Mongolia (MNE & JICA, 2001).

26

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a rare breeding visitor. This species arrives at breeding sites by late April - early May, depending on the weather. Breeding season begins by late by May – early June and continues into August. It breeds on low sandbanks or islands by large stretches of water, or drier raised areas in reed beds (Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Bold, 1997; Nyambayar et al., 2007). The nest is usually placed in secluded sites or occasionally on the edge of a Cormorant colony. They nest in small colonies of a few pairs, occasionally solitary pairs. The nest size is variable but is usually a large heap of material: reeds, grass, sticks or stones, brought by the male and built by the female. The final mass is consolidated at times with droppings. Floating island nests may settle deeper in water as the young grow and weight increases. The female lays 2-4, rarely 5-6 eggs with a long elliptical to long subelliptical shape, white colour with an uneven chalky outer layer, becoming scratched and stained. The eggs are incubated by the female mostly, with short sessions by the male at 30-32 days. Young hatch over a long period and are of different sizes within the brood. Young can swim if alarmed from the second week and become independent at c. 10-14 weeks. Both adult and young feed mainly on small and medium-sized fishes in freshwater lakes and pools. Just after the breeding season, family members occur and forage together. In the non-breeding season, it occurs singly in fresh water lakes and ponds with fishes, or saline lakes in open steppe on migration. They leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August - early September, depending on food and weather conditions. The number of breeding pairs has been dramatically declining in areas where they used to breed in western Mongolia due to habitat loss and human disturbance in the last decade. In the last few years, single and non-breeding birds were recorded in the above-mentioned areas, including Khar-Us and Airag lakes where the species was last observed breeding. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.1., 5.5., 5.6., 5.14.); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (12.9.)

Dominant threats 1.Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1.4.1. Nomadic Livestock -1.3.1. Mining extraction- 1.4.3. Infrastructure development such as tourism/recreation: This species is threatened by disturbance from tourists and fishers, wetland alteration and destruction, water pollution, collision with overhead power-lines and over-exploitation of fish stocks (Bold, 1997; Crivelli et al., 1999; Hatzilacou, 1993; Mix & Bräunlich, 2000). Nowadays, however, livestock impacts have become a great concern for the protected areas administration (Khar-Us lake PA) because livestock numbers have dramatically increased in the last decade and pasture management is not well developed in breeding areas like Airag lake. Over 30,000 head of livestock from Chandmani, Mankhan, Buyant and Jargalant districts graze on islands until the end of spring in the Tsagaan river area in the southern part of Khar-Us river, and in the Nariin river area in the north-western part of the Khar-Us river, where pelicans regularly summer and attempt to breed. Mandal Island, where pelicans were seen roosting in August 2005, was full of cattle, horse dung and hoof prints (Bold, 1997; Nyambayar et al., 2007). In summer, livestock have been grazing and destroying reed beds near fresh water lakes and pools where this species occurred. Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a main cause for habitat degradation associated with drought of the wetlands and marshes. Ecotourism developments, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds/moults, are major threats to the species from these sites and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and other wetlands at midnight. This will increase the mortality of the species.1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river and the Taishjr on the Zavkhan river. Due to the construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river dried up. The drought has made significant changes to Airag, Zost lakes and the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also died. These changes have threatened breeding and non breeding birds through habitat and food resources loss. The loss of inflow from the Zavkhan river and the receding water levels have already led to localised fish mortalities along the channel that formerly connected Zost lake to the main lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). This high mortality of fishes in the area is the cause of the low breeding success of breeding birds and disappearance of migrants.1.7. Fires: Forest and steppe fires burn their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers.

27

3. Harvesting (hunting)-3.4. For Materials -3.5.1. Local trade for cultural/leisure activities: Hunting by herders for traditional use of the bill continues to threaten the regional population in Mongolia (Bold, 1997; Mix & Bräunlich, 2000). Nomads use the upper mandible of the pelican bill to groom their horses because they believe that using the pelican beak makes their animals stronger and faster. A price of one pelican is equivalent to 10 horses and 30 sheep in the Mongolian countryside (Nyambayar et al., 2007).4. Accidental mortality -4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing activities at Khar lake. The widespread use of illegal gillnets is a direct hazard to this species. Abandoned nets along the shores of the lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and to the Pelican. Gilbert et al. (2009), Batmunkh et al. (2010) mentioned that herders around the southwestern shores of Khar lake were extensively used for ice-fishing during the winter months. It will have a great impact on pisciverous species and have the potential to devastate local fish stocks.4.1.2.2. Shooting: Two current human uses of wetlands have a major impact on the species, fishing and Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) farming (Nyambayar et al., 2007). 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species) -6.1.1. Global warming – 6.3.2. Domestic water pollution: Global warming and domestic water pollution are potential threats to the species at breeding sites. Breeding success has been affected by water level fluctuations and degradation of shoreline vegetation.7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important breeding sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and the birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in the Great Lakes Depression, Valley of the Lakes, Khangai, Hentii, Hövsgöl Mountain Ranges, and Eastern Mongolian Plain. 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: High predation of eggs and fledglings by, for example, gulls and foxes (8.2.) (Bold, 1997).8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.9. Intrinsic factors- Poor recruitment/reproduction (9.2), high juvenile mortality (9.3), low densities (9.5), restricted range (9.9) and natural disasters like drought (7.1) constitute a threat to this species.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Transport of boat and cars near tourist camps and busy car road have been negatively affecting the individuals that occur in these areas. In the Nariin river area, vehicle tracks were found all over an island where three pelicans were seen roosting in the summer. Therefore, the protection of islands is very important (Nyambayar et al., 2007).10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Approximately 10.7% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Protected as Very rare under the Mongolian law of Fauna (2000) (Badam & Ariunzul, 2005).• Listed in the Mongolian Red Data Book of 1987 and 1997 (Mongolian Red Data Book, 1987 &

1997).• According to the 2005 revision (Mongolian Government Act No. 248) on ecological and economical

valuation of flora and fauna of the 2000 Mongolian Law on Fauna, the Mongolian government values 500,000 MNT for males, 650,000 MNT for females and 850,000 MNT for young birds (Badam & Ariunzul, 2005; Adiya & Suran, 2008).

• Two artificial nesting platforms were erected by WWF and the French Takhi re-introduction programme at former breeding sites at Khar-Us lake in January 2006 (Nyambayar et al., 2007).

• Registered in the Threatened Birds of Asia (Birdlife International, 2001).• Listed in CITES Appendix I/II and CMS Appendix I/II (Adiya & Suran, 2008; MNE & JICA, 2001).

Conservation measures required• Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.

28

• Raise public awareness in order to reduce the use of Pelican beaks for race horse scrapers and disturbance to breeding sites.

• Once human disturbance is reduced at breeding sites, artificial nest platforms need to be built at former breeding sites.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: Ch.Uuganbayar, J.Bird, I.Fefelov, T.Ikeuchi, E.Unurjargal, and U.Tuvshin.

Grus leucogeranusPallas, 1773

Order: Gruiformes Family: Gruidae

Common name(s): Siberian Crane, Siberian White Crane or Great White Crane (English), Tsagaan togoruu (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 140 cm, wing span 210-230 cm, weight 4.9-8.62 kg. Adult is white, with red skin, pinkish-red legs and noticeably down-curved reddish bill. Immature has brownish bill and fully feathered head at first, and is strongly marked with cinnamon-brown on head, neck, mantle and wings, with some white body feathers by first winter; by third winter, red mask is apparent and body feathers are mainly white. In flight, both adult and immature show black primaries that contrast with rest of wing. Potential species of confusion the Oriental Stork has black bill and black secondaries.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Critically Endangered, A3cde Regional Status: Critically Endangered, D1Legal status: Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the International Red Book. Hunting of this species has been prohibited since 1995. Listed in CITES Appendix I.

DistributionGlobal distribution: Russian Federation, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, Mongolia, Hong Kong, and Japan.

Regional distribution: It is a rare migrant and summer visitor (Bold et al., 1995) that has been reported to breed in and near Mongolia in the past (Kozlova, 1932&1933), but there is no evidence to support such reports (Ostapenko et al., 1983). Records are the following: Ögii lake of Övörkhangai province (an

Adult and immature. Photograph courtesy of Frank Weihe©.

29

adult in September 1982) (Müller, 1986); Khaichiin Tsagaan lake in the Ulz river floodplain (one individual in July 1981, and one summering bird in June 1988 (Ostapenko et al., 1983; Bold et al., 1995), one adult in June 1998 (Birdlife International, 2001)); and Bulan Shavar lake, Dornod province (Birdlife International, 2001). Single birds have been observed at Buur river of Selenge province, Tari lake of Dornod province, and Böhög and Tuul rivers in May 1958; Khaichiin Tsagaan lake in July-August 1981 and Ulz river (49O28’N; 113O50’E) in June 1987; Ulz river in August 1988; Döröö Lake of Chuluunkhoroot sum in Dornod province on 19 July 1994; Bööröljuut of Bayan sum in Töv province in June 1994; three birds at Ih Bulangiin lake of Binder sum in Hentii province on 30 July 1994; two birds at Döröö lake of Dornod province in August 2004; single adults at Telmen lake of Zavkhan province, and Sharga lake in Bulgan province (Kozlova, 1930; Bold, 1969; Dawaa et al., 1994; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Birdlife International, 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Badley et al., 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009). Three adult birds were seen at the same site of a wetland with dense grass 15 km north-west of Norovlin sum in Hentii province on 20 July 2009 and 25 July 2010 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. with photographs). P.Jargalsaikhan, a member of the Mongolian Ornithological Society, and Mr A.Vaughan from Bird Finders found and photographed a single bird at Ögii lake of Övörkhangai province on 21 June 2010 (P.Jargalsaikhan pers. comm.).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 3,750 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 107,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Please see the above records and data.

Habitat and ecology

This species is a rare non-breeding summer visitor and passage migrant. Summering birds and passage migrants were observed in the valleys of lakes and rivers with reeds, and dense marshy grasses, swamps, pools and other types of wetlands. Passage migrants migrate through the country by early May–mid May. Late migrants also occur in the east in early June. Summering birds spend all summer in wide valleys of rivers and also lakes and marshes. They feed on insects (grasshoppers, cicades), amphibians and also roots, leaves and seeds of many different plants in summer. Summering birds and passage migrants leave their summering, refuelling, and stop over sites to their wintering ground by late August - early September. Habitat Type: Potential habitats are 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (5.1. in valleys with tall vegetation, 5.4., 5.5. (in valleys with reeds and marshy grasses), 5.6., 5.14., 5.16., 5.17 (in valleys with reeds and marshy grasses on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)- 1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes (Gombobaatar, 1997; Gombobaatar, & Sumya, 1998; Sumiya et al., 2000).1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining, including uranium, have directly and indirectly affected the species as it feeds and rests by rivers and lakes.1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Ecotourism development, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes and rivers where the species rests and refuels, are major threats to the species.1.7. Fires: Steppe fires in spring and autumn burn reeds and sedge grasses in the valleys of lakes and rivers where the species occurs.

30

6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of disturbance for the species. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important summering, stopover and refuelling sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their feeding, resting and refuelling habitats in eastern Mongolia. 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: The most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) possibly predate birds at night in the region.8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza was a potential threat to the species.10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism: Tourist and mineral mining camps threaten the species. 10.4. Transport: Use of boats, cars and horses near breeding areas have negatively affected breeding and non-breeding individuals.10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Summering and migrating sites in the country were located in Mongol Daguur strictly protected

area and Important Bird Areas (Nyambayar and Tseveenmyadag 2009). Approximately 8.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

• Protected as Very Rare under the Mongolian law of Fauna (Badam & Ariunzul, 2005).• Registered in the Mongolian Red Data Book in 1987 and 1997. • According to the 2005 revision (Mongolian Government Act No. 248) on ecological and economical

valuation of flora and fauna of the 2000 Mongolian Law on Fauna, the Mongolian government values 200,000 MNT for males, 260,000 MNT for females and 340,000 MNT for young birds (Badam & Ariunzul, 2005; Adiya & Suran, 2008).

• Registered in the Threatened birds of Asia (Birdlife International 2001).• Listed in CITES Appendix I and CMS Appendix I/II (Adiya &Suran, 2008; MNE & JICA, 2001).


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance to summering sites and raise public awareness.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: M.Stubbe, N.Batsaikhan, Kh.Munkhbayar, D.Usukhjargal, B.Gantulga, D.Batmunkh, and Valentin Schatz.

31

ENDANGERED

Oxyura leucocephalaScopoli, 1769

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae

Common name(s): White-headed Duck (English), Tsagaanmolgoit yamaansuult or yamaansuult (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 43-48 cm, weight 5.1-8.2 kg. Swollen base to bill, and pointed tail, which is often held erect. Breeding male has blue bill, white head with black cap. Eclipse male has grey bill. Female and juvenile have grey bill and striped head.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Endangered, A2(bcde) Regional status: Endangered, B1;C2a(i)Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Included in CITES Appendix II. It was covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Slovenia, Poland, and Malta. It has uncertain presence and origin in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is regionally extinct in Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, and Serbia. It is considered vagrant in Albania, Greece, Romania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Egypt, Turkey, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, and Mongolia. Regional Distribution: This species breeds at the deltas of Tes and Torkholig rivers (Northern Uvs Depression); Khar-Us (five adults and two juveniles in July and August 1992, 9 males and 13 females in May 1995; one pair in June 1995; 28 males and one female in June 1995; 9 males and 3 females in June 1996; 238 birds (including c.60 males) in September 1998), Khar, Dörgön lakes, and the delta of Khovd river with reed beds (Great Lakes Depression). It migrates through Tes and Torkholig rivers (15-18 birds seen in summer of 1981 and 40 birds in 1985) (Northern Uvs Depression); Airag and Khyargas lakes (eight birds undated), Zereg lake, Zereg sum, Khovd province (a female in May 1995), Zavkhan river valley (Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Bräunlich 1995; Bold 1997; Liegl 1998; Birdlife International, 2001; Boldbaatar, 2003; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Mainjargal, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010) and Khargal lake of Bulgan province (N.Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.). M. Gilbert (Wildlife Conservation Society) counted

Adult males and female. Photograph courtesy of Sh.Boldbaatar©.

32

a total of 51 individuals at Uvs lake of Uvs province on 14 September 2006 and 138 birds at Khar-Us Lake (Great Lakes Depression) on 22 September 2006 (Bräunlich, 2006a). Three females and one male were seen at Tsegeen lake of Lun sum in Töv province on 28 May 2010 (P.Amartuvshin pers. comm. and photographs).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 7,900 - 13,100 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 680,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimate for Mongolia. A total of 500-1,000 individuals were recorded in Khyargas, Uvs and Airag lakes (MNE & JICA, 2001).

Habitat and ecologyThe species is largely dependent on shallow, productive, brackish to saline wetlands, and found in arid to semi arid areas of gentle relief (Cramp & Simmons, 1977; Martin, 1995; Birdlife International, 2001). Breeding birds at the freshwater lake Khar Us occur in vast reed beds with many water channels (Birdlife International, 2001). In Mongolia, this species is a breeding visitor. They arrive at their breeding sites by late April - early May. They nest on the ground in reed beds and tall sedge grasses where birds can hide. Breeding season continues from May to August. The nest is a partly floating structure built among growing reeds. Breeding pairs lay 5-15 dull white eggs. Incubation is 25-27 days. Number of chicks depends on food and weather conditions however they rear up to 15 chicks. They leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August - early September, depending on breeding success, food, weather conditions and threat factors. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.1.- 5.9., 5.13.- 5.17.); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (12.2., 12.6., 12.9.).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is the cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of the wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river dried up. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and also the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried out and died. These changes have been threatening breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat and food resource loss. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a potential threat to the low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important habitats for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting, roosting and refuelling habitats in the Great Lakes Depression, Valley of the Lakes, Khangai, Hentii, Hövsgöl Mountain Ranges, and Eastern Mongolian Plain. Reduction of water levels, reed-cutting, fire and hunting are threats to their breeding grounds (Batdelger, 1998).8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have been negatively affecting individuals that occur nearby. 10.5. Fire: Steppe fires burn reeds and sedge grasses in breeding habitats near lakes and rivers. The fire has the ability to burn nests with eggs.

33

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures have been taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Summering and migrating sites in the country were located in Important Bird Areas (Nyambayar

& Tseveenmyadag 2009). Approximately 20.3% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

• Listed in CITES Appendix II.


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness. • Initiate breeding programmes (Mongolian Red Data Book, 1997).


Larus relictus (Loennberg, 1931)

Order: CharadriformesFamily: Laridae

Common name(s): Relict gull (English), Ryelikt tsakhlai (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 39-45 cm, weight 0.4-0.6 kg. Similar to the Mediterranean Gull in size and head pattern. Hooked bill tip, long legs and darker bill. On the ground, birds look small headed with large and broad body shape. Adult breeding: Blackish brown hood and broad white eyelids; upperparts silvery grey; black wing-tips with two white mirrors; noticeably more white than black on wing-tips in flight. Settled birds have black wing-tips with white spots. Bill and legs dark red. Adult non-breeding has white head with dark ear spot, sometimes dark spot on crown and frequently hind necks. Juvenile and first winter: Similar to Common Gull, but with darker bill and legs; narrow tail-bar; white head with narrow brown streaks or tinges on hind necks; dark wing-tips, primary coverts and outer primaries with narrow white mirror. Bill is dark, legs are dark grey. Second winter birds have more black wing-tips, narrow white primary tips, and dark-centred primary coverts and tertials. Second summer individuals are similar to adult, but with more black on wing-tips.

Adult in breeding plumage. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

34

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, C2a(ii)Regional status: Endangered, C1Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Included in CITES Appendix I and on Appendix I of the CMS (Bonn Convention, for which see Boere 1991; Birdlife International 2001). Listed under the Mongolian Hunting Law in 2000.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Bulgaria, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia, Viet Nam, Hong Kong, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species has been recorded from many localities in Western, Central and Eastern Mongolia, with breeding records from two sites and evidence for breeding at several more (Birdlife International, 2001). This species is dependent on transient and unpredictable water conditions and a large proportion of the adults probably fail to find suitable areas for breeding (Duff et al., 1991), and many records presumably involve non-breeding adults wandering from site to site during the early summer (Birdlife International, 2001). This species nests in colonies, on islands of flat open salt or fresh water lakes (Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011) such as Khar Us lake (two nests found on an island of Tsagaan lake 24 June, 1999) (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005), Taatsiin Tsagaan lake (3 birds in May 1977, and a minimum of 8 pairs nested in 1981, 14 nests counted in 1982) (Kitson, 1980; Fisher 1985; Scott 1989; Duff et al., 1991; Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005); Lag lake (14 adults, including 3 adults with chicks in June 1999) (Birdlife International, 2001); Orog lake (20 pairs in April-May 1977 (Kitson, 1980; Duff et al., 1991), two in 1987 (Scott 1989), 2 adults and a juvenile in September 1999) (Birdlife International, 2001; Bräunlich, 1999)). This species used to breed at Höh lake (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005) and Tari or Tooroi lake (Ulz river valley in eastern Mongolia). It possibly breeds at Ihes lake (Gobi-Altai), Bööntsagaan lake (Valley of the Lakes) (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005), Bus, and Galuut and Khaichiin Tsagaan lakes (Ulz river valley) (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005). It migrates through the breeding areas at Khyargas lake (60 adults in July 1969; breeding suspected but not confirmed) (Duff et al., 1991); Airag lake (47 adults in June 1995, two records of single adults in June 1996) (Bräunlich, 1995); Khar-Us (two migrants seen on the northern slopes of the mountain massif, undated) (Duff et al., 1991); Khar and Dörgön lakes (Great Lakes Depression); Ihes lake (adult collected in June 1957) (Piechocki et al., 1981; Duff et al., 1991; Bold 1997); Bööntsagaan lake (12 adults in June 1989 (Duff et al., 1991), three adults in July 1998 (Dubois & Moutou, 1998), nine on the south-east side of the lake, June 2000 (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), 52 birds in 2003 (Bold, 2005), 6 individuals on 6 June 1999 (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005), 52 birds on 8 June 2003 (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005)); Adgiin Tsagaan lake (Valley of the Lakes); Sangiin Dalai and Ögii lakes (2 adults and 4 immature birds on 7 August, 2007) (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs), Terhiin Tsagaan lakes (Khangai Mountain Range); Hur lake in Töv province (more than one recorded in August 1970) (Il’ichyev & Zubakin, 1988; Duff et al., 1991); Talyn Tavag lake (Onon river valley of Dadal sum in Hentii province) (Badley et al., 2005); Sumiin Tsagaan, Höh, Döröö, and Galuut lakes (adult in June 1998) (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), Bus lake (5 adults in June 1998 (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), breeding female collected on 15 May 1991 (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005)); Angirt lake (5 birds on 16 June 1987) (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005); Khaichiin Tsagaan lake (seven adults in June 1998 (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), adult in May 1999, 45 birds on 24 June, 2003 (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005)); Shorvog lake (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), Höh lake of Dornod province (3 adults in July 1977 (Kitson, 1980; Duff et al., 1991; Bold, 1997) and 4 individuals 18 June 1987 (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005)); Tsaidam lake of Dornod province (four adults in May 1999) (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001); Khoriin Tsagaan

35

lake of Dornod province (54 adults in June 1998) (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), Chukh lake of Dornod province, undated (Piechocki, 1983); a small unnamed lake NW Choibalsan town (9 individuals on 17-19 May 1999) (Bold & Tseveenmayadag, 2005); small unnamed lake near Choibalsan town in Eastern Mongolia (two adults in May 1999) (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001), Buir, Bayan lakes, and a small lake South of Buir lake of Dornod province (an adult collected in May 1966) (Buir lake-Khalkh river -Khyangan region) (Stubbe & Bold, 1971; Piechocki 1983; Scott 1989; Duff et al., 1991); Bulgan river (adult in May 1975) (Piechocki et al., 1981; Piechocki, 1983; Duff et al., 1991) and steppe saline lakes (Trans-Altai, Alashani, and N, W&E Gobi) (Tugarinov, 1916; Stubbe & Bold, 1971; Kishinskii et al., 1982; Stephan, 1988; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Birdlife International, 2001; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009). Migrating birds were found at Angirt lake of Dornod province on 15 July 1979 (Bold &Tseveenmyadag, 2005), Ögii lake (Tsegmid & Uuganbayar, 2006) and Khomyn tal of Khovd province (Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 2,500-9,999 mature individuals. Total population size is 12,000 individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 1,380,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. A total of 50 breeding pairs nested at Lag lake in the east in 1999 (MNE &JICA, 2001). For more details concerning the records and numbers see regional distribution.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. This species arrives at breeding sites by late April - early May. Breeding season continues from May to July. They nest in colonies on flat open islands of fresh water and saline lakes with reeds or tall sedges. The nest is built with dry grasses, feathers, and reeds on the ground. Nests are close together, 2-5 meters apart. Breeding ecology of the species has not been well studied in Mongolia. Female usually lays 3, rarely 4 or 5 eggs with pale greenish or pale olive-greenish colour with dark, dark brown, and reddish brown blotches, spots and markings. Both birds incubate the eggs for 24-26 days (MNE & JICA, 2001) and care for the young. Both adult and young feed on aquatic invertebrates including, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, and small fish. After the breeding season, young and adults form flocks, consisting of 3-60 individuals, feed and rest on muddy shores, shallow water edges of sand bars, islands of fresh water and saline lakes, wide river banks and sandy beaches of lakes and rivers on spring and autumn migrations. They leave their breeding and summering sites to their wintering ground by late August –mid September (Kitson, 1980; Duff et al., 1991; Birdlife International, 2001; MNE & JICA, 2001). Habitat type: 5. Wetlands (5.1., 5.2., 5.4., 5.5.-5.9., 5.13.-5.17.).

Dominant threats 1. Habitat Loss and Degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Livestock gather on islands and shallow water edges of lakes where the species breeds and feeds. Overgrazing of livestock is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought at lakes and wetlands. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species through water that has been contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development -1.4.3. Tourism and recreation-1.4.5. Transport water: Ecotourism development, tourist camps, and water transport near breeding sites are major threats to the species. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried out. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes, and also the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Due to this drought, reeds, wetlands, ponds and lakes have dried out. This change has been threatening non-breeding birds through habitat and food resources loss. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing

36

activities at Buir, Höh, Ögii and Khar lakes. Abandoned gillnets along the shores of lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and this species. 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5.1.4.1.2.3. Poisoning, 4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: rodenticide Bromadiolone against Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) and collision are potential threats to the species. 5. Persecution-5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.2.3. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a potential threat to the low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Due to the drought in the last few years, important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting, roosting and refuelling habitats. 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.1. Competitors: Nest competitors are Mongolian Gull, Black-headed Gull and Grey Heron at breeding sites. 8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procynoides), Grey Wolf (Canis lupus), Steppe Eagle and Saker Falcon easily predate flightless and slow moving chicks. An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in food base also constitute threats to this species. 8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.9. Intrinsic factors-9.2. Poor reproduction-9.5. Low densities-9.9. Restricted range: The intrinsic factors lead the population to a decrease and low breeding success in Mongolia. 10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and local transport have always negatively affected individuals that migrate and feed. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Three sites where this species is reported to occur, Har Us Nuur National Park, Ayrag Nuur

and Adgiin Tsagaan Nuur (“Valley of the Lakes”), were listed as Ramsar sites in 1998 and 1999 (Ramsar Bureau internet information sheet 1999). Mongol Daguur and Nomrog river are within protected areas (D. Batdelger in litt. 1997; Birdlife International 2001).

• Approximately 13.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas. • Listed under the Mongolian Hunting Law, 2000.• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997).• Included in CITES Appendix I.

Conservation measures required• Efforts need to be made to locate all important nesting, passage and wintering sites, and where

appropriate new areas should be brought under protection (Birdlife International 2001). • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance at summering sites and raise public awareness about breeding sites.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: S.Bayarkhuu, S.Butchart, Z.Uuganbaatar, B.Odkhuu, and T.Batbaatar.

37

Aquila clangaPallas, 1811

Order: FalconiformesFamily: Accipitridae

Common name(s): Greater Spotted Eagle (English), Bor burged (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 59-71 cm, weight 1.7-2.5 kg. Females are larger and heavier than males.Adult: Medium-sized eagle with rather short and broad wings, stocky head, and short tail. Wings distinctly angled down at carpals when gliding, almost flat when soaring. Compared with Steppe Eagle, has less protruding head in flight, with shorter wings and less deep-fingered wing-tips; at rest, trousers less baggy, and bill smaller with rounded (rather than elongated) nostril and shorter gape; lacks adult Steppe’s barring on underside of flight and tail-feathers, and dark trailing edge to wing, and has a dark chin. Pale variant ‘fulvescens’ distinguished from juvenile Imperial Eagle by structural differences, lack of prominent pale wedge on inner primaries on underwing, and unstreaked underparts. Juvenile: has bold whitish tips to dark brown coverts.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, C2a(ii) Regional status: Endangered, D1Legal status: Listed in CITES Appendix II.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, Gibraltar, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Cameroon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Slovenia, Chad, Poland, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Zambia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tanzania, Uganda, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Djibouti, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Singapore, Macao, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. Its presence and origin are uncertain in Mali and South Africa. It is native to but has uncertain presence in the occupied Palestinian territory. This species is possibly extinct regionally in Romania.Regional Distribution: This species breeds in the taiga forest and forest steppe in the Hentii Mountain Range, and in the basin of Eg and Selenge rivers (Kozlova, 1930; Shagdarsuren, 1964&1983; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000 & 2005; Boldbaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar,

Juvenile in India. Photograph courtesy of Rishad Naoroji©.

38

2005a & 2008). It was observed in breeding territories, Great Lakes Depression (Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009) and Khalkh river basin on migration. It was recorded near Ikh Uul of Zavkhan of Tarvagatai mountains in the Khangai region, bordered by the Terkh river in the south and the Ider river to the north (one bird in July 1994); Ögii lake (Arkhangai province) (two immatures in May 1998) (Birdlife International, 2001); the Bayan-Ovoo of the Bulgan and Erdenet route in August 1993 (Birdlife International, 2001); between Hutag-Öndör and Airkhan lake of Bulgan province (one adult in July 1996) (Birdlife International, 2001); Hentii mountains (one bird collected in June c.1926, with very worn feathers and therefore unlikely to have bred that year in the vicinity) (Kozlova 1932); Bayangol valley near Mandal (W Hentii mountain) (adult and juvenile in September 1977) (Bankovics et al., 1980); Kharaa river in SW Hentii mountain (one bird collected in September 1924) (Kozlova, 1932; Birdlife International, 2001); near Terelj (one individual in May 1986) (Stephan, 1988); 45 km north of Atar in Töv province (one bird in July 1996) (Birdlife International, 2001; Wichmann, 2001; Gantulga et al., 2010; Stubbe et al., 2010; Usukhjargal et al., 2010). It is regularly found in the valleys of Onon and Balj river basins (Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 5,000 - 13,200 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 12,800,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Records and data within Mongolia are given above.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a very rare breeding visitor and passage migrant. Breeding and migrating individuals arrive in Mongolia by mid April –early May. Breeding season begins by late April –mid May. Breeding habitats are lowland forests near wetlands, nesting in tall trees. Breeding pairs build large stick nests in coniferous and deciduous trees in taiga forest, forest steppe and river valleys with old mixed trees (Bold et al., 2005; Stubbe et al., 2010). They are comparatively conservative nesters. Female lays 2-3 non-glossy greyish coloured eggs with sparse brown and greyish spots and blotches. The female chiefly lays the eggs at 42-44 days. Due to lack of food, only one chick survives in the nest generally. Male hunts on small to medium-sized mammals and rarely birds on the ground or in the air. It delivers the prey to the female and chicks in the nest. It also hunts on water birds, snakes and frogs. Young leave their nest at c. 60-65 days after hatching. On migration, it occurs often singly in open forest steppe, valleys of lakes and rivers, and in the areas with high rocks and cliffs. Breeding and migrating birds leave Mongolia to their wintering ground by late September-early October, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 6. Rocky Areas (on migration); 8. Desert (8.2. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation-1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species. 1.3.3. Wood- 1.3.3.1. Small-scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting:Tree cutting where nests are present is a potential threat to this breeding species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Ecotourism development, human settlement, and tourist camps near breeding and non-breeding sites are major threats to the species. 1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn trees with nests in breeding habitats. The fire might burn nests with eggs and occasionally young hatchlings. 4. Accidental mortality- 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.1. Trapping or netting: Arab falconers trap Saker Falcons in Mongolia using pigeons with loops on their backs. If target birds do not take the pigeon with loops,

39

they simply leave the pigeons in the field. The harnessed pigeon with loops made by fishing line are very attractive to other birds of prey in the steppe. Entangled raptors, such as Saker Falcon, Peregrine Falcon, Barbary Falcon, Upland Buzzard, Long-legged Buzzard, Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle, Northern Goshawk (on migration) eventually die in the field.4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone, used against Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) and insecticide are a cause of poisoning and low breeding success in breeding and non-breeding areas.4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Accidental mortalities by electrocution are most likely a threat to the species. 5. Persecution -5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.2.3.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Domestic land pollution is a potential threat to a low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Due to drought in forest steppe in the last few years, the number of rodents including Brandt’s Vole and Ground Squirrel has crashed in the steppe associated with vegetation degradation. 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: An increase in competitor and predator numbers also constitutes a threat to this species. 8.3. Prey or food base: In a year of great abundance of prey (Ground Squirrels), the number of fledged young is always high. During a season where the prey population crashes, cannibalism and siblicide often occur. 10. Human disturbance- 10.4. Transport: Car use and busy roads have negatively affected the individuals that breed in the area.10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • During the breeding and migrating seasons, birds occur in some protected areas and Important

Bird Areas. Approximately 12.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Included in CITES Appendix II.

Conservation measures required• Efforts need to be made to locate all important nesting, passage and wintering sites, and where

appropriate new areas should be brought under. • Further field surveys and long-term monitoring are needed to improve the understanding of

population trends, breeding biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness on breeding sites.


40

Haliaeetus leucoryphus(Pallas, 1771)


Common name(s): Pallas’s Fish Eagle or Pallas’ Sea Eagle (English), Usny nömrögburged or usny nömrög burged (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 72-84 cm, weight 2-3.7 kg. Males are smaller and lighter than females. Adult: Soars and glides with wings flat. Long, broad wings and protruding head and neck. Adult has pale head and neck, dark brown upperwing and under-wing, and mainly white tail with broad black terminal band. Juvenile less bulky, looks slimmer-winged, longer-tailed and smaller-billed than juvenile White-tailed; has dark mask, pale band across underwing-coverts, pale patch on underside of inner primaries, all-dark tail, and pale crescent on uppertail-coverts.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, C2a(ii) Regional status: Endangered Legal status: Listed in CITES Appendix II.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia.Regional Distribution: Mongolia remains an important stronghold for the species. However, the absence of prior targeted surveys and baseline population data precludes comment on population trends at this time (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Birds were recorded by various researchers and field biologists as follows; Hövsgöl lake area (breeding record near lake (Buturlin, 1913), most possibly breeding at delta of Khoroo, Khodon, Berh, Alagtsar, and Jargalant rivers (Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989); Uvs lake of Uvs province (a female in August 1962 or 1964) (Piechocki, 1968); Airag lake (6 adults and 15 immatures in June 1995) (Birdlife Interntaional, 2001); Achit lake, Bayan-Ölgii province (an immature male in July 1962) (Piechocki, 1968; Fomin & Bold, 1991); Buyant river, Khovd province (one immature in May 1995) (Birdlife International, 2001; Gombobaatar, 2011); Chono kharaikh river (one bird in June 1978 (Piechocki et al., 1981), an adult and one immature in May 1995 (Birdlife International, 2001); Khar lake, Khovd province (Fomin & Bold, 1991); steppe near Khovd river, Khovd

Adult male. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

41

province in May 1901 (specimen in AMNH); Khar-Us lake (Fomin & Bold, 1991)( an immature in May 1995 (Birdlife Interntational, 2001), an immature bird in August –October 1996 (Kováts et al., undated)); Dörgön lake (Fomin & Bold, 1991); Bulgan river, Khovd province in July 1962 or 1964 (Piechocki, 1968); 60 km from Mandalgobi (an individual in April 1977) (Stephan, 1994); Zavkhan river, Gobi-Altai province (Fomin & Bold, 1991); Hövsgöl lake in December 1912 (Piechocki, 1983, specimen in NHMW); Tamir river, Arkhangai province (one collected in July c.1926, and in the eastern outskirts of the Khangai the last straggler was noted on 22 September) (Kozlova 1932); Ögii lake (immature male collected in June 1962 or 1964) (Piechocki 1968); Bööntsagaan lake, Bayankhongor province (a female collected in June 1962 or 1964) (Piechocki, 1968); Orog lake of Bayankhongor province (numerous on spring migration in 1926) (Kozlova, 1932); Khujirt, Övörkhangai (an immature in June 1980 (Königstedt & Gleinich, 1988); Orkhon river, Selenge province (one adult flushed from a tall poplar tree east of the Orkhon waterfall in June 1978, with an immature bird later seen) (Mauersberger, 1979); east of the Orkhon waterfall (one adult in August 1979, and one adult seen flying into a very old poplar forest in June 1980, taken to indicate that it breeds in this region) (Mauersberger et al., 1982) (two bird in June 1989) (Stephan, 1994); Tuul river, near Ulaanbaatar (one individual in May 1979) (Stephan, 1994); Tuul river valley (breeding recorded in c.1926) (Kozlova, 1932); Bayan Bogd, Dornogobi province in September, 1933 (specimen in NRM); Dornod Mongol Daguur Strictly protected area (a very rare visitor that probably breeds in the area) (Tseveenmyadag in litt., 1997); Nömrög Strictly protected area (a rare breeding visitor) (Tseveenmyadag in litt., 1997). M.Beaman with Bird Quest birding tour, who has led tours from 1989 through 2008, reported 1-3 eagles on every visit to Bööntsagaan lake (made during late May and early June), but has never recorded nests there. M. Beaman also reported one second calendar year bird at a saline lake between Dörgön and Airag lake on 26 May 2003, and up to 3 daily at Airag lake (2ad, 1 2nd cal-year) on 26-27 May 2003, although again no nests were apparent. Mr M.Valkenburg and W.Faveyts who visited Achit lake with Central Asia Birding this year made an interesting observation of two juvenile eagles on the southeastern shore of the lake on 17 and 18 June 2009. Surveys of literature sources yielded reports of PFEs in 15 of the 21 aimags of Mongolia. M.Gilbert et al. (2009) and Batmunkh et al. (2010) recorded the species at Ögii lake, northwest corner of the lake (one adult on 20 July 2009); Orkhon river, W Ögii lake/ca. 500 m south of concrete bridge (bridge: 47.78077o N; 102.63382oE) (an adult on river bank on 21 July 2009); Orkhon river, W Ögii lake/ near wooden bridge, 10.5 km NE of Ögii lake (47.81883oN; E 102.60757oE) (one juvenile and adult on 23 July 2009); Ögii lake, northwest corner of the lake (one 1st or 2nd cal-year bird on 24 July 2009); N Khar-Us lake (two birds, presumably male and female based on size on 13 August 2009); S Khar-Us lake (one adult on southern shore, seen from observation tower on 14 August 2009); Zost lake along the creek joining Zost to Airag lake (two adults on 15 August 2009); Zost lake (one adult feeding on Common Tern on east shore of lake on 15 August 2009), Airag lake (one adult sitting on Airag lake at mouth of old creek from Zost to Airag lake on 16 August 2009); Zost lake (two adults, presumably same as yesterday on 16 August 2009); Zost lake (1 juvenile seen with two adults along creek by camp during afternoon/evening on 16 August 2009); Zost lake (one additional juvenile joined 2 adults and juvenile by camp in evening and chased off by adults, therefore presumably from another pair on 16 August 2009); Achit lake (one adult sitting on a post over northern river deltas on 18 August 2009); Achit lake (one juvenile along Phragmites on the western shore and one subadult in roughly the same place on 18 August 2009); Dalai lake (one adult moulting-in central tail feathers was sitting on telegraph poles to north of lake on 22 August 2009); Chono kharaikh river (one juvenile perched beside river on 21 August 2009); Khar lake (one subadult or juvenile seen north of Khar lake, same bird or another seen east of Khar lake on 22 August 2009); Bööntsagaan lake (possible subadult/juvenile seen at range through haze, north shore on 25 August 2009 and one subadult (at least two yrs) and one adult along eastern shore and river mouth respectively on 26 August 2009). 20 individuals were observed including 12 adults, 3 subadults and 5 juveniles during surveys in June-August 2009 (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). According to these observations, this eagle most likely breeds in the valleys of Achit lake, Ögii lake and Bööntsagaan lakes. It migrates through the above mentioned areas and open habitats near water bodies in Gobi-Altai Mountain Range, Middle Khalkh Steppe and Valley of the Lakes (Kozlova, 1930; Sushkin, 1938; Piechocki, 1968; Fischer, 1970; Mauersberger et al., 1982; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Bold et al., 1996; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000 & 2005;

42

Sumiya, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2003 Boldbaatar, 2005a & 2008; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Gantulga et al., 2010; Stubbe et al., 2010; Usukhjargal et al., 2010). S.Gombobaatar and team from the Mongolian Ornithological Society photographed two pairs and one juvenile on a long sand bar on the northern shore north of Ögii lake on 15 August 2010 (S.Gombobaatar and E.Unurjargal pers. comm. and photographs).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 2,500-9,999 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 5,270,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Although in the mid-nineteenth century it was described as “very rare, seen several times along rivers in Mongolia” (David, 1867), it was later (in the 1920s) considered a “fairly common” breeding bird in the north of the country (Kozlova 1932_1933). Although Sushkin (1938) considered it much scarcer than the congeneric White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in north-west Mongolia, this no longer appears to be the case as it was recently encountered quite commonly at almost every lake and at “the Bulgan” (presumably Bulgan river), while White-tailed Eagle was apparently absent (Piechocki 1968). An important but unquantified population is thus present, at least seasonally, in the country. (Birdlife International, 2001).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a rare breeding visitor. Migrating and breeding individuals arrive in Mongolia by late April - early May. Breeding season begins by late May –mid June. Breeding ecology is poorly known in the country. Breeding pairs build a stick nest with reeds and twigs in trees, on cliffs and possibly high banks near large rivers and lakes (Bold et al., 2005; Stubbe et al., 2010; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). The female lays 2-4 non-glossy dull white eggs. Both parents, but dominantly the female, incubate at 35-40 days. Chicks fledge at 70 days. The young remain with parents till mid August. Young, immature and adult birds hunt on fish in fresh water lakes and large slow running rivers in forest steppe, steppe, desert steppe and mountain steppe. They perch on the top of trees, and wood poles, rest on the shores and banks of rivers. On migration, they occur singly in these areas, on shores and banks of fresh water rivers and lakes. Migrating and breeding individuals leave their summering and breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August -mid September, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.1., 5.2. 5.5., 5.6., 5.7. with trees, 5.8., 5.9. , 5.13., 5.14. on migration); 6. Rocky Areas (on migration); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (12.1. /dam/, 12.2. Ponds with fishes, 12.9. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.3.2. Fisheries-1.3.2.1. Subsistence: Over-fishing. Illegal fishing activities were observed at two sites: Ögii and Khar lakes. At Ögii lake the widespread use of illegal gillnets presents a direct hazard to the species and also impacts densities of potential prey species of Pallas’ fish eagle such as Ide (Leuciscus idus) in the lake (Ocock et al., 2006). Sections of abandoned nets are a common sight along the shores of the lake and are a hazard both to local livestock and wildlife (during work at the site in 2008, species found entangled in these nets included Great crested grebe, Kentish plover, White-cheeked starling and more than 100 rotting fish). The herders around the southwestern shores of Har lake also reported extensive ice fishing activities at the site during the winter months. This has a great effect on fish populations and has the potential to devastate local fish stocks (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010).1.3.3. Wood- 1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting: Cutting trees with nests present is a potential threat to this breeding species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Ecotourism development, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds/moults, are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and other wetlands at midnight. It will increase the mortality of the species.

43

1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to the construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried out. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and also the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried out and died. These changes threaten breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat and food resource loss. The loss of inflow from the Zavkhan river and the receding water levels have already led to localized fish mortalities along the channel that formerly connected Zost lake to the main lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). This high mortality of fishes in the area is a cause of the low breeding success of breeding birds and the disappearance of migrants.1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn trees with nests in breeding habitats. The fire might burn nests with eggs and occasionally young hatchlings. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species were collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People wanting a stuffed souvenir sometimes resort to shooting the bird. 4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is a potential threat to the species. 5. Persecution -5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.2.3. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Domestic land pollution is a potential threat to a low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters -7.1. Drought: Several lakes of importance to the Pallas’s Fish Eagles have been experiencing a fall in water levels over recent years, particularly in the lakes within the Valleys of the Lakes. Water levels at Bööntsagaan lake, a prominent site for the species, appeared to be lower during surveys in 2009 in comparison to earlier WCS surveys in 2005 and 2006. Several shallow lakes to the southeast of the main lake had either contracted or dried completely during that time period. Orog lake, to the east of Bööntsagaan lake was considered an important migratory stopover, but is now completely dry and has been since at least 2005. Clearly if these trends continue the suitability of water bodies in the Gobi desert to support Pallas’ Fish Eagle have a limited future (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010).8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in the food base also constitute threats to this species. 10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negatively affected the individuals that occur around these areas. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Possible breeding sites and migrating birds occur in some protected areas and important bird

Areas in Mongolia. Approximately 8.5% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

• Included in CITES Appendix II.

Conservation measures required• Particular conservation measures need to be made for all important nesting and summering

sites, and where appropriate new areas should be brought under protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.


44

Circaetus gallicus(Gmelin, 1788)


Common name(s): Short-toed Snake-eagle or Short-toed Eagle (English), Mogoich zagalai or Lusch sar (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: C. g. heptneri

DescriptionBody length 63-69 cm, wing span 185-195cm, weight 1.7-1.8 kg. It has long and broad wings, pinched in at base, and rather long tail. Head broad and rounded. Soars with wings flat or slightly raised; frequently hovers. Pattern variable, often with dark head and breast, barred underbody, dark trailing edge to underwing, and broad subterminal tail-band; can be very pale on underbody and underwing.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Least ConcernRegional Status: EndangeredLegal Status: Listed in CITES Appendix II.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Senegal, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Portugal, Spain, Cote d’Ivoire, United Kingdom, Gibraltar, Burkina Faso, France, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Benin, Andorra, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Cameroon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sweden, Angola, Namibia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Chad, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Central African Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Botswana, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Zambia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Lesotho, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Swaziland, Cyprus, Malawi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Singapore, and Zimbabwe. It is considered vagrant in Austria.Regional Distribution: In Mongolia, an individual was found in south-western Hentii during the breeding season (Kozlova, 1930; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Stenzel et al., 2005). It breeds in the Selenge river valley and migrates through Orkhon, Selenge, and Tuul river valleys, and the western Hentii Mountain Range (Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005). T.Stenzel and S.Gombobaatar

Pale adult in breeding plumage in India. Photograph courtesy of Nitin Srinivasamurthy©.

45

photographed young birds in Khujaa Shaamar, Suhbaatar province in late July 2000 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs). Prof. M.Stubbe and his team found one breeding pair with nest containing one egg at Zuun Khailaastai at 20 km SE of Tsogt-Ovoo sum of Ömnögobi province /44o21’N; 105o28’E/ on 01 July 2004 and 03 July 2007; a nest with fledgling in an elm tree at Shutegiin Bayangol of Ömnögobi province /43o54’N; 107o40’E/ on 08 August 2009; nest with one juvenile at Ööshiin Gobi of Ömnögobi province /43o42’N; 108o11’E/ on 24 July 2005; nest with one breeding adult in dry river bed of the Ööshiin Gobi of Ömnögobi province /43o42’N; 108o11’E/ on 24 July 2005; nest with one juvenile in elm tree at Bagd mod, SE Noyon sum of Ömnögobi province /42o50’N; 102o46’E/ on 07 July 2007; nest with one juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o36’N; 105o46’E/ on 7 July 2007 and one juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o36’N; 105o46’E/ on 26 July 2007; nest with one juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o35’N; 105o46’E/ on 12 July 2007; nest with one juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o40’N; 105o49’E/ on 01 July 2007; nest with one juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o36’N; 106o43’E/ on 14 July 2005; nest with an egg in dry river bed, Bataagiin gol in Galbyn Gobi /42o35’N; 106o58’E/ on 15 July 2005; nest with a juvenile in dry river bed, Bataagiin gol in Galbyn Gobi /42o34’N; 106o57’E/ on 14 July 2005; nest with an infertile egg in dry river bed, Bataagiin gol of Galbyn Gobi /42o34’N; 106o57’E/ on 04 July 2005; nest with a juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o46’N; 107o47’E/ on 15 July 2004 and 15 July 2007; nest with one juvenile at Galbyn Gobi /42o58’N; 108o33’E/ on 30 July 2006 and one egg at Galbyn Gobi /42o58’N; 108o33’E/ on 30 July 2006 (Stubbe et al., 2010).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 51,000 - 156,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 13,000,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Please see records and data in the Regional Distribution section. Habitat and ecologyIt is breeding visitor in Mongolia. This species arrives at its breeding site by late April - early May. Breeding season continues from May to August. Breeding pairs build a stick nest with twigs and dried branches of bushes and trees in elm and poplar trees in the Gobi Desert. Lay one egg with smooth white colour at 40-47 days. Female alone incubates the egg and broods chick. Male hunts for snakes and lizards and feeds the female and chick. Chicks leave nest at 70-75 days after hatching. They leave their breeding site to their wintering ground by late August - early September, depending on breeding success, food, weather conditions and threat factors. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 3. Shrubland (3.4. on migration); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 6. Rocky Areas; 8. Desert (8.1., 8.2. with Gobi trees); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. on migrations).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in trees and bushes near breeding sites is a cause of habitat degradation. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities in Gobi directly and indirectly affect the species. 1.3.3. Wood- 1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting:Cutting trees with nests present is a potential threat to this breeding species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, and tourist camps near breeding sites in the Gobi desert where the species breeds are major threats to the species. 1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn trees with nests containing eggs and young hatchlings. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species were collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People wanting a stuffed souvenir sometimes resort to shooting the bird.

46

7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Due to the drought in the last few years, trees in breeding areas have dried out and breeding birds have been losing their breeding, resting, roosting and refuelling habitats in the country. 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in the food base also constitute threats to this species. 10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of cars and busy roads near tourist and mining camps have negatively affected individuals that occur in these areas.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and passage migrating sites in southern Mongolia are located in some protected areas

and Important Bird Areas. • Approximately 11.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed in CITES Appendix II. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date.

Conservation measures required• Particular conservation measures need to be made for all important nesting and migrating sites,

and where appropriate new areas should be brought under protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding and

migrating sites.


Paradoxornis heudeiDavid, 1872

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Timaliidae Common name(s): Reed Parrotbill, Yangtse Parrotbill or Heude’s Parrtobill (English), Bakhimkhushuut khurgach or Khurgach bor (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: P. h. polivanovi (see del Hoyo et al. (2007) for further details)

Description Body length 18 cm. Crown, head-sides and neck grey; back buffish yellow-brown; dark stripe extends to nape and back; throat and crop whitish; breast and belly buffish yellow-brown. Tail long and graduated; outer tail-feathers black- and white-tipped. Bill stout and yellow. Legs yellowish. Sexes alike.

Breeding adult. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

47

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Near ThreatenedRegional status: Endangered, B1, B2 a,b(i,ii)Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the International Red Book. DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation; China; Mongolia.Regional Distribution: This species nests and winters in dense tall reed beds (Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011) along Tashgain Tavan lake and the delta of Khalkh river (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region) (Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a resident breeder in the east. It inhabits 2-3 m tall and dense growing reed beds in river banks, river deltas, lake valleys and islands of rivers sharing with Bearded Tits. Breeding pairs build their nests in the stems of reeds supported in mid-air by 2 or 3 stems in 6-7 days. The nest is a cup-shaped structure made of strips of dead reed sheaths, and rimmed and lined with filaments of dead reed stems and is placed 1.3-1.7 m high from ground. External diameter is 8.0-8.2 cm, internal diameter 5.1-5.5 cm, height is 9.5-10 cm, and depth is 6-6.5 cm. Female incubates 2-5 eggs with slightly glossy greenish-white colour with large pale sienna spots, and blotches and creamy white, inky-purple, or reddish brown small spots. Both sexes incubate the eggs at c. 12 days. Incubation and fledging periods are poorly known. Both parents feed young on insects and their larvae, including grasshoppers and crickets. It makes loud sounds when tearing open reed stems to obtain food, and working on entrance hole made by insects in reeds after inserting the point of its bill. It also cuts through stems with the bill. In breeding season, it occurs in pairs. In non-breeding season, they are found in pairs or groups of 5-20 individuals feeding on the edges of reed beds and in also in dense reed beds. Feeding ecology in winter is almost unknown in Mongolia. They move between reed beds situated close to each other in autumn and winter. This species lives only in reed beds; therefore their life is highly dependent on the condition of the reed beds in the eastern region. Habitat Type: 3. Shrubland (very rarely found in 3.4. on feeding and seasonal movement); 5. Wetlands (large reed beds close to 5.1., 5.4., 5.5., 5.16. only in eastern Mongolia).

AbundanceThe world population is unknown (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. It is estimated that there are 8 individuals per kilometer along Buir lake, the Khalkh and Guu Azarga rivers and Tashgain Tavan lake (Mongolian Red Data Book, 1997).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1. Agriculture- 1.1.4. Livestock- 1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing of livestock in reed beds all year round in feeding and breeding sites of the species is a cause of habitat degradation/, 1.4. Infrastructure development - 1.4.1. Industry- 1.4.2. Human settlement- /building of human settlements as army base camps and gers for local people around breeding reed bed sites of lakes are major disturbances for the species/, 1.7. Fires /steppe fires burn their breeding habitats very often in spring and autumn/.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.1. Atmospheric pollution- 6.1.1. Global warming /their habitats have been changing critically due to global warming/, 6.2. Land pollution- 6.2.2. Domestic /domestic land pollution caused by human activities is a cause of habitat degradation and disturbance/, 6.3.10. Noise pollution /noise from transport close to busy roads and local herders/.

48

7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /due to the drought in the last few years, degradation and loss of habitat has been intensively occurring in non-breeding and breeding sites/, 7.3. Temperature extremes /overcooling of eggs and chicks in the nest during the early breeding season/.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators /most abundant predators such as Eurasian Badger (Meles meles), Grey Wolf (Canis lupus), and Harriers during the breeding season, and Saker Falcon in winter/, 8.3. Prey or food base /a decrease of number of prey species caused by habitat loss and drought during both non-breeding and breeding seasons/.9. Intrinsic factors- 9.5. Low densities-9.9. Restricted range /due to low density and restricted breeding range are a cause of the low breeding success and decrease in the number of individuals/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of cars by local herders (busy roads) near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species have negatively affected the species, 10.5. Fire /see 1.7./.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and wintering birds are found in Dornod Mongol and Khalkh Nömrög strictly protected

areas and Important Bird Areas including Buir lake.• Approximately 21.5% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas. • Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the Threatened Birds of

Asia. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date.

Conservation measures required• All important nesting and wintering sites should be brought under protection such as Buir Lake

and Tsahgain Tavan lake. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and seasonal movement. • Breeding sites with reed beds should be protected and fenced.• Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: S.Gombobaatar, B.Delgermaa, B.Yumjirmaa, and E.Monks.

49

VULNERABLE

Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758)


Common name(s): Lesser White-fronted Goose (English), Odoi galuu (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 56-66 cm. It is smaller and more compact, with squarer head and smaller bill compared to Greater White-fronted Goose. White frontal band of adult extends onto forehead. Both adult and juvenile have yellow eye-ring and darker head.

Conservation overview

Global status: Vulnerable, A2bcd+3bcdRegional status: Vulnerable, A2a,c; B1; CLegal status: Covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264, 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: United States, Ireland, Spain, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Denmark, Austria, Sweden, Czech Republic, Poland, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Romania, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia. This species presence and origin is uncertain in Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Israel, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, China, Mongolia, Myanmar, Taiwan, Republic of Korea, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species migrates through the end of Herlen and Ulz rivers, and Höh, Döröö, Galuut, Khaichiin Tsagaan, Khoriin Tsagaan, and Delger Tsagaan lakes (Herlen-Ulz valleys); Khalkh, Nömrög, Azarga rivers; and Buir, Tashgain Tavan and Khonkhor lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region) (Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005) and Sangiin Dalai lake (N.Tseveenmyadag pers. comm., 2008).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 20,000 - 25,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 1,100,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Only passage migrating birds were found in Mongolia in small numbers during the spring and autumn migrations.

Adult in Japan. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

50

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a passage migrant. Migrating birds were found on spring migration (by late April - early May) and on autumn migration (by late August - early September), depending on food and weather conditions. During migration, it occurs singly or in small numbers joining with Greylag Geese and Swan Geese in large lakes and ponds in eastern Mongolia. Migrating birds graze in wet meadows, marshes with short vegetation, and wheat fields in autumn. Resting and roosting birds are also found on the shores of lakes and banks of rivers in Mongolia. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.3.-5.8., 5.9. on migration, 5.13., 5.14.-5.17. on migration).

Dominant threats 1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation/, 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species/, 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water /development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults/.3. Harvesting -3.1. Food -3.1.1 Subsistence use or local trade / people shooting this species for meat/.4. Accidental mortality- 4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement /gill nets for fishing are a direct hazard to the species/, 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting /see 3.5.1./. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming /ponds, islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds have been drying out due to global warming/, 6.3. Water pollution /domestic water pollution is a cause of low density of the species, associated with habitat change/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /see 6.1.1./.8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.3. Prey and food base /a lack of food base associated with human activities/, 8.5. Pathogens or parasites /highly pathogenic avian influenza/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negatively affected the species/-10.5. Fire /see 1.7/.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Passage migrating and breeding birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird

Areas in Mongolia. • Approximately 9.8% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed in the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date.

Conservation measures required• Important sites for migrating sites should be brought under protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including migrating

ecology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.


51

Anas formosaGeorgi, 1775


Common name(s): Baikal Teal (English), Baigaliin nugas (Mongolian)

Description Body length 39-43 cm. Grey forewing and broad white trailing edge to wing in flight in both sexes (recalling Northern Pintail). Male has striking head pattern of black, yellow, bottle-green and white; black-spotted pinkish breast, black undertail-coverts and chestnut-edged scapulars. Female superficially resembles female Common Teal; has dark-bordered white loral spot and buff supercilium that is broken above eye by dark crown; some females have white half-crescent on cheeks.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, A3cRegional status: Vulnerable, A2 (a, c); C.Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1995. Listed in CITES Appendix II. It is covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Spain, France, Netherlands, Italy, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Malta, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, India, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. It is considered vagrant in Bangladesh. Its presence and origin are uncertain in Afghanistan.Regional Distribution: This species migrates through Ikh Dalbaa of Khankh in Hövsgöl (groups of six and four individuals (possibly the same birds) seen at two localities 15 -20 km apart in July 1995, neither group appearing to be breeding there); Steppe lake west of Lun sum, Töv province in June 2000 (a male); Orkhon and Selenge rivers, Tsagaan lake (Stenzel et al., 2005); Orkhon-Selenge river basins; the downwards Onon, Balj, and Herlen rivers (Hentii Mountain Range); Ulz, Döch rivers and Sumiin Tsagaan, Höh, Döröö, Galuut, Bus, Suujiin Tsagaan, Khaichiin Tsagaan, Khoriin Tsagaan, Delger Tsagaan lakes (Mongol Daguur Steppe); Khalkh, Nömrög rivers and Buir and Tashgain Tavan lake (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region); Hövsgöl Mountain Range (Bold, 1973; Skryabin & Sumiya, 1976; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Harper 1996; Bold, 1997; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Birdlife International, 2001; Sumiya, 2002; Gombobaatar et al., 2003; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005). Abundance The world population consists of 500,000-700,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 2,160,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Adult male (above) and adult female (below) Photograph courtesy of B.Gantulga© and S.Gombobaatar©.

52

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a rare passage migrant. Migrating birds pass through eastern Mongolia from the end of April to the beginning of June. Only immature individuals were seen in eastern Mongolia by early September and mid October on autumn migration. Migrating birds stay together with Garganey and Northern Pintails in fresh water and saline lakes on spring and autumn migrations. They are also found in freshwater pools and ponds in the valley of large lakes and rivers in the east. They feed on aquatic and terrestrial plants and roots. Passage migrants forage wheat grain on autumn migration in eastern Mongolia together with ducks. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.4.-5.8., 5.13. -5.16.).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation-1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species refuels are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and wetlands. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing activities at Buir lake. Abandoned nets along the shores of the lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and to this species. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success in the species, associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important stopover and refuelling sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and the birds have been losing their resting and refuelling habitats in the Eastern Mongolian Plain. 8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have been negatively affecting individuals that occur nearby.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Migrating birds are included in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas.• Approximately 9.8% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited

since 1995. • Listed in CITES Appendix II. It is covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264

in 2001 (Gombobaatar et al. 2003; Gombobaatar, 2004).

Conservation measures required• All important migrating sites should be brought under particular protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including migration


Compiler: S. Gombobaatar.Reviewers: Ch.Uuganbayar, J.Bird, I.Fefelov, T.Ikeuchi, E.Unurjargal, and U.Tuvshin.

53

Aythya nyroca(Güldenstädt, 1770)


Common name(s): Ferruginous Duck or Ferruginous Pochard (English), Undar shumbuur or Undar nuden shumbuur (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 38-42 cm. It is smallest duck in its genera. Its head is dome-shaped (more peaked, less rounded than Baer’s Pochard). Male with chestnut head, breast and flanks, white undertail-coverts (but many Tufted Ducks also have white undertail), and black upperparts, rump and tail. Female is duller than male, with dark iris. In flight, shows extensive white wing-bar and white belly.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Near ThreatenedRegional status: Vulnerable, D1Legal status: -

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Cape Verde, Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Mali, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, United Kingdom, Burkina Faso, France, Ghana, Niger, Benin, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Chad, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Central African Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Uganda, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Palestinian Territory, Occupied, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Seychelles, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Maldives, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Hong Kong, and Japan. The species’ presence and origin are uncertain in Cameroon and Togo.Regional Distribution: This species is found at Bulgan river (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range), and Khar-Us lake (Great Lake Depression); Ögii lake (Khangai Mountain Range); Bööntsagaan lake (Valley of the Lakes) on migration (Piechocki et al., 1981; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold , 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Stenzel et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Bold & Batsaikhan, 2006; Boldbaatar, 2008). Three birds were seen on Baga lake shore of Uvs Lake Depression on 08 July 1991 (Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010) and a single bird was seen at Darkhad Depression of Hövsgöl province (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.).

Adult male (above) and adult female (below) in JapanPhotograph courtesy of Yasuo Watanabe© and T.Ikeuchi©.

54

AbundanceThe world population consists of 160,000 - 257,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 3,610,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Only passage migrating birds have been found in small numbers during the spring and autumn migrations.

Habitat and ecology In Mongolia, it is a summer visitor and passage migrant. Several individuals of the species were found in lakes in the west and south of the country during migration. Migrating birds arrive in Mongolia by late April - early May. Migrants pass through the areas by late August - early September. It occurs singly, or in pair in fresh water, brackish and saline lakes, large pools and ponds with reeds and sedges. They feed mostly on aquatic plants in water. They rest and roost on shores of lakes and banks of rivers with Tufted Ducks and Common Pochards. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.1., 5.4.-5.9., 5.13-5.17.).

Dominant threats 1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation/, 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining / gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species through heavy metal intake such as mercury/, 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water /development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults/, 1.4.6. Dams /two major hydroelectric dams (Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river) led to drought at Zavkhan river, Airag and Zost lakes, and beds of Phragmites spp. of Zost lake and mass mortalities of fishes/.4. Accidental mortality- 4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement /the widespread use of illegal gillnets presents a direct hazard to the species/, 4.2 Collision -4.2.1 Pylon and building collision / collision is one of the potential threats to this species all over Mongolia during the migration in autumn and spring/.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming /ponds and islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds have been polluted and are drying out due to global warming/, 6.3. Water pollution /domestic water pollution is a cause of low density of the species associated with habitat change/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /see 6.1.1./.8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators /most abundant carnivores such as Saker Falcon and Peregrine Falcon predate on this species/, 8.3. Prey and food base /lack of food base associated with human activities/, 8.5. Pathogens or parasites /highly pathogenic avian influenza/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negatively affected the species/-10.5. Fire /see 1.7/.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Migrating and stopover sites are included in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas.• Approximately 47.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

Conservation measures required• All important migrating sites should be brought under particular protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including migration



55

Gypaetus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758)


Common name(s): Lammergeier or Bearded Vulture (English), Ooch yol or Yol (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: G. b. aureus (see Howard & Moore (1994) and Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 94-125 cm, wing span 231-285 cm, weight 4-7 kg. Females are larger than males. Identified in the field by long and narrow wings, long wage-shaped tail, large size and feathers drooping below bill. Adult underparts orange buff contrasting with dark underwings and tail; upperparts metallic slate-blue at close distance. Golden head has black eye-mask. Juvenile has blackish-brown head and neck, contrasting with brownish grey underparts and underwings; dark brown above, but mantle whitish. Bill dark grey. Legs blackish.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Least ConcernRegional status: Vulnerable, A2 (ac); C.Legal status: Included in Annex I of the Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the “conservation of wild birds”, Annex II (fauna species under strict protection) of the International Convention for the Conservation of the European wildlife and the natural habitats (Bern Convention), as this has been confirmed by Law No. 1335/83. It is included in Annex II of the International Convention for the Conservation of migratory species of wild animals (Bonn Convention), Annex II of CITES and the Annex of the Ministerial Decision No.414985/1985 of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, France, Andorra, Germany, Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, Switzerland, Tunisia, Austria, Namibia, Czech Republic, Croatia, South Africa, Albania, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Sudan, Bulgaria, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Lesotho, Russian Federation, Tanzania, United Republic of, Uganda, Mozambique, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Palestinian Territory Occupied, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Djibouti, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Nepal, Mongolia, and Bhutan. It is regionally extinct in Italy, Liechtenstein, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia.Regional Distribution: Breeding birds at Chag lake valley, Möst sum, Khovd province on 24 May 1996 (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); nest in cliff at Takhiin tal, Gobi-Altai province on 6 April 1991 (Stubbe et al., 2010) (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range); a fledgling at Gobi national park /45°35’N; 093°47’E/ on 12 July 2006 (P. Kaczensky

Adult in flight. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

56

pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); breeding record at Yol am, Zuunsaikhan 03 June 1979 (Mauersberger et al., 1982); one nest with a chick at Gurvansaikhan mountain /43°43’N; 103°06’E/ on 27 July 2004 (H. Wehrden pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010) and a chick at Gurvansaikhan mountain /43°48’N; 103°28’E/ on 20 June 2006 (S. Gombobaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); nest with a chick at Gurvansaikhan mountain /43°29’N; 103°51’E/ on 05 July 2007 and at 43°30’N; 104°03’E on 05 July 2007 (B. Ravjir pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010) (Gobi-Altai Mountain Range) east to Siilhem, Kharkhiraa and Turgen mountains; Great Lakes Depression (Jargalant and Bumbat Khairkhan, Altan Höhii mountains), Depression of Zavkhan river (Ih and Baga Buural); nest in cliff with one chick at Khantaishir mountain, Gobi-Altai province /46°10’N; 094°01’E/ on 05 May 2001 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); South Khangai Plateau; nest in cliff with a chick at Khavtag mountain, Dzungariin Gobi on 30 July 2003 (H.Wehrden pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); Baruun khurai (Baitag Bogd, Ih Khavtag, and Takhiin Shar Nuruu mountains); breeding record at Ikh Bogd and Bituutiin am (Bannikov & Skalon, 1948) (Valley of the Lakes); Aj Bogd; one nest with chick at Atas Bogd /43°27’N; 096°47’E/ on 07 July 2004 (Stubbe et al., 2010); Edrengiin nuruu, Altan-Uul, Tsagaan Bogd, Sevree, Nemegt, and Tost mountains (Trans-Altai Gobi); one juvenile at Khan Bogd mountain /43°10’N; 107°16’E/ on 17 July 2005 (Stubbe et al., 2010); one nest with chick at Baga Nomgon nuruu, Borzon Gobi on 25 July 2001 (Stubbe et al., 2007 & 2010); Eastern Gobi Depression. One breeding pair annually nested at Erdene sand mountain of Töv province from 1997 to 2004 (Nyambayar et al, 2005). Nests were found in the Middle Khalkh Steppe; one nest with chick in a rock pillar at Adaatsag mountain, Adaatsag sum, Dundgobi province /46°37’N; 105°46’E/ on 01 June 2003 and 2007 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); Baga Gazryn Chuluu, Dundgobi province, Zorgol Khairkhan Uul, Töv province; one breeding pair with a chick in cliff at Hustai Nuruu national park /47°43’N; 105°49’E/ in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009 & 2010 (D. Usukhjargal pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010) (Hentii Mountain Range). One nest with two chicks was found at Khorgo volcano, Terhiin Tsagaan lake valley 30 July 2007 (Schleicher pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010). Solitary individuals have been observed at Choiryn Bogd, Ih Sansar (Choir), Darkhan (Darkhan), Yazaar Uul (Bayanmönh), Toono (Bayanmönh), Bayanhutag (Bayanhutag), Mönhkhaan (Mönkhkhaan), Batkhaan, and Högnökhaan mountains (Eastern Khangai), Erdenesant (Erdenesant) and Khangai Mountain Range (Kozlova, 1930; Shagdarsuren, 1964&1983; Erdenebat, 1989; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Boldbaatar, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005 & 2005a; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Gombobaatar et al., 2007; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Stubbe et al., 2007 & 2010; Usukhjargal et al., 2010; S.Gombobaatar and D.Usukhjargal pers. comm.).

Abundance The world population consists of 2,000-10,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 8,750,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. However, breeding data and information on numbers are given in the Regional Distribution section.

Habitat and ecology In Mongolia, it is a resident species. Breeding season continues from early February to early-mid August. Breeding pairs build stick nests with branches, twigs and animal bones in inaccessible high cliffs and ledge of large rock pillars of high mountain massifs and rocky mountains in mountain and forest steppe at 1,400-3,200 m altitude (Shagdarsuren, 1964&1983; Stubbe et al., 2010; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). The female lays 1-2 eggs with whitish colour and brown and purple blotches with a heavy yellowish or buff wash. The female incubates the eggs at 53-55 days. Nestlings can swallow large portions of food from an early age, including large pieces of bone. They can fly at 107-117 days. Young birds always re-visit the nest at long intervals after leaving. Like other vultures it is a scavenger, feeding mostly from the carcasses of dead animals. It usually disdains rotting meat, however, and lives on a diet that is 90% bone marrow. The Lammergeier can swallow whole bones up to the size of a lamb’s femur and its powerful digestive system quickly dissolves even the largest pieces. It has learned to crack bones too large to be swallowed by carrying them up high and then dropping them onto rocks below, smashing them into smaller pieces and exposing the nutritious marrow. This learned skill requires extensive practice by immature birds and takes up to seven years to master (Ferguson-Lees & Christie, 2001; Burton & Burton, 2002). Habitat Type: 6. Rocky Areas; 8. Desert (8.2. with cliffs).

57

Dominant threats 1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, and tourist camps near breeding sites, are major threats to the species.3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species are collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 3.2. Medicine -3.2.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Local people shoot it for its stomach to use in traditional medicine.4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5.1. 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming, 6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: These are potential threats to the low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters-7.3. Temperature extremes: Eggs and young chicks have overcooled and died in Hustai Nuruu national park (D.Usukhjargal pers. comm.). 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.3. Prey or food base: The mortality rate of livestock and wildlife has been low for the last few years due to suitable weather conditions for these animals. This leads to starvation of the breeding pair’s chicks. This phenomenon has also occurred for breeding pairs in Hustai national park and Adaatsag area in 2009 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm.). 9. Intrinsic factors-9.1. Limited dispersal and 9.7. Slow growth rates are causing low density of the species. 10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism and 10.4. Transport: Busy roads and local herder’s spring camp sites have been negatively affecting breeding individuals.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date.• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Included in Annex I of the Council Directive 79/409/EEC on the “conservation of wild birds”, Annex

II (fauna species under strict protection) of the International Convention for the Conservation of the European wildlife and the natural habitats (Bern Convention), as this has been confirmed by Law No. 1335/83.

• It is included in Annex II of the International Convention for the Conservation of migratory species of wild animals (Bonn Convention), Annex II of CITES and the Annex of the Ministerial Decision No.414985/1985 of the Greek Ministry of Agriculture.

• Breeding and wintering sites is placed in protected areas and Important Bird Areas. Approximately 8.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

Conservation measures required• Particular efforts need to be made to all important nesting and wintering sites, and where

appropriate new areas should be brought under protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and seasonal movement using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.


58

Aquila heliacaSavigny, 1809


Common name(s): Eastern Imperial Eagle or Imperial Eagle (English), Khan burged (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: A. h. heliaca (see Howard & Moore (1994); Wild Bird Society of Japan (2000); Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001) for further details)DescriptionBody length 68-84 cm, wing span 175-215 cm, weight 2.4-4.5 kg. Large, stout-bodied eagle with long and broad wings, longish tail, and distinctly protruding head and neck. Wings are flat when soaring and gliding. Adult has almost uniform upperwing, small white scapular-patches, golden-buff crown and nape, and two-toned tail. Juvenile has pronounced curve to trailing edge of wing, pale wedge on inner primaries, streaked buffish body and wing-coverts, uniform pale rump and back (lacking distinct pale crescent shown by other species), and white tips to median coverts and greater upperwing-coverts.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, C2a(ii) Regional status: Vulnerable, C2a(i)Legal status: Listed in CITES Appendix I.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Morocco, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Cameroon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Lithuania, Sudan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tanzania, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Djibouti, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. It is native to, but has uncertain presence in, Macao and the Occupied Palestinian Territory. It is a regionally extinct vagrant in Austria.Regional Distribution: This species bred in Hentii and the Hövsgöl Mountain Range, particularly Orkhon and Selenge river basins in 1990 (Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Stubbe et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). It migrates through the breeding areas, open dry habitats, mountain slopes and forested areas near Altai city (Boldbaatar pers. comm.), and in Middle Khalkh Steppe, Eastern Mongolian Plain and the Bulgan river valley in the Baruunkhurai Depression (Kozlova, 1930; Shagdarsuren, 1964 & 1983;

Adult in India Photograph courtesy of Rishad Naoroji©.

59

Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000& 2005; Sumiya, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Stenzel et al., 2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Gantulga et al., 2010; Stubbe et al., 2010; Usukhjargal et al., 2010), Khar-Us lake, Khovd river valley Khovd province (a bird in August-October 1996) (Birdlife International, 2001); Bulgan-gol, Baruunkhurai Depression (an individual in May 1978) (Piechocki et al., 1981); Dzavkhan unnamed locality (at c.49°N 96°E; a bird in July 1992) (C. Bealey in litt. 1999; Birdlife Interntional, 2001); Selenge river, undated (Fomin & Bold, 1991); near Khujirt Övörkhangai province (two birds in June 1978 (Mauersberger, 1979); lower Orkhon river, Selenge province (a bird in June 1972 (Mauersberger, 1979; Fomin & Bold, 1991), (breeding pair with one juvenile in July 1990, the only breeding record for Mongolia so far) (Heidecke et al., 1992); unnamed locality (at 50°01’N 105°15’E) (Birdlife International, 2001); near the border with Russia, satellite-tracked juvenile in October 1998 (Birdlife International, 2001); unnamed locality (at 49°25’N 106°35’E), N Mongolia (satellite-tracked juvenile in October 1998; unnamed locality at 48°55’N 106°39’E), N Mongolia (satellite-tracked juvenile in October 1998) (Birdlife International, 2001); unnamed locality (at 48°09’N 107°03’E), near Ulaanbaatar (satellite-tracked juvenile in October 1998) (M. J. Ueta in litt. 1999; Birdlife International, 2001); near Turtle rock, Terelj area (a bird in August 1984) (Kerr-Smiley, 1997&1998); unnamed locality (at 47°49’N 108°18’E), E Ulaanbaatar (satellite-tracked juvenile in October 1998); Sukhbaatar unnamed locality (46°25’N; 111°55’E), E Mongolia (satellite-tracked juvenile in October-November 1998; unnamed locality 46°06’N; 111°45’E), E Mongolia (satellite-tracked juvenile in October-November 1998; unnamed locality 45°56’N; 114°20’E), E Mongolia (satellite-tracked juvenile in October-November 1998; unnamed locality 44°57’N; 113°15’E), E Mongolia near border with Inner Mongolia (satellite-tracked juvenile in October-November 1998) (M. J. Ueta in litt. 1999; Birdlife International, 2001). Satellite-tracking studies have shown that birds from the eastern Russian population migrate through Mongolia en route to China (Birdlife International, 2001). A breeding pair at Eg-Uur delta of Erdenebulgan sum /50°20’N; 102°00’E/ on 25 August 2000 (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); breeding pair with young birds at Hövsgöl /50°04’N; 100°13’E/ on 22 June 2001 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); breeding pair was found at Teshig river pass near old wheat field areas in Eg river valley (Mainjargal, 2005); one nest with chick in pine tree at Orkhon river valley /50°10’N;106°10’E/ on 24 July 1990 (Stubbe et al., 2010).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 5,200 - 16,800 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 9,440,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. The status of this species is very poorly understood, as there have only been a handful of confirmed records, but it presumably could breed widely in river valleys and forest-steppe.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor and passage migrant. Breeding and migrating birds arrive in the country by late April - early May, depending on weather conditions. Breeding season begins by late May-mid June. Breeding pairs build a large stick nest made of branches, twigs and lined with long grasses and twigs in tall trees in coniferous and mixed forest in taiga forest, river valley and forest steppe (Bold et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2011). Both adults, but chiefly the female, incubate 2-3 eggs with non-glossy, white to pale buffish colour with brown and grey sparse markings at 43 days. Young vary in size, and the smaller chicks usually die due to sibling competition and lack of a food. Both sexes hunt on small and medium- sized mammals including Long-tailed Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus undulatus), Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus daurica), Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica) and occasionally small- and medium- sized birds. The female mostly broods chicks in the nest. The male brings the prey and feeds the female and chicks in the nest. The chicks leave their nest when they reach 60 day old. The young remain near breeding sites and are still fed by their parents after fledging. On migration, they occur singly in open habitats from forest steppe to desert steppe. They begin to migrate to their wintering ground by late early September-late October. It may winter in Mongolia as a single bird was recorded in Khan uul of Binder sum in Hentii province in February 1987 (MNE & JICA, 2001). Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 4. Grassland (4.4.); 6. Rocky Areas; 8. Desert (8.2. on migration).

60

Dominant threats 1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species. 1.3.3. Wood- 1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting:Cutting trees with nests present is a potential threat to this breeding species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, and tourist camps near breeding and non-breeding sites are major threats to the species.1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn trees with nests present in breeding habitats. The fire might burn nests with eggs and occasionally young hatchlings inside. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species are collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of the public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.1. Trapping or netting: Arab falconers trap Saker Falcons in Mongolia using pigeons with loops on their backs. If target birds do not take the pigeon, they simply leave the pigeon in the field. The harnessed pigeon with loops made by fishing line are very attractive to other birds of prey in the steppe. Entangled raptors, such as Saker Falcon, Peregrine Falcon, Barbary Falcon, Upland Buzzard, Long-legged Buzzard, Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle, Northern Goshawk (on migration), eventually die in the field.4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People who want to make a stuffed bird sometimes resort to shooting this species. 4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadioline, used against Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti), and insecticide, poison this species and lead to low breeding success in breeding and non-breeding areas.4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Potential threat is collision. 5. Persecution -5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.2.3. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Domestic land pollution is a potential threat leading to low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Due to the drought in the last few years, deciduous and coniferous trees in important sites have been drying out and the number of rodents including (Spermophilus undulatus), Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus daurica) and other voles has crashed in the forest steppe associated with vegetation degradation. 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in food base also constitute threats to this species. Also see 7.1. 10. Human disturbance- 10.4. Transport: Busy roads have negatively affected the individuals that breed in the vicinity. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and migrating sites are included in protected areas and Important Bird Areas in

Mongolia. • Approximately 11.6% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed in CITES Appendix I.

Conservation measures required• Efforts need to be made to locate all important nesting and migrating sites, and where appropriate

new areas should be brought under protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. A recent satellite-tracking project has added considerably to knowledge of migratory movements of the eastern population, by tracking

61

two birds from the breeding grounds in Russia through Mongolia to China (Birdlife International 2001).

• Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.• Improve protection of species and sites. • Implement beneficial forestry policies. Maintain large trees in open land and protect old

woodlands on slopes. • Prevent mortality from poisoning and electrocution on medium-voltage power lines, as well as

persecution on wintering grounds and migratory routes. • Raise public awareness and involve stakeholders in conservation activities.


Falco cherrugGray, 1834

Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae

Common name(s): Saker Falcon (English), Idleg shonkhor (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: F. c. milvipes (see Howard & Moore (1994); Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001); Gombobaatar (2006) for further details). This species is a polymorphic species consisting of individuals differed by their plumage, body size and shape, and geographical and ecological characters. The Altai Falcon (Falco altaicus, Falco cherrug altaicus, Falco rusticolus altaicus) is possibly a relict and hybrid between the Saker Falcon and Gyr Falcon inhabiting the Altai mountain range. General appearance of the falcon is very similar to Gyr Falcons. Besides this, hybrid individuals with Saker dominant characters, that have lost Gyr Falcon features, breed with typical milvipes Sakers in Mongolia. In addition, there are dark brown or dark-chocolate brown Saker individuals similar to the hybrid falcon found in Mongolia (Gombobaatar, 2006).

DescriptionBody length 47-57 cm, wing span 95-125 cm, weight 0.75-1.4 kg. Females are larger and heavier than males. Large brown falcon with long wings and tail. Wing beats slow in level flight, with lazier flight action than Peregrine. At rest, tail extends noticeably beyond closed wings (wings are equal to tail on Peregrine). Adult somewhat variable, but generally head pale sandy-buff with whitish supercilium and poorly marked narrow moustachial stripe. Underparts whitish-buff with variable dark streaks/bars typically broadest and blackest on sides and thighs, giving impression of dark ‘trousers’. Male slightly smaller, lighter and less barred on breast than female. Some males have distinctively barred-back. Sometime no differences between sexes. Juvenile resemble

Breeding adult male. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

62

young Peregrine, but tawny-brown upperparts, facial pattern bolder than adult, with more prominent moustache and whiter supercilium, boldly streaked underparts with all dark ‘trousers’.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Endangered, A2(bcd)+A3(bcd) Regional status: Vulnerable, A2 (acd); C.Legal status: Listed in CITES Appendix II.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, Mali, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Cameroon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Sweden, Czech Republic, Chad, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Korea, Republic of, Romania, Finland, Sudan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Republic of, Russian Federation, Burundi, Tanzania, United Republic of Cyprus, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Djibouti, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Nepal, Mongolia, and Bangladesh. It is regionally extinct in Turkmenistan. Regional Distribution: This falcon was documented in the Secret history of Mongols (Gaadamba, 1990). It is possible that Saker Falcons were used for falconry by Khubilai khan during 1272-1289 (Mark Polo, 1987). This species breeds in high mountains (less than 3,500 m altitude), forest steppe, mountain steppe, steppe, desert steppe, Gobi desert (trees, slopes) in the Mongol-Altai and Gobi-Altai Mountain Ranges, Great Lakes Depression (surrounding mountains), Depression of Zavkhan river, Khangai, Hövsgöl, Hentii Mountain Range, Middle Khalkh Steppe, Mongol Daguur Steppe, Eastern Mongolian Plain, Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region, Valley of the Lakes, Dzungariin Gobi, Trans-Altai Gobi, Northern Gobi, and Eastern Gobi depression. It can be found all over Mongolia, excluding wetlands, taiga, deep forest, sand dunes, and areas that lack nesting substrates in the Gobi desert. It migrates through all of the above mentioned areas (Przewalskii, 1876; Pevtsov, 1883; Potanin, 1883; Grumm-Grzemailo,1914; Bianki, 1915; Tugarinov, 1929; Kozlova, 1930; Kozlova, 1932; Tugarinov, 1932; Sushkin, 1938; Tarasov, 1944; Dementiev, 1962; Tarasov, 1960; Shagdarsuren, 1964; Dementiev & Shagdarsuren 1965; Bold, 1966; Bold, 1969; Bold, 1973; Kozlova, 1975; Ostapenko et al., 1977; Baumgart, 1978; Kleinstauber & Succow, 1978; Mauersberger, 1979; Mauersberger, 1980 Piechocki et al., 1981; Kishinskii et al., 1982; Stepanyan & Bold, 1983; Shagdarsuren, 1983; Sergelen, 1986; Fomin & Bold, 1988; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Bold, 1989; Baumgart, 1991; Popov, 1991; Tsengeg, 1996; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Stephan, 1994; Banzragch et al., 1998; Potapov et al., 1999b; Sumiya & Batsaikhan, 1999; Potapov et al., 2000; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Bold & Boldbaatar, 2001; Ellis et al., 2001; Boldbaatar, 2003; Potapov et al., 2001b; Shagdarsuren et al., 2001; Boldbaatar, 2002; Sumiya, 2002; Potapov et al., 2002; Bold et al., 2003; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Bold, 2005a; Boldbaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Stenzel et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2006&2006a; Tsegmid & Uuganbayar, 2006; Gombobaatar et al., 2007a; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Otgontuya & Gombobaatar, 2010; Gantulga et al., 2010; Stubbe et al., 2010; Usukhjargal et al., 2010). Occurrence, wintering and migration patterns are remarkedly dependent on the population of prey species (Brandt’s Vole, Ground Squirrels, Mongolian Pika and Daurian Pikas (mammals), steppe passerines, Chukar, Pallas’s Sandgrouse (Birds) (Gombobaatar et al., 1999; Gombobaatar et al., 2000; Gombobaatar et al., 2001; Sumiya et al., 2001; Gombobaatar et al., 2002; Potapov et al., 2002; Uuganbayar &Gombobaatar, 2003; Gombobaatar, 2006&2006a; Gombobaatar et al., 2007a; Munkhzaya &Gombobaatar, 2007; Uuganbayar et al., 2010).

63

AbundanceThe world population consists of 19,200 - 34,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 10,300,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). In 1999 the population was estimated at 3,000 breeding pairs (Shagdarsuren et al., 2001). However, in 2000 the population dropped to an estimated 2,200 pairs and in 2003 the number of falcons breeding in 6 study sites was less than 50% than the previous years with most sites being unproductive. Population size of the Saker in Mongolia consisted of 186 breeding pairs (6,050 individuals) in 2002 (Saker Falcon census, 2002). From 1998 to 2005, the density of breeding pairs was 0.47 on average (min. 0.13, max. 0.97) at 5 different study areas (Gombobaatar, 2006).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor and partial migrant. All young birds migrate to N&NW China and some adults stay in Mongolia depending on food resources and winter conditions (Bold &Boldbaatar, 2001; Potapov et al., 2001; Sumiya et al., 2001; Potapov et al., 2002; Gombobaatar, 2006). By the second half of April, most breeding pairs, both female and male, actively defend their nest site from other birds and predators. Breeding pairs nest in old and newly build nests of Northern Raven, Upland Buzzard, Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle, Black Kite, and rarely Cinereous Vulture and Black Stork placed on cliffs, trees, rock boulders, sandy precipices, electric poles and pylons, roofs of cattle shelters and deserted buildings, and on the ground. Some pairs scrape a hollow in the cliff edge and sandy cliffs (Shagdarsuren, 1964&1983; Baumgart, 1978 & 1978a; Ellis et al., 1995, 2001a; Bold et al., 1996; Tsengeg, 1996; Banzragch et al., 1998; Potapov et al., 1999; Shijirmaa et al., 2000; Bold & Boldbaatar, 2001; Potapov et al., 2001, 2002, 2003; Bold et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2006&2006a; Gombobaatar et al., 2007a; Munkhzaya &Gombobaatar, 2007; Gombobaatar et al., 2009; Stubbe et al., 2010; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). Height of nesting substrates is 15.8±0.7 m (max. 120, min. 0, N=303) and height of nest from the ground is 10.2±0.4 m (max. 60, min. 0, N=303) on average (Gombobaatar, 2006). Females are larger than males. They do not build their own nest but they do carry extra nest material to the nest (Ellis et al., 1997). Some pairs select the same nest site for 4-6 consequent years. After breeding pairs select a nest site, pairs copulate on the nesting substrate and the ground. Clutch size varies from 2 to 6, average 3.7±1.02 (min 1, max 6, N=330) (Potapov et al., 2002a; Gombobaatar, 2006). Typical egg colour is reddish brown with dark brown spots, blotches and markings. Colour of eggs changes depending on sunlight and duration of incubation. Egg length is 56.52 ± 2.0 (SD) mm (min 50.86, max 66.2, N=220), width 46.69 ± 1.6 mm (min 32.5, max 47.24, N=90), weight 50.64 ± 5.9 gramm (min 36, max 65, N=90) on average. Both adults incubate eggs at 31.5-38.5 days. From 1998 to 2005, average hatchling was 3.34 (min. 1, max. 6, N=401) and fledgling was 2.8± 0.7 (min.1, max. 6, N=401) (Gombobaatar, 2006). According to Gombobaatar (2006), a total of 60 species of birds and 16 species of mammals were found in the diet of the Saker Falcon all year round from 1998 to 2006. Dominant prey species of birds are Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) (4%), Greater Short-toed Lark (Calandrella rufescens/brachidactyla) (2.3%), Mongolian Lark (Melanocorypha mongolica) (2.1%), Eye-browed Thrush (Turdus obscurus) (2.1%), Brandt’s Vole (51%), Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) (3.9%), Midday Gerbil (Meriones meridianus) (2.5%), Daurian Pika (Ochotona daurica) (1.2%). There was no difference between the proportion of birds (45%) and mammals (55%) in the autumn - winter diet. Minimum distance covered by males is 115 km and 42 km for females on average. Home range size by Minimum Convex Polygon was 214.7 km2 for breeding male and 78.2-103.9 km2 for females in 1999. Overlapping of home range of neighboring breedings pairs was 70-98% (Potapov et al., 1999b, 2000, 2001a; Gombobaatar, 2006). Adult and young birds hunt on Brandt’s Voles until mid-September depending on food, weather conditions and threatening factors. Most young birds start to migrate by early October. Experienced adult birds winter near their nest and still actively defend it. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 3. Shrubland (3.4.); 4. Grassland (4.4.); 6. Rocky Areas; 8. Desert (8.2.); 11. Artificial–Terrestrial (11.3., 11.4., 11.5.).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)- 1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock at breeding sites is a cause of habitat degradation associated with habitat drought. Drought leads to a crash of prey species such as Brandt’s Vole.

64

1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species. Some breeding pairs desert their nest site with eggs.1.3.3. Wood- 1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting:Cutting trees with nests present is a potential threat to this breeding species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, and tourist camps near the area where the species breeds are major threats to the species. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)- 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species are collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 3.5.2. Sub-national/national trade- 3.5.3. Regional or international trade: Today, Mongolia’s Saker Falcon population is threatened by illegal trapping, Brandt’s Vole poisoning, and electrocution (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). Trapping for the falconry trade, especially the export trade to the Middle East is growing rapidly. It is not known how many falcons are legally and illegally being trapped in Mongolia each year or to what extent trapping is affecting the breeding population. Three hundred licences are supposedly sold each year but as many as 250 falcons were taken by licence in 2004 from Sukhbaatar Aimag alone (Zahler et al., 2004). Saker numbers are closely related to vole cycles (Bold &Boldbaatar, 2001; Gombobaatar, 2006) and fluctuate naturally. Nevertheless, widespread use of rodenticides is causing increased falcon mortality (Gombobaatar, 2006). The extent to which these different factors contribute to Saker declines in Mongolia requires urgent analysis. However, it appears that a major factor has been the unsustainable trade in Saker Falcons with the Middle East (Badam, 2001). However, Mongolian Government gave official licenses to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arabi Emirates, Qatar, and others for 25 birds in 1998, 61 in 1999, 50 in 2000, 184 in 2001, 303 in 2002, 392 in 2003, 365 in 2004, 385 in 2005 as a gift and to sell (Gombobaatar, 2006). 4. Accidental mortality -4.1. Bycatch-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.1. Trapping, or netting: Arab falconers trap Saker Falcons in Mongolia using pigeons with loops on their backs. If the target bird does not take the pigeon with loops, they simply leave the pigeon in the field. The harnessed pigeon with loops made with fishing line are very attractive to other birds of prey in the steppe. Entangled raptors, such as Saker Falcon, Peregrine Falcon, Barbary Falcon, Upland Buzzard, Long-legged Buzzard, Steppe Eagle, Golden Eagle, and Northern Goshawk (on migration) eventually die. Nestlings and adult birds entangled with nest materials such as synthetic strings and ropes eventually die (Potapov et al., 1999a; Gombobaatar, 2006).4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People who want to make a stuffed bird souvenir sometimes resort to shooting the species. 4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone, used against Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti), is a cause of poisoning and low breeding success in breeding and non-breeding areas (Batdelger, 2002; Gombobaatar et al., 2003; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Birds killed by electrocution and collision were regularly found underneath 15 KV and other types of high power electric lines in Mongolia (Harness & Gombobaatar, 2008; Harness et al., 2008; Gombobaatar et al., 2009; Harness et al., 2009; Amartuvshin et al., 2010&2010a; Harness & Gombobaatar, 2010; Gombobaatar et al., 2011). 4.2.2. Vehicle collision: Some young birds fall down from the top of poles and electricians sometimes drop the nests with chicks near busy roads. These young birds crash into fast driving cars at night and sometimes even in the middle of the day (Gombobaatar, 2006). 5. Persecution -5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.2.3.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species) -6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Domestic land pollution is a potential threat leading to low breeding success associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters- 7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: In early spring, eggs and downy young chicks overcool from the cold, heavy rain and strong storms. Some nests with eggs and chicks on poles, roofs of buildings, and towers are blown away (Gombobaatar, 2006). 8. Changes in native species dynamics -8.1. Competitors: Neighbouring nest competitors such as Upland Buzzard, Golden Eagle and Steppe Eagle threaten breeding pairs during the breeding season. 8.2. Predators: An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in food base also

65

constitute threats to this species. Northern Raven takes eggs when parents are absen from the nest. Eurasian Eagle-owl predates both adults and chicks that are less than 2 weeks old. 8.3. Prey or food base: Crash of Brandt’s Vole number affects the breeding success of this species (Bold&Boldbaatar, 2001; Gombobaatar, 2006). 8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Avian influenza is a potential threat to the species. Lack of a food leads breeding birds to eat their own chicks and also larger chicks take smaller ones (Gombobaatar, 2006&2006a). 10. Human disturbance -10.1. Recreation and tourism: Breeding pairs have been disappearing from historical breeding sites due to construction of tourist camps nearby.10.4. Transport: Use of cars near tourist camps and busy roads has negatively affected the individuals that nested nearby (Gombobaatar, 2006). In April and May, electricity companies remove all nests on poles and throw away all eggs and chicks found (Gombobaatar, 2006).

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Single species national action plan for Saker Falcon research and conservation in Mongolia was

issued by Mongolia Government on 21 March of 2005. • In order to support breeding success, building additional nesting substrates is a potential

conservation measure for the species. This work was started by Ellis in a few areas (Ellis et al., 2001a). The artificial nest platform programme was developed by national and international teams in 2000 (Sumiya et al., 2003; Potapov et al., 2003&2004; Munkhbayar et al., 2004; Gombobaatar et al., 2005a; Munkhbayar et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2006). The next stages of the programme are now run by British biologists (Dixon et al., 2008).

• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • Included in CITES Appendix I. Listed under the Mongolian Hunting Law, 2000. • Approximately 7.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

Conservation measures required• Legal or permitted numbers of Sakers to be exported to the Middle East must be based on science-

based surveys. • All important nesting, passage, and wintering sites and appropriate new areas should be brought

under particular protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Artificial nest platform programme should continue but a critical concern is the number of nests

that should be deployed.• Highly lethal power lines and poisoning should be considered at national and international levels. • Nationwide census of the species using international standard methods should be considered in

the near future. • Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.


66

Grus vipio Pallas, 1811


Common name(s): White-naped Crane (English), Tsen togoruu (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 120-155 cm, wing span 200-212 cm, weight 4.8-6.6 kg. Adult is grey and white; head mostly white, but with dark grey lores and forehead, large red eye-patch bordered with dark grey, and with dark grey ear spot; neck white, but with dark grey line to point below head; breast, underparts and mantle dark grey, scapulars pale grey, coverts whitish-grey, tertials almost white. Immatures are similar, but have rusty brown on head and neck, and wings less white, more grey-brown. In flight, all flight-feathers are blackish (primaries with white shafts), forming strong contrast with pale grey upperwing and underwing-coverts.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, A2ce+3ceRegional status: Vulnerable, A2 (ac); CLegal status: Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the International Red Book. The species is listed in CITES Appendix I. It is covered under the Mongolian Hunting Law, 2000.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. Regional Distribution: In Mongolia, this species is mostly distributed in the north-eastern region of the country. It breeds in the open valleys of lakes and rivers with tall marshy vegetation and reed beds, islands on lakes and rivers, and steppe lakes surrounded by reeds (Ostapenko & Tseveenmyadag 1983; Fujita et al., 1994; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Sumiya, 1998; Goroshko & Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag & Goroshko, 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Goroshko, 2002; Bold et al., 2005; Bradter et al., 2005 & 2007; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Bradter et al., 2002, 2005 & 2007; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011) suc as Binder lake of Hentii province (one breeding pair, local people reporting that a pair bred annually) (Ostapenko &Tseveenmyadag, 1983); Kholboo Shar lake of Ömnödelger sum in Hentii province

Breeding adult male and female. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

67

(five juveniles banded in August 1994) (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); Onon (breeding pairs (Kozlova, 1930 & 1932; Stepanyan, 1975; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005), tens of breeding pairs in June 1999 (O. A. Goroshko in litt. 1999)); Barkh river valley of Hentii province (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Dund Nomgon, Nogoon lakes in Batshireet sum of Hentii province (one juvenile banded in August 1994) (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); Saikhan river of Batshireet sum in Hentii province (one juvenile banded in August 1994) (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005);Khurkh river valley in Binder and Batshireet sums of Hentii province (one juvenile banded in July 1994) (Gombobaatar, 1996; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); Khulst lake in Khurkh Sangiin Aj Akhui of Hentii province (two juveniles banded in July 1994) (Bold & Dulamtseren, 1981; Tseveenmyadag, 1998; Bold et al., 1995; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); Sain Eriin Khonkhoryn Ar lake of Hentii province (two juveniles banded in July 1994) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998; Gombobaatar, 1996; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); near Bayan-Adraga town of Hentii province (flock of 13 birds reported by local people at a steppe lake in July 1981) (Ostapenko & Tseveenmyadag 1983); Ulz river basins (Kucheruk, 1977; Gombobaatar, 1995; Higoshi et al., 1995; Ozaki & Baba, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002;Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Bradter et al., 2002, 2005&2007); Bulangiin lake (one juvenile banded in July 1994) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); Mongol Daguur strictly protected area, part of the Dauria International Nature Reserve, a breeding ground for c.30 birds, unspecified years (Tseveenmyadag in litt. 1998); Ugtam nature reserve (an important site for this species, undated) (N. Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Galuut lake of Dornod province (one adult in June 1998), Angirt lake, Chuluunhoroot sum, Dornod province (one juvenile banded in July 1994) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Bradter et al., 2002, 2005&2007); Ulz river, near Bayan-Uul sum of Dornod province (seven pairs along 5-6 km length and 3 km width of the river valley in July 1977) (Ostapenko & Tseveenmyadag, 1983); Ulz river at Gurvanzagal sum of Dornod province (one juvenile banded in July 1994) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005); Khalkh gol of Dornod province (found breeding in the late 1960s) (Bold et al., 1995; Bold, 1997). It migrates through the breeding areas and Buyant river of Khovd province (Fomin & Bold, 1991); Khar-Us lake (Bold 1997); Bakhtakhiin river, Darkhad Depression of Hövsgöl province (Fomin & Bold, 1991); Aikhan lake of Bulgan province of Selenge basin (Boldbaatar, 2003) (single birds) (Bold et al., 1995); Kharbukh river (Fomin & Bold, 1991); Ögii lake (more than 20 birds) (Batdelger, 1996); Kharaa river in N Mongolia (several seen with a flock of Common cranes Grus grus on autumn migration in 1924- 1926) (Kozlova 1930 & 1932); Argun river (untraced, found a breeding pair) (Kozlova 1932); Herlen river valley (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Ulaan lake of Dornod province (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Barkh river in Batshireet sum of Hentii province (a pair with a chick in July 1981) (Ostapenko &Tseveenmyadag, 1983); Shuus river valley, Hentii province (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag in litt. 1997); Balj river in Dadal sum of Hentii province (Fomin & Bold, 1991); between Öndörkhaan town and Bayan-Ovoo sum (three adults on a small unnamed steppe lake in the Herlen valley in June 1998) (Birdlife Interntional, 2001); Döröö lake (an important site for this species) (N. Tseveenmyadag in litt. 1998); Höh lake of Ulz river in Dornod province (flock of 14 birds on the west shore in July 1977) (Ostapenko &Tseveenmyadag, 1983); Döch river valley (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Höh lake of Dornod province (Bold, 1997); Khaichiin Tsagaan lake (an important site for this species, undated) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009); Tsagaan-Ovoo sum of Dornod province (Bold, 1997); Tashgain Tavan lake (an important site for this species) (N. Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Azarga river flowing into Tashgain Tavan lake (flock of 6 birds near this river in July) (Ostapenko & Tseveenmyadag 1983); Sumiin Tsagaan lake of Dornod province (an important site for this species, undated, proposed as a new strictly protected area) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Nömrög strictly protected area (rare breeding bird) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998); Eastern Mongolian strictly protected area (very rare summer visitor but breeding not confirmed) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998); Baga lake (an important site for this species), Godigor lake (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Khalkh

68

river (one adult in June 1999) (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001). Breeding birds found at Tsegeen lake of Lun sum in Töv province in August 2006; Tsegeen lake of Lun sum in Töv province (a pair in August 2007); Tsagaan lake of Bayannuur sum (a pair in August 2006); Sum Höh Burd of Adaatsag sum in Dundgobi province (breeding pair in April 2002). Single birds were found in dry steppe at Bayanjargalan sum in Töv province together with Demoiselle crane and three Hooded cranes in April 2003, seven birds at Kharbukh river of Tuul river basin in June 2006 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs). One bird at Airag lake of Uvs province on 19-20 and 23-24 September 2006 (Bräunlich, 2006a); S Hövsgöl and Ganga lakes of Suhbaatar province (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 6,500 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 746,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. However, 800 individuals breed and summer in Onon, Ulz, Balj and Herlen river valleys (Bold, 1997). Up to 40% of the global population of the species exists in Mongolia (MNE& JICA, 2001). The White-naped Crane in Dauria is estimated at 1400 individuals, which is up to 23% of the world population (Goroshko, 2002).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Migrants arrive at the breeding site by mid April. During the breeding season, they are found in wetlands along river valleys, grassy marshes, wet sedge meadows, and on islands of steppe lakes with reed beds.Fujita et al. (1994) found that White-naped Cranes prefer wet steppe areas (of which the Ulz river valley is part of). Within this climate type, foraging areas of White-naped Cranes include wetlands, adjacent grasslands and cropland (Meine & Archibald 1996). Bradter et al. (2007) observations show that large parts of the daily area used of two out of three pairs was dry. Although a few wet microhabitat features were present in these areas, the plots of focal bird locations do show a widespread use of the area rather than concentrations of points. This indicates that the wide areas of dry habitats were used for foraging. In autumn, they feed in dry areas in river valleys and wheat fields in Russia and Mongolia. In winter, its habitat consists of freshwater lakes, farmland, and sometimes coastal flats. They locate their nesting site from previous years and participate in a long and complicated set of coordinated calls, in amongst other crane species doing the same thing. The female initiates the display, in which both sexes extend their necks and lift their heads; the males utter one call for every two from the female. They build a stick nest of dried reeds, sedges and grass in open wetlands, amongst dense vegetation. One or two eggs with yellowish-green or pale greenish-yellow colour with dark brown, reddish-brown or bluish-brown spots and markings, are incubated between mid April and mid May. They incubate the eggs at 30 days. The male remains near the nest and helps to build and defend the nest. Once the chicks have hatched in June or early July, the parents are less vigilant about defence, spending more time feeding the chicks. They fledge after 70 to 75 days and reach sexual maturity in their third or fourth year. During the breeding season, they feed on insects (grasshoppers, cicades) and aquatic invertebrates, worms, Siberian Wood Frog (Rana amurensis), Mongolian Toad (Bufo raddei), and the seeds, roots and tubers of sedges and other wetland plants. While the chicks are large enough, they prefer to feed in dry areas near reed beds, tall bushes and marshes (Ostapenko & Tseveenmyadag 1983; Fujita et al., 1994; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Sumiya 1998; Goroshko & Tseveenmyadag 2001; Tseveenmyadag & Goroshko 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Bradter et al., 2002; Bradter et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Bradter et al., 2007; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). Parental cranes spent 79.6 ± 4.8% (10 pairs, 2000 and 2001) of the daylight period foraging whereas pairs without juveniles spent only 60.3 ± 14.0% (three observation days of three pairs) of the daylight period foraging. Foraging time shows a slight but non-significant increase with chick age during the second and third week (rs = 0.401, P = 0.58). Preening/resting for parental pairs was recorded during 4.4 ± 1.9% of the daylight period and during 24.3 ± 11.1% of the daylight period for non parental cranes. Whereas pairs without chicks showed a bimodal foraging activity pattern, we didn’t find any distinct behaviour pattern for pairs with chicks. Pairs without juveniles sometimes went to a shallow water body during midday for a period of resting and preening which we did not observe in parental cranes. With shorter days and older

69

juveniles, pairs increasingly left the roosting site before sunrise (rs = 0.776, P < 0.001) and returned after sunset (rs = 0.531, P = 0.006). The size of the area used by crane families ranged from 11 to 155 ha per day. Pairs rearing juveniles used on average 65 ± 31 ha per day, pairs without juveniles 111 ± 35 ha. Two pairs used a composite area of 165 and 379 ha, respectively during observation days with chicks aged c. 15, 30, 55 and 65 days. Maximum recorded distance of a focal parental bird from the roosting site was 3030 m. Start and finish of daily movements was always the roosting site. Five pairs retained their nest site at the periphery of their minimum convex polygon. The sixth pair permanently moved to another wetland. This pair nested in a reedbed at the edge of a lake. Adjacent on the other side of the reedbed was a tiny wetland of c. 2 ha. During an observation day when the chick was c. 6 days old, the family was foraging in this wetland, but the male left to feed on an island and in a wetland (c. 150 – 200 ha) at the other side of the lake. During an observation day when the chick was c. 17 days old, and during subsequent observation days, the family foraged in the larger wetland and also used it as a roosting site. The move had necessitated a walk of about 2 km. One pair crossed the river twice between foraging area and roosting site during an observation day when the chick was c. 7-8 weeks old (Bradter et al., 2007). Eastern Mongolian birds migrate to Poyang Lake, China within 26 days. The bird from the Russian Daurian steppe flew through China, Korea and Japan (Higoshi et al., 1995; Ozaki &Baba, 1995). Habitat Type: 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (5.1. in the valley with tall vegetation, 5.4., 5.5. (in the valley with reeds and marshy grasses), 5.6., 5.14., 5.16., 5.17 (in the valley with reeds and marshy grasses on migration); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. on migration).

Dominant threats 1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: In Mongolia, White-naped Cranes nest in river valleys, along lake edges and in other wetlands, often in the vicinity of pastoral families. Habitat loss and degradation throughout the breeding range are critical threats to the species (Meine & Archibald 1996, BirdLife International 2001). Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. Habitat loss is one potential threat to the species in the country (Gombobaatar, 1997; Gombobaatar, & Sumya, 1998; Sumiya et al., 2000; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005). Overgrazing has become a serious problem in certain areas due to a considerable increase in livestock numbers and a shift from nomadic to a more sedentary lifestyle (Oyun-Erdene, 1998).1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining including uranium activities have directly and indirectly affected breeding success of the species at rivers and lakes where the water has been contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults, are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and wetlands. This will increase the mortality of the species. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried up. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried up and died. These changes have threatened breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat loss. 1.7. Fires: Steppe fires burn breeding habitats near lakes and rivers in spring and autumn. Early spring and summer fires might burn nests with eggs and accidentally young broods. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)- 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: In Ulaanbaatar, 4 birds were stuffed and placed in a night club in 2007 for a show. Local owners of wheat fields along Ulz and Khurkh river valley sometimes shoot this species in order to kill and flush them from the fields. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5. 4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone, used against of Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) at feeding sites where the species occurs is a threat to breeding and migrating species through the areas.4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is one of the potential threats to this species all

70

over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring.5. Persecution-5.1. Pest control: Pesticide used in forested areas against insects such as the Siberian Moth is a potential threat to the species (see 4.1.2.3.). 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds are important breeding sites for the species in Mongolia. Due to drought in the last few years, these important sites are drying out and the birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in Mongolia. 7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: Nests located in the valleys of Ulz, Onon, Khurkh, and Khalkh and other rivers in the west and reed shores of lakes have been destroyed by floods. Cold rains and sudden temperature changes pose real threats to the species, especially young chicks with pins (Gombobaatar, 1997; Gombobaatar, & Sumya, 1998; Sumiya et al., 2000; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005). 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) predate eggs and also flightless and slow moving chicks at night.8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia. 10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism: Anthropogenic activities that pose a threat to this species’ breeding areas include mining, haymaking, flooding and an increased frequency of steppe fires. Although at present, north-eastern Mongolia is relatively unspoiled by development, the Mongolian government has plans for large-scale agricultural development, as well as industrial and infrastructural projects.10.4. Transport: Use of boats, cars, and horses near breeding areas has negatively affected breeding and non-breeding individuals. In recent years, local herders have collected hay from sedge grasses along the valleys of lakes and rivers for fodder. This is because sedge grasses grow taller and denser than any other plants along valleys. Horsemen passing close to White-naped Crane groups cause considerable disturbance. Many herdsmen can identify White-naped Cranes and know if they have groups in the vicinity. White-naped Cranes can usually be seen from a distance when on horseback. It would require relatively little effort for horsemen to avoid getting too close to a White-naped Crane family and they might willingly do so if they are made aware of the disturbance caused. Slow moving herds do not cause any visible alarm of cranes and livestock grazing up to a certain stocking density might not be detrimental and might even be beneficial to cranes. We do not know whether livestock grazing itself has a positive or negative effect on food availability or accessibility (e.g. by reducing vegetation height) and these questions need to be answered before recommendations on grazing in White-naped Crane foraging areas can be given. Maximum distance of a focal animal to the sleeping area was 3,030 m. If targeted measures for the protection of the White-naped Crane are to be implemented, they should be focused within c. 3 km of the sleeping area and nest site. In one family, chick and parents were separated for up to 1.5 h by a passing horseman. Some of the lowest proportions of foraging time were recorded for this family in an area frequented by horsemen. Repeated disturbance of this level could lead to insufficient energy intake and consequently to reduced reproductive success (Bradter et al., 2007). 10.5. Fire: Fires also cause habitat destruction at nesting sites and can rapidly decimate a nesting pair. See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date.• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • The sites where this species is reported to occur are Mongol Daguur, Eastern Mongolia and Numrug

Strictly Protected Areas in Dornod province (Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Birdlife International 2001). Approximately 9.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

• Listed in the Mongolian Hunting Law, 2000. • Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the Threatened Birds

of Asia (2001). • Listed in CITES Appendix I.

Conservation measures required• Habitat conservation measures for breeding white-naped cranes need to be targeted to within at

least 3 km of the roosting-site or nest-site.

71

• If roosting- and nest-sites are unknown or if conservation management is to be extended to areas which are presently unoccupied, measures should be focused within 3 km of flooded areas, as these represent potential nest- and roosting-sites.

• White-naped cranes are easily identified by many herdsmen and can usually be seen from a distance. It would require relatively little effort for horsemen to avoid getting too close to the birds. They may willingly do so if they were made aware of the disturbance caused by approaching a family of white-naped cranes.

• Grazing animals should be kept out of potential nest-sites, including flooded areas and ponds within the breeding area (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• There is a need for improved international coordination of the management of Lake Khanka and other protected areas on the borders between Russia, Mongolia and China, and improved management and professional training of reserve staff is necessary in many of the protected areas where this species occurs (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• There are several wetlands (especially smaller wetlands) in the breeding range in north-eastern Mongolia that should be established as new protected areas (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• More surveys are necessary in Mongolia, including studies of the influence of human activities on known sites, and a crane monitoring system needs to be established (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• The raising of public awareness about cranes and their conservation is also important in Mongolia (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).


Grus monachaTemminck, 1835

Order: Gruiformes Family: GruidaeCommon name(s): Hooded Crane (English), Khar togoruu (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 90-101 cm, wing span 160-182 cm, weight 3.2-4.8 kg. Males are slightly larger and heavier than females. Adult mostly dark blackish-grey with white head and neck. Forehead and lores are black and a small red fore-crown -patch largely covered with black feathering. Immature is lack black and red of forehead/fore-crown and has rusty off-white head and neck and somewhat browner plumage than adult. All flight-feathers and coverts are blackish. It is the only crane species with no contrast on upperwing in flight. Adult and juvenile in Japan.

Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

72

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C2a(ii) Regional status: Vulnerable, A2(ac); C2a(i)Legal status: Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the International Red Book. Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1995. It is listed in CITES Appendix I. Approximately 10.2% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, India, China, Mongolia, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species summers and migrates through valleys of lakes and rivers, wheat fields and rarely dry steppe (Ostapenko & Tseveenmyadag 1983; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Bradter et al., 2002, 2005&2007; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). It has been recorded at Zavkhan river of Zavkhan province (three birds with Common Cranes) (Bold et al., 1995); Urd Tamir river of Arkhangai province (a summer visitor) (Bold, 1997); Ögii lake (a summer visitor) (Tsegmid & Uuganbayar, 2006) (Batdelger, 1996); 8 km west of Hutag-Öndör of Bulgan province (two birds on a damp meadow in July 1996) (Birdlife International, 2001); Ongiin river of Övörkhangai province, west of Arvaiheer town (five birds with Common cranes in April 1974) (Bold, 1981; Bold & Dulamtseren, 1975; Bold et al., 1985; Bold et al., 1995); Tashgain Tavan lake (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Orkhon and Tamir rivers of Selenge province (a summer visitor) (Bold, 1981; Bold & Dulamtseren, 1975; Bold et al., 1985; Bold, 1997); Tsagaan sum valley of eastern Hentii (seven birds in June 1971); Ar Khonkhor lake of Norovlin sum in Hentii province (Gombobaatar, 2002) (Bold et al., 1995); Galuut lake of Dornod province (flock of six in May 1999) (A. Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001); Mongol Daguur Strictly protected area (a migration stopover ground for up to 400 birds) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Döch river valley (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Ulz river valley (flock of 43 birds near crop fields by salt lakes south of the river in June 1987) (Bold et al., 1995), Ulz agricultural area (over 700 birds estimated in spring 1990, 2,079 in 1991, 107 in 1992 and 1,891 in 1994, including over 1,000 birds seen together at the end of September 1994) (Bold, 1997); Ugtam nature reserve (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998); Khaichiin Tsagaan lake (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Herlen river valley (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Sumberiin Tsagaan lake (Sumiin Tsagaan lake) (an important site for this species) (Tseveenmyadag, 1997); Döröö lake of Ulz river in Dornod province (24 birds in April 1987, with more than 700 birds in a field just north of the lake in April 1990, and 2,079 birds in the same area in April – May 1991) (Bold et al., 1995); (flock of five in May 1999) (Bräunlich, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001); a pair at low stream of Khoroo river, Hövsgöl lake (Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989). Three birds were observed in dry steppe at Bayanjargalan sum, Töv province together with a Demoiselle Crane flock (April 2003), one bird observed at Sharga lake of Bulgan province on 22 August 2010 (S. Gombobaatar, pers. comm.); Ulz river, Tari, Döröö lakes and Mongol Daguur Steppe (Sushkin, 1938; Kozlova, 1930; Bold, 1969; Bold, 1973; Bold & Dulamtseren, 1975; Bold, 1981; Bold et al., 1985; Sumiya & Skryabin 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Sumiya, 2002; Boldbaatar, 2003; Badley et al., 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009). Eight individuals were seen at Orog lake of Bayankhongor province in June 2008 (Kh.Terbish pers. comm.).

73

AbundanceThe world population consists of 2,500-9,999 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 1,600,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. A total of 700 individuals were summering in wheat fields along Ulz river valley in 1990, 2,079 in 1991, 107 in 1992 and 1,891 in 1994. Due to the disappearance of wheat field plantations, the number of the species has dropped to 30-100 individuals in the area (MNE &JICA, 2001).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a non-breeding summer visitor and passage migrant. Summer visitors and passage migrants arrive at the summering and stop over sites by mid April-mid May. This species reaches maturity at three to four years. Hooded Cranes move to the breeding grounds in pairs or small flocks between April and May. This species can breed in forest wetlands of the Darkhad Depression and Hentii mountain range. In eastern Mongolia, they summer in marshy areas near pools, ponds and river valleys with reeds and sedge grasses. On autumn migration, they tend to stay in wheat fields with White-naped and Demoiselle Cranes. In some wheat fields in Ulz and Khurkh river valley, over 700 birds were observed in spring 1990, 2,079 in 1991, 107 in 1992 and 1,891 in 1994, including over 1,000 birds seen together at the end of September of 1994 (Bold, 1997). These numbers are the highest in the country, a result of birds from their northern breeding grounds joined with Mongolian birds. Hooded Cranes eat berries, roots and seeds of plants, insects and Siberian Wood Frogs (Rana amurensis). During winter, 80 percent of the population feeds at the special artificial feeding station in Izumi, Japan, where they are fed cereal grains. They leave Mongolia to their wintering ground by late September-early October, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (5.1. in the valley with tall vegetation, 5.4., 5.5. (in the valley with reeds and sedge grasses), 5.6., 5.14., 5.16., 5.17 (in the valley with reeds and marshy grasses on migration); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Hooded Cranes summer in river valleys, along lake edges and other wetlands, often in the vicinity of pastoral families. Habitat loss and degradation throughout the breeding range are critical threats to the species. Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining including uranium activities have directly and indirectly affected the species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species refuels and summers are major threats to the species. 1.7. Fires: Steppe fires burn their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers in spring and autumn. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone used against of Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) at the species’ feeding sites, is a threat to migrating species through the areas affected.4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is one of the potential threats to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are summering and refueling sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites are drying out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in Mongolia. 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) potentially predate them at night.8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.

74

10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism: Anthropogenic activities that pose a threat to this species’ summering and feeding areas include mining, haymaking, flooding and an increased frequency of steppe fires. 10.4. Transport: Use of boats, cars and horses near breeding areas has negatively affected non-breeding individuals. In recent years, local herders have collected hay from sedge grasses along the valleys of lakes and rivers for fodder. This is because sedge grasses grow taller and denser than any other plants along valleys. Horseman passing close to the species cause considerable disturbance. 10.5. Fire: Fires also cause habitat destruction at nesting sites and can rapidly decimate nesting pairs. See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1995. • Summering and migrating birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas in

Mongolia. • Approximately 10.2% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the Threatened Birds

of Asia. • Listed in CITES Appendix I.

Conservation measures required• Habitat conservation measures for summering sites are urgent (Gombobaatar, 1995;

Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• Hooded cranes are sensitive to human disturbances. It would require relatively little effort for horsemen to avoid getting too close to the birds.

• Grazing animals should be kept out of potential summering sites (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• There is a need for improved international coordination of the management of eastern Mongolian protected areas on the borders between Russia, Mongolia and China, and improved management and professional training of reserve staff is necessary in many of the protected areas where this species occurs (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• More surveys are necessary in Mongolia, including studies of the influence of human activities on known sites, and a crane monitoring system needs to be established (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).

• The raising of public awareness on cranes and their conservation is also important in Mongolia (Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Meine & Archibald, 1996; Birdlife International 2001; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).


75

Limnodromus semipalmatus Blyth, 1848

Order: CharadriiformesFaminly: Scolopacidae

Common name(s): Asian Dowitcher or Asiatic Dowitcher (English), Aziin tsuutsil or Aziin tsuutsali (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 32-36 cm, wing span 57-59 cm, weight 0.13-0.5 kg. Superficially similar in appearance to Bar-tailed Godwit. Adult has broad-based, straighter, all-black bill with swollen tip, and squarer-shaped head. Shows diffuse pale bar across secondaries and grey tail in flight. Underparts brick-red in breeding plumage, as in Bar-tailed Godwit. Non-breeding plumage is pale grey-brown, the upperparts having pale margins to most feathers, the underparts lightly barred, face very pale with dark lores, pale supercilium. Juvenile has buff fringes to dark upperparts, and buff wash to breast.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Near ThreatenedRegional status: VulnerableLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1995. Included in both the Russian and International Red Books. It was covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation, Kenya, Yemen, Kazakhstan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, India, China, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Australia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Japan, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Airag lake (Great Lakes Depression), Zavkhan river (Zavkhan desert steppe depression), Ulz river (Teeliin lake) (Mongol Daguur Steppe) and a pair was seen at the delta of Khoroo river, Hövsgöl lake in second half of June (Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989). S.Gombobaatar found and photographed 3 breeding pairs with 2 eggs in wetlands of Borogchin lake of Bayannuur sum, Bulgan province (Eastern Khangai) on 16 June 2007, and 4 breeding pairs with two eggs each in wetlands app. 10 SE of Lun sum, Töv province on 17 June 2007 (Gombobaatar, 2010; S. Gombobaatar’s pers. comm.). It migrates across the breeding areas, river banks, lake shores and wetlands in regions and valleys of Airag lake (Pevtsov, 1883); Hövsgöl lake and Eg river, Hövsgöl Mountain Range (Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989); N&NE Khangai Mountain Range and Valley of the Lakes (on migration) (Bold, 1973), Orog lake (Kozlova, 1930&1932); Orkhon-Selenge river basins; Hentii

Breeding adult female and male. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

76

Mountain Range (Pevtsov, 1883); Buir lake-Khalkh river, Khyangan region (Bold & Eregdendagva, 1970; Ostapenko et al., 1977); Middle Khalkh Steppe; Mongol Daguur Steppe (Kozlova, 1930; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989, Sumiya, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Delgermaa et al., 2004; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Gombobaatar et al., 2008). Three colonies of the species, totalling at least 57 adults, were found at Airag lake of Uvs province on 18 June 2006. One bird had an Australian leg-flag (Bräunlich, 2006a).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 23,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 2,750,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Numbers and records are given in the Regional Distribution section.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. They arrive at breeding sites by late April - early May. Breeding season continues from May to July. Breeding pairs nest in marshy-grasslands and inaccessible bogs with hummocks and high vegetation in valleys of lakes (Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). The nest is a shallow hollow on tussocks or muddy bare parts of marshes without lined grasses and situated on the ground. The female lays 2, very rarely 3, eggs with olive green or pale green colour and dark brown or dark grey blotches and markings. They breed in small colonies of 4-10 pairs in Mongolia. Neighbouring nests are spaced 6-250 m apart. After hatching, young leave nest and follow their parents. According to del Hoyo et al. (1996), on the breeding grounds, its diet consists of small fish, insect larvae and oligochaetes and polychaetes, and molluscs on migration. It is a gregarious species that occurs in small flocks, consisting of 3-60 individuals on muddy shores, muddy river deltas, flooded meadows and grassy bogs in Mongolia. They leave their breeding site to their wintering ground by late August -early September, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (5.1.-5.9., 5.10., 5.13., 5.14.-5.17. on shores and banks).

Dominant threats1.1. Habitat Loss and Degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Livestock graze and destroy marshes and bogs near fresh water lakes and pools where this species breeds. The overgrazing of livestock in marshes and bogs near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and water transport near breeding sites are major threats to the species. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried up. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, marsh grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried out and died. These changes have been threatening breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat and food resources loss. 1.7. Fires: Steppe fires burn breeding habitats near lakes and rivers. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing activities at Buir, Höh, Hövsgöl, Ögii and Khar lakes. Abandoned gillnets along the shores of the lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and this species. 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5.1.4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is one of the potential threats to the species. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a potential actor in the low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change.

77

7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with sedges and reed beds, marshes, bogs, and wet meadows in Mongolia are important habitats for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting, roosting, and refuelling habitats.8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procynoides), Grey Wolf (Canis lupus), and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) predate flightless and slow moving chicks at midnight. An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in the food base also constitute threats to this species. 8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.9. Intrinsic factors-9.2. Poor reproduction-9.5. Low densities-9.9. Restricted range: Intrinsic factors possibly lead to population decrease and low breeding success in Mongolia. 10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have always negatively affected individuals that migrate and feed nearby. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and migrating birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas in

Mongolia. • Approximately 9.8% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • Hunting of the species has been prohibited since 1995. • Included in both the Russian and Asian Red Books. • It is also listed in the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

Conservation measures required• Most important nesting and migrating sites and, where appropriate, new areas should be

brought under protection. • Particular conservation activities including wetland management, such as fencing off breeding

sites, must be urgently organised for important breeding areas such as wetlands in Lun sum and Bayannuur, Bulgan province.

• Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices.

• Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: N.Tseveenmyadag, S.Gantugs, P.Jargalsaikhan, and J.Munkhbat.

78

Otis tardaLinnaeus, 1758

Order: Gruiformes Family: Otididae

Common name(s): Great Bustard (English), Khonin toodog or toodog (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 75-105 cm, wing span 170-260 cm, weight 3.3-16 kg. Large, stout-bodied, goose-sized bird, with large grey head, long neck and long legs. Head and neck are pale grey, while the upperparts are pale- to mid-orange-brown barred with black; underparts white. Adult male has elongated white facial whiskers, and a broad chestnut chest band when breeding, loses whiskers and breast band narrows when not breeding. Much smaller female lacks chest band, and is paler, sandier brown, neck thinner and less grey. In flight, beats deep and heavy, recalls large eagles; wings large with white secondaries, a carpal crescent and wing-tips dark.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, A3cRegional status: Vulnerable, A2(acd); C2a(i)Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the Red Books of Russia and China. Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1980. Included in CITES Appendix II. It was covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy, Austria, Malta, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Lebanon, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. It is a regionally extinct vagrant in Myanmar and is regionally extinct in Algeria, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, and Poland. It has uncertain presence and origin in Czech Republic, Afghanistan, and Syrian Arab Republic.Regional Distribution: This species breeds in Khovd river valley, northern Uvs lake and Tes river valley; western most-Achit lake; from Tes river to the east through Northern Khangai to Hövsgöl lake (Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989); from Eg river valley to Orkhon-Selenge river valleys and Suhbaatar town (Selenge province); Ögii lake (two birds in June, unspecified year) (Piechocki, 1968); through the Western Hentii (Mandal and Kharaa river valleys) to the upper Herlen and Onon river valleys (Khurkh and Barkh rivers); along Ulz river valleys; Khalkh and Nömrög river valleys and Buir and

Immature. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

79

Tashgain Tavan lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river -Khyangan range); Bulgan river valley (Baruunkhurai Depression-three females collected, all with brood-patches or eggs in May, unspecified year) (Birdlife International, 2001). It migrates through the breeding range and Khar-Us, Khar, Dörgön, Khyargas, Airag lakes and the delta of Khovd river (Great Lakes Depression); Zavkhan, Tes, upper Orkhon and Selenge rivers and Sangiin Dalai and Ögii lakes (two males, one in the Orkhon valley c.20 km NW of Khujirt and the other 41 km north of Khujirt in June 1980) (Mauersberger et al., 1982) (Khangai Mountain Range); Hövsgöl lake and Eg river (Hövsgöl Mountain Range); Shishgid and Dood lake wetlands (Darkhad Depression); Zelter river (Selenge province) (Batdelger, 1998); Barkh river, Batshireet sum, Hentii province (Bold 1997); Ulz river of Norovlin sum in Hentii province (Batdelger, 1998); Khurkh river of Binder sum in Hentii province (Bold, 1997; Batdelger, 1998); Mongol Daguur strictly protected area (a rare breeding bird) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998); Middle Khalkh Steppe; Eastern Mongolia plain; lowlands of the Gobi to the foothills of Gurvansaikhan mountains (6 birds in June and August 1979 and one in June 1980) (Mauersberger et al., 1982); Herlen, Khalkh river, Buir lake and Menengiin tal of Dornod province (Bold, 1997; Batdelger, 1998); Nömrög strictly protected area (a rare breeding bird) and Eastern Mongolian strictly protected area (a rare breeding bird) (Tseveenmyadag, 1998); Bulgan river valley (Dzungariin Gobi); Northern Gobi and W Eastern Gobi (Kozlova, 1930; Piechocki, 1968; Bold, 1973; Kozlova, 1975; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Bold, 1997; Goroshko&Tseveenmyadag, 2000; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Birdlife International, 2001; Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Boldbaatar, 2002; Sumiya, 2002; Boldbaatar, 2003; Tseveenmyadag, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Mainjargal, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010). A pair with 2 young birds, one pair with a fledgling, and one pair with 3 young birds in Khurkh-Huiten valley of Hentii province on 22 August 2004; two birds were seen in the desert steppe, 10 km SW of the Bulgan sum of Ömnögobi province, and 25 birds were photographed in the valley, located 15 km SW of Ömnödelger sum, Hentii province on 16 September 2010 (S. Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs). It breeds at Bulgan tal and Rashaant wheat field of Hövsgöl province, and Selenge-Teel valley of Bulgan province. In June and July of 2011, Mongolian and Korean field teams found a total of 8 breeding pairs with 2-3 eggs and 22 adult male in Rashaant wheat field (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs). It winters in wheat fields at Orkhon, Selenge and Herlen river valleys depending on snow coverage and food source availability (Tseveenmyadag, 2001).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 45,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 2,350,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. In Mongolia, the total population is estimated at 1,000 individuals (Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001). Later, N.Tseveenmyadag estimated a total population of the species in Mongolia at 1,500-1,700 individuals based on the data from 1961 (Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2003). The Great Bustard in Dauria is estimated at 1,050 birds, up to 66% of the world population (Goroshko, 2002).

Habitat and ecologyFor Mongolia, it is a breeding and partial migrant species. Migrants arrive at their breeding sites by late April–early May, depending on weather conditions. Wintering birds move to breeding sites at this time. Breeding season continues from May to July, sometimes until September. They inhabit the open steppe with Stipa sp. grasses, river valleys, meadows, edges of forest steppe, and wheat fields in winter. By early May, males of breeding pairs begin to display in the breeding areas. Males of Great Bustards become sexually mature at four to five years of age, while females are known to have bred at just one year of age. Sometimes, from a long distance, the male looks like a white animal moving around the female. This species nests on the ground, a shallow scrape with gravelly soil and sparsely grown tall grasses, rarely soft sandy soil at vegetable fields in forest steppe, steppe and river valleys (Goroshko & Tseveenmyadag, 2000; Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2003; Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2011). The female lays 2-3 (exceptionally 4) eggs with pale grey, greyish –olive, greenish, olive-brown, olive-green colour with large light brown and dark brown or grey blotches. Only females incubate the eggs at 25-29 days. After they have hatched,

80

broods leave the nest. The female leads the chicks to feed at first, but they can soon find their own food. The male does not help the female incubate or brood. After 30 to 35 days, the fledglings are able to fly. According to Tseveenmaydag (2001), egg laying and incubation are dependent on steppe fires and weather conditions during the year. This species eats insects such as beetles, grasshoppers, and other arthropods and seeds, leaves, flowers, stems, wheat grains, occasionally mice, young fledglings of small birds, lizards, and frogs. One male bustard was shot at Lun sum, Töv province on 12 May 1992. There were 24 gramms of plant remains (roots, sees, stems and leaves of Poa spp., Alium spp., and other plants) and 3 gramms of animal remains (ant Lasius niger (2 inds.), Tipula sp. (2 inds.), grasshoppers Oedaleus decorus (2 inds.), Angaracris rhodopa (1 ind.), Bryodema gebieri (4 inds.), Brabyporidea (3 inds.), Deracantha onos (1 ind.), and beetles Tenebrionidae (9 inds.) and Curculionidae (13 inds.) in the intestine and stomach of the individual (Namkhaidorj, 2002). It winters in wheat fields at Eg and Uur (Teshig bridge, Khongor brigad, wheat fields in the valleys of these rivers at Khantai, Teshig, and Tarialan sums), Orkhon, Selenge, Khurkh, and Herlen river valleys and Lag lakes depending on snow coverage and food availability (Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Boldbaatar, 2006). Between 1998-2002, between 1 and 69 (10, 23, 31, 11, 8, 48-69, 21 individuals) wintering birds were recorded at Hishig-Öndör and Sharkhiin Adag of Bulgan province. Some wintering popularions were regularly observed in the wheat field (Tseveenmyadag, 2003). Migrants leave their breeding site to their wintering ground by late September-mid October (Tseveenmyadag, 2001), depending on food availability, weather conditions and disturbances. Habitat Type: 4. Grassland (4.4.); 5. Wetlands (5.4. less water dry areas); 8. Desert (8.2. on migration); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. wheat fields in winter).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation- 1.1. Agriculture-1.1.1. Crops-1.1.1.2. Small-holder farming: Habitat loss and degradation is caused by wheat planting and other agricultural activities (potatoes, cabbage etc.) in the open steppe where the species breeds. 1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in river valleys, open dry steppe, wetlands, and marshes is a cause of habitat degradation associated with desertification (Tseveenmyadag, 2003). 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the breeding success of the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, and tourist camps near breeding and non-breeding sites are major threats to the species. Due to overgrazing and human settlement at Ereen Tolgoi in Tengeleg river valley and Balj river valley, all breeding pairs have disappeared for the past 16 years.1.7. Fires: Steppe fires burn their breeding habitats along river valleys, open steppe and forest steppe in spring and autumn. Early spring and summer fires might burn their nests with eggs and accidentally young broods. One of the dominant threats is steppe fires (Chan & Goroshko, 1998; Goroshko& Tseveenmyadag, 2000; Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2003). 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.1. Food-3.1.1 Subsistence use or local trade: Local people hunt this species all year around for its meat. Its meat has always been considered a delicacy within the country. 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Local owners of wheat fields along Ulz and Khurkh river valleys sometimes shoot this species in order to kill and flush them from the fields. Some people used to shoot this species for its skin for display.4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5. 4.1.2.3. Poisoning: One of the dominant threats is chemical poisoning in Mongolia (Chan & Goroshko, 1998; Goroshko&Tseveenmyadag, 2000; Birdlife International, 2001; Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2001; Tseveenmyadag, 2003).Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone used against of Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) at breeding and feeding sites, is a threat to breeding and migrating species through the areas affected. 4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is a potential threat to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring. In May 1998, a dead bird was found underneath a

81

telegraph pole line in Delgertsogt sum, Dundgobi province. 5. Persecution-5.1. Pest control: Use of pesticide and rodenticide on the open steppe and forested areas are potential threats to the species (see 4.1.2.3.). 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1.1. Global warming: Due to global warming, most suitable breeding habitats have been drying out in N & NE Mongolia. 6.2. Land pollution-6.2.1. Agriculture-6.2.2. Domestic: Caused by agriculture, overgrazing, and tourism, breeding and feeding areas now contain debris such as plastic bags and metal remains.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important breeding sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in Mongolia. 7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: Sand storms, cold rain downpours and sudden temperature drops threaten the species, especially young chicks with pins. Sudden drops in the air temperature and snow cover are dangerous and deadly factors for wintering birds in N&NW Mongolia. 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus), Eurasian Badger (Meles meles), Steppe Eagle and Golden Eagle in the region easily predate the eggs as well as flightless and slow moving chicks.8.3. Prey or food base: For wintering bustards, thick snow cover is a cause of lack of food in winter. Immature and young bustards die due to starvation in winter. 8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia. 9. Intrinsic factors-9.2. Poor recruitment or reproduction-9.3. High juvenile mortality: Potential threat facing the species and slow recovery of its population in certain areas are associated with poor reproduction and high mortality of juveniles in Mongolia. 10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism: Anthropogenic activities besides tourism development that pose a threat to the species’ breeding areas include mining, haymaking, flooding and an increased frequency of steppe fires. 10.4. Transport: Use of boats, cars and horses near breeding areas has negatively affected breeding and non-breeding individuals. In recent years, local herders have collected hay from sedge grasses along the valleys of lakes and rivers for fodder. This is because sedge grasses grow taller and denser than any other plants along valleys. These disturbances are occurring frequently and breeding birds might lose their habitats and leave these areas as a consequence.10.5. Fire: Fires also cause habitat destruction at nesting sites and can rapidly decimate nesting pairs. See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • It has been recorded in or near the following protected areas: Mongol Daguur, Numrug, Eastern

Mongolia (Dornod Mongol), Uvs Lake and Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Areas; Khorgo-Terhin Tsagan Noor National Park; Ugtam Mountain and Lkhachinvandad Nature Reserves; and Yakh and Toson-Khulstai Protected Areas (Chan & Goroshko 1998; Birdlife International 2001). Approximately 6.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) • Hunting this species has been prohibited in Mongolia since 1980. • It was covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.• Included in the Red Books of Mongolia, Russia and China. • Included in CITES Appendix II. • CMS Appendix I and II and CMS MoU in place since 2002. • EU Wild Birds Directive Annex I, Bern Convention Annex II.• Bonn Convention Annex I. • European action plan was published in 1996 and an action plan for East Asian populations was

published in 1998.

82

Conservation measures required• Conservation measures should be taken for wintering birds in Bulgan and Hövsgöl areas.• Some breeding areas in wheat fields in Bulgan and Hövsgöl provinces with high breeding density

should be established as protected areas during the breeding season. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance to breeding and summering sites and raise public awareness for

breeding sites, especially wheat field workers in the areas mentioned above.• Captive breeding (Mongolian Red Data Book, 1997).


Chlamydotis undulata (Jacquin, 1784)

Order: Gruiformes Family: Otididae

Common name(s): Houbara Bustard (English), Joroo toodgoi or Joroo toodog (Mongolian)

Synonym (s): Macqueen’s Bustard

DescriptionBody length 55-65 cm. Medium-sized bustard. Adult: In all plumages, shows dark vertical stripe down neck. In flight, extensive white patch visible on outer primaries. Sexes similar, but female is smaller and lacks whitish panel across greater coverts. Juvenile is very similar to female, but lacks black-tipped crest, neck-stripe is finer, and white on wing is washed with buff and less prominent.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable, A2bcd+3bcd Regional status: Vulnerable, C.Legal status: Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and included in the International Red Book. Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1995. Listed in CITES Appendix I.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Mauritania, Morocco, Portugal, Spain (Canary Is.), Algeria, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Malta, Slovakia, Greece, Romania, Finland, Latvia, Sudan, Ukraine, Egypt, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Palestinian Territory Occupied, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, China, Nepal, Mongolia, and Bhutan. It is regionally extinct in Turkey.Regional Distribution: This species breeds on Dundsaikhan mountain of Ömnögobi province (43045’N; 103052’E) (a female and one chick on 17 June 1945); Ih Bogd mountain of Bayankhongor province (450

07’N; 1000 17’E) (a pair with a chick on 26 June 1945) (Bannikov, 1948); Byaruukhain spring in Borzon

Breeding adult male. Photograph courtesy of N.Batsaikhan©.

83

Gobi (42030’26.8”N; 105012’52.2”E) (a female with two chicks on 20 July 1987) (M.Stubbe & R.Samiya pers. comm.; Batsaikhan, 2005); and Suman Khairhan, W Doloon Khooloi (440 31’N; 970 42’E) (six pairs with five chicks on 12 August 2001) (B.Mijiddorj pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005). It migrates through the breeding areas and Tsagaan Bogd /47027’N; 92025’E/ (two individuals on 29 August 1899) (Kozlov, 1948); Shar Dersnii Us /42054.196’ N; 98055.56’E/ (two birds, presume a pair on 30 July 1943); at Khyargas lake /49010’N; 92051’E/ (two individuals on 20 August 1944); Dörgön lake /47033’N; 93029’E/ (three individuals on 25 August 1944); Bööntsagaan lake, E Taishir-Serh /45044’N, 98010’E/ (two individuals on 08 July 1945); Böhmörön river, Achit lake /49031’N; 90023’E/ (three individuals on 31 July 1945); Khovd river, 30 km from Khovd town /48012’N; 91056’E/ (one individual on 06 August 1945); Botgon river /46054’N; 92029’E/ (three individuals on 10 August 1945); Tsetseg lake valley /46034’N; 93017’E/ (three individuals on 12 August 1945); Sharga Gobi /46013’N; 94035’E/ (4 individuals on 13 August 1945) (Bannikov & Skalon,1948); Bulgan sum of Ömnögobi province /44013’N; 103030’E/ (a male on 26 May 1962) (collection of MAS); Bulgan sum of Khovd province /460 06’N; 910 21’E/ (five individuals on 20 May 1964) (Bold, 1965); Gobi Gurvansaikhan of Ömnögobi province (an individual on 27 May 1964) (Piechocki, 1966); Bulgan sum of Ömnögobi province /44006’N; 103027’E/ (3 individuals on 05 June 1969) (Mauersberger,1980); Ar Hödöö in Zuungobi of Uvs province /49057’N; 93018’E/ (one male on 11 May 1974) (collection No. 2680, MAS; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Erdeneburen sum of Khovd province /48030’N; 91027’E/ (a male on 22 July 1976) (collection No. 3060 MAS; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); 50 km E Khovd town /47046’N; 91059’E/ (an individual on 19 August 1980) (Piechocki et al., 1981); 10 km away from Lun sum of Töv province /470 56’N; 1050 15’E/ (an individual on 17 September 1982) (Mey, 1988); Nariin Us of Tar river in Ulaangom /50006’N; 92006’E/ (a female on 18 May 1985) (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Bayanzag of Ömnögobi province /44011.863’N; 1030 42.316’E/ (a male on 17 July 1987) (Stephan, 1994); Sonduult brigad, E Darvi mountain range /46031’N; 95017’E/ (two individuals on 26 June 1988) (S. Dulamtseren pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Tsagaan Duulalt bulag /44058’N; 96037’E/ (a single individual on 12 September 1993) (B.Mijiddorj pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Böhmörön river of Uvs province /49047’N; 90010’E/ (six individuals on 27 July 1998) (B.Chimed-Ochir pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Binder lake of Bunder sum in Hentii province /48027.401’N; 110017.572’E/ (an individual in June 1999) (B.Chimed-Ochir pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); 30 km NW of Böhmörön sum of Uvs province /49051’N, 90010’E/ (12 individuals on 08 June 2002); Aj bogd /44036’N; 95042’E/ (two individuals on 18 June 2000) (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Zarman Gobi /440 48.747’N; 97019.507’E/ (an individual on 16 June 2001); Borzon Gobi (420 32.404’N; 1050 11.3.88’E (two individuals on 19 July 2001); Borzon Gobi /420 30.580’N; 105016.719’E/ (two individuals on 19 July 2001); Borzon Gobi of Ömnögobi province /42030.148’N; 105012.339’E/ (two individuals on 28 June 2002) (Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Tsagaan Burgas oases /45014.012’N; 97056.056’E/ (two individuals on 13 August 2002); S Zarman Huren tsav /44050’N; 97015’E/ (four individuals in May 2002 and 2003); Arts Bogd of Ömnögobi province /44007’N; 103020’E/ (one individual on 10 May 2003) (A.Bold pers. comm.); Tsagaan Burgas oases /45014’01.2” N; 97056’05.6”E/ (an individual on 27 July 2003) (B.Mijiddorj pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Takhi Us in Dzungar Gobi/45029’N; 92034’E/ (one individual on 10 August 2003) (D.Lkhagvasuren pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Umdain river of Hanbogd sum in Ömnögobi province /42049’ 51.2”N; 1060 58’46.2” E/ (a single bird on 11 September 2003) (A.Bold pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Noyon sum of Ömnögobi province /42045.391’N; 103003. 393’E/ (one bird on 23 September 2003); Noyon sum /43003.781’N,;102017.164’E/ (a single individual on 23 September 2003); Noyon sum /42053.349’N; 099035.340’E/ (one individual on 25 September 2003); Noyon sum of Ömnögobi province /42052.859’N; 100012.206’E/ (an individual on 26 September 2003); Manlai sum of Ömnögobi province /43058.631’N; 107008.514’E/ (a bird on 07 October 2003); Zeergent valley of Ömnögobi province /42028’04.2”N; 106016’39.7”E/ (two birds on 09 July 2004); Oyu tolgoi of Ömnögobi province /43003’55.6”N; 106053’23.4”E/ (two individuals on 13 July 2004); Khatanbulag

84

sum /43027’36.8”N; 108008’35.8”E/ (two birds on 18 July 2003) (Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Ulaan lake of Ömnögobi province /44025.168” N; 103046.644”E/ (one bird on 26 July 2004) (D.Lhagvasuren pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Sangiin Dalai spring, NW Bayantooroi sum of Ömnögobi province /44055’N; 96041’E/ (one individual on 09 May 2004) (B.Mijiddorj pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005); Havtsaliin Ar of Dundsaikhan in Ömnögobi province /43042’N; 103053’E/ (two birds on 08 September 2004) (Sh.Tsooj pers. comm.; Batsaikhan et al., 2005) and (Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Boldbaatar, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Batsaikhan et al., 2005; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 49,000 - 62,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 24,200,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. The total Mongolian population is less than 200-300 individuals (Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001). Density estimates ranged from a maximum of 0.22 houbara bustards per km2 during June and to a minimum of 0.03 birds/km2 in April in Galba Gobi (Nyambayar et al., 2010).

Habitat and ecologyIt is a breeding visitor in Mongolia. They arrive at their breeding sites by late April – early May. They inhabit desert steppe with hard gravelly soil. They prefer to live in open areas with shrubs and bushes of Saxual trees (Haloxylon ammodendron), Ephedra spp., Sympegma regelii, Artemisia spp., Nitraria spp., Zygophylium xanthoxylon, Amygdalus mongolica, Nitraria sibirica, Reaumuria soongorica, and Eurotia seratoides in the Trans-Altai and Alasha Gobi (Batsaikhan et al., 2005). Houbara habitat in Galba Gobi is characterised by sparsely vegetated arid desert with low species diversity (Nyambayar et al., 2010). After they arrive at their breeding sites, males begin to display and attract females. They nest on the ground, a shallow unlined hallow with gravel surrounded by scattered bushes and scrubs in desert steppe and desert (Bold & Tseveenmyadag, 2001). The female lays 3-6 eggs with glossy, olive-brown colour with reddish-brown and grey streaks and spots. According to Batsaikhan et al. (2005), hatching date is the first half of June. Female only incubates eggs at 21-26 days. Young are tended by female and fed by her directly at first; later on they find their own food. They live independently at c. 35 days after hatching. They feed on grasshoppers (Bannikov &Skalon, 1948), cicads, and beetles (Batsaikhan et al., 2005). The male does not incubate the eggs and brood young. They eat green parts of plants and seeds of various plants during the breeding season. They leave their breeding site to their wintering ground by late August - early October, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 8. Desert (8.2., 8.3.).

Dominant threats1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing by livestock in breeding and feeding areas in the Gobi is a cause of habitat degradation associated with desertification. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold mining and others, including coal, have direct and indirect effects on the breeding success of the species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.4. Transport-land: Development of human settlements, infrastructure construction, and railroads that have already been built or are planned to be built are major threats to the species. 1.7. Fires: Saxual forest fires burn bushes and shrubs in areas where the species breeds and rests. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering) -3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.3. Regional or international trade: There is no documentation of illegal Houbara trapping and trading in Mongolia. However, there is some evidence of illegal hunting. In recent years, people from Qatar started hunting expeditions to this area and one of their camp sites from last year was located during a survey. Nobody knows what they hunt but it is very likely that Houbara Bustards are one of their main target species (Nyambayar et al., 2010).4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.1. Trapping, or netting: See 3.5.3.4.2. Collision-4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: It is a potential threat to the species once the line is installed near mining areas.

85

6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1.1. Global warming: Due to global warming, the most suitable breeding habitats are drying out in the South. 6.2. Land pollution-6.2.2. Domestic-6.2.3. Commercial/Industrial: Due to the construction of human settlements and other infrastructure developments, breeding and feeding areas are increasingly scattered with waste such as plastic bags and metal remains.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: Due to the drought in the last few years, important breeding and feeding sites have been drying out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in Mongolia. 7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: Sand storms and sudden temperature drops over a few days threaten the species, especially young chicks with pins. 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus),Saker Falcon, Steppe Eagle and Golden Eagle predate eggs and also flightless and slow moving chicks, and even adults in some cases.8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia. There is evidence in UAE that a Houbara was infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza. 9. Intrinsic factors-9.2. Poor recruitment or reproduction-9.3. High juvenile mortality- 9.5. Low densities-9.9. Restricted range: poor reproduction and high mortality of juveniles in Mongolia. This species inhabits very restricted and limited habitats in low density in the Gobi. Therefore habitat loss, destruction, and human and livestock disturbance are unrecoverable threats for the species. 10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism: Anthropogenic activities besides tourism development that pose a threat to this species’ breeding areas include mining and human settlements. 10.4. Transport: Use of cars and horses near breeding areas has negatively affected breeding and non-breeding individuals. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Approximately 27.7% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed as very rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997).• Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1995. • Included in the Threatened Birds of Asia. • Listed in CITES Appendix I.

Conservation measures required• All important nesting and migrating sites should be brought under protection. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration patterns using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.• Captive breeding programme is one of the most important conservation measures (Mongolian

Red Data Book, 1997).


86

Podoces hendersoniHume, 1871

Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae

Common name(s): Mongolian Ground-jay or Henderson’s Ground Jay (English), Khulan joroo or Mongol khulanjoroo (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: P. h. hendersoni (see Howard and Moore (1994) and Madge and Burn (1999) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 30 cm. Adult: Western Jackdaw size, but has sandy buffish-brown plumage with metallic glossy black cap, secondaries and tail. Black and white primaries are distinctive in flight. Flies for short distances and runs fast. Insectvore, feeds on larvae digging in sandy earth. Long slim curved bill and black legs. Perches on top of hills, rocks and tall bushes. Juvenile: Similar to adult, but differs by less glossy and dull cap, secondaries and tail.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Least ConcernRegional status: Vulnerable C1Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Approximately 11.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Borzongiin Gobi and Galbyn Gobi (Batsaikhan & Stubbe, 2008). It breeds in small saxaul trees or scattered tall bushes including Amygdalus mongolica, small Haloxylon ammodendron, Ulmus pumila in mountain valleys and wide valleys of dried up rivers with rocks in desert steppe and the Gobi desert (Batsaikhan & Stubbe, 2008; Gombobaatar, 2011) in Achit lake valley (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range); mountain valleys in the Gobi-Altai Mountain Range; Uvs lake Depression, western Khan Höhii, south to Dörgön Lake (Great Lakes Depression); Zavkhan desert steppe depression; southern Shargyn Gobi; Southern Khangai Plateau; Bööntsagaan, Ulaan, Orog, and Taatsyn Tsagaan lakes (Valley of the Lakes); Baruunkhurai Depression; Trans-Altai, Northern (Delgerkhangai mountains east to Sainshand) and Eastern Gobi (Fomin&Bold, 1991; Stubbe et al., 1993 Dawaa et al., 1994). It has been recorded in the southern most Tuul river valley on seasonal movement (Kozlova, 1930; Piechocki and Peters, 1966; Piechocki et al., 1982; Mauersberger et al., 1982; Stephan, 1988 and 1994; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Boldbaatar, 1981; Sumiya, 1991; Boldbaatar, 1999; Boldbaatar, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Batsaikhan & Stubbe, 2008; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar & Tseveenmyadag, 2009).

Adult. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

87

AbundanceThe world population is unknown (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. According to Boldbaatar (1981), this is a fairly abundant bird in the Gobi desert of Mongolia. The global population size has not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the threshold for the population size criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., less than 10,000 mature individuals in conjunction with appropriate decline rates and subpopulation qualifiers), even though the species is described as ‘rare’ in at least parts of its range (Madge & Burn, 1993). The population is relatively large but thought to be declining, and the rate of decline is expected to increase in the future due to increased threats.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a resident breeder. Breeding ecology of the species is poorly studied in Mongolia. Breeding season begins early to late May. Breeding pairs build their own nest on bushes (Amygdalus mongolica, Zygophyllum xanthoxylon) and trees such as Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) and Elm (Ulmus pumila) close to the ground in dry river beds and valleys of rocky mountains with rocks, boulders, and scattered bushes 0.6-1.8 m tall and scattered trees in desert steppe, and dry wide valleys of high mountains with rocky hills with scattered bushes in the Gobi. The nest is a cup of twigs, thin branches, and plant stems lined with finer dry grasses, wool, and animal hair. Female lays 3-6 eggs in nest. Both adults care and feed young. They feed on insects on ground near/under bushes and trees and their larvae in deep soil digging with their strong bill. After the breeding season, they stay in families consisting of 5-8 individuals, perching on the top of rocks and hills or feeding on the ground. It runs very fast between bushes and flies for short distances near breeding sites. Family groups occur in the spring and winter camp sites of local herders, feeding on insects near fences and cattle shelters. During the harsh winter, they come to the winter camp sites of local families in desert steppe and the Gobi desert and feed on leftovers near family gers and on the seeds of plants in cattle droppings. Habitat type: 6. Rocky Areas with scattered trees and bushes; 8. Desert (8.2., 8.3.); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.2. near family in winter).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1. Agriculture- 1.1.4. Livestock- 1.1.4.1. Nomadic /livestock overgrazing near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species is a cause of habitat degradation/, 1.3. Extraction- 1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected both breeding habitats and species/, 1.3.3. Wood -1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence- 1.3.3.2. Selective logging - 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting /local herders cut saxaul trees and other trees and bushes such as Amygdalus mongolica, Zygophyllum xanthoxylon, Ulmus pumila for fuel in winter. This is one of the threats to the breeding species/, 1.4. Infrastructure development - 1.4.2. Human settlement- 1.4.3. Tourism and recreation /building of human settlements and tourist camps near breeding and non-breeding sites are major disturbance/.3. Harvesting -3.5. Cultural and leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade /people illegally shoot this species for its meat. Its meat has been used in traditional medicine to treat liver problems (Batsaikhan & Stubbe, 2008)/. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.1. Atmospheric pollution- 6.1.1. Global warming /due to global warming, their habitats have been changing critically/, 6.2. Land pollution- 6.2.2. Domestic /domestic land pollution caused by mining and industrial activities is a cause of habitat degradation and disturbance/, 6.3.10. Noise pollution /noise from industry, transport and local herders threaten this species at breeding sites/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /due to drought in the last few years, degradation and loss of habitats have been occurring in non-breeding and breeding sites/.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators /most abundant predators such as Saker Falcon, Steppe Eagle and Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) on seasonal movement and breeding/, 8.3. Prey or food base /a decrease of the number of prey species caused by habitat loss and drought in the non-breeding and breeding seasons is a threat to this species/.

88

10. Human disturbance- 10.1. Recreation and tourism /construction of private houses, buildings, tourist camps and resorts at breeding and migrating sites have been destroying breeding habitats and are continuing to disturb this species/, 10.4. Transport /use of cars and local herders (busy roads) near non-breeding and breeding sites have negatively affected the species.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • Breeding and migrating birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird areas.

Approximately 11.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on breeding and summering sites and raise public awareness for

breeding sites.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: D.Sumiya, S.Wren, G.Batbayar, M.Munkhjargal, and B.Bayarjargal.

89

NEAR THREATENEDAccording to the Regional Red List format, “Near Threatened” species are not included in the Summary

Action Plans. However, we have listed and written all Near Threatened species occurring in Mongolia in the Summary Action Plans due to the future conservation needs for the species and in order to

share information and data on the species with conservationists, policy-makers, students, scientists, and the public.

Botaurus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)Order: CiconiiformesFamily: ArdeidaeCommon name(s): Great Bittern or Eurasian Bittern (English), Usny bukhshuvuu or Usny bukh (Mongolian)Subspecies in Mongolia: B. s. stellaris (see Baker (1993) and Wild Bird Society of Japan (2000) for further details)Description: Body length 69-81 cm, wing span 95-131cm, weight 0.8-1.9 kg. Adult is large, cryptically patterned with golden-brown, blackish and buff. Short-necked appearance exacerbated by hunched posture, but abandons hunched posture when disturbed and stretches erect, revealing vertical dark brown stripes on throat and neck. During breeding season, male gives very deep, very far-carrying resonant booming call.

Conservation OverviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Iceland, Senegal, Gambia, Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, France, Ghana, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sweden, Angola, Namibia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Central African Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Botswana, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Zambia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, Lesotho, Russian Federation, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Malawi, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Seychelles, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Palestinian Territory, Occupied, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, China, China, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Taiwan, Philippines, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. This species is regionally extinct in Turkmenistan.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Uvs lake and the delta of Tes, Nariin, Torkholig rivers (Northern Uvs Depression); the lower part with dense

Adult. Photograph courtesy of T.Batbaatar©.

90

reed beds (Tes river valley); Khar-Us, Khar, Khyargas, Dörgön lakes and delta of Khovd river with reed beds (Great Lakes Depression); Zavkhan river with reed beds (Desert-steppe Depression of Zavkhan); Eastern part of Hövsgöl lake, Orkhon and Selenge rivers (Orkhon-Selenge basins); Onon, Balj, Herlen rivers (Hentii Mountain Range); Ulz river and Sumiin Tsagaan, Höh, Galuut and Bus lakes (Herlen-Ulz valleys); Khalkh, Degee, Nömrög, and Azarga rivers and Buir and Tashgain Tavan lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region) and Bööntsagaan lake (Valley of the Lakes); Bulgan river valley (Dzungariin Gobi). It occurs in various wetlands with reed beds from Mongol-Altai to Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region on migration (Kozlova, 1930; Piechocki et al., 1981; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Stubbe et al., 1993 Dawaa et al., 1994; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Boldbaatar, 2003; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Mainjargal, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010).

Abundance The world population consists of 110,000-340,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 18,100,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimate for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Most of individuals arrive at breeding and summering sites by late April - early May, depending on weather conditions. Breeding season begins by mid May to early June. They breed in reed beds and tall vegetation at the edge of fresh water. Nest is placed on the ground, usually in shallow water in a reed bed (Bold et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2011). Males are polygamous with each mating with up to five females. The nest is a pile of reeds, sedges and similar material, lined with finer material. The nest is built by the female alone. The female lays 4-6, rarely 3-7 eggs with non- glossy olive –brown with sometimes darker brown fine sprinkles at larger end. The eggs are incubated by female alone at 25-26 days. Young tended by female only. Young can leave nest and move around at 2-3 weeks; becoming independent at 8 weeks. They feed on fishes, amphibians, aquatic insects and other arthropods along the reed margins in shallow water. On migration, they occur singly in dense reed beds and dense low bushy areas near lakes, rivers, pools and ponds. They leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August - early September. On migration, they occur singly in tall vegetated areas near wetlands, dense bushes, shrubs and young willow trees. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.3.-5.5., 5.7.-5.9., 5.13.); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3.); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (12.2., 12.9).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic /livestock graze and destroy reed beds of fresh water lakes and pools /, 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the breeding success through water contamination by heavy metals such as mercury/, 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water /development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults/, 1.4.6. Dams /two major hydroelectric dams (Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river) led to a drought at Zavkhan river and Airag and Zost lakes and the beds of Phragmites spp. of Zost lake and mass mortalities of fishes/, 1.7. Fires: Forest and steppe fires burn grasses and reed beds in their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers. The fires might burn nests with eggs and young/.3. Harvesting -3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1 Subsistence use or local trade /several species of birds including this species have been collected and stuffed by people and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others/.4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement /illegal fishing activities were observed at Buir, Ögii and Khar lakes. The widespread use of illegal gillnets presents a direct hazard to the species /, 4.2 Collision -4.2.1 Pylon and building collision /collision is one potential threat to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring/.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming /ponds and islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds have been polluted and are drying out due to

91

global warming/, 6.3. Water pollution /domestic water pollution is a cause of low density of the species associated with habitat change/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /see 6.1.1./.8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators /most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) easily predate both adults and chicks in breeding areas and on migration/, 8.3. Prey and food base /a lack of food base associated with human activities/; 8.5. Pathogens or parasites /highly pathogenic avian influenza/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negative effects on this species/-10.5. Fire /see 1.7/.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Listed in the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.• Breeding and migrating birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas. • Approximately 8.5% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.


biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on breeding and summering sites and raise public awareness for

breeding and summering sites.• Habitat conservation management against overgrazing of livestock in breeding habitats with

reed beds.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar.Reviewers: Ch.Uuganbayar, J.Bird, I.Fefelov, T.Ikeuchi, E.Unurjargal, and U.Tuvshin.

Ixobrychus minutus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ardeidae

Common name(s): Little Bittern (English), Bichil odoibukh or odoi bukh (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: I. m. minitus (see Baker (1993) and Howard & Moore (1994) for further details)

DescriptionBody length is 27-36 cm. Adult: Buffish wing-coverts contrast with dark flight-feathers in all plumages. Male has black crown, mantle, scapulars, and buff neck. Female has brown mantle/scapulars, with brownish-buff streaking on fore-neck. Juvenile has warm buff upperparts streaked with dark brown and brown streaking on underparts. Immature. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

92

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Approximately 21.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Barbados, Iceland, Cape Verde, Senegal, Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Cote d’Ivoire, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Burkina Faso, France, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Benin, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Cameroon, Gabon, Liechtenstein, Sao Tomé and Principe, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Equatorial Guinea, Austria, Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sweden, Angola, Namibia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Chad, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Central African Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Botswana, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Zambia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, Lesotho, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Swaziland, Cyprus, Malawi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Somalia, Yemen, Madagascar, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Australia, New Caledonia, and New Zealand.Regional Distribution: It breeds at Khar-Us, Khar, Kyargas, and Airag lakes and at the delta of Khovd river with reed beds (Great Lakes Depression). It migrates through Uvs lake and the delta of Tes river (Northern Uvs Depression), and also the breeding areas Khalkh, Degee, Nömrög, Azarga and Galdastai rivers; Buir, Tashgain Tavan and Khonkhor lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region) (Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2008; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010). A single bird was photographed in Udleg valley, Batsumber sum of Töv province in June 2009 (Ch.Uuganbayar pers. comm., 2009). This species rarely occurs in steppe and oasis on migration (R. Samiya, pers. comm.).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 76,000-610,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 29,400,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Most breeding and migrating individuals arrive at summering and breeding sites by late April - early May. Breeding season begins by early –mid May. It breeds on fresh water bordered with reeds and thickets. Solitary, but pairs may nest fairly near to each other. The nest is placed on the ground in reed beds or floating vegetation; in low branches of swamp shrubs, just above the water level. Breeding ecology is poorly studied in Mongolia. According to Harrison (1975), the nest is a shallow saucer of sedges, reeds and plant-stems, lined with finer plant material. Female lays usually 5-6 eggs of non-glossy white colour. The eggs are incubated by both sexes at 16-19 days. Both adults feed young on fishes, small frogs, and aquatic arthropods in the nest at 7-9 days. The young can fly at c. 30 days. On migration, it occurs singly in the areas with reed beds along river and lake valleys and in tall plants in open steppe. They leave their breeding and summering sites to their

93

wintering ground by late August - early September. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.3.- 5.5., 5.7.-5.9., 5.13.); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (12.2., 12.9).

Dominant threats

1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic /livestock graze and destroy reed beds of fresh water lakes and pools where the species breeds and feeds/, 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the breeding success through water contamination by heavy metals such as mercury/, 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water /development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults/, 1.4.6. Dams /two major hydroelectric dams (Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river) led to a drought at the Zavkhan river, Airag and Zost lakes and beds of Phragmites spp. of Zost lake and mass mortalities of fishes/, 1.7. Fires: Forest and steppe fires burn grasses and reed beds in their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers. The fire might burn nests with eggs and young/.3. Harvesting -3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1 Subsistence use or local trade /several species of birds including this species were collected and stuffed by people and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others/.4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement /illegal fishing activities were observed at Buir, Ögii and Khar lakes. The widespread use of illegal gillnets presents a direct hazard to the species /, 4.2 Collision -4.2.1 Pylon and building collision /collision is a potential threat to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring/.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming /ponds and islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds have been polluted and are drying out due to global warming/, 6.3. Water pollution /domestic water pollution is a cause of low density of the species associated with habitat change/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /see 6.1.1./.8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.3. Prey and food base /a lack of food base associated with human activities/; 8.5. Pathogens or parasites /highly pathogenic avian influenza/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy road have had negative effects on the species/-10.5. Fire /see 1.7/.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Breeding and migrating bird are found in some protected areas and Important Bird areas in

Mongolia. • Approximately 21.9% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.• Habitat conservation management against overgrazing of livestock in breeding habitats with

reed beds.


94

Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1758

Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ardeidae

Common name(s): Purple Heron (English), Zeerd deglii (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: A. p. manilensis (see Howard & Moore (1994) and Wild Bird Society of Japan (2000) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 70-92 cm, wing span 109-148 cm, weight 0.5-1.4 kg. Adult: Rakish, with long, thin neck. In flight, compared with Grey Heron, bulge of recoiled neck is very pronounced, and protruding feet are large. Adult has chestnut head and neck with black stripes, grey mantle and upperwing-coverts, and dark chestnut belly and underwing-coverts. Juvenile has buffish neck and underparts, and brownish mantle and upperwing-coverts with rufous-buff fringes.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Least ConcernRegional status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: -

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Brazil, Barbados, Iceland, Cape Verde, Senegal, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Cote d’Ivoire, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Burkina Faso, France, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Benin, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Cameroon, Gabon, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Congo, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sweden, Angola, Namibia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Chad, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Central African Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Botswana, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Lithuania, Sudan, Zambia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Republic of Moldova, Lesotho, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Swaziland, Cyprus, Malawi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Madagascar, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Seychelles, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, China, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species nests at Khalkh river and Buir lake. O.Goroshko, a Russian ornithologist, recorded the first breeding event of the species at Khalkh river/Buir lake in July 2003. The pair had three chicks in its nest located in dense reed beds (Goroshko, 2004). A.Bräunlich observed and photographed at least 7 adult individuals in the Khalkh river Delta at Buir lake on 6 August 2010.

Breeding adult. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

95

The herons were commuting between their presumed breeding sites in the delta and some feeding grounds a few kilometres away (A.Bräunlich pers. comm. and photographs). It migrates through Khalkh, Degee, Nömrög river valleys; and Buir and Tashgain Tavan lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region) (Fomin&Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994), also Tsagaan lake of Dashinchilen (Bräunlich, 2006a) and lower Ulz river, Mongol Daguur SPA and Ögii lake (N. Tseveenmyadag pers.comm.). Two adults were seen and photographed at Buir lake of Dornod province, presumably breeding there on 22 July 2009 (S. Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs)

AbundanceThe world population consists of 270,000 - 570,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 22,400,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIt is a rare breeding visitor in eastern Mongolia. Breeding season begins by mid May. This species nests in reed beds on islands and river deltas (Goroshko, 2004). Breeding ecology of the species has not been well studied in Mongolia. Harrison (1975) described its breeding ecology as follows; it builds its nest with reed stems, but when in bushes or trees it uses twigs like the Grey Heron. Female usually lays 4-5, sometimes 3-8, eggs. The egg is elliptical to subelliptical shape and non-glossy pale greenish-blue colour. Both sexes incubate the eggs at 24-28 days. Both parents feed young. The young are able to fly at c. 42 days and live independently at 60 days. Both adult and young birds feed on small mammals, frogs, small to medium sized fishes, and aquatic invertebrates. It leaves its breeding site to its wintering ground by late August - early September, depending on food and weather conditions. On migration, they occur in wetlands in the steppe and in the valleys of rivers and lakes in eastern Mongolia. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.1., 5.5., 5.7., 5.9., 5.14., 5.16.).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation/, 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species/, 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water /development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults/, 1.7. Fires /forest and steppe fires burn their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers/. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming /ponds and islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds have been polluted and are drying out due to global warming/, 6.3. Water pollution /domestic water pollution is a cause of low density of the species associated with habitat change/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /ponds and islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds are drying out/.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.3. Prey and food base /a lack of food base associated with human activities/, 8.5. Pathogens or parasites /highly pathogenic avian influenza/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads has had negative effects on the species/-10.5. Fire /see 1.7/.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Breeding and migrating birds are found in protected areas and Important Bird Areas.


96


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.• Conservation measures should be taken for reed beds at breeding sites such as Khlakh river delta

and Buir lake.


Anser albifrons (Scopoli, 1769)


Common name(s): Greater White-fronted Goose or White-fronted Goose (English), Mankhin galuu (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: A. a. albifrons (see Madge and Burn (1988); Baker (1993); Howard & Moore (1994) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 65-85 cm, wing span 132-168 cm, weight 1.7-1.8 kg. Adult has white band at front of head, black barring on belly, orange-pink bill, and orange legs and feet. Upperwing is more uniform than in Greylag Goose. Juvenile lacks frontal band and also commonly belly barring.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Canada, United States, Mexico, Belize, Cuba, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Greenland, Mauritania, Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, France, Niger, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Sudan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Egypt, Turkey, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Iraq, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, China, Myanmar, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of, Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species migrates through wetlands and wheat fields in valleys of Orkhon, Selenge, Eg, Kharaa, Buur, Yeröö rivers (Orkhon-Selenge basins) and upper Tuul, Onon, Balj, Herlen

Adult birds in Japan. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

97

rivers (Hentii Mountain Range) (Kozlova, 1930; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Sumiya, 2002; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008) and Erhil lake (Hövsgöl) (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm.) and Ganga lake, Suhbaatar province (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.). One individual was seen in Airag lake in 2008 (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm.), and a single adult was photographed by Ch.Uuganbayar in Ögii lake in October 2006 (Tsegmid & Uuganbayar, 2006). One bird was photographed by Bräunlich in Baga lake at Khomiin tal, Khovd province on 26 October 2007 (A.Bräunlich pers. comm.). Several birds were observed with Grey-lag Goose near Nariin river of Uvs Depression on 29 September 1989 (Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 2,600,000 - 3,100,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 5,900,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a relatively rare passage migrant. This species rests and refuels at lakes, rivers and other wetlands arriving on spring and autumn migrations. They occur by late April - early May on spring migration and by late August - early September on autumn migration. Late migrants were seen by late October in Mongolia. They occur singly, or in loose groups joining with Greylag Geese. They graze in wet meadows and marshes with short vegetation near lakes and in the valley of lakes on migration. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.3.-5.8., 5.9. on migration, 5.13., 5.14.-5.17. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation/, 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species/, 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation- 1.4.5. Transport water /development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults/.3. Harvesting -3.1. Food -3.1.1 Subsistence use or local trade /people shoot this species for meat/. 4. Accidental mortality- 4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement /gill nets for fishing are a direct hazard to the species/, 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting /see 3.5.1./.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming /ponds and islands of saline and fresh water lakes with reed beds have been polluted and are drying out due to global warming/, 6.3. Water pollution /domestic water pollution is a cause of low density of the species associated with habitat change/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /see 6.1.1./.8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.3. Prey and food base /a lack of food base associated with human activities/, 8.5. Pathogens or parasites /highly pathogenic avian influenza/.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport /use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have had negative effects on the species/-10.5. Fire /see 1.7/.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Passage migrating birds inhabit some protected areas and Important Bird Areas. Approximately

9.2% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

98


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on migrating sites and raise public awareness for the sites.


Anser cygnoides(Linnaeus, 1758)


Common name(s): Swan Goose (English), Khoshuu galuu (Mongolian)

Synonyms: Cygnopsis cygnoides

DescriptionBody length 38-40 cm, weight 4.5-6.2 kg. Adult: Long-bodied and slender, with long neck and long bill (head and bill profile like Whooper Swan). Uniquely bicoloured neck. Crown and stripe down nape dark chestnut, contrasting sharply with buffy cheeks and breast, and white fore-neck.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Vulnerable, A2bcd+3bcdRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997) and as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001 (Gombobaatar et al., 2003).

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Puerto Rico, Russian Federation (Amur, Sakhalin), Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, China (Heilongjiang, Jiangsu), Mongolia, Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Uvs lake and delta of Tes river (Northern Uvs Depression); Achit lake in August 1910 (six adults and three crèches in June 1968); Khovd Gol Delta/Khar-Us Lake in June 1995 (four adults and one crèche), Khar-Us, Khar lakes and Chono kharaikh river (40 adults and several tens of goslings, July 1975), Dörgön, Khyargas, Airag lakes (510 adults and 40 crèches, July 1995, 35 adults and many chicks, June 1996) (Great Lakes Depression); Oigon lake (flock of 12 and a pair with two goslings, June 1977); Zavkhan river (52 adults with more than 80 half-grown young on a large water body in June, unspecified year); (Desert-steppe Depression of Zavkhan); Ögii lake (several nests found in June 1975, 300 birds in June 1977 and 1,000 in July 1977, including


99

four pairs with a crèche of 20 goslings in July 1977, 20 birds and some pairs nesting, May 1996); Orkhon and Selenge rivers (Orkhon-Selenge basins); Onon, Balj rivers (Hentii Mountain Range); Herlen river (Middle Khalkh Steppe); Ulz (8 families in June 1988), Döch rivers and Höh, Galuut, Bus (11 adults and one crèche, June 1998), Suujiin Tsagaan, Khaichiin Tsagaan, Khoriin Tsagaan, Delger Tsagaan lakes (20 adults and three crèches in June 1998), (Herlen-Ulz valleys); Khalkh (236 adults and one crèche in June 1999), Nömrög, rivers and Buir, Tashgain Tavan lake (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region); Bööntsagaan, Orog (10 nests with eggs found on a small island in the lake, May (unspecified year), pair with five young in May (unspecified year) by Piechocki (1968), 29 birds in the grazing marshes at the west end of the lake in September 1998), Taatsyn Tsagaan lakes and Tsagaan, Urt rivers (Valley of the Lakes); Bulgan river valley (Dzungariin Gobi). It migrates through breeding territories and Ganga Lake (Eastern Mongolia), Hövsgöl lake and surroundings (Hövsgöl region), Tuul river (Hentii Mountain Range) (Przewalskii, 1876; Berezovskii, 1881; Pevtsov, 1883; Bianki, 1907; Tugarinov, 1916; Kozlova, 1930; Tugarinov, 1932; Sushkin, 1938; Bold, 1965; Piechocki 1968; Bold, 1969; Shagdarsuren, 1969; Bold, 1973; Kitson, 1978; Samiya, 1978; Piechocki et al., 1981; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Stephan, 1994; Dawaa et al., 1994; Batdelger, 1996; Buckton et al., 1998; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag, 1998; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Birdlife International, 2001; Sumiya, 2002; Gombobaatar et al., 2003; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Goroshko, 2001, 2003, 2005; Goroshko, 2005a;Mainjargal, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Boldbaatar, 2006; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 60,000 - 80,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 1,620,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Between 1990-1994, more than 200 individuals were counted at Buir lake, 73 individuals at Khukh nuur and 2400 adult birds and more than 200 young in the Ulz river basin (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). The most recent field observations and counts in high numbers of Swan Goose in Eastern Mongolia were 1,076 individuals at Höh lake in 2001 and 20 individuals at Höh lake in 2002 (N.Tseveenmyadag pers. comm., Gombobaatar et al., 2004), 1872 adults with 70 chicks in Buir lake in 2001 (N.Tseveenmyadag pers. comm., Gombobaatar et al., 2004), 910 adults with 76 chicks in 2001 and 170 individuals in 2002 in the lower part of Ulz and its adjacent lakes (Tari, Galuut, Duruu, and Bus lakes) (N.Tseveenmyadag pers. comm., Gombobaatar et al., 2003), 453 adults and 110 chicks in Höh and Buir, low stream of Ulz river, and other places in July 2003 (Goroshko, 2003; Gombobaatar et al., 2003). In 2003, it is thought that many geese that usually moult on different lakes in Dauria gathered on Buir lake. It is uncommon for such a high number of Swan Geese to gather on Buir lake. Poor feeding conditions on other lakes in Dauria in 2003 are thought to be the cause. Nevertheless the data help to estimate the total number of geese in the Dauria Region (Goroshko, 2001&2030; Gombobaatar et al., 2003). A total of 87 geese were observed in Ulz river in June 1988. Eight breeding pairs with 4-5 gooslings were counted each 5 km at the lower part of Ulz river on 8-9 June 1988 (Simerinskii et al., 1991). Scott (1997) estimated its population at 50,000 birds and declining, the most recent global population estimate is of 30-50,000 birds (Birdlife International, 2001). Y.Miyabayshi counted 845-2,985 individuals in Ögii lake from June-August 2003. Based on estimates from Rose and Scott (1997), and Goroshko’s count data in the Höh and Buir lakes, Ulz river and its adjacent territories, it is estimated that 67.7% of the world population of Swan Geese were gathered in Eastern Mongolia in 2003. In addition, some breeding and gathering sites of Swan Geese in Eastern Mongolia such as Onon and Herlen rivers and other lakes of the basins were not surveyed. This means that in 2003, more than 67.7% of the world Swan Goose population was concentrated in eastern Mongolia. The estimates show that Buir lake and Galuut lake and Onon, Herlen and Ulz rivers in eastern Mongolia are some of the main breeding, moulting, gathering and stopover sites of the world Swan Goose population. In order to provide data in support of these estimates, it is necessary to establish a monitoring programme in those areas where O.Goroshko counted several thousand moulting Swan Geese and breeding pairs with 218 young. In previous years, several hundred breeding, moulting and gathering Swan Geese in the Buir and Höh lakes, Ulz river and its adjacent lakes, where Goroshko estimated 33,853 birds in 2003, were counted by Mongolian ornithologists. From 1994-2002, the Buir lake gathering site was not visited where Goroshko counted 29,056 individuals in 2003 (Goroshko, 2001&2003). The total number of Swan Geese in the trans-boundary Dauria is estimated at about 43,000 birds (from 40,300 to 45,500), up to 80% of the world population. In total,

100

about 35,000-39,000 adult Swan Geese (about 64-71% of the world population) were situated in north-eastern Mongolia in July 2004 (Goroshko, 2005).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. This species arrives at breeding sites by late April - early May. It nests in dense reed beds and dry ground in tall grasses and small bushes near lakes and rivers (Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). Breeding season continues from April to August. Female lays 5-8 creamy white eggs with fine granular textures. Incubation period is 28-30 days. Pairs with chicks occur from mid-June. Fledging time is from end of July to beginning of August. By mid August, families congregate and form small flocks. They graze short and green plants in wet meadows near large river, lakes, ponds and pools (Mongolian Red Data Book, 1997). In the autumn of 2001, a flock consisting of 20-60 individuals fed on wheat in a field next to Khurkh river. There is no research on the breeding and feeding behaviour of this species in Mongolia (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). Combining the averaged data for 2001 and 2002, 23 breeding pairs produced 108 chicks at Kherlen, 21 breeding pairs produced 102 chicks at Ulz, 21 breeding pairs produced 105 chicks at Onon river basins and 18 breeding pairs produced 81 chicks at Buir lake. In Eastern Mongolia, during 2001 and 2002, 83 successful breeding pairs produced 396 chicks (mean 4.7). There was no significant difference between numbers of chicks in each of the basins (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). Moulting begins by mid July and is completed by late July. During moulting time, this goose prefers to stay in flocks on the surface of open deep-water bodies near islands and eat leaves and stems of the water plant Potamogeton pectinatus (Goroshko, 2005a). There are several important sites for moulting and stopover in the country. A total of 6,000 migrating birds were reported at Doityn Tsagaan lake in May 1996. They leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August - early September, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.3.-5.8., 5.9. on migration, 5.13., 5.14.-5.17. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Livestock graze and destroy reed beds near fresh water lakes and pools where this species occurred. Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the breeding success of the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking by lakes where the species breeds/moults are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and other wetlands at night. It will increase the mortality of this species. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried out. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried up and died. These changes have been threatening breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat loss. 1.7. Fires: Forest and steppe fires burn breeding habitats near lakes and rivers. The fire might burn nests with eggs and young. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several species of birds including this species were collected and stuffed by people and placed on walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing activities at Buir, Höh, Hövsgöl, Ögii and Khar lakes. Abandoned nets along the shores of the lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and this species. 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: It is thought that its numbers have decreased to a few thousand birds because of hunting (Birdlife International, 2001). But hunting is not likely to be the sole reason of death of a thousand birds in Mongolia. Local herding families do not hunt the species in Mongolia. Some local hunters are known to occasionally shoot Swan Geese during the hunting season. Identification of goose species by herders is poor and the best way to increase public awareness about Swan Goose within local, ranger and hunter communities is to

101

print and distribute educational awareness posters and leaflets in Mongolian (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). 4.1.2.3 Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone used against Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti), is a cause of individual poisoning and low breeding success of the species in breeding and non-breeding areas (Batdelger, 2002; Gombobaatar et al., 2003; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is a potential threat to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring (Harness & Gombobaatar, 2008; Harness et al., 2008; Gombobaatar et al., 2009; Harness et al., 2009; Amartuvshin et al., 2010&2010a; Harness & Gombobaatar, 2010; Gombobaatar et al., 2011).5. Persecution-5.1. Pest control: Pesticide used in forested areas against insects such as the Siberian moth is a potential threat to the species (see 4.1.2.3.). 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: During the past few years, the weather in Mongolia has been very dry. As a result of low precipitation throughout the year, most rivers, lakes, ponds and their meadows, vital for breeding and moulting Swan Geese, were dry in Eastern Mongolia. In addition, during dry years, local herders and livestock concentrate at the lakes, rivers and ponds near breeding areas of the species. Both of these situations have a negative effect on breeding and moulting birds (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.2. Predators: The Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procynoides) was numerous and destroyed many clutches in 1996 (at least 85 % of the clutches were lost to this predator at Bus nuur Lake) (Goroshko, 2001). In 1990 and 1991, A.Bold and N.Tseveenmyadag observed a Raccoon eating eggs and lying on a Swan Goose nest at Döröö lake of Ulz river basin (A.Bold & N.Tseveenmyadag pers comm., 2003). Potential predators such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) easily predate flightless and slow moving chicks and possibly moulting individuals at night.8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negatively affected individuals that occur nearby. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7. Goroshko (2001) mentioned that approximately 10-20% of breeding pairs lost clutches due to steppe fires in Ulz river in 2000. Spring and autumn are very dry seasons in Mongolia. During 1997 and 1998, some important Swan Goose breeding areas in Ulz and Kherlen rivers were burnt by steppe fires. Burnt Swan Goose nests with eggs were found in these regions. According to our field observations, steppe fires are one of main threats to the breeding population in eastern Mongolia (Gombobaatar et al., 2003).

Conservation measures in place• Mongolian herders and local families traditionally protect migratory birds such as geese, ducks and cranes.

They never collect eggs, destroy nests, or hunt migratory birds such as the Swan Goose. We consider that wide open space, suitable habitat and traditions of Mongolia are the main reasons for high population density of Swan Geese in Mongolia.

• Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • It was listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001 (Gombobaatar et al., 2003). • Approximately 8.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas. • Listed in Mongolian Hunting Law of 2000 as Rare. • Stopover and migration sites are included in Important Bird Areas (Nyambayar&Tseveenmyadag, 2009)

including Mongol Daguur, Nömrög strictly protected areas, Onon-Balj national park (NP), Ugtam nature reserve (NR), East Mongolia and Khar-Us NP, and Uvs lake SPA, West Mongolia (Gombobaatar et al., 2003).

• Breeding and moulting sites are listed in the Anatidae Site Network in the East Asian Flyway: Terhiin Tsagaan and Ögii lakes (Gombobaatar et al., 2003) and Ramsar sites in Mongolia: Mongol Daguur (SPA), Terhiin Tsagaan, Khar-Us, Airag (NP) and Ögii lakes (no status of protection), Gobi Lakes (Böön tsagaan and Orog lakes) (no status of protection).

Conservation measures required• Join the International Swan Goose research programme, which was developed by the Goose and Swan

Study Group of Eastern Europe and North Asia (GSSG) and the Japanese Association for Wild Geese Protection (JAWGP). The programme has been set to coordinate national and International Swan Goose

102

research and conservation programmes and to found an International Working Group. • Data on distribution, population size and density of the species in Mongolia are urgently required. • Species and habitat conservation activities are needed in the most important breeding, moulting,

summering, gathering, and stopover sites in Mongolia. • Migration route and pattern using satellite tracking and neckbanding are important to conserve the

species. • Encourage conservation of wetlands and ponds in typical steppe grassland and semi-desert. • Carry out research on diet and foraging range size, and their role in the movement of populations.


Cygnus olor (Gmelin, 1789)


Common name(s): Mute Swan (English), Khuruut khun (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 126-163 cm, wing span 200-250 cm, weight 6.5-16 kg. Comparable to other swans with rather long and pointed tails. Adult is white and has orange bill with black base and knob (male bill-knob larger than in female). Juvenile is mottled sooty-brown, and has grey bill with black base. Wings thrum audibly in flight making a loud rhythmic throbbing sound, quite unlike other swans.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1973. It was covered by the Rare Birds Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Canada, United States, Bermuda, Iceland, Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Austria, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Romania, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Oman, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, China, Mongolia, Australia, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Japan, and New Zealand. Regional Distribution: In Mongolia, this species is a breeding visitor. Three active nests were found in Bööntsagaan lake of Bayankhongor province in mid-June 2008 (N.Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.), a pair with chicks was found in Buir lake in June 2008 and Ögii lake in June 2007 and 4 pairs with chicks


103

and an additional 68 individuals were found at Orog lake in June 2001 (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm). It migrates through Buhmurun river and Uureg lake (Sushkin, 1938); Khar-Us, Khar, Dörgön, Khyargas, Airag (Great Lakes Depression) (Berezovskii, 1881; Potanin, 1883; Bianki, 1907); Ögii (Khangai Mountain Range), Bööntsagaan, Orog and Taatsyn Tsagaan lakes (Valley of the Lakes) (Kozlov, 1900; Tugarinov, 1929; Kozlova, 1930; Pevtsov, 1951; Shagdarsuren, 1969; Piechocki et al., 1981; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008). Single individuals were seen at Buir and Bayan lakes of Dornod province (N. Tseveenmyadag and S.Gombobaatar pers. comm.). Single individuals were seen at Buir and Bayan lakes (Tseveenmyadag pers.comm.) and Ögii lake of Övörkhangai province in 2005 and 2006 (Tsegmid&Uuganbayar, 2006).


Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor and summer visitor. Most breeding and summering individuals arrive at breeding and summering sites by mid April - early May. Breeding pairs breed on water bodies, large or small, fresh or brackish, and in swamps and drainage ditches. Nest is usually placed at the water’s edge on land or small islands, or built in shallow water in reed beds. The nest is a large heap of plant material with a raised hollow at the centre. Female lays 5-7, exceptionally 4-12 slightly glossy white eggs with a pale blue-grey or blue-green tint with a slightly granulated texture. Both parents, but chiefly female, incubate the eggs at 34-38 days. Young stay on the nest for a day or two; then follow parents. Both adult birds care and brood young, and help to pull up and break up plants and roots. The young live independently by c. 4 months. Both adult and young feed chiefly on submerged aquatic vegetation, which is obtained by upending (tipping head first into the water, so that the tail remains visible above the surface). On migration, they form flocks consisting of 3-20 individuals and forage in wet meadows, marshes, and in fresh water lakes and pools. Migrating individuals are found on shores of large lakes and banks of large rivers during resting. They leave Mongolia by late August - early September, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 5. Wetlands (inland) (5.1., 5.4.- 5.9., 5.13., 5.14.-5.17. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Livestock graze and destroy reed beds near fresh water lakes and pools where this species occurs in summer. The overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation-1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in lakes where the species breeds/moults are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and other wetlands at night. This will increase the mortality of the species. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried out. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al.,

104

2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried out and died. These changes have been threatening breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat loss.3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)-3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several species of birds including this species were sometimes collected and stuffed by people and placed on walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing activities at Buir, Höh, Hövsgöl, Ögii and Khar lakes. Abandoned nets along the shores of the lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and this species. 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People wanting to eat the meat of this species and to make a stuffed souvenir sometimes shoot it. 5. Persecution-5.1. Pest control: Pesticide used in forested areas against insects such as the Siberian moth is a potential threat to the species (see 4.1.2.3.). 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important resting sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in the Great Lakes Depression, Valley of the Lakes, Khangai, Hentii, Hövsgöl Mountain Ranges, and Eastern Mongolian Plain. 8. Changes in native species dynamics-8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia. Danzan (1964) found parasitic worms such as Hymenolepis aeguabulis Rud., Drepanidotaenia nyrocae Jam. in this species. 10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negatively affected individuals nearby. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1973. • It was listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.• Migrating and breeding birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas.



biology and migration patterns using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on breeding and summering sites and raise public awareness for

breeding sites in order to support community based conservation for the species.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar.Reviewers: Ch.Uuganbayar, J.Bird, I.Fefelov, T.Ikeuchi, E.Unurjargal, and U.Tuvshin.

105

Anas falcata Georgi, 1775


Common name(s): Falcated Duck (English), Gezegt nugas (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 46-54 cm, wing span 77-84 cm, weight 0.4-0.8 kg. Males are heavier than females. Male has mainly bottle-green head with maned hind neck, and forehead and crown all dark metallic chestnut. Black-and-grey elongated tertials; shows pale grey forewing in flight. Eclipse male resembles female but with darker head, pale grey forewing, and may retain long tertials. Female has rather plain greyish head (squarer looking than female Eurasian Wigeon), a dark bill, dark spotting and scalloping on brown underparts, and greyish-white fringes to exposed tertials; shows greyish forewing and white greater covert bar in flight, but does not show striking white belly comparing with female Eurasian Wigeon. Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Near ThreatenedRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: -

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Canada, United States, Portugal, Netherlands, Poland, Malta, Bulgaria, Turkey, Russian Federation, Jordan, Iraq, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species rarely breeds at lakes and ponds such as Uvs lake and the delta of Tes and Torkholig rivers (Northern Uvs Depression); lakes of Orkhon river valley and Ögii lake (Khangai Mountain Range); Terhiin Tsagaan, Telmen, Erhil lakes (Tarvagatai-Bulnai mountains); lakes and ponds in the valleys of Orkhon, Selenge (Orkhon-Selenge river basins), Tuul, and Kharaa rivers (Hentii Mountain Range), Khalkh, and Nömrög rivers and Buir and Tashgain Tavan lake (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region). It migrates through the breeding territories and Hövsgöl lake, Onon, Balj rivers (Hentii Mountain Range); Herlen river valley (Middle Khalkh Steppe); Ulz, Döch rivers, Höh, Döröö, Galuut, Bus, Suujiin Tsagaan, Khaichiin Tsagaan, Delger Tsagaan lakes (Mongol Daguur Steppe); Degee, Azarga rivers and Shavar lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region); Bööntsagaan, Bööntsagaan, Orog, Taatsyn Tsagaan lakes (Valley of the Lakes) (Kozlova, 1930; Bold, 1969; Bold, 1973; Skryabin & Sumiya, 1976; Samiya, 1978; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Sumiya, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Mainjargal, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Stenzel et al.,

Breeeding adult male (above) and female (below). Photograph courtesy of Yasuo Watanabe©.

106

2005; Bold & Batsaikhan, 2006; Sumiya, 2006; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 89,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 4,690,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecology In Mongolia, this species is a rare breeding visitor. Most of breeding, summering and migrating birds arrive in the country by mid April -early May, depending on weather conditions. Breeding season begins by late April-early May. Breeding ecology is not well known in the country. Breeding pairs nest in small taiga forests and forest steppe lakes, rivers, channels, and swamps, occasionally in large lakes. The nest is situated in a dry place or hummock and hidden in bushes, deadwood or in forest not far from water. The nest is a hollow lined with nearby vegetation, down and some feathers. Female lays 4-8 pale creamy white eggs, sometimes greenish or buffish tinged. The female incubates the eggs alone at 22-26 days. The female leads young to water and cares for them. Male remain nearby. Young can find their own food. They feed on aquatic and terrestrial plants in wet meadows, marshes and ponds with short vegetation. Both adults and young birds feed on aquatic invertebrates in water. During the breeding season, it occurs singly or in pairs. Non-breeding or summering birds can be found in small flocks. On migration, it forms small flocks of 6-20 individuals and found in fresh water and saline lakes, and large pools and ponds with reed beds and tall sedges. They also visit wheat fields in autumn. They leave their breeding and summering sites to their wintering ground by late August – mid September. Habitat Type: (5.1., 5.2., 5.4.- 5.10., 5.13.-5.17., 12.2., 12.6., and 12.9).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Livestock graze and destroy reed beds near fresh water lakes and pools where this species occurrs. Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with the drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the breeding success of the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation-1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds/moults are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and other wetlands at night. This will increase the mortality of the species. 1.7. Fires: Forest and steppe fires burn their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers. The fire might burn nests with eggs and very rarely young hatchlings. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)- 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species were collected and stuffed by people and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1. Bycatch-4.1.1. Fisheries-related-4.1.1.3. Entanglement: Illegal fishing activities at Buir, Höh, Hövsgöl, and Ögii lakes. Abandoned gill nets along the shores of the lakes are a hazard both to local livestock and this duck.4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People occasionally shoot this species for its meat and to make a stuffed souvenir. 4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is a potential threat to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success of the species associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important breeding sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in the Great Lakes Depression, Valley of the Lakes, Khangai, Hentii, Hövsgöl Mountain Ranges, and Eastern Mongolian Plain. 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Carnivores such as Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procynoides) and Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) predate flightless and slow moving chicks and moulting individuals at night.

107

8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia.10. Human disturbance- 10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads negatively affect individuals nearby. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Breeding, summering, moulting and migrating birds are found in protected areas and Important

Bird Areas in Mongolia. Approximately 7.7% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.


biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.• Improve management of existing wetland nature reserves on non-breeding grounds.


Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758)


Common name(s): White-tailed Eagle or White-tailed Sea Eagle (English), Tsagaansuult nömrögburged or Tsagaansuul nömrög burged (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: H. a. albicilla (see Howard & Moore (1994); Wild Bird Society of Japan (2000); Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 75-93 cm, wing span 195-245 cm, weight 3.2-7 kg. Females are larger and heavier than males. Huge with broad parallel-edged wings, short wedge-shaped tail, and protruding head and neck. Soars and glides with wings level. Adult has large yellow bill, pale head and white tail. Juvenile has whitish centres to tail-feathers, pale patch on axillaries and variable pale band across underwing-coverts.

Breeding adult male and female. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

108

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Included in CITES Appendix I.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: United States, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Tunisia, Denmark, Austria, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Iraq, Georgia, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, and Japan. It is a regionally extinct vagrant in Portugal and is regionally extinct in Algeria and the Syrian Arab Republic. It has uncertain presence and origin in Spain, Faroe Islands, Italy, Israel, and Tajikistan.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Buyant and Khovd rivers; breeding record at Achit lake valley (Vaurie, 1964) and large nest in a poplar tree at Achit lake valley (Stubbe et al., 2010) (Achit lake); Uureg lake (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range); Uvs lake and the delta of Tes, Torkholig rivers (Northern Uvs Depression); one nest with two infertile eggs at Ongotsny Ulaan rocky mountain at NW of Khovd town, Khovd province on 12 June 1974 and two infertile eggs in a nest at Ongotsny Ulaan mountain near Khovd town, Khovd province on 01 June 1975 (Stubbe et al., 2010); one nest with an infertile egg at Chono Kharaikh river, Khovd province on 07-08 June 1974 (Stubbe et al., 2010); Khar-Us, Khar, Dörgön, Khyargas, Airag lakes (Great Lakes Depression); Tamir, Khanui and the upper Orkhon rivers; brooding adults in Sangiin Dalai lake valley /49°14’N; 099°04’E/ on 1 May 2008 (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010) (Sangiin Dalai lake valley); Ögii lakes (Khangai Mountain Range); (Khan Höhii range); Terhiin Tsagaan, Sangiin Dalai and Telmen lakes, and Ider and Chuluut rivers (Tarvagatai-Bulnai mountains); two juveniles in Larch tree at Sevsuul in 1979 and in larch tree at Chodon gol in 1979 (Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989); two adults with a nest in Poplar tree at Eg-Uur delta, Erdenebulgan sum /50°01’N; 102°26’E/ on 23 August 2000; a pair with nest at Teshig, Bulgan /50°16’N; 111°55’E/ on 28 April 2003 (Sh. Boldbaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010) (Hövsgöl Mountain Range); Lower Orkhon, Selenge, Eg, Kharaa and Yeröö rivers (Orkhon-Selenge river basins); breeding at Khonin nuga (Wichmann, 2001) and one nest with two juveniles in poplar tree in the valley of Minj river /49°19’N; 108°39’E/ on 26 July 2002 (Stubbe et al., 2010) (Upper Minj river); breeding birds in Onon and Balj river valleys /49°15’N; 113°03’E/ in 2007 (S. Gombobaatar pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010), a breeding record in the valley of Onon river at Bayan-Adraga sum, Hentii province on 29 March 1977 (Baumgard, 1978; Stephan 1994), and one nest in a poplar tree in the valley of Onon river, Bayan-Adraga sum, Hentii province /49°43’N; 111°27’E/ on 6 July 2000 (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010); Tuul, Terelj, Huder, and Bulnai rivers (Hentii Mountain Range); Herlen-Ulz river basins; Khalkh river; on nest on top of Elm tree in the valley of Nömrög river /46°55’N; 119°32’E/ on 10 May 1996 (N. Tseveenmyadag pers. comm.; Stubbe et al., 2010) (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region). It migrates through the Valley of the Lakes, Bulgan river valley (Dzungariin Gobi) and Middle Khalkh Steppe areas (Tugarinov, 1916; Kozlova, 1930; Shagdarsuren, 1964&1983; Vaurie, 1964; Bold, 1969; Baumgart, 1978; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Stephan, 1994; Bold et al., 1996; Sumiya et al., 2000; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Wichmann, 2001; Sumiya, 2002; Boldbaatar, 2003; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Stenzel et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag,

109

2009; Gantulga et al., 2010; Stubbe et al., 2010; Usukhjargal et al., 2010). Two adult birds wintered in waste water pond, 25 km west of Ulaanbaatar city in 2008-2009 (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 20,000 - 39,600 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 18,600,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. In 1975-1994, over 30 individuals were recorded in Mongolia (Mongolian Red Data Book, 1997).

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Breeding and migrating birds arrive in Mongolia by late April - early May. Breeding season continues from May to July. Breeding pairs construct a large stick nest with tree branches, twigs and tall plant stems on the top of old tall tree trunks or tall rock pillars, in cliffs in high mountain, forest steppe and mountain massifs near fresh water lakes and rivers (Shagdarsuren, 1964&1983; Bold et al., 2005; Stubbe et al., 2010; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). The female lays 1-3 eggs with slight-glossy dull white colour. Females mostly incubate the eggs at 35-45 days, rarely the male. The male hunts on fishes and ducks such as Mallard, Common Teal, Shoveler, Eurasian Wigeon and Northern Pintails and brings to the nest. The female broods young and feeds the chicks. On migration, it occurs singly or in a pair in open steppe with scattered trees, river valleys with willow forest and deciduous trees, and rocky mountain. They rest on the ground near rivers and lakes on migration. Migrating and breeding individuals leave their summering and breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August-early October, depending on food and weather conditions. Some adults and immature birds winter in Mongolia depending on wintering ducks in unfrozen open water areas. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.1., 1.4.); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); (5.1., 5.2. 5.5., 5.6., 5.7. with trees, 5.8., 5.9., 5.13., 5.14. on migration); 6. Rocky Areas; 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. on migration); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (12.1. Water Storage Areas on migration, 12.2. and 12.6. in wintering, 12.9. on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury.1.3.2. Fisheries-1.3.2.1. Subsistence: Illegal fishing activities at Ögii and Khar lakes have serious impacts on densities of potential prey species, piscivorous species such as Ide (Leuciscus idus), in the lake (Ocock et al., 2006). Sections of abandoned nets cause entanglement (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010).1.3.3. Wood- 1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting: Tree cutting is a potential threat to this breeding species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds/moults, are major threats to the species and to its movements to other neighbouring lakes and other wetlands at night. It will increase the mortality of the species. 1.4.6. Dams: Hydroelectric dams. The loss of inflow from the Zavkhan river and the receding water levels have already led to localised fish mortalities along the channel that formerly connected Zost lake to the main lake. Should the reduction in water inflow lead to a disruption in salinity gradient from the brackish Airag lake to the saline Khyargas lake, fish populations may be affected more widely. This may already have begun to affect pisciverous birds (2006 (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010), including White-tailed eagle and Great cormorants. 1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn trees with nests in breeding habitats. The fire might burn nests with eggs and occasionally young hatchlings. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)- 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use

110

or local trade: Several bird species, including this species were collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality- 4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People sometimes shoot the species to make a stuffed souvenir item. 4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is a potential threat to the species. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Domestic land pollution is a potential threat to a low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters -7.1. Drought: Several lakes of importance to the White-tailed Eagle have been experiencing a fall in water levels over recent years, particularly in the lakes within the Valleys of the Lakes. Water levels at Bööntsagaan lake, a prominent site for the species, appeared to be lower during surveys in 2009 in comparison to earlier WCS surveys in 2005 and 2006. Several shallow lakes to the southeast of the main lake had either contracted or dried completely during that time period. Orog lake, to the east of Bööntsagaan lake was considered an important migratory stopover, but is now completely dry and has been since at least 2005. Clearly, if these trends continue, the suitability of water bodies in the Gobi desert to support White-tailed Eagle have a limited future (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010).8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in food base also constitute threats to this species. 10. Human disturbance-10.4. Transport: Use of boats and cars near tourist camps and busy roads have negatively affected individuals that occur nearby. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • Included in CITES Appendix I. • Breeding, migrating and wintering birds occur in protected areas and Important Bird Areas in

Mongolia. Approximately 8.7% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

Conservation measures required• Raptor Conservation Action Plan in Mongolia to be discussed and issued by the Mongolian

Government. • Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration pattern using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on breeding, summering and wintering sites and raise public

awareness for breeding and wintering sites.• Illegal hunting using fish gillnet should be controlled by governmental agencies.


111

Tetraogallus altaicus(Gebler, 1836)

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae

Common name(s): Altai Snowcock or Altai Snow Partridge (English), Altain khoilog (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: T. a. altaicus (see Howard & Moore (1994) and Madge and McGowan (2002) for further details)

DescriptionBody length around 57 cm. It is a very large bird and stocky greyish-brown. Male and female are similar: brown upperparts, white streaking on wings. Brownish-grey band across breast, spotted black and white. It has mainly greyish-white underparts with black belly.

Conservation overview

Global Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near Threatened Legal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1953. It is also listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at the southern Siilgem and Turgen Mountains, south of all high mountains; Altan Höhii, Tsast Uul, Baatar Khairkhan, Sair Khaikhan (Tolbo lake), Khovd mountain (Khongoryn nuruu), upper Khovd river, Mönh Khairkhan massif; from Bulgan river to the lower part (Khaaz mountain); east to Khasagt Khairkhan, Gichgenii nuruu (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range); Ih Bogd, Baga Bogd, Aj Bogd, Nemegt, Sevree, Gurvansaikhan mountains to its south eastern end (Gobi-Altai); Atas Bogd, Khavtag, Tsagaan Bogd (Trans-Altai Gobi); Jargalant Khairkhan (Great Lakes Depression); eastern Khan Höhii east to the Khangai Mountain Range; from Uliastai to the upper Orkhon and Suvarga khairkhan; north-western Uliastai, Origo uul massif; Khoridol Saridag and Ulaan taiga in Hövsgöl (Khangai Hentii Mountain Range). It is found in mountains in the Trans Altai and Alashani Gobi on altitudinal movement (Berezovskii, 1881; Przewalskii, 1883; Bianki, 1898; Polyaov, 1912; Tugarinov, 1916; Bianki, 1915; Kozlova, 1930&1932; Sushkin, 1938; Gagina, 1960; Tarasov, 1960; Shagdarsuren, 1961; Dementiev, 1962; Dementiev & Bold, 1963; Bold, 1965; Bold, 1972a & 1973; Bold et al., 1976; Namnandorj, 1976; Kishinskii et al., 1982; Golovushkin, 1986; Zorig, 1989; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Boldbaatar, 2002; Sumiya, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Mainjargal, 2005a).

Adult. Photograph courtesy of Kh.Tumendelger©.

112

AbundanceThe world population consists of 50,000-100,000 mature individuals in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. However, P.K.Kozlov (1909) found 10-12 and up to 20 birds in Dundsaikhan mountain, Ömnögobi province in July (Kozlova, 1930). Sushkin (1938) found 30 birds in Mongol-Altai. It is a common bird in Khangai and Gobi-Altai mountain ranges (Kozlova, 1930). Before the 1930-1940’s this species was a common bird in the high mountains of Khangai, Mongol and Gobi-Altai mountains (Zorig, 1989). Since the 1950’s, the number of this species has swiftly declined due to legal hunting licensed by the Mongolian Government. In 1953, this species was listed as a rare bird in Mongolia and hunting was completely prohibited. Since this time, numbers have again increased and this bird has become fairly common in the area (Bold, 1972). Bunchin (1972) estimated that 100-300 individuals per 100 ha were in Taishir, Höh Serh, Khasagtkhairkhan, Khar Azarga, and Gichgene mountains. According to Bold’s (1972) estimation, density varies from 3 to 30 individuals depending on habitats and breeding success. According to Zorig (1989), a total of 700 birds were observed in Mongol-Altai and Gobi-Altai mountain ranges.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a resident breeder. By late April – mid May, females and males become active for breeding. Breeding pairs nest on the ground, well sheltered by rocks on mountain slopes with rocks, gravel, small boulders, and low shrubs in high mountain alpine meadows (Bold, 1972a; Bunchin, 1972; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Zorig, 1989), in high mountains at altitudes above 2,100-3,500 m and rarely at elevations of 3,700 m. The female lays 5-10, occasionally 20 eggs with glossy, pale-greenish or pale-bluish colour with reddish-brown blotches and sparse spots and other markings (Bold, 1972; Bunchin, 1972; Zorig, 1989). Only the female incubates the eggs at a month and brood the chicks alone. Males do not help incubation or rearing. When chicks have hatched, family ascend to higher altitudes. Young grow slowly and are full-grown by mid-October. They graze on meadows, slopes, and the tops of mountains in alpine and subalpine habitats and feed on roots, flowers, buds, seeds, and other parts of green plants in summer. In winter, this species prefers to eat seeds, wintering buds, leaves and other soft and juicy parts of onions and similar species to onions. Zorig (1989) did not find any insects and remains of animals in their diet. However, Bold (1972a) found worms, insects and their larvae in the diet of breeding birds. They remain together and broods combine into larger winter flocks. According to Zorig (1989), autumn moult starts by the end of July and is completed by October depending on weather conditions. Flocks descend from the breeding areas to lower parts when snow cover reaches more than 20 cm. Habitat Type: 3. Shrubland (3.4. on seasonal movement); 6. Rocky Areas.

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock at breeding sites is a cause of habitat degradation associated with habitat drought. 3.1. Food-3.1.1 Subsistence use or local trade: Local people shoot this species in winter for its meat. In 1951, a total of 2,172 birds were shot by hunters in Gobi-Altai province. The total meat obtained from these birds weighed 7.6 tonnes on average, equivalent to 152 adult sheep (Bold, 1972; Zorig, 1989).3.2. Medicine-3.2.1. Subsistence use or local trade-3.2.2. Sub-national or national trade: Local people shoot this species for its meat. Since ancient times, people have used its meat for treating illnesses and injuries. 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Several bird species, including this species were occasionally collected and stuffed by people, and placed on the walls and desks of their homes. 4. Accidental mortality -4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: People sometimes shoot this species to make a stuffed souvenir. See 3.5.3. 5. Persecution -5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.2.3.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species) -6.1.1. Global warming-6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Global warming and domestic land pollution are potential causes for low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change.

113

7. Natural disasters -7.1. Drought: Due to drought, snow cover on the tops of mountains (mountain glaciers) has reduced in the last few years. This leads to changes of their breeding and wintering habitats associated with vegetation degradation. 7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: These are dominant threats to the species, especially to the species eggs and young chicks (Zorig, 1989). 8. Changes in native species dynamics -8.2. Predators-8.3. Prey or food base: Most abundant carnivores such as Golden Eagle, Northern Goshawk, Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) and Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) predate adult birds and chicks during breeding and wintering periods. Badgers (Meles meles) and Rock Martins (Martes foina) also predate eggs and flightless chicks (Bold, 1972). An increase in competitor and predator numbers and a decrease in food base also constitute threats to this species. 8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Cestodes and ascarides were found in the stomachs and intestines of the three birds that were collected at Erdenetsogt sum of Bayankhongor province in December. 9. Intrinsic factors-9.2. Poor recruitment, reproduction, or regeneration-9.3. High juvenile mortality-9.9. Restricted range: High mortality of juveniles and poor reproduction rate are a cause of decline of numbers in Mongolia recently (Zorig, 1989). 10. Human disturbance -10.1. Recreation and tourism: Tourist and mining camps pose a threat to this species. 10.4. Transport: Busy transport near breeding and wintering sites has always had a negative effect on individuals that breed and winter there. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). • Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1953. • It is also listed as Rare in the Mongolian Governmental Act No. 264 in 2001.• Breeding and wintering birds are found in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas in

high mountains. • Approximately 17.7% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.


biology and seasonal movement using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Scientific research on molecular structure and medical importance of its meat is urgent. • In order to study the biochemical aspects of its meat, a captive breeding programme will be

important in the near future. • Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.• Illegal hinting activities should be controlled by the Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism

and other related institutions.


114

Phasianus colchicusLinnaeus, 1758

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae

Common name(s): Common Pheasant, Ring-necked Pheasant or Kobdo Pheasant (English), Zerleg gurguul or Gurguul (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: P. c. hagenbecki (western popultaion), P. c. pallasi (eastern population) (see Howard & Moore (1994); Madge & McGowan (2002); Hennache & Ottaviani (2006) for further details)

Taxonomical Notes: According to Hennache & Ottaviani (2006), Eznii gol and Sogoo lake in China located near Naran bulag, Ehiin gol and Tooroin shand oases in Mongolia are potential sites for different subspecies, Phasianus colchicus edzinensis.

DescriptionBody length of male 75-89 cm, female 53-62 cm. Male has a greenish-black hood and an extensive warty red facial wattle extending onto forehead and down to chin and cheeks. Its tail is very long, pointed, dark grey-brown with prominent transverse black bands. Female is smaller and much shorter-tailed than male, cryptically coloured in mid and dark brown.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997). Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1975.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Canada, United States, Mexico, Cuba, Bahamas, Puerto Rico, Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Saint Helena, United Kingdom, France, Andorra, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Austria, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Belarus, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Lebanon, Georgia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Mongolia, Myanmar, Australia, Taiwan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Japan, New and Zealand.Regional Distribution: In Mongolia, there are two isolated populations belonging to two, or possibly three different subspecies in the eastern and western parts of the country. It breeds at Khovd river (Nariin River, Shiveet, Shaazgai Aral, Ih Aral, Arlyn Surguuli, Sharguu, Temeen Khashaa Övöljöö, Shine Aral, Shar Aral, Shar Guu, Bor Mod Aral, Shine

Adult male. Photograph courtesy of S.Shar©.

115

Övöljöö, Olgoi, Baga Aral, Tuukh Aral, Tsagaan Tokhoi, Buljim Aral, Bujin Aral, Ih Tuimert, Gakhait Aral, Möög, Oltrig Aral)- from Ölgii town through southern Khar-Us lake to Zereg depression (Zereg sum); Achit lake (delta of Böhmörön River) and the delta of Tes and Torkholig rivers. In the eastern region of the country it breeds in the river valley of Nömrög, Degee, Altan, Khalkh, Guu, Azarga, Shine, Emgentei, Huiten, Vaaran, Uizen, Torkho, Hengereg, and Avdrant rivers (Khalkh river valley through Ih Khayngan), southwest to the Chinese border (Kozlova, 1930; Sushkin, 1938; Luvsankhorloo, 1961; Namnandorj, 1964; Shagdarsuren, 1969; Bold&Eregdendagva, 1970; Bold, 1972, Namnandorj, 1976; Tseveenmyadag, 1979; Shagdarsuren, 1980; Bold, 1983, 1989, 1997; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2004&2005; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). Two birds were collected at Eznii Gol and Sogoo lake in China located near Naran bulag, Ehiin gol and Tooroin Shand oases in Mongolia (Kozlova, 1930). According to Hennache & Ottaviani (2006), these oases in Mongolia will presumably be a potential site for different subspecies, Phasianus colchicus edzinensis.

Abundance The world population consists of 45,000,000 - 300,000,000 mature individuals, including all subspecies. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 7,470,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. Bold (1972) estimated that density of the species in Khovd river valley was 1-2 individuals per square km. Buyant (1998) found one individual per km in Ih Aral, Bor Mod Aral, Ih Tuimert aral in winter 1999.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a resident breeder. It inhabits sandy soil with willow trees, Caragana sp. bushes, tall and dense reeds, grooves of birch, mixed trees with birch, poplar, Sea Buckthorn and dense and tall bushes in W&E Mongolia. They winter in the areas where there is thin snow cover. They remain at the same roost site every night. Breeding behaviour begins by late March. Each pair occupies own breeding territory and mates. Males are polygamous and females nest alone. They nest on the ground and the nest is a shallow hollow, unlined or sparsely lined with dried plants and leaves in cover of tall plants or Caragana bushes, or other shrubs. Late April and early May, the female lays 6-12 (15) eggs with uniform olive-brown or more definitive brown, olive or blue-grey colour. The female incubates the eggs alone at 21-27 days. If the first breeding attempt is unsuccessful, females renest and lay a second clutch. During incubation, the female loses 40% of its body mass. Young hatch in short period and are tended by the female alone. The female broods and leads to feed near nest site. The broods can fly at 12-14 days. When the young are half-grown they tend to roost in trees at night. In autumn and winter, young birds remain together and feed on seeds, winter buds, roots and leaves. In summer, they feed on juicy leaves, flowers, buds, roots and insects. Local people observed adult pheasants digging holes and picking insects and their larvae in spring. During the harsh winter, they prefer to stay near winter camp sites of local herders or follow areas with thin snow cover. Habitat Type: 3. Shrubland (3.4.); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. on seasonal movement).

Dominant threats: 1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)- 1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock at breeding sites is a cause of habitat degradation. A high concentration of livestock in Khovd river valley in spring, winter, and late autumn is destroying all breeding habitats. Pheasants in the valley only remain in areas fenced by local people. According to our estimation, 60-80% of wintering habitats were heavily overgrazed by livestock. High number of pheasants was counted in fenced areas only because these areas are less grazed. Local herders and local nature conservation community groups build fences to protect pastureland and Sea Buckthorn fruit trees from livestock. Fences are also potential safe habitats for the pheasant (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: This is a potential threat to the species in the future. 1.3.3. Wood-1.3.3.1. Small-scale subsistence-1.3.3.2. Selective logging: Local people cut trees present in their breeding sites for fuel in autumn, winter and early spring. These people even cut full grown willows and Sea Buckthorn trees (Gombobaatar et al., 2011).

116

1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, and tourist camps near breeding and non-breeding sites are major threats to the species. 1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn nests with eggs and young broods in early spring (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering) -3.2. Medicine-3.2.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Local herders use its meat to treat illnesses. However, there is no real scientific proof for this use. 3.4. Materials-3.4.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Local people shoot this species and illegally export it to China (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm.).3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Kazakh people shoot adult males and hang them on the walls of their wooden houses as they believe that it will bring happiness to the family. Along the Khovd river valley, almost every single Kazakh family has a dried skin of this species (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). 4. Accidental mortality -4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1.1. Global warming-6.2. Land pollution -6.2.2. Domestic: Global warming and domestic land pollution are potential threats that lead to low breeding success for the species, associated with habitat change.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: drought leads to changes in breeding and wintering habitats associated with vegetation degradation.7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: These are dominant threats for adults and eggs and young chicks. Between 1983 and 1984, many pheasants died during the harsh winter due to lack of food and cold (Buyant, 1998). In winter 2009, more than 20 pheasants died of starvation and cold in Khovd sum area, Uvs province (Bold, 1972; Buyant, 1998; Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). 8.2. Predators: most abundant carnivores in their breeding areas are Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes). Red Fox predate the species in winter. In winter 2011, three birds were found eaten by Red Fox in the valley of Khovd river of Böhmörön sum in Uvs province (Bold, 1972; Buyant, 1998; Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). Potential predators are Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) and Steppe Polecat (Mustela eversmanni) in breeding areas. 8.3. Prey or food base: This a potential threat to the species. See 7.2. 9. Intrinsic factors- 9.3. High juvenile mortality-9.9. Restricted range: This population is very sensitive to an increase in human impacts and number of predators as their distribution is very limited and mortality of juveniles is high (Buyant, 1998; Gombobaatar et al., 2011b). 10. Human disturbance -10.1. Recreation and tourism: New buildings and gers and mining near breeding sites are a threat to the species. 10.4. Transport: local transport near breeding and wintering sites has always negatively affected individuals that winter nearby. 10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion.• Listed as Very Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997).• Hunting this species has been prohibited since 1975.• Breeding and wintering birds occur in protected areas and Important Bird Areas in Mongolia.• Approximately 19.0% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

Conservation measures required• Habitat loss and degradation are critical issues for the western and eastern populations of the

species. According to our estimation, 60-80% of wintering habitats were heavily overgrazed by livestock in Khovd and Böhmörön river valleys. High numbers of pheasants were counted only in fenced areas because these areas are less grazed. Local herders and local nature conservation community groups built fences to protect pasture land and Sea Buckthorn fruit

117

trees from livestock. The fences are also potential safe habitats for the pheasant as well Khovd and Böhmörön river valleys. In order to conserve this species there is a need to support these community groups to build more fences for the species. They build fences with Caragana bushes and other thorny bushes using wooden carcass frames. This is the cheapest way to protect the species in situ in Mongolia (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• If habitat loss and degradation by overgrazing, tree cutting and poaching continues in the next few years, breeding and wintering habitats of the species will be completely destroyed. As such, it is urgent to publish a leaflet or brochure for local people to persuade them to stop illegal hunting, to manage the use of trees and thorny bushes, and to promote its conservation (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• In order to conserve the species in Mongolia, we need to survey the population size, habitats in winter and summer, movements, breeding and wintering ecology of the species (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• Spring field surveys are essential to know the number of breeding pairs and density in two river valleys. However, its population has been decreasing in the breeding and wintering areas since 2004 due to temperature extremes, snow cover and habitat loss in Mongolia (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• Autumn and wintering surveys will focus on catching individuals and using radio or satellite telemetry to monitor seasonal movements, habitat use and mortality (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• Summer field surveys are important to understand the breeding ecology of the species. • Genetic analysis of the samples that have been collected during trips is important to understand

more on the taxonomy, origin and phylogeny of the species not only for Mongolia (is the Mongolian population wild or introduced hundreds of years ago? How has it (hagenbecki) has been genetically isolated from neighboring populations?) but also for the World. This will help to find out why this species inhabits the coldest areas of Mongolia (-40 -50 C). Within the World distribution, it would be useful to learn more about the coexistence of livestock and pheasants in summer and winter seasons, and to answer other scientific questions (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• In order to study in detail and conserve the species in the wild, we need scientific collaboration to exchange information, share knowledge and experiences, conduct collaborative field surveys, especially radio and satellite telemetry surveys, train and educate students from France and Mongolia, and establish a captive breeding centre for the species (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

• The wild pheasant lives in very limited and unique habitats compared to other birds. They are very sensitive to habitat loss and changes in Mongolia. Continuing habitat degradation and loss, and poaching are potential threats to the species potentially leading to the extinction of the species in Mongolia. In order to support the growth of its population and density, we need to establish a breeding centre near wild habitats. However, one breeding centre in Khovd town and Ulaanbaatar city was established but then collapsed later due to financial difficulties in the 90’s (Gombobaatar et al., 2011b).

Compiler S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: M.Stubbe, N.Batsaikhan, Kh.Munkhbayar, D.Usukhjargal, B.Gantulga, D.Batmunkh, and Valentin Schatz.

118

Grus grus(Linnaeus, 1758)


Common name(s): Common Crane or Eurasian Crane (English), Kharkhiraa togoruu (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: G. g. lilfordi (see Howard & Moore (1994); Meine and Archibald (1996); Wild Bird Society of Japan (2000) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 95-125 cm, wing span 182-200 cm, weight 4.5-6.2 kg. Males are heavier than females. Can be confused with Demoiselle Crane. Adult has mainly black head and fore-neck, with white stripe behind eye extending down side of neck. Fore-crown red. Dark-grey ‘bustle’ (loose tertials) with some black feathers hanging down hiding tail (not as pointed as in Demoiselle). Immature has brown markings on upperparts, with buff or grey head and neck. Adult head pattern apparent on some by first winter, and as adult by second winter.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed in CITES Appendix II.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Canada, United States, Iceland, Mauritania, Morocco, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, France, Niger, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia, Denmark, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Sweden, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovakia, Albania, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Turkey, Russian Federation, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Djibouti, Yemen, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Palestinian Territory Occupied, Tajikistan, India, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Japan. It is regionally extinct in Austria, Montenegro, and Serbia.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Achit and Uureg lakes, Böhmörön delta (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range); Uvs lake and the delta of Tes,


119

Nariin and Torkholig rivers (Northern Uvs Depression); Khar-Us and Khar lakes (Great Lakes Depression); Zavkhan river with reed beds (Jargalant sum); Orkhon river (Khangai Mountain Range); Hövsgöl and Darkhad Depression (Hövsgöl region); Selenge and Yeröö rivers (Orkhon-Selenge river basins); upper Kharaa, Tuul, Herlen, Onon and Balj rivers (Hentii Mountain Range); Herlen river valley (Middle Khalkh Steppe); Ulz river basin (Mongol Daguur Steppe). It migrates through the breeding territories and Great Lakes Depression, Valley of the Lakes, Bulgan river valley (Dzungariin Gobi), upper Orkhon river, and Sangiin Dalai and Ögii lakes (Khangai Mountain Range); Terhiin Tsagaan, Sangiin Dalai, Telmen, Khar lakes (Tarvagatai-Bulnai mountains); lower Orkhon, Selenge, Eg, Kharaa and Yeröö rivers (Orkhon-Selenge river basins); Khalkh, Degee, Nömrög, Tsagaan Chuluut, Mogoit, Azarga and Galdastai rivers, and Buir, Shavar, Tashgain Tavan and Khonkhor lakes (Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region); Bööntsagaan, Ulaan, Orog, and Taatsyn Tsagaan lakes, and Tsagaan and Urt rivers (Valley of the Lakes); Bulgan river valley (Dzungariin Gobi) (Kozlova, 1930; Sushkin, 1938; Bold, 1973; Sumiya, 1973; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Bold et al., 1995; Gombobaatar, 1995; Gombobaatar, 1996; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Gombobaatar, 2002; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Sumiya, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Badley et al., 2005; Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2003 Boldbaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009; Archimaeve-Ozerskaya & Zabelin, 2010).


Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. First migrants are observed in Khangai mountain ranges, Orkhon and Ulz river valleys by early April. Mass migration occurs by mid April. Migration flocks consist of 20-300 individuals. They stay in wheat fields in Orkhon, Tuul, Selenge, Kharaa, Onon, Khurkh and Ulz river valleys during short periods on spring migration. Breeding habitats include the marshy valleys of lakes and rivers, and edges of forest steppe with reeds, scattered bushes, and small willows that are located in remote areas. Sometimes they breed in reed beds near fresh water pools, ponds, and lakes. Both sexes build a large stick nest on the ground with reeds, long twigs and dried grasses in the valleys of lakes and rivers with tall marshy vegetation and dense reed beds (Gombobaatar, 1996; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010). Non-breeders and breeders stay in meadows and wetlands with reeds, and dense and tall sedges in summer. It is a monogamous species. Female lays 1-2 eggs with light glossy, yellowish-green or pale-greenish yellow colour with dark brown and reddish-brown spots, blotches and markings. Both the male and female incubate the two eggs, which hatch after 28 to 31 days. Chicks remain 1-3 days in the nest. Parents feed young chicks with insects and their larvae, roots and green leaves. Later they can find their own food. The chicks have brown plumage, and fledge at around 65 to 70 days, but take between 4 and 6 years to reach maturity. In spring and summer, they eat roots, aquatic plants, fruits, buds, blooming flowers, vegetative parts of green plants, and green leaves, and insects, worms, molluscs, and other invertebrates, Siberian Wood Frogs (Rana amurensis) and Mongolian Toads (Bufo raddei). In autumn, they feed on roots, leaves, insects, seeds, and wheat grains in wheat fields in Mongolia. Every two years, before migration, the adult Common Crane undergoes a complete moult, remaining flightless for six weeks, until the new feathers grow. Autumn migration begins by the end of August and form large flocks of 200-500 individuals (MNE &JICA, 2001) along wheat fields in the areas mentioned above. Intensive autumn migration was recorded in these areas and the Great Lakes Depression by mid-September. Habitat Type: 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (5.1. in the valley with tall vegetation, 5.4., 5.5. (in the valley with reeds and marshy grasses), 5.6., 5.14., 5.16., 5.17 (in the valley with reeds and marshy grasses on migration); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3. on migration).

120

Dominant threats1. Habitat loss and degradation -1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Overgrazing of livestock in wetlands, marshes and reed beds near lakes and rivers is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought of wetlands and marshes. Habitat loss is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia (Gombobaatar, 1997; Gombobaatar, & Sumya, 1998; Sumiya et al., 2000; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005). 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities, including uranium, have directly and indirectly affected the breeding success of the species at rivers and lakes where the water is contaminated by heavy metals such as mercury. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation1.4.5. Transport water: Development of ecotourism, human settlement, tourist camps and kayaking in the lakes where the species breeds and moults, are major threats to the species and to their movements to other neighbouring lakes and wetlands. It will increase the mortality of the species. 1.4.6. Dams: Two hydroelectric dams were built within the watershed of the Great lakes Depression: the Dörgön across the Chono Kharaikh river, and the Taishir on the Zavkhan river. Due to construction of the hydroelectric dam, the Zavkhan river has dried out. The drought has made significant changes to Airag and Zost lakes and the channel feeding Khyargas lake (Gilbert et al., 2009; Batmunkh et al., 2010). Reed beds, sedge grasses and wetlands at the lakes and channel have also dried out and died. These changes threaten breeding and non-breeding birds through habitat loss. 1.7. Fires: Steppe fires burn their breeding habitats near lakes and rivers in spring and autumn. Early spring and summer fires might burn their nests with eggs and accidentally young broods. 3. Harvesting (hunting or gathering)- 3.5. Cultural, scientific or leisure activities-3.5.1. Subsistence use or local trade: Some people like to collect and stuff them to place on walls and desks of a home and public places such as restaurants, souvenir shops and others. 4. Accidental mortality-4.1.2. Terrestrial-4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5. 4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Rodenticide, such as Bromadiolone used against of Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) at feeding sites of the species, is a threat to breeding and migrating species through the areas (Batdelger, 2002; Gombobaatar et al., 2003; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005).4.2. Collision -4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: Collision is a potential threat to this species all over Mongolia during migration in autumn and spring5. Persecution-5.1. Pest control: Pesticide use in forested areas against insects such as the Siberian Moth is a potential threat to the species (see 4.1.2.3.). 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.3. Water pollution: Domestic water pollution is a cause of low breeding success of the species, associated with habitat change. 7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: Ponds, pools and small fresh water lakes with reed beds in Mongolia are important breeding sites for the species. Due to the drought in the last few years, these important sites have dried out and birds have been losing their breeding, resting and refuelling habitats in Mongolia. 7.2. Storms or flooding-7.3. Temperature extremes: nests located in the valleys of Ulz, Onon, Khurkh, Khalkh and other rivers in the west and reed shores of lakes have been destroyed by floods. Cold rains and sudden temperature changes pose a threat to the species, especially young chicks with pins (Gombobaatar, 1997; Gombobaatar, & Sumya, 1998; Sumiya et al., 2000; Gombobaatar & Bold, 2002; Tseveenmyadag, 2005). 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Most abundant carnivores such as Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) and Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) easily predate the eggs and flightless and slow moving chicks at night.8.5. Pathogens or parasites: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is a potential threat to the species in Mongolia. 10. Human disturbance-10.1. Recreation and tourism: Tourist and mining camps threaten the species. 10.4. Transport: Use of boats, cars and horses near breeding areas has negatively affected breeding and non-breeding individuals. In recent years, local herders have collected hay from sedge grasses along the valleys of lakes and rivers for fodder. This is because sedge grasses grow taller and denser than any other plants along valleys.10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

121

Conservation measures in place• Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Listed in CITES Appendix II. • Breeding and migrating birds occur in protected areas and Important Bird Areas in Mongolia.


Conservation measure required• Further field surveys are required to assess conservation requirements including breeding

biology and migration using satellite tracking devices. • Monitor and assess population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding sites.


Anthus trivalisLinnaeus, 1758

Order: Passeriformes, Family: Motacillidae

Common name(s): Tree Pipit (English), Oin shiihnuuhei (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: A. t. schlueteri, A. t. trivialis (see Dawaa et al.(1994); Alström and Mild (2003); del Hoyo et al.(2004) for further details)

Description Body length 14-15 cm, weight 15-39 g. Adult has relatively long bill, very streaked crown, distinctive short dark loral-stripe, very pale and darkish spot on the rear ear-coverts, streaked mantle and scapulars, heavily streaked buffish breast, and fine streaked flank. Juvenile has boldly streaked upperparts, dark streaked back, rump, and undertail-coverts.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: -

DistributionGlobal Distribution: United States, Iceland, Cape Verde, Senegal, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Morocco, Sierra Leone, Mali, Liberia, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Cote d’Ivoire, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Burkina Faso, France, Ghana, Togo, Niger, Benin, Andorra, Belgium, Nigeria, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Tunisia,

Adult in Israel. Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

122

Denmark, Cameroon, Gabon, Liechtenstein, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Equatorial Guinea, Austria, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sweden, Angola, Namibia, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Chad, Poland, Malta, Croatia, Central African Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, South Africa, Hungary, Slovakia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Botswana, Greece, Romania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sudan, Zambia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Estonia, Belarus, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Turkey, Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, Mozambique, Malawi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Lebanon, Syrian Arab Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Georgia, Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Comoros, Armenia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Oman, Seychelles, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, India, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, China, Nepal, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Republic of Korea, and Japan.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Khovd river, Kharkhiraa and Turgen mountains; from Khovd (Khoton, Khorgon, Dayan lakes) to the Bulgan river (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range) and Ih Bogd (Gobi-Altai Mountain Range); from Hövsgöl through Northern Khangai (Tarvagatai-Bulnai range) to Khan Höhii mountain; Orkhon-Selenge river basins, south to Bogd Khaan mountain (Southern Hentii); from Hentii mountain east to Herlen, Onon and Balj rivers. It migrates through the breeding areas and open dry habitats in the Great Lakes Depression, Khangai, Hövsgöl and Hentii Mountain Ranges (except for alpine zone and dense taiga forest), Herlen-Ulz river basins, Middle Khalkh Steppe and Mongol Daguur Steppe, Eastern Mongolian Plain, Buir lake-Khalkh river-Khyangan region, Valley of the Lakes and the Gobi (Dzungar, Trans-Altai, Alashani, SW of Eastern Gobi) (Kozlova, 1930; Sergelen, 1986; Erdenebat, 1989; Sumiya & Skryabin, 1989, Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Boldbaatar, 2002; Busching, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2003; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Sumiya, 2006).

Abundance The world population consists of 150,000,000 - 500,000,000 mature individuals (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Most of individuals arrive at breeding sites by late April - early May. Breeding season continues from May to July. Breeding habitats are scattered trees, cleared or burnt- over woodland, woodland edges, sometimes extending into open woodland. This species builds own well sheltered nest on the ground, under dead trees, dense grass, branches and behind large trees along the edges of mixed forest and river valleys with deciduous forest and mountain steppe with patched woodland (Bold et al., 2005; Gombobaatar, 2011). The nest is a large cup of drier grasses, with some moss, particularly at the base, lined with fine grass, plant fibres and hair. The female usually incubates 4-6 eggs with glossy grey, bluish green, or buffish ground colours with dark brown, olive, black or reddish- brown speckles, spots, blotches or streaks. The eggs are incubated by female alone at 12-14 days. Both parents care and feed young on terrestrial invertebrates and their larva and seeds of various plants in winter. The young leave nest at 12-13 days. They migrate in pairs, or small flocks consisting of 6-20 birds in the steppe. On migration, they perch and rest on wires of electric and telegraph lines. They leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August -early September, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat type: 1. Forest (1.1., 1.4.); 3. Shrubland (3.4. on migration and feeding); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (edges of 5.3., 5.4., 5.9. only on migration); 6. Rocky Areas (on migration); 8. Desert (8.2., 8.3.); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3., 11.4., 11.5. only on migration); 12. Artificial – Aquatic (near 12.6., 12.9. only on migration).

123

Dominant threats 1. Habitat Loss and Degradation-1.1.4. Livestock-1.1.4.1. Nomadic: Breeding habitats such as edges of forests and dense forest are overgrazed by livestock in spring and summer. Livestock destroy nests containing eggs and young chicks during the breeding season. 1.3. Extraction-1.3.1. Mining: Gold and other mining activities have affected this species through habitat changes and destruction at both breeding and feeding sites.1.3.3. Wood - 1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence - 1.3.3.2. Selective logging- 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting: Tree cutting for local fuel use and constructing materials is a main threat to the species. 1.4. Infrastructure development-1.4.1. Industry-1.4.2. Human settlement-1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Tourist camps, resorts, and other constructions such as accommodation for gold mining company workers at Hentii and Khangai mountain breeding sites are all threats to the species. 1.7. Fires: Forest fires burn breeding habitats in autumn and spring. 4. Accidental mortality- 4.1.2. Terrestrial- 4.1.2.2. Shooting: See 3.5.1.4.1.1.5. Poisoning: Mongolian government uses insecticide against Siberian Moths and other forest insects in forested areas in the last few years. The chemicals cause the poisoning of the species through the food chain in breeding and feeding sites.4.2. Collision-4.2.1. Pylon and building collision: mortality caused by collision and electrocution has not been reported yet. However, it is a potential threat to the species on migration.5. Persecution- 5.1. Pest control: See 4.1.1.5.6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution-6.1.1. Global warming: Coniferous and deciduous forests play as important role for the species and have been drying and dying due to drought caused by global warming.7.Natural disasters-7.1. Drought: See 1.1.4.1., 6.1.1.7.3. Temperature extremes: Overcooling of eggs and young chicks is also a potential threat to the species. 8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Eurasian Sparrowhawk and Northern Goshawk prey on both adult and young at breeding sites. Saker Falcon and Eurasian Hobby hunt on the species on migration. 8.3. Prey and food base: A lack of food due to insecticide use (see 4.1.1.5.) is a critical threat to the species. 10. Human disturbance- 10.1. Recreation and tourism: Due to contruction of private houses and resorts, and the presence of families with livestock in high numbers at breeding sites, the number of breeding pairs has decreased in the last few years.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and migrating birds occur in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas.



biology, population trends and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on breeding and summering sites and raise public awareness for

breeding sites.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: D.Sumiya, S.Wren, G.Batbayar, M.Munkhjargal, and B.Bayarjargal.

124

Saxicola insignisGray, 1846

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae

Common name(s): White-throated Bushchat or Hodgson’s Bushchat (English), Ögöölei shulganaa (Mongolian)

DescriptionBody length 14.5 cm. Adult male has black underparts, sides of head, wings, and tail; white neck-sides, rump, underwing-coverts and base of secondaries; and buffish orange breast. Female has greyish-buff with dark streaks on upperparts and dark-grey wings. Bill and legs are darkish. Juveniles are similar to adult females with slightly duller plumage.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Vulnerable, C2a(ii)Regional Status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Listed as Rare in the Mongolian Red Data Book (1997).

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation; Kazakhstan; India; China; Nepal; Mongolia; Bhutan.Regional Distribution: This species breeds at Siilhem mountains (juvenile male collected and probable adult seen on the southern slopes by the upper Syry-Dzhamata (Sary-Dzhamata) river, c.2,500 m in August 1914) (Sushkin, 1938; Birdlife International, 2001), Höh Serh, Khasagt Khairkhan, Bumbat Khairkhan, and Ulaan Davaa (several pairs and families on the northern slopes at 2,800-3,100 m, two fledged young near the Ulaan Davaa pass at 2,600 m, and one pair in the Borgiin river basin at 2,500 m in July 1979) (Kishinskii et al., 1982; Birlife International, 2001); Jargalant Khairkhan (one pair with a recently fledged juvenile and another male in July 1995 and the species possibly being widespread in suitable habitat (which was not surveyed) on Jargalant Khairkhan, Bumbat Khairkhan and in the adjacent Altay) (Bräunlich, 1995; Birdlife International, 2001; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009); a pair visiting a nest (hidden among boulders) at c.2,900 m elevation in a valley (46°49’N; 91°46’E) with nearby peaks exceeding 3,000 and 4,000 m asl was found in Mönh Khairkhan national park in the Mongolian part of the Altai-Sayan mountain ecoregion on 21 July 2007. A few hundred metres from the breeding pair, a fledged juvenile was observed (Bräunlich& Steudtner, 2008) (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range) (greater than 2,600 metres asl); Bodonch river (Bold, 1997; Busching, 2005) and Otgontenger massif ’s snow peak in June-July 1929 (Fomin & Bold, 1991), mountains of the upper Ongi river at Lamyn Gegeen monastery in east Khangai; upper Tui river (one young bird collected near the monastery in July 1926) (Stresemann &Portenko, 1982) (Khangai Mountain Range) (Bold, 1997); and Ih Bogd, Bayankhongor province (Bold, 1997; S. Gombobaatar

Adult. Photograph courtesy of Sh.Boldbaatar©.

125

pers. comm.). It migrates through the breeding areas, open habitats and river valleys with bushes and tall vegetation in the Great Lakes Depression and Chuluut river of Arkhangai province; Khasagt Khaïrkhan mountain (Gobi-Altai); Ongi river (Valley of the Lakes) (Bold, 1997). This bushchat is reported to occur in western Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan and in the Russian Altai (del Hoyo et al., 2005). The tiny Russian population is possibly extinct (del Hoyo et al., 2005), whilst with the only records being a collected specimen of uncertain origin and an undated observation with no description, Wassink & Oreel (2007) omitted the species from the Kazakhstan list. If this is correct, the only place to see and study the little-known species at its breeding sites today is in Mongolia (Bräunlich& Steudtner, 2008).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 2,500-9,999 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 230,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia. It has a small, declining population as a result of loss of wintering grassland habitat in northern India and Nepal (Bräunlich & Steudtner, 2008). Records and some data on the population and density are given in the Regional Distribution section.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor in the west. They arrive at their breeding sites by early to late May, depending on weather conditions. Breeding season begins from late May - early June. Breeding pairs nest in wet meadows, mountain valleys with rocks near streams, mountain slopes with rocks and boulders and low vegetation in alpine and subalpine meadows in high mountains (Bold, 1987&1997; Birdlife International, 2001; Bräunlich& Steudtner, 2008; Gombobaatar, 2011). Breeding ecology of the species is poorly studied in Mongolia. According to Bold (1997), the nest is placed on the ground under rocks and stones, and in rock crevices. The species builds a bulky nest with thick walls. The wall is wider at the base than at the top and is composed mainly of dry grass, lined with wool and dry moss. 3 to 5 pairs nest at close distance from each other in Mongol-Altai and 2-3 pairs in Khangai mountains (Bold, 1997). The female lays 3-5 eggs with pale greenish-blue, or very pale green tinged bluish colour with dark brown, reddish brown markings. The female incubates the eggs alone. Both parents feed them before and after fledging (Panov, 1976; Birdlife International, 2001). In the Mongol-Altai, one pair was feeding nestlings on 15–18 July, but apparently independent fledglings were also noted at this time (Kishinskii et al., 1982). There are no data on diet and feeding ecology from the breeding grounds. In winter the diet comprises insects (mostly beetles) and their larvae; also some vegetable matter (Birdlife International, 2001). They occur singly or in small groups of 2-6 individuals after breeding and on migration. They possibly leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August -early September, depending on food and weather conditions. Migration pattern and route are also unknown in Mongolia. Habitat type: 3. Shrubland (3.4. on migration); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (5.3., 5.11. on migration and feeding); 6. Rocky Areas (in alpine and subalpine meadow near spring and creeks).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1. Agriculture- 1.1.4. Livestock- 1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing of livestock near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species is a cause of habitat degradation associated with drought. Habitat loss is the main threat to the species in Nepal, grazing, ploughing and burning being the primary underlying causes (Birdlife International, 2001)/, 1.3. Extraction- 1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species/, 1.4. Infrastructure development - 1.4.1. Industry- 1.4.2. Human settlement- 1.4.3. Tourism and recreation /building of human settlements and tourist camps, and development of ecotourism near breeding and non-breeding sites are major disturbance for the species/. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.1. Atmospheric pollution- 6.1.1. Global warming /due to global warming, their habitats have been changing critically/, 6.2. Land pollution- 6.2.2. Domestic /domestic land pollution caused by mining and industrial activities are a cause of habitat degradation and disturbance/.

126

7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /due to the drought in the last few years, degradation and loss of habitat have been intensively occurring in non-breeding and breeding areas/, 7.3. Temperature extremes /overcooling of eggs and chicks in the nest during the early breeding season/.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators /most abundant predators are Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) and Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) during the breeding season and Saker Falcon on spring and autumn migrations/, 8.3. Prey or food base /a decrease of number of prey species caused by habitat loss, use of insecticide, and drought during both non-breeding and breeding seasons/.10. Human disturbance- 10.1. Recreation and tourism /construction of private houses, buildings, tourist camps and resorts in breeding and migrating areas disturb this species in Mongolia. The restricted grassland south of Kosi barrage lies outside protected areas and is highly disturbed by a large number of local fishermen, cattle-grazing and flood damage, pressures that are thought to have caused the local decline in the species (Birdlife International, 2001)/, 10.4. Transport /use of cars and presence of local herders (busy roads) near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species have negatively affected the species.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and migrating birds occur in some protected areas and Important Bird Areas.



biology, migration, population and population threats.• Reduce human disturbance on summering sites and raise public awareness for breeding

sites.


Passer ammodendriGould, 1872

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ploceidae

Common name(s): Saxaul Sparrow (English), Zagiin borshuvuu or Zagiin bor shuvuu (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: P. a. stoliczkae (see Clement et al. (1993); Howard & Moore (1994); Dawaa et al.(1994) for further details)

127

Description Body length 14-15 cm. Adult male has sandy brown-grey upperparts, large black bib, and mantle with narrow short black stripes, black band from forehead to nape and lesser covert, bright ochre-yellow patch above and behind eyes, narrow white fore-supercilium, and dirty whitish grey underparts. Female is less contrasting with sandy grey mantle with narrow and short dark streaks, and two white wing-bars. Sometimes, female has diffussed black bib. Bill blackish. Legs red-brownish. Juvenile is similar to adult female, but with lack of blackish tone on throat and duller plumage.

Conservation overviewGlobal Status: Least ConcernRegional Status: Near threatenedLegal status: -

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation, Islamic Republic of Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, China, and Mongolia.Regional Distribution: This species breeds in southern Shargyn Gobi, Baruunkhurai Depression, Gobi-Altai Mountain Range, Trans-Altai Gobi, east to south of the Eastern Gobi with Saxaul forest (Kozlova, 1930; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Dawaa et al., 1994; Oddie, 2000; Enkhnasan & Gombobaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2008).

AbundanceThe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as locally common (Clement 1999). There is no population estimates in Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a resident breeder. Breeding habitats are Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) forest with large and old trees in the Gobi desert. Breeding ecology is poorly studied in Mongolia. Breeding pairs nest in holes in Saxaul trees, under/in stick nests of raptors and other birds such as Long-legged Buzzard, Upland Buzzard, Black Kite and Northern Raven in Saxaul forest, in holes of river sandy banks, rarely in crevices and crakes of cattle shelters and nest boxes near Saxaul forests in the Gobi desert (Bold et al., 2005; Enkhnasan & Gombobaatar, 2005; Gombobaatar, 2011). Parent birds build a neat rounded domed structure with side entrance, in creepers or crevices, or it may be a cup of straw and plant stems in holes, lined with feathers, hair and wool. Female usually lays 4-6 eggs with slightly glossy white colour, or whitish grey colour with rusty grey or yellowish brown spots, small blotches or speckles. The female incubates the eggs chiefly at 11-14 days. Males and females share feeding their young, which they do every 4 to 10 minutes. They feed the chicks on terrestrial arthropods including beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, earth worms, and their larvae in the nest. During the non-breeding season, they form flocks consisting of 6-60 individuals and forage for seeds of a variety of plants including on the ground near Saxaul, poplar (Populus spp.), and tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) trees, and also sometimes far from the trees. After the breeding season, flocks feed on fruits and seeds of Nitraria sibirica in the Gobi desert. In winter, they come close to cattle shelters and winter camp sites of local herders and feed on seeds. Flocks roost

Breeding adult male (above) and female (below)Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

128

in Saxaul trees, rarely under the roofs of deserted cattle shelters near Saxaul forests. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (Saxaul forest in Gobi desert); 5. Wetlands (5.1. streams/creeks only for drinking); 8. Desert (8.2., 8.3.); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.2. near Saxaul trees during non-breeding periods for food).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1. Agriculture- 1.1.4. Livestock- 1.1.4.1. Nomadic /all year round camels graze Saxaul trees selecting large and tall trees where nests are present (Enkhnasan & Gombobaatar, 2005)/, 1.3. Extraction- 1.3.1. Mining /gold and other mining activities have directly and indirectly affected the species/, 1.3.3. Wood -1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence/tree cutting of old and large Saxaul trees with nests present is a potential threat to the species/; 1.4. Infrastructure development - 1.4.1. Industry- 1.4.2. Human settlement- 1.4.3. Tourism and recreation /building of human settlements and tourist camps, and development of ecotourism near breeding and non-breeding sites are major disturbances for the species/, 1.7. Fires /Saxaul forest fires burn their breeding habitats/. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)- 6.1. Atmospheric pollution- 6.1.1. Global warming /due to global warming, their habitats have been changing critically/, 6.2. Land pollution- 6.2.2. Domestic /domestic land pollution caused by mining and industrial activities is a cause of habitat degradation and disturbance/, 6.3.10. Noise pollution /noise from industry, transport and local herders/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /due to the drought in the last few years, degradation and loss of habitat have been occurring intensively in non-breeding and breeding areas/, 7.3. Temperature extremes /overcooling of eggs and chicks in the nest during the early breeding season/.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators /most abundant predators such as Saker Falcon and Eurasian Sparrowhawk prey on the species/, 8.3. Prey or food base /a decrease of number of prey species and seeds caused by habitat loss, use of insecticide, and drought during both non-breeding and breeding seasons/.9. Intrinsic factors- 9.9. Restricted range /this factor always negatively affects the species population because they live in very limited areas with Saxual trees/.10. Human disturbance- 10.1. Recreation and tourism /construction of private houses, buildings, tourist camps and resorts in breeding and migrating areas disturb this species/, 10.4. Transport /use of cars and presence of local herders (busy roads) near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species have negatively affected the species, 10.5. Fire /see 1.7./.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and wintering birds occur in protected areas and Important Bird Areas in southern



biology, seasonal movement, population trends and population threats.• Saxaul forests where high densities of this species occur in the Gobi desert such as Bayanzag and

Khongoryn Els should be put under protection. • Placing nest boxes in Saxual forests with breeding populations presnet is an important

conservation measure for this species. • Reduce livestock and human disturbances on breeding sites and raise public awareness for

breeding sites.


129

Emberiza aureolaPallas, 1773

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae

Common name(s): Yellow-breasted Bunting (English), Sharelegt hömrög or Shar elegt hömrög (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: E. a. aureola, E. a. ornata (see Byers et al. (1995) for further details)

Description Body length 13-16 cm, weight 15-26 g. Male has dark chocolate brown from rear of crown to rump, bright yellow below; has black face and chestnut breast-band, and large white wing- patch. Female has strikingly patterned head and mantle, and white median-covert bar. Juvenile is streaked on underparts.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Vulnerable A2acd+3cd+4acd Regional status: Near ThreatenedLegal status-

DistributionGlobal Distribution: United States; Ireland; Portugal; Spain; United Kingdom; France; Belgium; Netherlands; Norway; Germany; Italy; Denmark; Sweden; Czech Republic; Poland; Malta; Greece; Finland; Latvia; Estonia; Egypt; Turkey; Russian Federation; Cyprus; Israel; Saudi Arabia; Jordan; Islamic Republic of Iran; Kazakhstan; Bahrain; United Arab Emirates; Oman; Pakistan; India; China; Nepal; Mongolia; Bangladesh; Myanmar; Thailand; Malaysia; Lao People’s Democratic Republic; Viet Nam; Cambodia; Singapore; Brunei Darussalam; Hong Kong; Taiwan, Philippines; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Republic of Korea; and Japan. Regional Distribution: This species breeds in Achit lake valley, valleys of Kharkhiraa and Turgen mountains, Khovd river (Mongol-Altai Mountain Range); Northern Uvs Depression, Khar-Us, Khar, Dörgön lakes and Zereg depression (Great Lakes Depression); from Khan Höhii mountain, east to northern Khangai mountain (up to 2,200 m altitude) (Khangai Mountain Range); Hövsgöl Mountain Range; Orkhon-Selenge river basins; Hentii Mountain Range (except for dense taiga forest); Herlen-Ulz river basins; some lakes and rivers in Middle Khalkh Steppe and Mongol Daguur Steppe; Khalkh, Degee, Nömrög rivers and Tashgain Tavan lake (Buir lake-Khalkh river -Khyangan region); Bööntsagaan, and Orog lakes (Valley of the Lakes); Bulgan river (Baruunkhurai Depression); Shar Khuls, Tsagaan Burgas, Zakhui oases and Alag lake (Trans-Altai Gobi). It migrates across the breeding areas, river valleys and open habitats with bushes in Gobi-Altai, Khangai, Hövsgöl

Breeding adult female (left) and male (right)Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

130

and Hentii Mountain Ranges, Eastern Mongolian Plain, Alashani and Eastern Gobi (Tugarinov, 1916; Kozlova, 1930; Bannikov&Skalon, 1948; Kleinstauber&Succow, 1978; Mauersberger, 1980; Piechocki et al., 1982; Potapov, 1986; Sumiya&Skryabin, 1989; Fomin & Bold, 1991; Stubbe et al., 1993; Dawaa et al., 1994; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2000; Boldbaatar, 2002; Terbish & Gombobaatar, 2003; Bold, 2005; Tseveenmyadag & Bold, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2003; Boldbaatar, 2005; Boldbaatar, 2005a; Mainjargal, 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2005; Sumiya, 2006; Boldbaatar, 2008; Nyambayar &Tseveenmyadag, 2009).

AbundanceThe world population consists of 120,000 - 1,000,000 mature individuals. Breeding and resident ranges are estimated at 15,700,000 km2 in the World (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimation for Mongolia.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Most individuals arrive at breeding sites by late April - early May. Breeding season begins by late May-early June. Breeding pairs nest in scattered willow or birch scrubs in wet meadows, shrubby areas and thickets on riverbanks and near streams, sparse growth of young forests, edges of birch forests and forest clearings in mountain taiga forest, forest steppe and valleys of rivers and lakes (Bold et al., 2005; Tseveenmyadag et al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2011). This species was one of the most common breeding birds in shrubs, young deciduous forested areas, and patched deciduous trees with dense bushes all over Mongolia. In the last 11 years, occurrence numbers and number of breeding pairs in the areas where it was common have rapidly declined due to a global decline caused by illegal and legal harvesting at their wintering grounds in China. Nest is usually situated in low bushes or among tall coarse herbage. The nest is a cup built of dried grass. It is lined with finer grass and hair. Breeding pairs lay 4-5, rarely 6 eggs with glossy greenish or greyish ground colour with purplish-black or brown rarely pale greenish-blue sparse spots, small blotches, or faint grey blotches. The eggs are incubated at daily intervals by the female alone at 13 days. Both parents care and feed the chicks on terrestrial insects (grasshopper, beetles) and their larva, and spiders. The young leave the nest at 13-15 days. On migration, they eat seeds of various plants. They form flocks consisiting of 4-10 individuals and migrate through habitats with bushes, scrub, tall plants and planted trees and through the edges of springs and creaks in the steppe. They leave their breeding sites to their wintering ground by late August - early September, depending on food and weather conditions. Habitat Type: 1. Forest (1.4.); 3. Shrubland (3.3., 3.4.); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (bushes and deciduous forest near 5.1.-5.8., 5.13.-5.17. only on migration); 6. Rocky Areas (on migration); 8. Desert (8.2. only on migration); 11. Artificial – Terrestrial (11.3., 11.4. only on migration).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1. Agriculture- 1.1.4. Livestock- 1.1.4.1. Nomadic: In summer and spring, livestock gather near open water points (creeks, spring and small rivers) with dense bushes and young deciduous trees to drink. They graze plants in these bushes and trees and destroy nests containing eggs and chicks. This has been happening all over Mongolia. In June 2004, 3 breeding pairs were found in such areas at Örtöö Mukhar, where a National University of Mongolia field station is based. In June 2008 and 2010, only one singing male was observed. 1.3. Extraction- 1.3.1. Mining: Gold mining activities are always located near water resources in order to wash the soil in N, NW and NE Mongolia. These areas overlap the species’ breeding habitats. 1.3.3. Wood -1.3.3.1. Small scale subsistence- 1.3.3.2. Selective logging - 1.3.3.3. Clear cutting: Tree cutting at the edges of forests and bushes with nests is a potential threat to breeding individuals. In most cases this species disappears from these sites. 1.4. Infrastructure development - 1.4.1. Industry- 1.4.2. Human settlement- 1.4.3. Tourism and recreation: Recent tourist camps, lodges and constructions for mining are located close to natural landscapes such as river valleys, open water areas and forested areas. These areas are potential and native breeding habitats of the species. Breeding pairs usually leave these areas after and during construction activities. 1.7. Fires: Spring forest and steppe fires burn their breeding habitats all over Mongolia, particularly

131

in eastern Mongolia. The fire burns their nests with eggs and young.4. Accidental mortality- 4.1. Bycatch- 4.1.2. Terrestrial - 4.1.2.2. Shooting /see 3.5.1./. 4.1.2.3. Poisoning: Chemicals, such as rodenticide (Bromadiolone) used against Brandt’s Voles (Lasiopodomys brandti) and insecticide used against insects in forests, are potential causes of individual poisoning on migration and during breeding. However, evidence has not been documented yet in Mongolia. 5. Persecution- 5.1. Pest control /see 4.1.2.3./. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.1. Atmospheric pollution- 6.1.1. Global warming: Due to global warming and drought, their breeding habitats are dramatically changing in Mongolia. Drought affecting permafrost, wetlands and bushes is critical to breeding pairs and non-breeders as well. 6.3.10. Noise pollution: Noise from industrial activities /see 1.3.1./, tourism /1.4.1.-1.4.3./, transport and local herders affect both breeding and non-breeding species. 7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought: Due to the drought in the last few years, degradation and loss of habitat have been occurring intensively in non-breeding and breeding areas. Some of these areas in eastern Mongolia, Mongola Daguur and Ulz river valleys have completely dried out. See also 6.1.1.7.3. Temperature extremes: Overcooling of eggs and chicks in the nest during the early breeding season is a threat to the species.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators: Most abundant avian predators such as Saker Falcon, Eurasian Hobby and Eurasian Sparrowhawk prey on the species on migration. Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) and Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procynoides) eat eggs and young chicks in Ulz, Onon, Balj, Khalkh and Nömrög river valleys. 8.3. Prey or food base: A decrease of the number of prey species caused by habitat loss, use of insecticide, and drought is a potential threat to the species. 10. Human disturbance- 10.1. Recreation and tourism: Construction of private houses, buildings, tourist camps and resorts in breeding and migrating areas disturb this species. See also 1.4.1-1.4.3.10.4. Transport: Use of cars and the presence of local herders (busy roads) near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species have negatively affected the species.10.5. Fire: See 1.7.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and migrating birds occur in protected areas and Important Bird Areas. Approximately

9.4% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.


biology, migration, population trends and population threats.• Reduce human and livestock disturbances on breeding and summering sites and raise public

awareness for breeding sites.• Design a program for co-ordinated range wide monitoring to determine the magnitude of the

decline.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: J.Baillie, G.Mainjargal, P.Amartuvshin, and B.Enkh-Orshikh.

132

Emberiza yessoensis Swinhoe, 1863

Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae

Common name(s): Ochre-rumped Bunting, or Japanese Reed Bunting (English), naran hömrög (Mongolian)

Subspecies in Mongolia: E. y. continentalis (see Byers et al. (1995) for further details)

DescriptionBody length 14-16 cm. Bill black in breeding male, grey above and at tip, bright pink below in non-breeding male and female. Breeding male has unbroken, glossy black head extending only to lower neck at front; nape, sides of neck, upperparts, wings and sides of breast and flanks all warm rufous/orange-brown; mantle is heavily streaked with black and white, lesser wing- coverts show some blue-grey, wings mostly appear rufous, but with prominent black tertials. Female resembles winter male, but has distinct orange-buff malar, and narrow distinct lateral throat-stripe contrasting with off-white throat. Lower back, rump and uppertail -coverts warm rufous brown in both male and female readily distinguishing them from either Common Reed or Pallas’ Buntings.

Conservation overviewGlobal status: Near ThreatenedRegional status: Near ThreatenedLegal status: Approximately 18.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas.

DistributionGlobal Distribution: Russian Federation; China; Hong Kong; Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; Republic of Korea; and Japan. Regional Distribution: This species breeds in the valleys of Khalkh River (possibly nests) and Tashgain Tavan lake (Badley et al, 2005). On 31 May 1998, 6 birds were collected at Tashgain Tavan lake (at 47O22’N; 118O29’E). It most probably breeds at Tashgain Tavan lake, Guu and Azarga rivers, in Dornod province (Boldbaatar, 2005). On 24 July 2009, S.Gombobaatar, P.Amartuvshin, Ch.Uuganbayar, B.Odkhuu, and Dr Bernd Nicolai and his team from the Museum Heineanum, Halberstadt in Germany, found and photographed a singing male and female carrying food in its beak and feeding young in a marshy area to the East of Tashgain Tavan lake (at 47.33884oN; 118.48979oN), Dornod province (S.Gombobaatar pers. comm. and photographs).

Breeding adult female (left) and male (right)Photograph courtesy of S.Gombobaatar©.

133

AbundanceThe world population consists of 10,000-19,999 mature individuals (Birdlife International, 2011). There is no population estimate for Mongolia. Breeding records and numbers are given in the Regional Distribution section.

Habitat and ecologyIn Mongolia, it is a breeding visitor. Breeding individuals arrive at breeding sites by late April - early May. Breeding season continues from May to July. Breeding habitats are marshland and wetland fringes with reeds, bushes and tall sedge grasses, low reeds, and waterside scrub near water in the valleys of lakes and rivers. The nest is situated on the ground or very close to the ground in Mongolia. The nest is built of grass, moss and lined with finer grasses and hairs. According to Byers et al. (1995), the female lays 3-5 eggs with ochre-whitish colour with brown patches and black lines. Young leave their nest at 11-12 days. Both parents care and feed young on beetles, caterpillars, and seeds. In winter, plant seeds consititute a major part of the diet. Migration pattern is poorly known in Mongolia. The same as other migrating buntings, they leave their breeding site to their wintering ground by late August - early September. Habitat Type: 3. Shrubland (3.3., 3.4. on migration); 4. Grassland (4.4. on migration); 5. Wetlands (5.3., 5.4.).

Dominant threats1. Habitat Loss and Degradation (human induced)-1.1. Agriculture- 1.1.4. Livestock- 1.1.4.1. Nomadic /overgrazing by livestock leads to critical degradation and loss of breeding habitats in marshy areas in the east/, 1.7. Fires / steppe fires burn their breeding habitats. The fire burns nests with eggs and occasionally young/. 6. Pollution (affecting habitat and species)-6.1. Atmospheric pollution- 6.1.1. Global warming /due to global warming, their habitats have been changing critically/; 6.3.10. Noise pollution /noise from industry, transport and local herders/.7. Natural disasters- 7.1. Drought /due to the drought in the last few years, degradation and loss of habitats has been occurring intensively in non-breeding and breeding areas/.8. Changes in native species dynamics- 8.2. Predators /most abundant predators are the Saker Falcon and Eurasian Sparrowhawk prey on the species on migration, and the Eurasian Badger (Meles meles) and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) prey on the species during breeding/.9. Intrinsic factors- 9.5. Low densities -9.9. Restricted range /this factors always have negative effects on the population number of this species/.10. Human disturbance- 10.4. Transport /use of cars and presence of local herders (busy roads) near non-breeding and breeding sites of the species have negatively affected the species, 10.5. Fire /see 1.7./.

Conservation measures in place• No specific conservation measures were taken for the species to date. • Mongolians do not hunt this species as they follow the Buddhist religion. • Breeding and migrating birds occur in protected areas and Important Bird Areas in eastern



biology, migration, population trends and population threats.• Reduce human and livestock disturbances on breeding and summering sites and raise public

awareness for breeding sites.• Protect areas of important habitat.

Compiler: S.Gombobaatar. Reviewers: J.Baillie, G.Mainjargal, P.Amartuvshin, and B.Enkh-Orshikh.

134

ANNEXES

Annex I. SpeciesidentifiedasoccurringwithinMongoliaandassessedatthethirdMongolian Biodiversity Databank Workshop

No Scientific name Common name

Regi

onal

Stat

us

Glob

alSt

atus

FamilyOrder

1 Acanthis cannabina Eurasian Linnet DD LC Fringillidae Passeriformes2 Acanthis flammea Common Redpoll LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes3 Acanthis flavirostris Twite LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes4 Acanthis hornemanni Hoary Redpoll LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes5 Accipiter badius Shikra NA LC Accipitridae Falconiformes6 Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes7 Accipiter gularis Japanese Sparrowhawk LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes8 Accipiter nisus Eurasian Sparrowhawk LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes9 Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna NA LC Sturnidae Passeriformes

10 Acrocephalus aedon Thick-billed Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes11 Acrocephalus agricola Paddyfield Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes12 Acrocephalus arundinaceus Great Reed-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes13 Acrocephalus bistrigiceps Black-browed Reed-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes14 Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth’s Reed-warbler DD LC Sylviidae Passeriformes15 Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Reed-warbler LC NA Sylviidae Passeriformes16 Acrocephalus stentoreus Clamorous Reed-warbler NA LC Sylviidae Passeriformes17 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes18 Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit LC LC Aegithalidae Passeriformes19 Aegolius funereus Boreal Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes20 Aegypius monachus Cinereous Vulture LC NT Accipitridae Falconiformes21 Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck NA LC Anatidae Anseriformes22 Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes23 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher LC LC Alcedinidae Coraciiformes24 Alectoris chukar Chukar LC LC Phasianidae Galliformes25 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen NA LC Rallidae Gruiformes26 Anas acuta Northern Pintail LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes27 Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes28 Anas crecca Eurasian Teal LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes29 Anas falcata Falcated Duck NT NT Anatidae Anseriformes30 Anas formosa Baikal Teal VU VU Anatidae Anseriformes31 Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes32 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes33 Anas poecilorhyncha Spot-billed Duck LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes34 Anas querquedula Garganey LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes35 Anas strepera Gadwal LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes36 Anser albifrons Greater White-fronted Goose NT LC Anatidae Anseriformes37 Anser anser Greylag Goose LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes38 Anser cygnoides Swan Goose NT VU Anatidae Anseriformes39 Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose VU VU Anatidae Anseriformes40 Anser fabalis Bean Goose LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes41 Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes42 Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane LC LC Gruidae Gruiformes43 Anthus campestris Tawny Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes

135

44 Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes45 Anthus godlewskii Blyth’s Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes46 Anthus gustavi Pechora Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes47 Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes48 Anthus richardi Richard’s Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes49 Anthus rubescens American Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes50 Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes51 Anthus trivialis Tree Pipit NT LC Motacillidae Passeriformes52 Apus apus Common Swift LC LC Apodidae Apodiformes53 Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift LC LC Apodidae Apodiformes54 Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes55 Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle EN VU Accipitridae Falconiformes56 Aquila heliaca Eastern Imperial Eagle VU VU Accipitridae Falconiformes57 Aquila nipalensis Steppe Eagle LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes58 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron LC LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes59 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron DD LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes60 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron NA LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes61 Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes62 Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes63 Asio otus Long-eared Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes64 Athene noctua Little Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes65 Aythya baeri Baer’s Pochard NA EN Anatidae Anseriformes66 Aythya ferina Common Pochard LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes67 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes68 Aythya marila Greater Scaup NA LC Anatidae Anseriformes69 Aythya nyroca Ferruginous Duck VU NT Anatidae Anseriformes70 Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian Waxwing LC LC Bombycillidae Passeriformes71 Bombycilla japonica Japanese Waxwing NA NT Bombycillidae Passeriformes72 Botaurus stellaris Great Bittern LC LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes73 Bradypterus tacsanowskius Chinese Bush-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes74 Bradypterus thoracicus Spotted Bush-warbler DD LC Sylviidae Passeriformes75 Bubo bubo Eurasian Eagle-owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes76 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret NA LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes77 Bucanetes mongolicus Mongolian Finch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes78 Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes79 Burhinus oedicnemus Eurasian Thick-knee NA LC Burhinidae Charadriiformes80 Butastur indicus Grey-faced Buzzard NA LC Accipitridae Falconiformes81 Buteo buteo Common Buzzard LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes82 Buteo hemilasius Upland Buzzard LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes83 Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Buzzard LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes84 Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes85 Butorides striatus Striated Heron NA LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes86 Calandrella brachydactyla Greater Short-toed Lark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes87 Calandrella cheleensis Asian Short-toed Lark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes88 Calandrella rufescens Lesser Short-toed Lark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes89 Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Longspur LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes90 Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes91 Calidris alba Sanderling LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes92 Calidris alpina Dunlin LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes93 Calidris canutus Red Knot LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes94 Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes

136

95 Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper NA LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes96 Calidris minuta Little Stint LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes97 Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes98 Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes99 Calidris temminckii Temminck’s Stint LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes

100 Caprimulgus europaeus Eurasian Nightjar LC LC Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes101 Caprimulgus indicus Grey Nightjar LC LC Caprimulgidae Caprimulgiformes102 Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes103 Carduelis chloris European Greenfinch NA LC Fringillidae Passeriformes104 Carduelis sinica Grey-capped Greenfinch NA LC Fringillidae Passeriformes105 Carduelis spinus Eurasian Siskin LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes106 Carpodacus erythrinus Common Rosefinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes107 Carpodacus pulcherrimus Beautiful Rosefinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes108 Carpodacus rhodochlamys Red-mantled Rosefinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes109 Carpodacus roseus Pallas’s Rosefinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes110 Carpodacus rubicilla Great Rosefinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes111 Certhia familiaris Eurasian Treecreeper LC LC Certhiidae Passeriformes112 Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes113 Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes114 Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover DD LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes115 Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes116 Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover DD LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes117 Charadrius veredus Oriental Plover LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes118 Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard VU VU Otididae Gruiformes119 Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes120 Chlidonias leucopterus White-winged Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes121 Chlidonias niger Black Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes122 Ciconia boyciana Oriental Stork NA EN Ciconiidae Ciconiiformes123 Ciconia nigra Black Stork LC LC Ciconiidae Ciconiiformes124 Cinclus cinclus White-throated Dipper LC LC Cinclidae Passeriformes125 Circaetus gallicus Short-toed Snake-eagle LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes126 Circus aeruginosus Western Marsh-harrier LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes127 Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes128 Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier DD NT Accipitridae Falconiformes129 Circus melanoleucos Pied Harrier DD LC Accipitridae Falconiformes130 Circus pygargus Montagu’s Harrier DD LC Accipitridae Falconiformes131 Circus spilonotus Eastern Marsh-harrier LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes132 Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck NA LC Anatidae Anseriformes133 Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes134 Columba eversmanni Pale-backed Pigeon NA VU Columbidae Columbiformes 135 Columba livia Rock Pigeon LC LC Columbidae Columbiformes 136 Columba oenas Stock Dove LC LC Columbidae Columbiformes 137 Columba palumbus Common Wood-pigeon DD LC Columbidae Columbiformes 138 Columba rupestris Hill Pigeon LC LC Columbidae Columbiformes 139 Corvus corax Common Raven LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes140 Corvus corone Carrion Crow LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes141 Corvus dauuricus Daurian Jackdaw LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes142 Corvus frugilegus Rook LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes143 Corvus monedula Eurasian Jackdaw LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes144 Coturnicops exquisitus Swinhoe’s Rail NA VU Rallidae Gruiformes145 Coturnix coturnix Common Quail DD LC Phasianidae Galliformes

137

146 Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail LC NT Phasianidae Galliformes147 Crex crex Corn Crake DD NT Rallidae Gruiformes148 Cuculus canorus Common Cuckoo LC LC Cuculidae Cuculiformes149 Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo NA LC Cuculidae Cuculiformes150 Cuculus poliocephalus Lesser Cuckoo NA LC Cuculidae Cuculiformes151 Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo LC LC Cuculidae Cuculiformes152 Cyanopica cyanus Azure-winged Magpie LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes153 Cygnus columbianus Tundra Swan LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes154 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes155 Cygnus olor Mute Swan NT LC Anatidae Anseriformes156 Delichon dasypus Asian House-martin LC LC Hirundinidae Passeriformes157 Delichon urbicum Northern House-martin LC LC Hirundinidae Passeriformes158 Dendrocopos hyperythrus Rufous-bellied Woodpecker NA LC Picidae Piciformes159 Dendrocopos leucotos White-backed Woodpecker LC LC Picidae Piciformes160 Dendrocopos major Great Spotted Woodpecker LC LC Picidae Piciformes161 Dendrocopos minor Lesser Spotted Woodpecker LC LC Picidae Piciformes162 Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling-duck NA LC Anatidae Anseriformes163 Dendronanthus indicus Forest Wagtail NA LC Motacillidae Passeriformes164 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo NA LC Dicruridae Passeriformes165 Dryocopus martius Black woodpecker LC LC Picidae Piciformes166 Egretta alba Great Egret LC LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes167 Egretta garzetta Little Egret NA LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes168 Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting NT VU Emberizidae Passeriformes169 Emberiza bruniceps Red-headed Bunting DD LC Emberizidae Passeriformes170 Emberiza buchanani Grey-necked Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes171 Emberiza chrysophrys Yellow-browed Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes172 Emberiza cia Rock Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes173 Emberiza cioides Meadow Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes174 Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes175 Emberiza elegans Yellow-throated Bunting NA LC Emberizidae Passeriformes176 Emberiza fucata Chestnut-eared Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes177 Emberiza godlewskii Godlewski’s Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes178 Emberiza hortulana Ortolan Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes179 Emberiza jankowskii Rufous-backed Bunting NA EN Emberizidae Passeriformes180 Emberiza leucocephalos Pine Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes181 Emberiza melanocephala Black-headed Bunting NA LC Emberizidae Passeriformes182 Emberiza pallasi Pallas’s Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes183 Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes184 Emberiza rustica Rustic Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes185 Emberiza rutila Chestnut Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes186 Emberiza schoeniclus Reed Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes187 Emberiza spodocephala Black-faced Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes188 Emberiza tristrami Tristram’s Bunting NA LC Emberizidae Passeriformes189 Emberiza yessoensis Ochre-rumped Bunting NT NT Emberizidae Passeriformes190 Eophona migratoria Yellow-billed Grosbeak DD LC Fringillidae Passeriformes191 Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes192 Erithacus rubecula European Robin NA LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes193 Eudromias morinellus Eurasian Dotterel LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes194 Eurystomus orientalis Asian Dollarbird NA LC Coraciidae Coraciiformes195 Falco amurensis Amur Falcon LC LC Falconidae Falconiformes196 Falco cherrug Saker Falcon VU VU Falconidae Falconiformes

138

197 Falco columbarius Merlin LC LC Falconidae Falconiformes198 Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel LC VU Falconidae Falconiformes199 Falco pelegrinoides Barbary Falcon NA LC Falconidae Falconiformes200 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon DD LC Falconidae Falconiformes201 Falco rusticolus Gyr Falcon DD LC Falconidae Falconiformes202 Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby LC LC Falconidae Falconiformes203 Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel LC LC Falconidae Falconiformes204 Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon NA NT Falconidae Falconiformes205 Ficedula albicilla Taiga Flycatcher LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes206 Ficedula hypoleuca European Pied Flycatcher NA LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes207 Ficedula mugimaki Mugimaki Flycatcher LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes208 Ficedula narcissina Narcissus Flycatcher NA LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes209 Ficedula zanthopygia Yellow-rumped Flycatcher LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes210 Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes211 Fringilla montifringilla Brambling LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes212 Fulica atra Common Coot LC LC Rallidae Gruiformes213 Galerida cristata Crested Lark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes214 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes215 Gallinago megala Swinhoe’s Snipe LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes216 Gallinago solitaria Solitary Snipe LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes217 Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes218 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen LC LC Rallidae Gruiformes219 Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes220 Gavia arctica Arctic Loon LC LC Gaviidae Gaviiformes221 Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon DD LC Gaviidae Gaviiformes222 Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole DD LC Glareolidae Charadriiformes223 Glaucidium passerinim Eurasian Pygmy-owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes224 Great Bustard Great Bustard VU VU Otididae Gruiformes225 Grus grus Common Crane NT LC Gruidae Gruiformes226 Grus japonensis Red-crowned Crane NA EN Gruidae Gruiformes227 Grus leucogeranus Siberian Crane CR CR Gruidae Gruiformes228 Grus monacha Hooded Crane VU VU Gruidae Gruiformes229 Grus vipio White-naped Crane VU VU Gruidae Gruiformes230 Gypaetus barbatus Lammergeier VU LC Accipitridae Falconiformes231 Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes232 Gyps himalayensis Himalayan Vulture LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes233 Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher NA LC Alcedinidae Coraciiformes234 Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle NT LC Accipitridae Falconiformes235 Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas’s Fish-eagle EN VU Accipitridae Falconiformes236 Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler NA LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes237 Heteroscelus incanus Wandering Tattler NA LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes238 Hieraaetus fasciatus Bonelli’s Eagle NA LC Accipitridae Falconiformes239 Hieraaetus pennatus Booted Eagle LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes240 Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt LC LC Recurvirostridae Charadriiformes241 Hippolais caligata Booted Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes242 Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail LC LC Apodidae Apodiformes243 Hirundo daurica Red-rumped Swallow LC LC Hirundinidae Passeriformes244 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow LC LC Hirundinidae Passeriformes245 Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck NA LC Anatidae Anseriformes246 Ixobrychus eurhythmus Schrenck’s Bittern NA LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes247 Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern LC LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes

139

248 Jynx torquilla Eurasian Wryneck LC LC Picidae Piciformes249 Lagopus lagopus Willow Ptarmigan LC LC Tetraonidae Galliformes250 Lagopus muta Rock Ptarmigan LC LC Tetraonidae Galliformes251 Lanius bucephalus Bull-headed Shrike NA LC Laniidae Passeriformes252 Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike LC LC Laniidae Passeriformes253 Lanius excubitor Great Grey Shrike LC LC Laniidae Passeriformes254 Lanius isabellinus Rufous-tailed Shrike LC LC Laniidae Passeriformes255 Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike DD LC Laniidae Passeriformes256 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike NA LC Laniidae Passeriformes257 Lanius sphenocercus Chinese Grey Shrike DD LC Laniidae Passeriformes258 Larus brunnicephalus Brown-headed Gull NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes259 Larus canus Mew Gull LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes260 Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes261 Larus genei Slender-billed Gull NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes262 Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes263 Larus ichthyaetus Pallas’s Gull LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes264 Larus minutus Little Gull LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes265 Larus mongolicus Mongolian Gull LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes266 Larus relictus Relict Gull EN VU Laridae Charadriiformes267 Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes268 Leucosticte arctoa Asian Rosy-finch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes269 Leucosticte brandti Black-headed Mountain-finch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes270 Leucosticte nemoricola Plain Mountain-finch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes271 Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes272 Limnodromus scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher NA LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes273 Limnodromus semipalmatus Asian Dowitcher VU NT Scolopacidae Charadriiformes274 Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes275 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit LC NT Scolopacidae Charadriiformes276 Locustella certhiola Pallas’s Grasshopper -warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes277 Locustella fasciolata Gray’s Grasshopper-warbler DD LC Sylviidae Passeriformes278 Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes279 Locustella luscinioides Savi’s Warbler DD LC Sylviidae Passeriformes280 Locustella naevia Common Grasshopper-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes281 Locustella ochotensis Middendorff’s Warbler DD LC Sylviidae Passeriformes282 Loxia curvirostra Red Crossbill LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes283 Loxia leucoptera White-winged Crossbill LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes284 Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes285 Luscinia cyane Siberian Blue Robin LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes286 Luscinia megarhynchos Common Nightingale DD LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes287 Luscinia sibilans Rufous-tailed Robin NA LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes288 Luscinia svecica Bluethroat LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes289 Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe DD LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes290 Lyrurus tetrix Black Grouse LC LC Tetraonidae Galliformes291 Megalurus pryeri Marsh Grassbird DD NT Sylviidae Passeriformes292 Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes293 Melanocorypha leucoptera White-winged Lark NA LC Alaudidae Passeriformes294 Melanocorypha mongolica Mongolian Lark LC LC Alaudidae Passeriformes295 Melanocorypha yeltoniensis Black Lark NA LC Alaudidae Passeriformes296 Mergus albellus Smew LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes297 Mergus merganser Common Merganser LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes298 Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes

140

299 Merops apiaster European Bee-eater NA LC Meropidae Coraciiformes300 Milvus migrans Black Kite LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes301 Monticola saxatilis Rufous-tailed Rock-thrush LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes302 Monticola solitarius Blue Rock-thrush NA LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes303 Montifringilla nivalis White-winged Snowfinch LC LC Passeridae Passeriformes304 Motacilla alba White Wagtail LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes305 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes306 Motacilla citreola Citrine Wagtail LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes307 Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail LC LC Motacillidae Passeriformes308 Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes309 Muscicapa griseisticta Grey-streaked Flycatcher NA LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes310 Muscicapa sibirica Dark-sided Flycatcher LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes311 Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes312 Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture NA EN Accipitridae Falconiformes313 Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes314 Nisaetus nipalensis Mountain Hawk-eagle NA LC Accipitridae Falconiformes315 Nucifraga caryocatactes Spotted Nutcracker LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes316 Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes317 Numenius madagascariensis Far Eastern Curlew LC VU Scolopacidae Charadriiformes318 Numenius minutus Little Curlew LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes319 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes320 Nyctea scandiaca Snowy Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes321 Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night-heron NA LC Ardeidae Ciconiiformes322 Oenanthe deserti Desert Wheatear LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes323 Oenanthe isabellina Isabelline Wheatear LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes324 Oenanthe oenanthe Northern Wheatear LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes325 Oenanthe pleschanka Pied Wheatear LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes326 Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole NA LC Oriolidae Passeriformes327 Oriolus oriolus Eurasian Golden Oriole DD LC Oriolidae Passeriformes328 Otus scops Common Scops-owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes329 Otus sunia Oriental Scops-owl NA LC Strigidae Strigiformes330 Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck EN EN Anatidae Anseriformes331 Pandion haliaetus Osprey LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes332 Panurus biarmicus Bearded Parrotbill LC LC Timaliidae Passeriformes333 Paradoxornis heudei Reed Parrotbill EN NT Timaliidae Passeriformes334 Paradoxornis webbianus Vinous-throated Parrotbill NA LC Timaliidae Passeriformes335 Parus ater Coal Tit LC LC Paridae Passeriformes336 Parus cinctus Siberian Tit LC LC Paridae Passeriformes337 Parus cyanus Azure Tit LC LC Paridae Passeriformes338 Parus major Great Tit LC LC Paridae Passeriformes339 Parus montanus Willow Tit LC LC Paridae Passeriformes340 Parus palustris Marsh Tit LC LC Paridae Passeriformes341 Passer ammodendri Saxaul Sparrow LC LC Passeridae Passeriformes342 Passer domesticus House Sparrow LC LC Passeridae Passeriformes343 Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow LC LC Passeridae Passeriformes344 Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican CR VU Pelecanidae Pelecaniformes 345 Perdix dauuricae Daurian Partridge LC LC Phasianidae Galliformes346 Perisoreus infaustus Siberian Jay LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes347 Pernis apivorus European Honey-buzzard NA LC Accipitridae Falconiformes348 Pernis ptilorhynchus Oriental Honey-buzzard LC LC Accipitridae Falconiformes349 Petronia petronia Rock Sparrow LC LC Passeridae Passeriformes

141

350 Petrophila gularis White-throated Rock-thrush DD LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes351 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant LC LC Phalacrocoracidae Pelecaniformes 352 Phalaropus fulicarius Red Phalarope NA LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes353 Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes354 Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant NT LC Phasianidae Galliformes355 Philomachus pugnax Ruff LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes356 Phoenicopterus roseus Greater Flamingo NA LC Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopteriformes357 Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes358 Phoenicurus erythrogastrus White-winged Redstart LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes359 Phoenicurus erythronotus Rufous-backed Redstart LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes360 Phoenicurus ochruros Black redstart LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes361 Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes362 Phylloscopus armandii Yellow-streaked Warbler NA LC Sylviidae Passeriformes363 Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes364 Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes365 Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes366 Phylloscopus griseolus Sulphur-bellied Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes367 Phylloscopus humei Hume’s Leaf-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes368 Phylloscopus inornatus Inornate Warbler, LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes369 Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas’s Leaf-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes370 Phylloscopus schwarzi Radde’s Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes371 Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler NA LC Sylviidae Passeriformes372 Phylloscopus tenellipes Pale-legged Leaf-warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes373 Phylloscopus trochiloides Greenish Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes374 Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes375 Pica pica Black-billed Magpie LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes376 Picoides tridactylus Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker LC LC Picidae Piciformes377 Picus canus Grey-faced Woodpecker LC LC Picidae Piciformes378 Pinicola enucleator Pine Grosbeak LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes379 Platalea leucorodia Eurasian Spoonbill LC LC Threskiornithidae Ciconiiformes380 Plectrophenax nivalis Snow Bunting LC LC Emberizidae Passeriformes381 Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes382 Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes383 Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe LC LC Podicipedidae Podicipediformes384 Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe LC LC Podicipedidae Podicipediformes385 Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe LC LC Podicipedidae Podicipediformes386 Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe LC LC Podicipedidae Podicipediformes387 Podiceps ruficollis Little Grebe LC LC Podicipedidae Podicipediformes388 Podoces hendersoni Mongolian Ground-jay LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes389 Porzana parva Little Crake NA LC Rallidae Gruiformes390 Porzana porzana Spotted Crake DD LC Rallidae Gruiformes391 Porzana pusilla Baillon’s Crake LC LC Rallidae Gruiformes392 Prunella atrogularis Black-throated Accentor LC LC Prunellidae Passeriformes393 Prunella collaris Alpine Accentor LC LC Prunellidae Passeriformes394 Prunella fulvescens Brown Accentor LC LC Prunellidae Passeriformes395 Prunella himalayana Rufous-streaked Accentor LC LC Prunellidae Passeriformes396 Prunella koslowi Mongolian Accentor LC LC Prunellidae Passeriformes397 Prunella montanella Siberian Accentor LC LC Prunellidae Passeriformes398 Ptyonoprogne rupestris Eurasian Crag-martin LC LC Hirundinidae Passeriformes399 Pycnonotus flavescens Flavescent Bulbul NA LC Pycnonotidae Passeriformes400 Pyrgilauda davidiana Small Snowfinch LC LC Passeridae Passeriformes

142

401 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Red-billed Chough LC LC Corvidae Passeriformes402 Pyrrhula pyrrhula Eurasian Bullfinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes403 Rallus aquaticus Water Rail LC LC Rallidae Gruiformes404 Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet LC LC Recurvirostridae Charadriiformes405 Regulus regulus Goldcrest LC LC Regulidae Passeriformes406 Remiz coronatus White-crowned Penduline-tit LC LC Remizidae Passeriformes407 Rhodospiza obsoletus Desert Finch NA LC Fringillidae Passeriformes408 Rhodostethia rosea Ross’s Gull NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes409 Rhopophilus pekinensis White-browed Chinese Warbler NA LC Cisticolidae Passeriformes410 Riparia riparia Sand Martin LC LC Hirundinidae Passeriformes411 Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes412 Rostratula benghalensis Greater Painted-snipe NA LC Rostratulidae Charadriiformes413 Saxicola insignis White-throated Bushchat NT VU Muscicapidae Passeriformes414 Saxicola torquatus Common Stonechat LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes415 Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes416 Serinus pusillus Fire-fronted Serin LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes417 Sitta europaea Wood Nuthatch LC LC Sittidae Passeriformes418 Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger NA LC Stercorariidae Charadriiformes419 Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine Jaeger NA LC Stercorariidae Charadriiformes420 Sterna albifrons Little Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes421 Sterna caspia Caspian Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes422 Sterna hirundo Common Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes423 Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern LC LC Laridae Charadriiformes424 Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern NA LC Laridae Charadriiformes425 Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian Collared-dove LC LC Columbidae Columbiformes 426 Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle-dove LC LC Columbidae Columbiformes 427 Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove NA LC Columbidae Columbiformes 428 Streptopelia turtur European Turtle-dove DD LC Columbidae Columbiformes 429 Strix nebulosa Great Grey Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes430 Strix uralensis Ural Owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes431 Sturnia sturnina Purple-backed Starling LC LC Sturnidae Passeriformes432 Sturnus cineraceus White-cheeked Starling LC LC Sturnidae Passeriformes433 Sturnus roseus Rosy Starling LC LC Sturnidae Passeriformes434 Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling LC LC Sturnidae Passeriformes435 Surnia ulula Northern Hawk-owl LC LC Strigidae Strigiformes436 Sylvia althaea Hume’s Whitethroat LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes437 Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap NA LC Sylviidae Passeriformes438 Sylvia communis Greater Whitethroat LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes439 Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes440 Sylvia nana Asian Desert Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes441 Sylvia nisoria Barred Warbler LC LC Sylviidae Passeriformes442 Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas’s Sandgrouse LC LC Pteroclididae Columbiformes 443 Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes444 Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck LC LC Anatidae Anseriformes445 Tarsiger cyanurus Orange-flanked Bush-robin LC LC Muscicapidae Passeriformes446 Tetrao parvirostris Black-billed Capercaillie LC LC Tetraonidae Galliformes447 Tetrao urogallus Western Capercaillie NA LC Tetraonidae Galliformes448 Tetraogallus altaicus Altai Snowcock NT LC Phasianidae Galliformes449 Tetrastes bonasia Hazel Grouse LC LC Tetraonidae Galliformes450 Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed Ibis NA NT Threskiornithidae Ciconiiformes451 Tichodroma muraria Wallcreeper LC LC Sittidae Passeriformes

143

452 Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes453 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes454 Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes455 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes456 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes457 Tringa totanus Common Redshank LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes458 Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren LC LC Troglodytidae Passeriformes459 Turdus iliacus Redwing NA LC Turdidae Passeriformes460 Turdus merula Eurasian Blackbird NA LC Turdidae Passeriformes461 Turdus naumanni Naumann’s Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes462 Turdus obscurus Eyebrowed Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes463 Turdus pallidus Pale Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes464 Turdus philomelos Song Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes465 Turdus pilaris Fieldfare LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes466 Turdus ruficollis Red-throated Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes467 Turdus viscivorus Mistle Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes468 Turnix tanki Yellow-legged Buttonquail NA LC Turnicidae Gruiformes469 Upupa epops Eurasian Hoopoe LC LC Upupidae Upupiformes470 Uragus sibiricus Long-tailed Rosefinch LC LC Fringillidae Passeriformes471 Vanellus cinereus Grey-headed Lapwing NA LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes472 Vanellus gregarius Sociable Lapwing NA CR Charadriidae Charadriiformes473 Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing LC LC Charadriidae Charadriiformes474 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper LC LC Scolopacidae Charadriiformes475 Zoothera dauma Scaly Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes476 Zoothera sibirica Siberian Thrush LC LC Turdidae Passeriformes

144

Annex II. List of possible species occurring in Mongolia in the near future

We have listed the species that are suspected or most likely to occur in Mongolia in the near future based on records and occurrence to neighbouring countries but have not been confirmed yet within the country.

No Scientific name Common name Possible occurring areaswithin Mongolia

1 Tetraogallus tibetanus Tibetan Snowcock South-western Mongolia2 Mergus squamatus Scaly-sided Merganser Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh- Nömrög-

Khyangan range)3 Coracias garrulus European Roller Western Mongolia (Mongol-Altai

mountain, Bayan-Ölgii and Khovd provinces)

4 Streptopelia tranquebarica Red-collared Dove Southern Mongolia (Ömnögobi, Gobi-Altai provinces)

5 Pterocles orientalis Black-bellied Sandgrouse Western Mongolia (Mongol-Altai mountain, Bayan-Ölgii and Khovd provinces)

6 Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot North-eastern and Eastern Mongolia (Herlen river valley, Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, Khyangan range)

7 Charadrius placidus Long-billed Plover North-eastern and Eastern Mongolia (Herlen river valley, Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, Khyangan range)

8 Larus vigae Vega Gull North-eastern and Eastern Mongolia (Herlen river valley, Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, Khyangan range)

9 Larus saundersi Saunders’s Gull North-eastern and Eastern Mongolia (Ulz and Herlen river valleys, Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, Khyangan range)

10 Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan range)

11 Platalea minor Black-faced Spoonbill Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan range)

12 Ciconia ciconia White Stork North-western Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii and Uvs provinces)

13 Urocissa erythrorhyncha Red-billed Blue Magpie South-eastern Mongolia (Dornogobi and Suhbaatar provinces)

14 Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo South-central Mongolia15 Pyrrhocorax graculus Yellow-billed Chough South-western Mongolia (Ömnögobi

province, Gobi-Altai mountain range)16 Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow South-eastern Mongolia (Dornogobi

and Suhbaatar provinces)17 Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy Minivet Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög

river basins, and Khyangan mountain range)

18 Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan mountain range)

145

19 Cyanoptila cyanomelana Blue-and-white Flycatcher South-eastern Mongolia (Dornogobi and Suhbaatar provinces) and eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan mountain range)

20 Remiz consobrinus Chinese Penduline-tit Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan mountain range)

21 Cettia cettia Cetti’s Bush-warbler Bulgan river of Bulgan sum of Khovd province

22 Acrocephalus tangorum Manchurian Reed Warbler Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan mountain range)

23 Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern Crowned-warbler North-eastern and Eastern Mongolia (Herlen river valley, Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, Khyangan range)

24 Melanocorypha bimaculata Bimaculated Lark Western Mongolia (Mongol-Altai mountain, Bayan-Ölgii and Khovd provinces) in winter

25 Alauda gulgula Oriental Skylark South-western Mongolia (Ömnögobi and Gobi-Altai provinces)

26 Montifringilla adamsi Tibetan Snowfinch South-western Mongolia (Ömnögobi and Gobi-Altai provinces) in winter

27 Pyrgilauda blanfordi Plain-backed Mountain- finch South-western Mongolia (Ömnögobi and Gobi-Altai provinces) in winter

28 Eophena personata Japanese Grosbeak Eastern Mongolia (Khalkh and Nömrög river basins, and Khyangan mountain range)

Documents

Summary Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Birds Summary