SUNLINK - Simon Fraser University

SUNLINK 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Phone: 778-235-4757 Email: [email protected] September 28th, 2015 Dr. Andrew Rawicz School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Re: ENSC 440 proposal for a solar real time transit display system Dear Dr. Rawicz

Enclosed is our Proposal for a Solar Real Time Transit Display System, which outlines

our Engineering Science Capstone Project. Sunlink’s goal is to design a solar

powered device to be mounted at any existing bus stop that will provide pertinent

transit information such as accurate next bus arrival times. We aim for our device to

be cheap, reliable, and easy to install.

Our proposal goes over the details of our product, analysis of the market, budget

and project timeline, as well as introducing our team of excellent engineers.

The founding partners of our company, Zachary Karrvik, Rohan Thomas, Dejan

Jovasevic, Karen Ly-Ma, Rob Cornall and Tim Nguyen would like to personally thank

you for your interest in our proposal. For any reason, feel free to contact us at

[email protected].

Sincerely,

Zachary Kaarvik CEO Sunlink Enclosure: Proposal for a Solar Real Time Transit Display System

SOLAR REAL TIME TRANSIT

DISPLAY SYSTEM SUNLINK INC.

Issue Date: September 28, 2015

Revision: 1.6

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PROPOSAL: SOLAR REAL TIME TRANSIT SYSTEM

Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr. Burnaby, BC

Canada

Zachary

Kaarvik

Rohan

Thomas

Dejan

Jovasevic

Karen

Ly-Ma

Rob

Cornall

Tim Nguyen

CEO

CTO

CFO

CIO

COO

Director of

R&D

Contact Person: Zachary Kaarvik [email protected]

Submitted To :

Dr. Andrew Rawicz-ENSC 440 Steve Whitmore -ENSC 305

School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser University

Date Issued: September 28, 2015

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

“Even after all this time the Sun never says to the Earth, "You owe me." Look what

happens with a love like that, it lights the whole sky.” - Hāfez[1]

The sun is constantly shining down on us giving energy without asking for anything

in return, and in times like these where power is a fundamental part of life for humans

we must harness that free energy and use it to create a better world for ourselves, as

well as for the planet. Sunlink plans on executing this, as well as attract people to

greener options like public transit.

Do you find the current transit system lacking convenient time scheduling solutions

for users, and real-time information on when your bus will arrive? Not everyone can

plan out when to catch a bus in certain situations, and some may find it frustrating

endlessly waiting at a stop for that bus to arrive; wondering where it is. Some of

TransLink’s busier bus stops in Metro Vancouver, have paper schedules of bus arrival

times but are not usually accurate or convenient. Sunlink plans on upgrading this

system with an eco-friendly solution.

This document will outline Sunlink’s solution called Solarity which will easily be

installed on every bus pole in Greater Vancouver, and will provide real-time updates

on bus arrival times for that particular stop. Each solar powered product will access

TransLink’s data to check periodically on each bus and calculate an estimated time of

arrival. Our system will be a low power and cost-effective solution, allowing for our

product to be installed without additional infrastructures like power and data cables.

Nearby transit users will be able to see details on bus information and other

pertinent information through a display screen. This will encourage more people to

take the greener way for traveling.

Sunlink is a company composed of six talented engineers with enthusiasm about new

technology. We have extensive experience in microcontrollers, real-time systems, 3D

design, and computer programming. A combination of these skills as well as weekly

meetings and teamwork will assure a reliable and cost-effective final product in

under 14 weeks, with a budget estimated at $750 CAD.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ II

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................III

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. IV

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... V

GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................. VI

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1

2 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 2

3 BENEFITS & RISKS ........................................................................................................................ 4

3.1 BENEFITS ................................................................................................................................. 4

3.2 DESIGN RISKS......................................................................................................................... 4

3.3 TIMELINE RISKS ...................................................................................................................... 5

4 THE MARKET .................................................................................................................................. 6

4.1 THE MARKET .......................................................................................................................... 6

4.2 RESEARCH RATIONALE ...................................................................................................... 7

4.3 COMPETITION ........................................................................................................................ 8

5 COMPANY DETAILS .................................................................................................................... 10

6 PROJECT PLANNING .................................................................................................................. 12

7 BUDGET ........................................................................................................................................... 13

7.1 BUDGET ................................................................................................................................... 13

7.2 FUNDING ................................................................................................................................. 13

8 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 14

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 15

APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................................................... 16

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1: A CONCEPTUAL IMAGE OF SOLARITY ..................................................................... 2

FIGURE 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OVERALL SYSTEM OF SOLARITY .................................. 3

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Comparison of Transit Static and Actual Bus Time ................................................... 6

Table 2: Product description [8] ...................................................................................................... 8

Table 3: Itemized Budget ................................................................................................................... 13

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GLOSSARY

3D Three Dimensional

API Application Program Interface

AVL Automatic Vehicle Location

BCIT British Columbia Information Technology

GPRS General packet radio service

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications

SFU Simon Fraser University

TransLink Corporation responsible for Metro Vancouver’s

transportation network

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1 INTRODUCTION

A common hassle that a public transit commuter encounters is dealing with transit

schedules and unforeseen delays. The traditional method consists of looking at the

daily transit schedule for a given route or station. However these schedules are static

in time and do not take into consideration delays that the transport vehicle may

encounter. The newer method of checking transit times on mobile devices may seem

more advanced, but users still come across the same discrepancies due to delays.

Our proposed solution to this problem is to create a real time solar powered display

that will automatically show the real time transit wait times at a given station while

taking delays into consideration. This way it will clear any delay discrepancies that

were a problem with the traditional methods and show commuters the real waiting

time.

The uniqueness to our product in contrast to existing transit mobile applications is

that everything will be automatic. Apps such as the TransLink mobile app require the

user to input their current location and desired transit route or number. In the end

the user still has to physically input data into the application. Another advantage that

our product has over the other existing products is that it is beneficial to commuters

that do not have a mobile device or internet connection. It would be impossible for

those users to use a mobile application at the station. Those products are made with

the assumption that the user has an internet connected device. With our device, we

can give all commuters the ability to view real-time transit schedules.

Another marketable area of our product is that it captures solar energy. Often times

when an electronic device is created, it will drain a substantial amount of power. This

power consumption would add substantial costs. With our device, the solar panels

would provide the energy required for operation. Thus, there would be no

requirement for an external source of power.

The following project proposal will outline the design aspects, features,

implementation, estimated budget, funding sources, and scheduling of the Solarity

project as a whole.


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2 SCOPE

The concept of Solarity stems from the pre-existing real time next bus displays

mounted at high-traffic bus stops. Unlike these existing designs, Solarity will be

powered by a battery and charged with solar panels. Our design will not require

additional infrastructure such as power or data cables. Solarity will retrieve its data

over a mobile internet connection, requesting data from the transit company’s

servers. This system can be used by any transit company with available real-time

data, but our prototype will be configured to work with our local transit company in

Metro Vancouver, TransLink. The goal is to develop an energy efficient, cost effective

and compact system that can be mounted on any existing bus stop pole. A

conceptual image of our product can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1: A conceptual image of Solarity.

Solarity can be broken down into three major modules.

The first module involves the display of bus stops and times onto the display. Solarity

will retrieve data for bus stops and times through TransLink’s Real Time Transit

Information Open API over a cellular data connection. This cellular connection is

provided by a GSM/GPRS modem with which the microcontroller can use to access

the internet. The microcontroller will be interfaced with a display where the

information will be displayed in a user friendly format.

The second module of Solarity is the solar power and battery system. The

microcontroller, the GSM module and the display will require a battery with large

enough capacity for use of the system at night and during periods of time without


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sufficient sunlight. The batteries will be charged with a solar panel mounted on top of

the bus stop pole. A battery charge controller will be wired between the batteries

and the solar panel to prevent overcharging and pose as a safety measure. One of

our top priorities is to make our design as low power as possible in order to

accommodate days with limited sunlight.

The third module involves integrating proximity sensors with the design. Having a

continually running system consumes an unnecessary amount of power. Detecting

when people are nearby can help reduce the active time of the modules, instead

keeping them in a low power sleep mode when traffic is low.

Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the overall architecture of Solarity.

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Overall System of Solarity


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3 BENEFITS & RISKS

3.1 BENEFITS

Solarity is a system that allows transit users to conveniently determine bus service

times in real time. Essentially our system will be a plug and play. By making use of

solar power to operate the system and cellular data to obtain bus times, Solarity

does not need any additional infrastructure such as data or power cables. This

system can be installed onto any bus pole without needing to take electrical wiring

into consideration. Using solar power also helps to reduce electricity costs of the

system in the long run and requires less maintenance.

Our system will be of greatest benefit to everyday commuters who rely on transit to

get to work and important appointments. Being able to anticipate delays in real time

allows these commuters to change their route to avoid such delays.

3.2 DESIGN RISKS

Adverse weather conditions pose a common potential risk for any electrical system

intended for the outdoors, especially in the field of solar power. Limited sunlight in

the fall and winter season can become an issue for charging batteries. This potential

problem can be counteracted by focusing on designing with low-powered

components to have a more energy efficient system. Limiting the active time of our

system can further help to decrease the power consumption. Ideally, our design will

not be on continuously and adding proximity sensors can allow various modules to

be in a low power sleep mode when users are not nearby. At night when bus services

are winding down, there will be less transit users and thus our design will generally

be in sleep mode and require little power. Alternatively, a servo motor can be

strapped to the solar panels to track the sun throughout the daytime to maximize the

efficiency gain but that will increase maintenance cost and the cost of the overall

product. Creating a low powered product appears to be the most cost effective and

lower maintenance solution that is ideal for all seasons.

Vandalism and theft tends to also be another common concern with public outdoor

systems. The microcontroller and GSM module intended to be used in our design is

relatively compact and lightweight and can be enclosed and hidden behind the

display screen. The entire unit can then be secured to a transit pole. Creating a

secure housing and determining an ideal height and angle for installation should help

to reduce the possibility of damages to our system.

Cost reduction is another important consideration involved in any design. Solar

powered devices can become very expensive depending on the region of usage.

Areas with limited sunlight require a larger solar panel array to power the same unit

compared to areas with more sunlight. Our first priority is to reduce power

consumption in our design and this will in turn reduce production costs. Maintenance


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is another important cost factor to consider. Creating a simple system with a limited

number of long lasting reliable components can help to minimize maintenance costs.

3.3 TIMELINE RISKS

The major risk involved in the completion of our prototype is the timeline we are

limited to. Having reasonable milestones and weekly meetings to discuss our

progress and any blocking issues we may encounter will help to improve our time

management and ensure the completion of the project. We have also reached out to

TransLink to gain insight and feedback to further progress our design.

Another risk involves ordering components. A few components in our system such as

the solar panel and display are difficult to purchase locally with costs considered. We

run the risk of receiving these parts late during our design stage. To overcome this

potential issue, we plan on ordering parts earlier on to leave headroom for delays or

late arrivals.


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4 THE MARKET

4.1 THE MARKET

Sunlink’s solar powered real time bus arrival information system, known as Solarity,

has an interesting market where the end users are not the targets; rather the

companies that provide the bus services are the prospected buyers. The product will

still have to appeal to the end users in order for the buyers to take interest. Research

suggests that providing real time bus arrival information to customers will result in

more frequent use of public transportation [2]. A study was done in New York where

real time information systems were implemented to monitor the ridership during a

period of 2 years between January 2011 and December 2013 [2]. It showed a 1.7%

increase in citizens using the transit system netting the company an estimated extra

$400,000 USD over the two-year period [2]. The study proves that giving riders an

exact time of arrival for their respective buses will take out some of the stress

involved in traveling via public transportation. This in turn will give more individuals

incentive to use buses as a means of transportation.

Since Sunlink is a British Columbia based and operated company our main market

focus will be TransLink. TransLink has shown interest in real time information systems

as they provide the services online currently either with their downloadable app or

on their website (http://nb.translink.ca). The existing TransLink service already has

an Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) system in place. This is important as the

majority of costs involved in providing real time bus information comes from the cost

of the AVL system [3]. Using a local bus stop as the test site, Sunlink has conducted

an experiment to test the accuracy of the static bus times provided by TransLink.

The results are listed in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Comparison of Transit Static and Actual Bus Time

Bus Number + Stop Static Arrival Time Actual Arrival Time

128 22nd St – E 8th Ave and

York

8:52pm 8:49pm


York

12:56pm 12:50pm


York

1:28pm 1:34pm

As can be seen the system provides relatively accurate information but it is not

exact. This is one area where Sunlink can appeal to TransLink by providing

information to users that is in real time.

The goal of Sunlink is to provide a product that is low in cost so that our solution can

be deployed on a large number of bus stops around the city, not only along popular

routes. By doing so transit users who visit or walk by the stop will be informed of the

location of the bus relative to that stop. Customers will know whether or not the bus

will arrive in the time frame necessary for their travel plans, and potential customers


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will be attracted if they see that the bus will be arriving shortly. This way the

information is not restricted to those with cell phones and data packages, it will

appeal to the elderly who may not use cellular devices and tourists who may not

have data or know about the applications. Recently TransLink was unable to

convince the public to agree to a referendum that would increase taxes in order to

upgrade the transportation services [4]. Overall this means that the company does

not appeal to the public in such a way that the public willing to increase their taxes

0.5%, as 62% of voters voted against the bill [4]. A low cost, solar powered

information display to place at numerous bus stops might just be the lucrative

method of appealing to the citizens of Vancouver that TransLink is looking for.

The reach of Solarity is not limited to British Columbia. Many countries are looking to

improve their public transportation services as they try to reduce their dependency

on vehicles. Places such as Australia where solar powered devices would thrive due

to the constant sunlight are great potential markets. This will also be beneficial in

second world countries, such as Serbia, where there is no real time information for

users of buses or trams; yet a vast majority of citizens use public transportation due

to convenience. Solarity’s cost effectiveness and its solar power capabilities would be

great selling points to the transit providers, while the public would be won over with

the real time information relayed to them by the system.

4.2 RESEARCH RATIONALE

Within the next 25 years, experts estimate that the lower mainland’s population will

increase by roughly 1.1 million [4]. Now imagine that only 50% of those new citizens

are adults that need transportation to and from work, if they are all to drive their own

vehicles the question arises; “how will all these cars fit on the roads we have?” There

is not sufficient room left for Vancouver to expand its infrastructure to build more

roads, so this increase will lead to more congestion unless the means of

transportation changes. Along with the massive traffic jams that this increase would

entail comes the added hazard to our environment. The average passenger vehicle

emits 4.7 metric tons of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere each year, now

multiplying that by the additional half a million vehicles and one can see that

Vancouver’s clean air and clear skyline could be impacted [5].

The only way to truly combat this is to get citizens to use alternative means of

transportation. These alternative means include; walking, biking and public

transportation (buses and rapid transit). Currently 27% of trips made throughout

Metro Vancouver are conducted in such manners [6]. One quarter of the total

number of trips is not going to make the difference necessary; since it is not ideal for

everyone to walk or cycle to work, public transportation is the key.

The BC government and TransLink need a way to make bus transit more appealing

to the general public. Sunlink’s real time information system is exactly what is

needed. Installing our product at a majority of bus stops will make buses more

accessible for all. Anyone will be able to see exactly when their designated bus will

be arriving, allowing them to plan their trip accordingly. The goal is to increase the


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alternative means of transportation in the Metro Vancouver area to 50% by the year

2040, to compliment the vast increase in population [6]. Taking the headaches and

stresses out of bus travel is a solution for swaying people’s perception of public

transportation and making it their number one choice.

4.3 COMPETITION

In British Columbia the number one competitor for Sunlink’s real time system is

TransLink’s existing online system for providing riders with information about bus

arrivals. The ability to reach customers on their mobile phones through apps and

other online services is presumed to be the cheaper and in turn better choice [7].

Another validation for providing the information to riders through their mobile

phones is that they will have the information even before they leave their homes [7].

Apps are the way of the future, but as stated above, it is limited to those with cell

phones and data plans. A display at the bus stop is convenient for everyone to view

and provides no restrictions. Most importantly it does not hinder the online service

because TransLink can install our displays concurrently with their application and can

work in parallel to provide better service for users. The main reason these displays

are not widely used is due to the expense of building, installing, and maintaining

them. Sunlink will provide a cost effective, solar powered solution that requires no

additional infrastructure. The goal is for every bus stop to be equipped with the

display in the future.

Another company that provides services to “shed the psychological angst that

comes with waiting for the next bus or train” [2] is TransitScreen. This company is

based out of San Francisco, California and manufactures two types of display

products; the Building Display and the Smart Walk [8]. Their functionalities are listed

in Table 2.

Table 2: Product description [8]

Product Functions

Building Display - Large LCD screen type display

- Live real time displays of different

transportation options

- Can be installed in office building, train

stations other high traffic areas

- Shows customers real time arrivals of

buses and/or trains so they can plan their

Smart Walk - Real time display of transportation

options

- Projected on any side walk or wall

- Provides arrows with directions to

nearest metro stops etc.

TransitScreen provides users with real time information either at their place of work

or as they walk by a SmartWalk. The display monitors or projectors provide clear

images so the customers can easily see data that interests them. The information

provided is also extremely accurate making the TransitScreen systems quite


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appealing to the general public. Even though Sunlink is entering the same market,

the TransitScreen displays are different in nature. TransitScreen does not make

displays with the intent of placing them at numerous bus stops throughout the city.

Therefore, demand still remains for the Sunlink system.


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5 COMPANY DETAILS

Zachary Kaarvik – Chief Executive Officer Zachary is a fifth year computer engineering student at SFU with a background in software development. He has worked at SAP Labs Canada for nearly two years as a software developer specializing in mobile web applications. In addition to his professional work experience he is familiar with lower level C programming, real time embedded systems, and microcontrollers through both academics and personal projects. He has a passion for electronics and desire to work with the latest technology available. Rohan Thomas – Chief Technical Officer Rohan is a fourth year computer engineering student at SFU with a background in software and firmware development. He has worked as a research assistant at SFU under Dr. Glenn Chapman specializing in CMOS sensor technology. In concurrence to his work experience Rohan is familiar with real time embedded systems, microcontrollers, and low level programming. His active passion for innovations in industry make him an effective thinker. Rob Cornall – Chief Operating Officer

Rob is a fourth year computer engineering student at Simon Fraser University with a

background in hardware and software. He has extensive experience in real time

operating systems, embedded systems and microcontrollers as well as object

oriented software development. Rob also has some hands on work experience and a

great attention to detail, and can help with debugging and testing.

Karen Ly-Ma – Chief Information Officer

Karen is a fifth year Electronics Engineering student at Simon Fraser University with

over a year of work term experience at LMI Technologies in the Hardware team. She

has experience in PCB design having placed and routed a variety of flexible and rigid

boards that were integrated into larger board designs. Through work and school, she

has also gained experience in digital logic and FPGA based designs

Dejan Jovasevic – Chief Financial Officer

Dejan is a fourth year electronics engineering student at Simon Fraser University with

a background specialized in software and embedded systems. He has a year of work

experience at CS Group Engineering where he was a vital member of the ECO Opera

team. His experience ranges from high level dynamic frameworks to microcontrollers

as well as real time embedded systems. Dejan also is also excellent at brainstorming

and troubleshooting, making his product development very efficient.


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Timmy (Tim) Vu Nguyen - Director of R&D Tim is a fourth year Biomedical Engineering student at Simon Fraser University

(SFU), as well as a graduate with a Diploma of Technology in Biomedical Engineering

from British Columbia of Information Technology (BCIT). Tim has completed varies

co-op terms at Sierra Wireless as a software tester, and a research associate at BCIT

Technology Center. As well as a Biomedical Technologist at Vancouver General

Hospital (VGH). Tim has acquired a well-rounded skill-set including electrical wiring,

electric circuits, troubleshooting and SolidWorks.


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6 PROJECT PLANNING

A tentative schedule of the progress of this project, as well as six milestones can be

found in Appendix A. The schedule is subject to change, depending on the possible

collaboration with TransLink and BC Transit. To ensure we remain focused and on

schedule we intend to have weekly meetings to monitor each team member’s

progress and assist with any problems. The individual tasks to be assigned to each

team member are also to be determined.


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7 BUDGET

7.1 BUDGET

Sunlink proposes the budget in Table 3 as a tentative outline of the expected costs

of the project. The estimated cost of shipping is included in the price of each

component. In addition, we are anticipating unexpected expenses such as additional

components and broken parts with a 25% contingency.

Table 3: Itemized Budget

Component Estimated Cost

Microprocessor (TI MSP430) $20.00

Display $175.00

Solar Panel $175.00

Battery and Charging Circuit $50.00

GSM/GPRS (Cellular) Module $75.00

Cables and Miscellaneous Electronics $50.00

Housing $75.00

Subtotal $620.00

Contingency (25%) $155.00

Total $775.00

The costs are dependent on the exact technologies used for the project. We prefer

to use an E-ink display in our product however recognize that there is limited

availability of such products for development purposes. In such a situation where we

cannot source an acceptable display we will be forced to use an LED matrix or LCD

display. The display we use will have a large impact on the power considerations of

the product and will affect the battery and solar panel we select as well.

7.2 FUNDING

Sunlink is pursuing funding from the Wighton Engineering Development Fund.

However, the fund is preferential towards biomedical projects and we do not expect

a guarantee of funding from this source. As our product is geared towards transit

companies, we will be contacting TransLink and BC Transit to pursue the opportunity

to collaborate with them. Should the project not be fully funded by outside sources

each group member will share an equal proportion of the remaining expenses.


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8 CONCLUSION

Sunlink is committed to making transit systems around the world more efficient and

changing the way commuters feel about using these systems. Through the use of our

product, commuters can reliably be informed of bus times without any previous

preparation and plan accordingly.

This document gives an overview of our proposed technology which looks to provide

a solution for easier transiting. Our product, Solarity, incorporates solar power for a

cost-effective and energy efficient design, allowing for installation anywhere in the

world which could benefit some third world countries. The real-time information

displayed on screen will be invaluable to people needing accurate and quick times to

help ease transiting with a busy schedule. Sunlink is confident facing any mobile or

old real-time technology that is already available, and through research can see

positive marketability.

Our tentative schedule and milestones provided shows our team’s projected

progress and development with the project, we are confident we will be able to meet

our goals on time and within our budget. With proper planning and hard work, our

product will provide an efficient solution to real-time bus scheduling and be cost-

effective and reliable.


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REFERENCES

[1] K. S. Hāfez, “In The Gift” Page 160. Public Domain, 1350 [Online] Available:

http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/859027 [Accessed Sept.20 2015]

[2] Eric Jaffe, “The Best Evidence Yet That Real-Time Arrival Info Increases Transit

Ridership”, The Atlantic City Lab, Mar. 2015. [Online] Available:

http://www.citylab.com/commute/2015/03/the-best-evidence-yet-that-real-time-

arrival-info-increases-transit-ridership/387220/?utm_source=nl_daily_link3_030915

[Accessed Sept.21 2015]

[3] Transit Cooperative Research Program, “TCRP Synthesis: Real-Time Bus Arrival

Information Systems. Washington, D.C.: Federal Transit Administration.” Page 21

Table 5 Real Time information, Transportation Research Board , 2003


[4] Doug Allen, “TransLink Interim CEO Doug Allen Responds to No vote.” TransLink,

July 2015 [Online] Available: http://www.translink.ca/en/About-

Us/Media/2015/July/TransLink-Interim-CEO-Doug-Allen-responds-to-No-vote.aspx [Accessed

Sept.21 2015]

[5] Ann Arbor, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle” United

States Environmental Protection Agency, May 2014 [Online] Available:

http://www3.epa.gov/otaq/climate/documents/420f14040a.pdf


[6] Keane Gruending, “Metro Vancouver + 1 million: regional growth needs

transportation” Moving In A Livable Region, Unknown Date [Online] Available:

http://www.movinginalivableregion.ca/metro-vancouver-1-million-regional-growth


[7] Pete Donohue “MTA has given up on bus countdown clocks in favor of Bus Time

program” New York Daily News, Dec. 2012 [Online] Available:

http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-prefers-bus-time-countdown-clocks-article-

1.1217360 [Accessed Sept.21 2015]

[8] TransitScreen (2015), Products. Retrieved from TransitScreen [Online] Available:

http://transitscreen.com/products/ [Accessed Sept.21 2015]


APPENDIX A


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SUNLINK

Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr.

Burnaby, BC Canada Email: [email protected]

Documents

SUNLINK - Simon Fraser University