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SUPA FS CHEM 113 J. Pawlowski , Adjunct Professor. Forensic Anthropology. Forensic anthropologists study and examine human skeletal remains. RECOVERY For historical significance To identify an individual or groups of individuals. New technologies. Ground P enetrating Radar GPR - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
SUPA FS CHEM 113J. Pawlowski, Adjunct
Professor
Forensic anthropologists study and examine human skeletal remains.
RECOVERY
For historical significanceTo identify an individual or groups of individuals
New technologies
Ground Penetrating Radar GPR
Show patterns of densityScientific knowledge to identifyKeep bones intact as foundNo disruption of how bones are lain in groundNOT good for urban environments
Proton Magnetometer
Shows variations in bone emissions of electromagnetic energy
Technical knowledge of energies needed; very specific
Must know differences in soil to begin recovery
Articulation of bones may indicate decomposition
IN fires, bones fragment with heatIn specific designs can look like cindersKnowledge of anthropologist needed!
Is it human?
Human bone is layered, (growth patterns) circumferential
Microscopic examination reveals;Osteomes are circular random patternsRandom patterns seen in primates
DNA analysis or Electon Microscopy
When fragments too small to reveal patterns
Oddities and similarities;Bear handSea turtle femurMicrocephaly
Organic Analysis
Histological evidence along with structural differences and spectral specificity are tied to particular elements and proportion of elements in bone.
Standard samples of bone and teeth established!
Age of death
Arthritic vertebrae; spiny joint/terminal regions- old
Young no spines
Teeth: crown and root development for adultsAre primary teeth present?1st molar; 6 yrs 2nd molar 12 yrsBone loss in mature adults
Teeth and Jaws
Adult: Secondary teeth erupted Third molars erupted or fully formed in jaw
Teen or child may have primary teeth remaining or secondary teeth with a sprinkling of primary teeth.
Teeth may reveal health; limits of lifestyleTranslucence of root increases with age
VERY interesting….
Bones found in remains from birthdate 1950 and earlier have less Carbon 14 in bone than remains from birthdate post-1950
Nuclear age even varies content and quality of remains!
Data correlated on the Bomb Curve Intersect!
To determine manner of deathTo determine legal responsibility
Bones reveal origin, sex, age, race and skeletal scarring and
injury.
Bones experience slow decay and decomposition of the skeletal components & yield evidence after centuries of exposure to the elements.
Tuberculosis history…
Fungal disease shows alteration on skeletal tissueCavitation- bone loss/wearing
Metal plate tracing!Implanted metal plates are imprinted with company insignia and can identify individual!
Facial reconstruction all computerized now; excellent for exclusion
Ante or Post Mortem ?
Or peri mortem?Healings of bone continues… anteAnimal chewing marks- rounded if animalSharp if weapon/knife or saw
Case: State of FL vs. Baglioni 1978- Disney World abduction; psychic aided in investigation; body found; corrugated pubic symphysis; gun shot wound
Why need for FA?
•LONG BURIED OR NOT•FIRE•EXPLOSION•CRASHES /ACCIDENTS•ANCIENT OR HISTORICAL•MULTIPLE BODIES/MASS GRAVE•WAR VICTIMS
The Big 4Forensic anthropologists attempt to answer
the questions;1. What sex?2. What race? (Caucasoid, Negroid, Mongoloid are the terms used for racial features)3. Age4. Stature
No skin please…Flesh impedes the anthropological studyFlesh bloats, discolors, and distorts original
human featuresBone reveals more information to identify
remains than decayed fleshFlesh may contain DNA useful for i.d.
Skull bonesEach and every skull
bone is vital to determine the big 4 and other characteristics of
an individual.
Human skull sex differences
Female skull smaller than maleGracile; smooth and streamlinedBrow ridges smooth, not pronouncedOrbit sockets; upper feature sharp, steep edges
Female mouth narrower than male and chin pointed
Skull, cont’d
Male skull has heavier, thicker brow ridgesLess fine, not as steep, orbit socketsOrbit sockets tend to be squarer than femaleLess pointed chin; square jaw phenomenonOccipital protruberance in male; absent in
female skull (occipital bone of skull in back of skull)
Skull AgeChild skull small; even teenage yearsSize dependent on ageLack of ossification of skull bones; young,
non-matureSutures on skull indicative of ageNon fused; open suturesAdult skull has fused sutures, partially or
entirely
Race and Skulls
Negroid vs. Caucasian Skull
Negroid:Prognasthasism; jutting of maxilla and
mandibleTest with pencil from nose to chinIf pencil touches teeth but not chinBone is denser; sheen and ivory colorNasal openings broader than Caucasoid skullWHY?
Race and Skulls
Mongoloids: shovel-shaped teethConcave like incisors/upperSquared eye socketsZygomatic arches are longerMay be shorter distance to orbital socketsGreater width between eyes from other 2
races
Race and SkullsCaucasoidSkull is orthognathicLess jaw jut forwardPencil test would touch nose to chin/jaws
Narrower nasal openings, why?Less dense bones, color varies
Long BonesAnd sex….Hip (ilium and ischium prior to puberty)
Inominate bone after pubertyFemur (upper leg)Humerus (upper arm)
HipsPre puberty: Ischium, Ilium and pubis
Post puberty: inonimate bone of hip: flared ears of elephant?
Female: distinct changes with age/stages of development in hip bones.Male: hip bones do not vary/change in life stages
Hip differences of sexes
Female hip changes
Mature hip bone broadensPubic bone gets longerAll to accommodate childbirthPubis symphysis changes through life stages.
Spongy, more brittle after 40 yrs or so.Corrugated- young ; smooth- matureMale pelvis narrow; pelvis to femur straightDifferences in the way we walk? The hip swing of females so enjoyed by males!
Long bones
How femur and humerus articulate with joint bones determines
right or left bone
NEED TO KNOW
Know major bones of limbs; arms legs, hips, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
Miscellaneous
Long bones reveal much about stature
Remember Bertillon? Anthropometry?
Height varies but proportions do not
Extremities often missing in nature, why?
Cases and readings with FA
The Sea Will Tell, by Vincent BugliosiBuck Dwayne Walker convicted of double
murder
Dr. Bill Bass, Anthropologist, U of Tennessee wrote
Death’s Acre,Runs the Anthropological Institute (body farm)
Bones, by Douglas UbleckerPatricia Cornwall, Body Farm
For you to do…
Research what Mildred Trotter and Goldine Gleser studied.
What contribution did they make to forensic anthropology?
What you will do….
Find three comprehensive FA websites.
Case study on a case involving FA!The Body Farm Dr. Bill Bass, U of Tennessee, Anthropology Dept.