69
www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/339/6124/1205/DC1 Supplementary Materials for Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John L. Hoogland E-mail: [email protected] Published 8 March 2013, Science 339, 1205 (2013) DOI: 10.1126/science.1231689 This PDF file includes: Materials and Methods Fig. S1 Tables S1 and S2 References (31–38)

Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    2

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/339/6124/1205/DC1

Supplementary Materials for

Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John L. Hoogland

E-mail: [email protected]

Published 8 March 2013, Science 339, 1205 (2013)

DOI: 10.1126/science.1231689

This PDF file includes:

Materials and Methods Fig. S1 Tables S1 and S2 References (31–38)

Page 2: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

1

Supplementary materials

Materials and Methods

Live-trapping, eartagging, marking

To capture adult (>1-year old) prairie dogs, I used 15cm x 15cm x 60cm double-

door live-traps (Tomahawk Live-trap Company, Tomahawk, Wisconsin, USA) baited

with whole oats or sunflower seeds. To capture juvenile prairie dogs, I used unbaited

13cm x 13cm x 40cm single-door Tomahawk live-traps. I live-trapped each juvenile at

least once per year, shortly after its first emergence from the natal burrow (see below). I

also live-trapped each adult at least once per year, but I live-trapped most (>90%) adults

at least twice per year (18). To ensure return of each juvenile to its natal burrow and each

adult to its home territory, I labeled each live-trap containing a prairie dog with flagging

tape that specified the site of capture.

For permanent identification of each individual, I used numbered fingerling

eartags (National Band and Tag Company, Newport, Kentucky, USA). Because eartags

occasionally got pulled out in a vicious fight, I inserted one eartag into each ear when an

individual was live-trapped for the first time (18); further, I always replaced a missing

eartag when I re-captured a prairie dog for any reason. For identification of prairie dogs

from a distance, I used Nyanzol fur dye (Greenville Colorants, Clifton, New Jersey,

USA). I applied a unique number or pattern on each prairie dog after inserting (or reading

already-inserted) eartags (18). Eartags usually remained with each prairie dog for life, but

Nyanzol markers remained only until molting of the winter fur in late spring or until

molting of the summer fur in late summer. With absolute certainty, the combination of

eartags and Nyanzol markers enabled me to identify the same individual every day within

the same year and across years as well. Except for the <10 prairie dogs over 31 years that

lost both eartags during the first 12 months after weaning, I therefore was able to

document natal dispersal and natal nondispersal for every prairie dog that survived for

>12 months within the study-colony each year.

To handle adult prairie dogs, I used a conical canvas bag that could be unzipped

from either end (18). I handled juveniles directly, with or without gloves depending on

Page 3: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

2

size, and used a plastic sandwich bag for obtaining body mass. Routine measurements for

each captured adult and juvenile included sex, reproductive condition, body mass to the

nearest gram with a Pesola spring balance (Baar, Switzerland), number of observed

ectoparasites (fleas, lice, ticks, and mites), and number of scars.

My research was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

(IACUC) of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and complied

with current guidelines of the United States and the American Society of Mammalogists.

Duration of research

With help from 3-6 research assistants each year, I studied black-tailed prairie

dogs at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, from February through June of 1975

through 1988; Gunnison’s prairie dogs at Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, from

March through June of 1989 through 1995; and Utah prairie dogs at Bryce Canyon

National Park, Utah, from March through June of 1996 through 2005 (18-20). With this

schedule, we were at the study-colony each year before the first copulation, and we

remained until approximately 2 weeks after we had captured the last weaned juvenile.

Determination of territorial boundaries and the composition of clans

I used binoculars to observe marked prairie dogs from elevated towers. In March-

April of each year (i.e., before the weaning of offspring), I categorized individuals as

members of the same clan if (i) they defended the same territory from prairie dogs of

other clans via fights, chases, and ritualized territorial disputes (18-20, 31-34); (ii)

individually or in small groups, they spent the night in burrows within the defended

territory; and (iii) they frequently interacted amicably among themselves (i.e., mouth-to-

mouth contacts and sniffings of the anal area, without subsequent fights and chases) (18-

20, 31-34). I determined territorial boundaries by recording where individuals of the same

clan foraged, the burrows where clan members spent the night, and the locations of

hostile interactions between members of adjacent clans (18-20, 31-34). With these

methods, assignment of every individual to a specific clan and territory each year was

straightforward and unambiguous.

Page 4: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

3

Scoring of dispersal and nondispersal

For this report, I scored natal dispersal when a prairie dog permanently moved from

the natal territory to another territory within the study-colony within 12 months after

weaning. I scored natal philopatry (nondispersal) when a prairie dog was still living in the

natal territory for >12 months after weaning. I did not score dispersal or nondispersal for

prairie dogs that simply disappeared from the natal territory, because I was unable to

discriminate between death underground within the natal territory (18) or death from an

undetected predation versus dispersal to a distant colony that I could not observe (30, 35).

For prairie dogs living under natural conditions, my results come from the tracking of all

2,036 female offspring and all 2,102 male offspring from 1,093 litters (Table S1); of these,

907 females and 744 males survived for >12 months so that I could score them for natal

dispersal or natal nondispersal. Young females and young males sometimes dispersed to

more distant territories within the home colony, but most natal dispersals (>50% for both

sexes for all 3 species) were to a territory adjacent to the natal territory (18, 19).

Gunnison’s and Utah prairie dogs hibernate for several months of each year, but

black-tailed prairie dogs do not (18, 20, 31-34). From late February or early March through

June of every year, research assistants and I recorded the territory where every resident of

the study-colony resided. We recorded the exact date for >100 natal dispersals during this

interval from late winter through early summer. In every case, the dispersing prairie dog

moved alone into a new territory; for >95 of these cases, the dispersal seemed to be self-

motivated rather than enforced by aggression from members of the natal clan. For

dispersals that occurred when we were not at the study-colony in July through the

following February, and also for dispersals that occurred shortly after emergence from

hibernation in March or early April before we could live-trap and mark the disperser, we

could record neither the exact date of movement away from the natal territory nor whether

the prairie dog moved alone.

For Figs. 1, 2, and S1, the number above each bar indicates the number of

marked, eartagged juveniles that survived for >12 months after weaning so that I could

track them for dispersal or nondispersal. All P-values for Figs. 1, 2, and S1 are from two-

tailed statistical tests.

Page 5: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

4

Assignment of sibships and maternity

Mothers of all three prairie dog species reared their litters in isolated nursery-

burrows (18-20, 31-34). I determined sibling-sibling kinships by live-trapping entire

litters at the primary entrance (i.e., the entrance used most often by the mother and her

offspring) to each nursery-burrow as soon as nearly-weaned juveniles first appeared

aboveground when they were about 5.5 weeks old. I completely surrounded each primary

entrance with 10-15 open live-traps for most of the entire day, from shortly after dawn

(after the mother had appeared aboveground and was foraging away from her nursery-

burrow) until about 1 hour before the mother was scheduled to return to her litter for the

night. Sometimes I captured all the juveniles at a nursery-burrow on the first day of live-

trapping, but more commonly I needed to surround the nursery-burrow for 2-3

consecutive days until I captured every juvenile. I also stuffed (with rocks or highway

cones) or surrounded (with open live-traps) all secondary entrances known or suspected

to be connected to the primary entrance. The juveniles of each litter consequently had no

place to go aboveground except into one of the surrounding live-traps (18). I thus was

able to capture, eartag, and mark all littermate siblings for each litter, an accomplishment

that has been elusive in previous studies of prairie dogs (31-34, 36). My methods for live-

trapping did not, however, allow me to discriminate between full siblings (same mother,

same father) and maternal half siblings (same mother, different father) (see below).

I determined the mother of each litter by watching for three specific maternal

behaviors that were salient during most of gestation and all of lactation (18-20, 31, 34).

First and most important, the mother spent the night in a single burrow from which her

offspring eventually appeared aboveground for the first time when they were about 5.5

weeks old. Second, the mother defended the nursery-burrow containing her offspring

during the day from other prairie dogs of the home and adjacent territories. Third, the

mother frequently took mouthfuls of nest material (i.e., dry grass) into the nursery-

burrow containing her offspring. By watching marked individuals at the study-colony

every day from dawn (before mothers emerged from their nursery-burrows) until dusk

(after all mothers had submerged into their nursery-burrows for the night) from first

pregnancy until capture of the last juvenile, research assistants and I assigned

unequivocal maternity to each litter by observing these conspicuous maternal behaviors.

Page 6: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

5

Within a few days after first emergence from the natal burrow, juveniles from one

litter usually interacted with juveniles from another litter of the natal territory (18, 31,

34). Juveniles from different litters interacted frequently after this first mixing, and often

spent the night in the same burrow (18-20). Consequently, identification of littermate

siblings after first mixing was almost impossible from behavioral observations alone,

unless the littermate siblings were already marked. My methods for live-trapping

juveniles ensured that I captured, eartagged, and marked every juvenile from a litter

before first mixing for approximately 98% of all juveniles (18-20). Inability to precisely

assign the remaining 2% of juveniles to a litter and a mother occurred when (i) an

unmarked juvenile climbed over or under a surrounding of live-traps at the natal burrow,

and then immediately submerged into another litter’s natal burrow that contained other

unmarked juveniles, or (ii) a mother climbed over a surrounding of live-traps at her

nursery-burrow, grabbed her unmarked offspring by the leg or the nape of the neck, and

then transported it into a nursery-burrow containing unmarked juveniles from another

litter (18).

Every juvenile prairie dog had a mother and a father, but a juvenile did not

necessarily have a littermate sister or a littermate brother at weaning. For example, a

juvenile female did not have any littermate brothers if her litter consisted of females only,

or if the litter contained only one juvenile. I scored a mother or putative father (see

below) as absent if it disappeared (from death or long-distance dispersal). I scored a

littermate sister or littermate brother as absent if it disappeared, or if it never existed.

Paternity, full siblings, maternal half siblings

Each female Gunnison’s and Utah prairie dog usually copulated with >2 males on

her single day each year of sexual receptivity (20). Multiple paternity (37) was common,

and littermate siblings were frequently maternal half siblings rather than full siblings (20,

38). For this report I was not able to investigate whether the natal dispersal of juvenile

Gunnison’s and Utah prairie dogs was affected by the presence of the biological father in

the natal territory. However, I was able to investigate this issue for black-tailed prairie

dogs, for which I could accurately assign paternity for 95% of juveniles each year from a

combination of behavioral observations of copulations with electrophoretic analyses of

Page 7: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

6

blood samples from the mother (who usually copulated with only one male), all littermate

siblings, and all potential sires for 254 litters (18). Natal dispersal by female black-tailed

prairie dogs was not significantly affected by the presence of the biological father in the

natal territory (X2 = 1.26, P = 0.261, N = 278 dispersers and nondispersers).

Effects on dispersal from absence of different types of close kin

The absence of the mother, >1 littermate sister, or >1 littermate brother within the

natal territory almost always encouraged dispersal by females, but the magnitude of the

effect of each type of close kin varied across species (Fig. S1).

Dispersal of white-tailed prairie dogs

A study of white-tailed prairie dogs (C. leucurus) over 7 years (2006-2012) showed

that, as for the other three species of prairie dogs that I have studied (Figs. 1 and 2), both

males and females tended to be more likely to disperse when close kin were few (1 or 2) or

absent within the natal territory. These differences were not significant, however, probably

because sample sizes were smaller for white-tailed prairie dogs (N = 135 dispersers and

nondispersers) than for the other three species (N > 524 dispersers and nondispersers for

each; see Table S1).

Page 8: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

7

10%

20%

30%

Perc

enta

ge o

f fem

ales

that

disp

erse

d fr

om n

atal

terr

itory

With mother in natal territory

Without motherin natal territory

black-tailedX2 = 0.603P = 0.437

Gunnison'sX2 = 7.75P = 0.005

UtahX2 = 15.9P < 0.001

85202

120

181

206

109

Fig. S1a

10%

20%

30%

Perc

enta

ge o

f fem

ales

that

disp

erse

d fr

om n

atal

terr

itory

With ≥1 littermate sister in natal territory

Without littermate sisterin natal territory

black-tailedX2 = 13.0P < 0.001

Gunnison'sX2 = 8.85P = 0.003

UtahX2 = 16.5P < 0.001

102

185

178

123110

209

Fig. S1b

Page 9: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

8

10%

20%

Perc

enta

ge o

f fem

ales

that

disp

erse

d fr

om n

atal

terr

itory

With ≥1 littermate brother in natal territory

Without littermate brotherin natal territory

black-tailedX2 = 3.49P = 0.062

Gunnison'sX2 = 0.294P = 0.587

UtahX2 = 1.22P = 0.270

146141

219

82

204115

Fig. S1c

Figure legend

Fig. S1. Percentage of females that dispersed from the natal territory versus the presence

or absence in that territory of (a) the mother, (b) >1 littermate sister, and (c) >1

littermate brother. Values for X2 and P are from a 2x2 chi-square test (df = 1).

Black-tailed

prairie dogs

(1975-1988)

Gunnison’s prairie

dogs (1989-1995)

Utah prairie

dogs (1996-2005)

Number of litters for

which all juveniles were

eartagged and marked

361

352

380

Number of juvenile

females marked at

weaning

523

715

798

Number of juvenile

Page 10: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

9

females that survived for

>12 months after

weaning

287 319 301

Percentage of surviving

females that dispersed

within >12 months after

weaning

7/287 = 2.4%

14/319 = 4.4%

76/301 = 25.2%

Number of juvenile

males marked at weaning

587

692

823

Number of juvenile

males that survived for

>12 months after

weaning

279

205

260

Percentage of surviving

males that dispersed

within >12 months after

weaning

31/279 = 11.1%

64/205 = 31.2%

144/260 = 55.4%

Table S1. Numbers of juvenile black-tailed, Gunnison’s, and Utah prairie dogs for study

of natal dispersal. Each juvenile was captured, eartagged, and marked within a few days

after its first emergence from the natal burrow, when it was about 5.5 weeks old.

Table S2. (legend at end)

Species Year Sex Disperse Mother Sisters Bros Clan size All kin

1 1976 1 1 1 0 1 4 2

1 1976 1 1 1 0 1 4 2

1 1976 1 0 0 0 1 9 1

1 1976 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1976 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1976 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1976 1 0 1 1 0 14 2

Page 11: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

10

1 1976 1 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1976 1 1 1 3 0 6 4

1 1976 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

1 1976 1 1 0 2 0 9 2

1 1976 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

1 1976 1 1 1 1 1 7 3

1 1976 1 1 1 1 1 7 3

1 1976 1 0 1 2 0 6 3

1 1976 1 0 0 2 0 5 2

1 1977 1 0 1 1 0 7 2

1 1977 1 1 1 0 0 5 1

1 1977 1 1 0 0 0 10 0

1 1977 1 1 1 0 1 15 2

1 1977 1 1 1 0 1 15 2

1 1977 1 1 1 2 0 15 3

1 1977 1 1 1 0 0 5 1

1 1977 1 0 1 1 1 5 3

1 1977 1 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1977 1 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1977 1 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1977 1 1 1 3 0 11 4

1 1977 1 1 1 2 0 15 3

1 1977 1 1 1 2 0 15 3

1 1977 1 1 1 1 0 6 2

1 1977 1 1 0 1 0 10 1

1 1977 1 1 1 1 1 10 3

1 1977 1 1 1 1 1 10 3

1 1977 1 1 1 1 0 7 2

1 1978 1 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1978 1 1 1 0 0 10 1

1 1978 1 1 1 1 1 5 3

Page 12: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

11

1 1978 1 1 1 1 1 5 3

1 1978 1 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1978 1 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1978 1 1 1 0 0 11 1

1 1978 1 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1978 1 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1978 1 1 1 2 1 7 4

1 1978 1 1 1 2 1 7 4

1 1978 1 1 1 0 0 10 1

1 1978 1 1 0 0 0 10 0

1 1978 1 1 1 1 2 6 4

1 1978 1 1 1 1 2 6 4

1 1978 1 1 1 1 2 6 4

1 1978 1 1 1 0 0 9 1

1 1979 1 1 1 0 2 16 3

1 1979 1 1 1 0 2 16 3

1 1979 1 1 1 0 2 16 3

1 1979 1 1 0 0 1 16 1

1 1979 1 1 0 0 1 16 1

1 1979 1 1 1 0 1 16 2

1 1979 1 1 1 0 1 16 2

1 1979 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1979 1 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1979 1 1 0 1 0 4 1

1 1979 1 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1979 1 1 1 2 0 7 3

1 1979 1 1 1 0 2 10 3

1 1979 1 1 1 0 2 10 3

1 1979 1 1 1 0 2 10 3

1 1980 1 1 1 1 2 6 4

1 1980 1 1 1 1 2 6 4

Page 13: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

12

1 1980 1 1 1 1 2 6 4

1 1980 1 1 1 2 0 6 3

1 1980 1 0 1 2 0 6 3

1 1980 1 1 1 1 1 9 3

1 1980 1 1 1 1 1 9 3

1 1980 1 1 1 1 1 9 3

1 1980 1 1 1 1 1 9 3

1 1980 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

1 1980 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

1 1980 1 1 0 0 1 2 1

1 1980 1 1 0 0 1 2 1

1 1980 1 1 1 1 2 13 4

1 1980 1 1 1 1 2 13 4

1 1980 1 1 1 1 2 13 4

1 1980 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

1 1980 1 1 1 0 2 13 3

1 1980 1 1 1 0 2 13 3

1 1980 1 1 1 0 2 13 3

1 1980 1 1 1 2 0 16 3

1 1980 1 1 1 2 1 16 4

1 1980 1 1 1 2 1 16 4

1 1980 1 0 0 2 0 6 2

1 1980 1 0 0 2 0 6 2

1 1980 1 1 0 1 0 8 1

1 1980 1 1 0 1 0 8 1

1 1980 1 0 1 1 0 8 2

1 1980 1 1 1 2 1 7 4

1 1980 1 1 1 2 1 7 4

1 1980 1 1 1 1 1 12 3

1 1980 1 1 1 1 1 12 3

1 1980 1 1 1 0 0 12 1

Page 14: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

13

1 1981 1 1 1 0 2 24 3

1 1981 1 1 1 0 2 24 3

1 1981 1 1 1 0 2 24 3

1 1981 1 1 1 2 0 24 3

1 1981 1 1 1 1 1 24 3

1 1981 1 1 1 1 1 24 3

1 1981 1 1 1 1 0 24 2

1 1981 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

1 1981 1 1 1 1 0 9 2

1 1981 1 1 0 0 1 9 1

1 1981 1 1 0 0 1 9 1

1 1981 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1981 1 1 0 0 1 7 1

1 1981 1 1 0 0 1 7 1

1 1981 1 1 1 1 0 7 2

1 1981 1 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1981 1 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1981 1 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1981 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

1 1981 1 1 0 1 2 8 3

1 1981 1 1 0 1 2 8 3

1 1981 1 1 0 1 2 8 3

1 1981 1 1 1 0 1 9 2

1 1981 1 1 1 0 1 9 2

1 1981 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1981 1 1 0 2 0 5 2

1 1982 1 1 0 3 2 10 5

1 1982 1 1 0 3 2 10 5

1 1982 1 1 0 3 2 10 5

1 1982 1 0 1 0 1 9 2

1 1982 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

Page 15: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

14

1 1982 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1982 1 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1982 1 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1982 1 1 0 1 0 6 1

1 1982 1 0 0 1 1 7 2

1 1982 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

1 1982 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

1 1982 1 1 0 0 0 3 0

1 1982 1 0 0 1 0 10 1

1 1982 1 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1982 1 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1982 1 1 1 0 1 8 2

1 1982 1 1 1 0 1 8 2

1 1982 1 1 0 1 1 26 2

1 1982 1 1 0 1 1 26 2

1 1982 1 1 0 1 0 4 1

1 1982 1 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1982 1 1 1 2 0 7 3

1 1982 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1983 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

1 1983 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

1 1983 1 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1983 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1983 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

1 1983 1 0 1 2 0 8 3

1 1983 1 1 0 0 0 17 0

1 1983 1 1 1 0 1 17 2

1 1983 1 1 1 0 1 17 2

1 1983 1 1 1 0 2 17 3

1 1983 1 1 1 0 2 17 3

1 1983 1 1 1 0 2 17 3

Page 16: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

15

1 1983 1 1 1 0 1 17 2

1 1983 1 1 1 0 1 17 2

1 1983 1 1 0 1 0 17 1

1 1983 1 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1983 1 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1983 1 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1983 1 1 0 2 1 5 3

1 1983 1 1 0 2 1 5 3

1 1983 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

1 1983 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

1 1983 1 0 1 1 0 8 2

1 1983 1 1 1 2 0 14 3

1 1983 1 1 0 2 1 14 3

1 1983 1 1 0 2 1 14 3

1 1983 1 1 1 0 0 9 1

1 1983 1 1 0 0 2 4 2

1 1983 1 1 0 0 2 4 2

1 1983 1 1 0 0 2 4 2

1 1983 1 1 0 0 0 9 0

1 1983 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1983 1 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1983 1 1 1 0 1 6 2

1 1983 1 1 1 0 1 6 2

1 1984 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

1 1984 1 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1984 1 1 1 0 2 13 3

1 1984 1 1 1 0 2 13 3

1 1984 1 1 1 0 2 13 3

1 1984 1 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1984 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1984 1 0 0 0 0 10 0

Page 17: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

16

1 1984 1 1 0 1 0 4 1

1 1984 1 1 0 1 1 7 2

1 1984 1 1 0 1 1 7 2

1 1984 1 1 0 1 1 7 2

1 1984 1 1 0 1 1 7 2

1 1985 1 1 0 1 0 11 1

1 1985 1 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1985 1 1 1 1 0 18 2

1 1985 1 1 1 0 0 18 1

1 1985 1 1 1 0 1 18 2

1 1985 1 1 1 0 1 18 2

1 1985 1 1 1 0 1 18 2

1 1985 1 1 1 0 1 18 2

1 1985 1 0 0 3 0 8 3

1 1985 1 1 0 0 1 9 1

1 1985 1 1 0 0 1 9 1

1 1985 1 1 0 0 0 9 0

1 1985 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1985 1 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1985 1 1 1 2 1 7 4

1 1985 1 1 1 2 1 7 4

1 1985 1 1 1 1 1 6 3

1 1985 1 1 1 1 1 6 3

1 1986 1 0 0 1 0 9 1

1 1986 1 1 0 1 0 8 1

1 1986 1 1 0 1 0 11 1

1 1986 1 1 0 0 1 11 1

1 1986 1 1 0 0 1 11 1

1 1986 1 1 1 2 1 11 4

1 1986 1 1 1 2 1 11 4

1 1986 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

Page 18: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

17

1 1986 1 1 0 2 0 12 2

1 1986 1 1 0 2 0 12 2

1 1986 1 1 1 0 0 10 1

1 1986 1 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1986 1 0 1 0 0 5 1

1 1986 1 1 0 1 1 10 2

1 1986 1 1 0 1 1 10 2

1 1986 1 0 1 2 1 14 4

1 1986 1 1 1 2 0 13 3

1 1986 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1986 1 1 1 0 1 14 2

1 1986 1 1 1 0 1 14 2

1 1986 1 1 0 2 1 14 3

1 1986 1 1 1 1 0 14 2

1 1986 1 0 1 3 0 6 4

1 1987 1 0 1 0 0 7 1

1 1987 1 0 1 0 0 7 1

1 1987 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1987 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1987 1 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1987 1 1 1 2 0 12 3

1 1987 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

1 1987 1 1 0 2 0 4 2

1 1987 1 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1987 1 1 0 2 1 10 3

1 1987 1 1 0 2 1 10 3

1 1987 1 1 1 0 1 12 2

1 1987 1 1 1 0 1 12 2

1 1987 1 1 0 2 0 12 2

1 1987 1 1 0 0 0 12 0

1 1987 1 0 0 0 0 11 0

Page 19: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

18

1 1987 1 1 1 2 0 10 3

1 1987 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

1 1987 1 1 0 2 1 12 3

1 1987 1 1 0 2 1 12 3

1 1987 1 1 1 0 2 12 3

1 1987 1 1 1 0 2 12 3

1 1987 1 1 1 0 2 12 3

1 1988 1 1 1 2 0 . 3

1 1988 1 1 1 0 0 . 1

1 1988 1 1 1 1 0 . 2

1 1988 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1988 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1988 1 1 1 0 0 . 1

1 1988 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

1 1988 1 1 1 0 0 . 1

1 1988 1 1 1 0 0 . 1

1 1988 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1988 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1988 1 1 0 2 0 . 2

1 1988 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1988 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1975 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 6 2

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 6 2

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1976 2 1 1 0 0 13 1

1 1976 2 1 1 0 1 13 2

Page 20: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

19

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 1 6 4

1 1976 2 1 1 2 1 6 4

1 1976 2 1 1 2 1 6 4

1 1976 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

1 1976 2 1 0 1 1 9 2

1 1976 2 1 0 1 1 9 2

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1976 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1976 2 1 1 0 2 7 3

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1976 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1976 2 1 0 1 0 4 1

1 1976 2 1 0 1 0 4 1

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1976 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1977 2 1 1 2 0 6 3

1 1977 2 1 1 2 0 6 3

1 1977 2 1 1 2 0 6 3

1 1977 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1977 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1977 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1977 2 1 1 1 1 15 3

1 1977 2 1 1 1 1 15 3

1 1977 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

1 1977 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

1 1977 2 1 1 0 1 4 2

Page 21: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

20

1 1977 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

1 1977 2 1 1 2 1 11 4

1 1977 2 1 1 2 1 11 4

1 1977 2 1 1 2 1 11 4

1 1977 2 1 1 1 1 15 3

1 1977 2 1 1 1 1 15 3

1 1977 2 1 1 1 1 15 3

1 1977 2 1 1 1 1 15 3

1 1977 2 1 1 0 1 6 2

1 1977 2 1 0 0 1 10 1

1 1977 2 1 1 0 2 10 3

1 1977 2 1 1 0 1 7 2

1 1978 2 1 1 0 1 10 2

1 1978 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1978 2 1 1 0 2 5 3

1 1978 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

1 1978 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

1 1978 2 1 0 0 0 11 0

1 1978 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

1 1978 2 1 1 0 1 5 2

1 1978 2 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1978 2 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1978 2 1 1 0 3 6 4

1 1978 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

1 1978 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

1 1979 2 1 1 1 0 16 2

1 1979 2 1 1 1 0 16 2

1 1979 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1979 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1979 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1979 2 0 0 0 0 2 0

Page 22: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

21

1 1979 2 1 1 1 1 8 3

1 1979 2 1 1 1 1 8 3

1 1979 2 1 0 0 1 4 1

1 1979 2 1 1 1 1 7 3

1 1979 2 1 1 1 1 7 3

1 1979 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1979 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1980 2 1 1 0 3 6 4

1 1980 2 1 1 1 1 6 3

1 1980 2 1 1 1 1 6 3

1 1980 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1980 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1980 2 1 1 0 2 9 3

1 1980 2 1 1 0 2 9 3

1 1980 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

1 1980 2 1 1 0 3 13 4

1 1980 2 1 1 0 0 13 1

1 1980 2 1 1 1 1 16 3

1 1980 2 1 1 1 1 16 3

1 1980 2 1 1 1 2 16 4

1 1980 2 1 1 1 2 16 4

1 1980 2 1 1 0 0 16 1

1 1980 2 1 0 1 0 5 1

1 1980 2 1 0 1 0 5 1

1 1980 2 1 0 0 1 8 1

1 1980 2 1 0 0 1 8 1

1 1980 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1980 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1980 2 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1980 2 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1980 2 1 1 0 2 12 3

Page 23: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

22

1 1980 2 1 1 1 0 12 2

1 1980 2 1 1 1 0 12 2

1 1980 2 1 1 0 0 12 1

1 1981 2 1 1 1 1 24 3

1 1981 2 1 1 1 1 24 3

1 1981 2 1 1 0 2 24 3

1 1981 2 1 1 0 1 24 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 24 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 24 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

1 1981 2 1 1 0 1 9 2

1 1981 2 1 1 0 1 7 2

1 1981 2 1 1 0 3 7 4

1 1981 2 1 0 0 3 8 3

1 1981 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

1 1981 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

1 1981 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

1 1981 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

1 1981 2 1 0 1 1 5 2

1 1981 2 1 0 1 1 5 2

1 1982 2 1 1 1 0 9 2

1 1982 2 1 1 1 0 9 2

1 1982 2 1 0 2 3 10 5

1 1982 2 1 0 2 3 10 5

1 1982 2 1 0 2 3 10 5

1 1982 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1982 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

Page 24: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

23

1 1982 2 1 1 0 0 10 1

1 1982 2 1 1 0 1 10 2

1 1982 2 1 1 0 1 10 2

1 1982 2 1 0 0 1 6 1

1 1982 2 1 1 1 0 6 2

1 1982 2 1 1 1 0 6 2

1 1982 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

1 1982 2 1 1 1 1 9 3

1 1982 2 1 1 1 1 9 3

1 1982 2 1 1 1 1 8 3

1 1982 2 1 1 1 1 8 3

1 1982 2 1 0 0 2 26 2

1 1982 2 1 0 0 1 4 1

1 1982 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1982 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1982 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

1 1982 2 1 1 0 1 4 2

1 1982 2 1 1 1 1 7 3

1 1982 2 1 1 1 1 7 3

1 1983 2 1 1 2 0 7 3

1 1983 2 1 1 2 0 7 3

1 1983 2 1 1 2 0 7 3

1 1983 2 1 0 1 1 8 2

1 1983 2 1 0 1 1 8 2

1 1983 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1983 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

1 1983 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

1 1983 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1983 2 1 0 0 1 17 1

1 1983 2 1 1 0 3 7 4

1 1983 2 1 0 1 2 5 3

Page 25: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

24

1 1983 2 1 0 1 2 5 3

1 1983 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1983 2 1 1 1 1 14 3

1 1983 2 1 1 1 1 14 3

1 1983 2 1 0 1 2 14 3

1 1983 2 1 0 1 2 14 3

1 1983 2 1 0 2 0 14 2

1 1983 2 1 0 2 0 14 2

1 1983 2 1 0 2 0 14 2

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1984 2 1 1 0 1 13 2

1 1984 2 1 0 1 1 8 2

1 1984 2 1 0 1 1 8 2

1 1984 2 1 0 0 1 4 1

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1984 2 1 1 0 1 6 2

1 1984 2 1 0 0 2 7 2

1 1984 2 1 0 0 2 7 2

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 7 2

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 7 2

1 1984 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

1 1984 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

1 1984 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1985 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

1 1985 2 1 1 0 0 11 1

1 1985 2 1 0 0 1 11 1

1 1985 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

1 1985 2 1 1 1 0 18 2

Page 26: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

25

1 1985 2 1 1 0 1 18 2

1 1985 2 0 1 0 2 18 3

1 1985 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

1 1985 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1985 2 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1985 2 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1985 2 1 0 3 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 0 3 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 0 3 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 0 3 0 8 3

1 1985 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1985 2 0 1 0 0 7 1

1 1985 2 1 1 1 1 5 3

1 1985 2 1 1 1 1 5 3

1 1985 2 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1985 2 1 1 1 2 7 4

1 1985 2 1 1 0 2 6 3

1 1986 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1986 2 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1986 2 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1986 2 1 0 2 0 8 2

1 1986 2 1 0 0 1 8 1

1 1986 2 1 0 0 1 11 1

1 1986 2 1 1 1 2 11 4

1 1986 2 1 1 1 2 11 4

1 1986 2 1 1 0 1 12 2

1 1986 2 1 0 1 1 12 2

1 1986 2 1 0 1 1 12 2

Page 27: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

26

1 1986 2 1 0 1 1 12 2

1 1986 2 1 0 1 1 12 2

1 1986 2 1 1 0 0 12 1

1 1986 2 1 1 0 1 10 2

1 1986 2 0 0 0 0 3 0

1 1986 2 1 0 0 2 10 2

1 1986 2 1 1 2 0 10 3

1 1986 2 1 1 2 0 10 3

1 1986 2 1 1 2 0 10 3

1 1986 2 1 0 1 0 13 1

1 1986 2 1 0 1 0 13 1

1 1986 2 1 1 1 1 13 3

1 1986 2 1 1 1 1 13 3

1 1986 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1986 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

1 1986 2 1 0 1 0 8 1

1 1986 2 1 0 1 0 8 1

1 1986 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

1 1986 2 1 0 1 2 14 3

1 1986 2 1 0 1 2 14 3

1 1986 2 1 1 0 1 14 2

1 1986 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1986 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1986 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

1 1987 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

1 1987 2 1 1 1 1 8 3

1 1987 2 1 1 1 1 8 3

1 1987 2 0 0 0 0 12 0

1 1987 2 1 1 1 1 12 3

1 1987 2 1 1 1 1 12 3

1 1987 2 1 1 0 1 12 2

Page 28: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

27

1 1987 2 1 0 1 1 11 2

1 1987 2 1 0 1 1 11 2

1 1987 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1987 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

1 1987 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

1 1987 2 1 0 1 2 10 3

1 1987 2 1 0 1 2 10 3

1 1987 2 1 0 1 1 12 2

1 1987 2 1 0 1 1 12 2

1 1987 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1987 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

1 1987 2 1 0 0 0 10 0

1 1987 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

1 1987 2 1 1 1 1 10 3

1 1987 2 1 1 1 1 10 3

1 1987 2 1 1 0 1 12 2

1 1987 2 1 0 1 2 12 3

1 1987 2 1 0 1 2 12 3

1 1988 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

1 1988 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

1 1988 2 1 1 0 1 . 2

1 1988 2 1 1 1 0 . 2

1 1988 2 1 1 1 0 . 2

1 1988 2 0 1 0 0 3 1

1 1988 2 0 1 0 0 3 1

1 1988 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

1 1988 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

1 1988 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1989 1 0 1 1 0 . 2

2 1989 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

2 1989 1 1 1 0 1 . 2

Page 29: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

28

2 1989 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1989 1 1 0 0 0 4 0

2 1989 1 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1989 1 0 0 0 0 4 0

2 1989 1 1 0 0 1 7 1

2 1989 1 1 0 0 1 7 1

2 1990 1 0 0 1 0 4 1

2 1990 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1990 1 0 1 0 0 3 1

2 1990 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

2 1990 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

2 1990 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

2 1990 1 . 1 2 0 . 3

2 1990 1 0 0 0 0 3 0

2 1990 1 0 1 1 0 4 2

2 1990 1 0 1 1 0 4 2

2 1990 1 1 1 1 0 . 2

2 1990 1 0 1 0 0 . 1

2 1991 1 1 0 0 1 8 1

2 1991 1 1 0 0 1 8 1

2 1991 1 . 0 3 0 . 3

2 1991 1 1 0 2 1 . 3

2 1991 1 1 0 2 1 . 3

2 1991 1 . 0 3 0 4 3

2 1991 1 . 0 3 0 4 3

2 1991 1 1 1 2 0 . 3

2 1991 1 . 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

2 1991 1 . 0 3 0 . 3

2 1991 1 . 1 0 0 8 1

2 1991 1 0 1 0 0 9 1

Page 30: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

29

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 1 0 1 0 1 4 2

2 1991 1 . 1 0 1 4 2

2 1991 1 1 1 0 0 3 1

2 1991 1 0 1 0 1 4 2

2 1991 1 0 1 2 0 . 3

2 1991 1 . 1 1 0 9 2

2 1991 1 . 1 1 0 9 2

2 1991 1 . 1 1 0 9 2

2 1991 1 . 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 1 0 1 1 0 8 2

2 1991 1 0 0 0 1 9 1

2 1991 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 3 0

2 1991 1 . 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 1 0 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 1 . 1 3 0 4 4

2 1991 1 0 1 3 0 5 4

2 1991 1 . 0 2 0 3 2

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 4 0

2 1991 1 . 0 0 0 4 0

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

2 1991 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 1 1 1 2 0 9 3

2 1991 1 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 1 . 0 0 1 10 1

2 1991 1 . 1 1 0 4 2

2 1991 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

Page 31: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

30

2 1991 1 1 0 2 1 5 3

2 1991 1 1 0 2 1 5 3

2 1991 1 1 0 1 0 9 1

2 1991 1 1 0 4 1 7 5

2 1991 1 1 0 4 1 7 5

2 1991 1 0 0 1 1 8 2

2 1991 1 0 0 1 1 8 2

2 1991 1 1 0 1 0 7 1

2 1991 1 0 0 1 1 8 2

2 1991 1 1 0 1 0 7 1

2 1991 1 0 1 1 0 8 2

2 1991 1 . 1 1 0 . 2

2 1991 1 . 0 4 0 . 4

2 1991 1 0 0 4 0 8 4

2 1991 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 1 0 0 1 1 . 2

2 1991 1 1 0 1 0 4 1

2 1992 1 0 0 2 0 . 2

2 1992 1 0 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 1 0 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 1 1 0 1 2 . 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 2 . 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 2 . 3

2 1992 1 1 0 4 0 7 4

2 1992 1 0 0 0 1 8 1

2 1992 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

2 1992 1 1 1 3 0 7 4

2 1992 1 0 1 1 1 12 3

2 1992 1 1 1 1 1 11 3

2 1992 1 1 1 1 0 14 2

Page 32: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

31

2 1992 1 1 1 0 3 14 4

2 1992 1 1 1 0 3 14 4

2 1992 1 1 1 0 3 14 4

2 1992 1 1 1 0 3 14 4

2 1992 1 1 1 3 0 14 4

2 1992 1 1 1 2 2 7 5

2 1992 1 1 1 2 2 7 5

2 1992 1 1 1 2 2 7 5

2 1992 1 1 0 1 0 9 1

2 1992 1 1 0 1 1 4 2

2 1992 1 1 0 1 1 4 2

2 1992 1 . 0 0 2 . 2

2 1992 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1992 1 1 1 2 0 9 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 2 5 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 2 5 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 2 5 3

2 1992 1 1 0 3 0 11 3

2 1992 1 0 1 1 0 4 2

2 1992 1 0 1 1 0 4 2

2 1992 1 1 0 2 1 6 3

2 1992 1 1 0 2 1 6 3

2 1992 1 . 0 2 2 . 4

2 1992 1 1 0 2 0 5 2

2 1992 1 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 1 1 0 1 1 7 2

2 1992 1 0 0 1 2 8 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 1 7 2

2 1992 1 0 0 1 2 8 3

2 1992 1 0 0 0 1 12 1

2 1992 1 1 0 0 0 11 0

Page 33: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

32

2 1992 1 1 0 2 0 4 2

2 1992 1 1 1 1 0 8 2

2 1992 1 0 0 1 2 6 3

2 1992 1 1 0 1 1 5 2

2 1992 1 1 0 1 1 5 2

2 1992 1 0 1 1 2 13 4

2 1992 1 1 1 1 1 12 3

2 1992 1 1 1 1 1 12 3

2 1992 1 1 1 1 1 12 3

2 1992 1 1 1 1 1 12 3

2 1992 1 1 1 0 0 12 1

2 1992 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 1 1 0 0 1 8 1

2 1992 1 0 0 0 2 9 2

2 1992 1 1 0 0 1 8 1

2 1992 1 1 1 3 0 6 4

2 1992 1 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1992 1 1 1 2 0 . 3

2 1992 1 1 1 2 0 . 3

2 1992 1 . 1 1 0 . 2

2 1992 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 1 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1992 1 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1992 1 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1992 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 1 0 0 2 0 . 2

2 1992 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

2 1993 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

Page 34: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

33

2 1993 1 1 1 1 0 8 2

2 1993 1 . 1 2 0 8 3

2 1993 1 0 0 1 0 5 1

2 1993 1 1 0 3 0 17 3

2 1993 1 1 0 1 0 17 1

2 1993 1 1 0 2 0 17 2

2 1993 1 1 0 0 0 17 0

2 1993 1 0 0 0 1 18 1

2 1993 1 1 0 3 0 17 3

2 1993 1 1 1 1 1 9 3

2 1993 1 1 1 1 1 9 3

2 1993 1 1 0 0 0 9 0

2 1993 1 1 0 1 1 9 2

2 1993 1 1 0 1 1 9 2

2 1993 1 1 1 0 1 6 2

2 1993 1 1 1 0 1 6 2

2 1993 1 0 0 2 0 4 2

2 1993 1 0 0 1 0 20 1

2 1993 1 1 1 0 3 19 4

2 1993 1 1 1 0 3 19 4

2 1993 1 1 1 0 3 19 4

2 1993 1 1 1 0 3 19 4

2 1993 1 1 1 1 0 19 2

2 1993 1 1 0 0 1 19 1

2 1993 1 1 0 0 1 19 1

2 1993 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

2 1993 1 1 1 2 0 11 3

2 1993 1 1 1 0 0 19 1

2 1993 1 1 1 4 0 19 5

2 1993 1 1 0 2 0 19 2

2 1993 1 . 1 2 0 . 3

Page 35: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

34

2 1993 1 . 1 2 0 . 3

2 1993 1 1 0 3 0 11 3

2 1993 1 0 1 3 0 14 4

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

2 1993 1 . 0 1 1 . 2

2 1993 1 1 0 1 0 13 1

2 1993 1 . 1 2 1 . 4

2 1993 1 1 1 2 1 13 4

2 1993 1 1 1 2 1 13 4

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

2 1993 1 1 1 1 0 19 2

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 8 1

2 1993 1 1 0 1 0 8 1

2 1993 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 8 1

2 1993 1 . 1 0 0 . 1

2 1993 1 1 0 1 1 9 2

2 1993 1 1 0 1 1 9 2

2 1993 1 1 0 0 0 9 0

2 1993 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

2 1993 1 1 0 2 2 12 4

2 1993 1 1 0 2 2 12 4

2 1993 1 1 0 2 2 12 4

2 1993 1 1 1 2 0 5 3

2 1993 1 0 0 2 0 8 2

2 1993 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

2 1993 1 1 1 0 0 7 1

2 1993 1 . 1 0 0 7 1

2 1993 1 0 . . . . .

Page 36: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

35

2 1993 1 . 0 0 0 . 0

2 1993 1 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1993 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

2 1993 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1994 1 1 0 0 1 11 1

2 1994 1 1 0 0 1 11 1

2 1994 1 0 0 0 2 12 2

2 1994 1 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 4 0

2 1994 1 0 0 0 1 5 1

2 1994 1 0 0 0 0 5 0

2 1994 1 0 0 0 0 5 0

2 1994 1 1 0 3 0 8 3

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1994 1 1 1 1 0 . 2

2 1994 1 0 1 2 0 7 3

2 1994 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1994 1 0 0 2 0 7 2

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 6 0

2 1994 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

2 1994 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1994 1 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1994 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

2 1989 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

2 1989 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1989 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

Page 37: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

36

2 1989 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1989 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1989 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

2 1989 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

2 1989 2 0 0 0 0 9 0

2 1990 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

2 1990 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

2 1990 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

2 1990 2 1 1 2 0 6 3

2 1990 2 1 1 2 0 6 3

2 1990 2 1 1 2 0 6 3

2 1990 2 . 1 0 0 5 1

2 1990 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

2 1990 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1990 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1990 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

2 1990 2 1 1 1 0 7 2

2 1990 2 1 1 1 0 7 2

2 1990 2 1 1 1 0 . 2

2 1990 2 1 1 1 0 . 2

2 1990 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

2 1990 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

2 1990 2 1 1 0 1 . 2

2 1990 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1990 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1990 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1991 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

Page 38: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

37

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 1 2 . 3

2 1991 2 1 0 1 2 . 3

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 4 2

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 4 2

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 4 2

2 1991 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

2 1991 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 0 0 0 1 8 1

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1991 2 1 1 1 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 1 1 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 6 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 6 1

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 1 2 0 3 3

2 1991 2 1 1 2 0 4 3

2 1991 2 1 1 2 0 4 3

Page 39: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

38

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

2 1991 2 1 1 1 1 4 3

2 1991 2 1 1 1 1 4 3

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 0 0 3 0 . 3

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 2 0 . 2

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1991 2 1 0 4 0 9 4

2 1991 2 1 0 4 0 9 4

2 1991 2 1 0 4 0 9 4

2 1991 2 1 0 4 0 9 4

2 1991 2 1 0 4 0 9 4

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 2 5 3

2 1991 2 1 0 1 2 5 3

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 7 1

2 1991 2 1 0 1 0 7 1

2 1991 2 0 0 1 1 10 2

2 1991 2 1 0 0 1 9 1

2 1991 2 1 0 3 2 7 5

2 1991 2 1 0 3 2 7 5

2 1991 2 1 0 3 2 7 5

2 1991 2 1 0 3 2 7 5

2 1991 2 1 0 0 1 7 1

Page 40: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

39

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

2 1991 2 1 0 0 1 7 1

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

2 1991 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

2 1991 2 1 0 3 0 7 3

2 1991 2 1 0 3 0 7 3

2 1991 2 1 0 3 0 7 3

2 1991 2 1 0 3 0 7 3

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1991 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

2 1991 2 1 0 0 1 4 1

2 1991 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 2 1 0 0 0 12 0

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 2 1 0 0 3 . 3

2 1992 2 1 0 3 1 7 4

2 1992 2 1 0 3 1 7 4

2 1992 2 . 0 3 1 8 4

2 1992 2 1 0 3 1 7 4

2 1992 2 0 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 7 4

Page 41: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

40

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 7 4

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 7 4

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1992 2 1 1 0 1 11 2

2 1992 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

2 1992 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

2 1992 2 1 1 2 0 5 3

2 1992 2 1 1 0 1 14 2

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 14 4

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 14 4

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 14 4

2 1992 2 1 1 1 3 7 5

2 1992 2 1 1 1 3 7 5

2 1992 2 1 0 0 1 9 1

2 1992 2 1 0 0 2 4 2

2 1992 2 1 1 1 1 9 3

2 1992 2 1 1 1 1 9 3

2 1992 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

2 1992 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1992 2 1 0 0 3 5 3

2 1992 2 1 0 2 1 11 3

2 1992 2 1 0 2 1 11 3

2 1992 2 1 0 2 1 11 3

2 1992 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 2 6 3

2 1992 2 1 0 1 2 6 3

Page 42: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

41

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 5 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 5 2

2 1992 2 1 0 0 2 7 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 4 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 4 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 7 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 7 2

2 1992 2 1 0 2 0 7 2

2 1992 2 1 1 0 1 8 2

2 1992 2 1 0 0 2 5 2

2 1992 2 1 1 0 2 12 3

2 1992 2 1 1 0 2 12 3

2 1992 2 1 1 0 0 11 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 5 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 5 1

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 6 4

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 6 4

2 1992 2 1 1 2 1 6 4

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

2 1992 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

2 1992 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

2 1992 2 1 1 1 1 . 3

2 1992 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 . 3 0 . .

2 1992 2 1 . 3 0 . .

2 1992 2 1 . 3 0 . .

2 1992 2 1 . 3 0 . .

2 1992 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

2 1992 2 0 0 1 1 . 2

Page 43: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

42

2 1992 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 1 1 . 2

2 1992 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 1 0 . 1

2 1992 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

2 1992 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1993 2 1 1 0 1 8 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 17 3

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 17 3

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 17 3

2 1993 2 1 0 0 1 17 1

2 1993 2 1 0 1 1 17 2

2 1993 2 1 0 1 1 17 2

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 17 3

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 17 3

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 17 3

2 1993 2 . 1 0 2 17 3

2 1993 2 1 0 0 2 9 2

Page 44: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

43

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

2 1993 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1993 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

2 1993 2 1 0 2 0 19 2

2 1993 2 1 0 2 0 19 2

2 1993 2 1 0 2 0 19 2

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 19 1

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 19 0

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 19 0

2 1993 2 1 1 0 1 19 2

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

2 1993 2 1 1 1 1 11 3

2 1993 2 1 1 1 1 11 3

2 1993 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 3 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 3 2

2 1993 2 1 1 3 1 19 5

2 1993 2 1 1 3 1 19 5

2 1993 2 1 1 3 1 19 5

2 1993 2 1 1 3 1 19 5

2 1993 2 1 0 1 1 19 2

2 1993 2 1 0 1 1 19 2

2 1993 2 1 0 3 0 19 3

2 1993 2 1 0 3 0 4 3

2 1993 2 1 0 3 0 4 3

2 1993 2 1 0 3 0 4 3

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 3 2

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 11 3

Page 45: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

44

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 11 3

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 11 3

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 11 1

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 11 3

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 11 3

2 1993 2 1 0 2 1 11 3

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1993 2 1 0 0 1 13 1

2 1993 2 1 1 1 2 13 4

2 1993 2 1 1 1 2 13 4

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1993 2 1 1 0 1 19 2

2 1993 2 1 0 0 1 8 1

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

2 1993 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 9 2

2 1993 2 1 1 1 0 9 2

2 1993 2 1 0 0 2 9 2

2 1993 2 1 0 1 3 12 4

2 1993 2 1 0 1 3 12 4

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 12 3

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 12 3

2 1993 2 1 1 2 0 12 3

2 1993 2 1 1 1 1 5 3

2 1993 2 1 1 1 1 5 3

2 1993 2 1 1 0 0 12 1

Page 46: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

45

2 1993 2 1 0 1 0 7 1

2 1993 2 . 0 2 0 8 2

2 1993 2 1 0 1 0 7 1

2 1993 2 . 0 0 0 8 0

2 1993 2 1 0 0 1 . 1

2 1994 2 1 0 0 1 3 1

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 11 1

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 11 1

2 1994 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1994 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1994 2 1 0 2 0 11 2

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

2 1994 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 4 1

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 4 1

2 1994 2 1 0 2 1 8 3

2 1994 2 1 0 2 1 8 3

2 1994 2 1 0 2 1 8 3

2 1994 2 0 0 0 1 9 1

2 1994 2 0 0 0 1 9 1

2 1994 2 0 0 0 1 9 1

2 1994 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 . 0

2 1994 2 1 1 0 1 . 2

2 1994 2 1 1 1 0 6 2

2 1994 2 1 1 1 0 6 2

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 11 0

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 11 1

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 11 1

Page 47: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

46

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 11 1

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 11 1

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1994 2 . 0 0 0 3 0

2 1994 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 6 1

2 1994 2 1 0 1 0 6 1

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 2 0

2 1994 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

2 1994 2 1 1 0 0 . 1

3 1995 1 0 0 0 1 15 1

3 1995 1 1 0 0 0 14 0

3 1995 1 0 0 0 1 15 1

3 1995 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 1995 1 0 1 1 1 7 3

3 1995 1 1 1 1 0 6 2

3 1995 1 1 1 2 2 14 5

3 1995 1 1 1 2 2 14 5

3 1995 1 1 1 2 2 14 5

3 1995 1 1 1 1 0 2 2

3 1995 1 0 0 0 2 6 2

3 1995 1 1 0 0 1 5 1

3 1995 1 1 0 0 1 5 1

3 1995 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

3 1995 1 0 0 0 1 9 1

3 1995 1 0 0 0 1 9 1

3 1995 1 0 0 0 1 9 1

3 1995 1 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 1995 1 0 0 1 0 8 1

3 1995 1 0 0 1 0 8 1

Page 48: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

47

3 1995 1 1 0 0 1 5 1

3 1995 1 1 0 0 1 5 1

3 1995 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 1995 1 1 1 0 1 13 2

3 1995 1 1 1 0 1 13 2

3 1995 1 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 1996 1 0 1 0 1 9 2

3 1996 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1996 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 1996 1 0 0 1 0 13 1

3 1996 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 1996 1 0 1 1 0 9 2

3 1996 1 0 1 0 0 8 1

3 1996 1 0 1 1 0 11 2

3 1996 1 0 1 1 1 13 3

3 1996 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

3 1996 1 1 0 1 2 8 3

3 1996 1 1 0 1 2 8 3

3 1996 1 1 0 1 2 8 3

3 1996 1 1 0 0 0 12 0

3 1997 1 1 0 1 0 5 1

3 1997 1 0 0 1 1 5 2

3 1997 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 1997 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 1997 1 0 1 1 0 7 2

3 1997 1 0 1 1 0 7 2

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 15 0

3 1997 1 . 1 3 0 . 4

3 1997 1 0 1 3 0 15 4

3 1997 1 0 0 2 0 14 2

Page 49: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

48

3 1997 1 0 1 1 0 7 2

3 1997 1 1 1 2 0 4 3

3 1997 1 0 1 2 1 4 4

3 1997 1 . 1 2 1 4 4

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 15 0

3 1997 1 0 1 2 1 5 4

3 1997 1 1 1 2 0 4 3

3 1997 1 0 1 2 0 10 3

3 1997 1 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 1997 1 0 1 0 0 14 1

3 1997 1 0 1 0 0 14 1

3 1997 1 0 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 1 0 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 1 . 0 0 0 6 0

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 1997 1 0 1 0 0 6 1

3 1997 1 . 1 0 0 6 1

3 1997 1 1 1 2 0 8 3

3 1997 1 0 1 0 0 14 1

3 1997 1 1 0 2 0 14 2

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 1 0 0 1 0 9 1

3 1997 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 10 0

3 1997 1 0 0 1 0 14 1

3 1997 1 0 0 0 0 10 0

3 1998 1 1 0 0 0 8 0

3 1998 1 0 1 0 0 10 1

3 1998 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 1998 1 0 1 2 2 13 5

Page 50: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

49

3 1998 1 1 1 2 1 12 4

3 1998 1 1 1 2 1 12 4

3 1998 1 0 0 1 0 10 1

3 1998 1 0 1 2 1 11 4

3 1998 1 1 1 2 0 10 3

3 1998 1 0 1 1 0 13 2

3 1998 1 0 1 1 0 13 2

3 1998 1 0 1 1 0 10 2

3 1998 1 0 1 0 0 7 1

3 1998 1 0 1 1 0 13 2

3 1998 1 1 1 1 0 10 2

3 1998 1 0 1 0 1 6 2

3 1998 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 1998 1 1 1 1 0 13 2

3 1998 1 0 1 1 1 14 3

3 1998 1 1 0 1 0 8 1

3 1998 1 1 1 4 0 8 5

3 1998 1 0 0 0 0 14 0

3 1998 1 0 0 1 0 6 1

3 1998 1 1 1 1 1 10 3

3 1998 1 1 1 1 1 10 3

3 1998 1 1 1 1 1 7 3

3 1998 1 1 1 1 1 7 3

3 1998 1 0 0 1 0 9 1

3 1998 1 0 0 1 0 9 1

3 1998 1 1 1 0 0 12 1

3 1998 1 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 1998 1 0 1 1 0 4 2

3 1998 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 1998 1 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 1999 1 . 1 0 0 4 1

Page 51: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

50

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 1999 1 1 0 3 1 6 4

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 10 1

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 10 1

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 10 1

3 1999 1 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 1999 1 0 1 1 1 7 3

3 1999 1 . 1 1 0 . 2

3 1999 1 . 1 1 0 . 2

3 1999 1 0 1 1 0 4 2

3 1999 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 1999 1 1 1 1 0 9 2

3 1999 1 1 1 0 0 12 1

3 1999 1 1 1 0 1 10 2

3 1999 1 1 1 0 1 10 2

3 1999 1 0 1 0 2 11 3

3 1999 1 1 1 2 0 10 3

3 1999 1 1 0 1 0 9 1

3 1999 1 1 1 1 0 3 2

3 1999 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 1999 1 0 1 1 0 7 2

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 6 1

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 6 1

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 6 1

3 1999 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

3 1999 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

3 1999 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1999 1 0 1 3 0 14 4

3 1999 1 0 1 3 0 14 4

3 1999 1 . 1 3 0 14 4

3 1999 1 1 1 3 0 9 4

Page 52: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

51

3 1999 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

3 1999 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

3 1999 1 0 1 0 1 5 2

3 1999 1 0 0 2 0 9 2

3 1999 1 0 0 2 0 9 2

3 1999 1 0 1 1 0 14 2

3 1999 1 1 1 1 1 8 3

3 1999 1 1 1 1 1 8 3

3 1999 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1999 1 0 1 0 1 9 2

3 1999 1 0 1 0 1 9 2

3 1999 1 0 1 1 0 7 2

3 1999 1 1 0 1 0 9 1

3 1999 1 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 1999 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

3 1999 1 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1999 1 0 1 2 0 13 3

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 1999 1 0 1 0 0 13 1

3 1999 1 . 1 0 0 . 1

3 2000 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 2000 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2000 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2000 1 . 0 0 2 6 2

3 2000 1 . 0 0 2 6 2

3 2000 1 . 0 0 2 6 2

3 2000 1 1 0 1 0 4 1

3 2000 1 1 1 0 0 2 1

3 2000 1 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 2000 1 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 2000 1 . 1 0 0 . 1

Page 53: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

52

3 2000 1 1 1 1 0 14 2

3 2000 1 1 1 0 0 9 1

3 2000 1 0 1 0 0 3 1

3 2000 1 1 1 0 1 6 2

3 2000 1 1 1 0 1 6 2

3 2000 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2000 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2000 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 2001 1 1 1 1 0 7 2

3 2001 1 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 2001 1 0 0 0 1 7 1

3 2001 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 2001 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 2001 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 2001 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 2001 1 0 0 0 0 3 0

3 2001 1 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 2001 1 0 1 2 1 7 4

3 2001 1 0 1 2 1 7 4

3 2001 1 1 1 2 0 6 3

3 2001 1 0 1 2 1 7 4

3 2001 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 2001 1 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 2001 1 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2001 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2001 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2001 1 1 1 1 0 6 2

3 2001 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 2001 1 . 0 1 0 . 1

3 2001 1 0 0 1 0 6 1

3 2001 1 1 0 0 0 4 0

Page 54: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

53

3 2001 1 1 1 0 0 3 1

3 2001 1 0 1 0 0 10 1

3 2002 1 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 2002 1 1 0 2 0 7 2

3 2002 1 0 0 0 0 3 0

3 2002 1 1 1 0 1 5 2

3 2002 1 1 1 0 1 5 2

3 2002 1 1 1 1 0 12 2

3 2002 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 2002 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 2002 1 0 1 1 0 12 2

3 2002 1 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 2002 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2002 1 0 1 1 0 5 2

3 2002 1 0 1 0 0 12 1

3 2002 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2002 1 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2003 1 1 1 1 0 9 2

3 2003 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 2003 1 0 1 0 0 10 1

3 2003 1 1 0 2 0 8 2

3 2003 1 0 0 0 0 5 0

3 2003 1 0 0 0 0 5 0

3 2003 1 0 1 2 0 9 3

3 2003 1 . 0 1 0 6 1

3 2003 1 0 0 0 0 9 0

3 2003 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2003 1 0 0 0 0 9 0

3 2003 1 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2003 1 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 2003 1 1 0 0 1 8 1

Page 55: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

54

3 2003 1 1 0 0 1 8 1

3 2003 1 1 1 0 1 10 2

3 2003 1 1 1 0 1 10 2

3 2003 1 1 0 0 0 3 0

2 2003 1 1 1 0 0 3 1

2 2003 1 0 1 0 1 4 2

3 2003 1 0 0 2 0 8 2

3 2003 1 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 2003 1 0 0 1 0 8 1

3 2003 1 1 1 4 0 7 5

3 2003 1 1 0 2 0 4 2

3 2003 1 1 1 1 1 5 3

3 2003 1 1 1 1 1 5 3

3 2003 1 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 2003 1 1 1 0 0 2 1

3 2003 1 0 1 0 0 3 1

3 2004 1 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 2004 1 . 1 2 0 13 3

3 2004 1 0 0 0 0 14 0

3 2004 1 0 0 0 0 13 0

3 2004 1 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2004 1 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 2004 1 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 2004 1 0 1 3 0 12 4

3 2004 1 1 1 3 0 9 4

3 2004 1 0 1 1 0 12 2

3 2004 1 0 1 1 0 12 2

3 2004 1 0 1 0 0 12 1

3 2004 1 0 1 0 0 12 1

3 2004 1 0 1 1 0 12 2

3 2004 1 1 0 0 1 10 1

Page 56: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

55

3 2004 1 . 0 0 1 9 1

3 2004 1 1 1 1 0 13 2

3 2004 1 1 0 0 0 3 0

3 2004 1 0 1 0 0 8 1

3 2004 1 1 0 0 0 2 0

3 2004 1 0 0 0 0 14 0

3 2004 1 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 2004 1 0 1 1 0 10 2

3 2004 1 0 1 2 0 12 3

3 2004 1 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 2004 1 0 0 1 0 8 1

3 2004 1 0 0 0 0 5 0

3 1995 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 1995 2 1 1 0 1 6 2

3 1995 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 1995 2 1 1 0 0 13 1

3 1995 2 1 1 1 3 13 5

3 1995 2 1 1 1 3 13 5

3 1995 2 1 1 0 1 2 2

3 1995 2 0 0 0 2 6 2

3 1995 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

3 1995 2 1 0 0 0 13 0

3 1995 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 1995 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 1995 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 1995 2 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 1995 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 1995 2 0 0 0 1 5 1

3 1995 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 1995 2 . 0 0 0 5 0

3 1995 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

Page 57: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

56

3 1995 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 1995 2 0 0 1 0 8 1

3 1995 2 0 1 0 0 6 1

3 1995 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1996 2 0 1 0 1 9 2

3 1996 2 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 1996 2 . 1 0 0 . 1

3 1996 2 1 0 0 0 12 0

3 1996 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

3 1996 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

3 1996 2 1 1 2 0 8 3

3 1996 2 0 0 0 0 5 0

3 1996 2 1 0 0 0 12 0

3 1996 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1996 2 0 1 1 0 11 2

3 1996 2 1 1 0 0 10 1

3 1996 2 1 1 0 1 12 2

3 1996 2 1 0 0 3 8 3

3 1997 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 1997 2 0 0 1 1 5 2

3 1997 2 1 0 0 1 5 1

3 1997 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 1997 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 15 0

3 1997 2 1 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 2 1 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 2 0 1 3 0 15 4

3 1997 2 1 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 2 1 0 1 0 13 1

3 1997 2 1 0 1 0 13 1

Page 58: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

57

3 1997 2 1 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 2 1 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 2 1 1 2 0 14 3

3 1997 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

2 1997 2 0 0 0 0 6 0

3 1997 2 0 1 1 0 7 2

3 1997 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 1997 2 1 1 1 1 4 3

3 1997 2 1 1 1 1 4 3

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 9 2

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 9 2

3 1997 2 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

3 1997 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

3 1997 2 0 1 0 0 14 1

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 14 0

3 1997 2 1 0 1 1 14 2

3 1997 2 1 0 1 1 14 2

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 . 0

3 1997 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

3 1997 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

Page 59: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

58

3 1997 2 0 1 1 0 6 2

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 10 0

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 10 0

3 1997 2 1 0 0 0 13 0

3 1997 2 0 1 0 0 7 1

3 1997 2 0 0 0 0 10 0

3 1998 2 1 1 1 2 12 4

3 1998 2 1 1 1 2 12 4

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

3 1998 2 1 1 1 1 10 3

3 1998 2 1 1 1 1 10 3

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

3 1998 2 0 0 1 0 10 1

3 1998 2 1 1 0 0 9 1

3 1998 2 0 1 1 0 13 2

3 1998 2 1 1 0 0 12 1

3 1998 2 1 1 0 0 9 1

3 1998 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

3 1998 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

3 1998 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 1998 2 1 1 0 0 12 1

3 1998 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

3 1998 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

3 1998 2 1 1 0 1 10 2

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 1998 2 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 1998 2 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 1998 2 0 0 1 0 7 1

3 1998 2 0 1 0 1 6 2

3 1998 2 1 1 0 1 13 2

Page 60: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

59

3 1998 2 1 0 0 1 9 1

3 1998 2 1 1 3 1 8 5

3 1998 2 1 1 3 1 10 5

3 1998 2 1 1 3 1 6 5

3 1998 2 1 1 3 1 8 5

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 1998 2 1 1 0 2 10 3

3 1998 2 1 1 0 2 7 3

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 8 0

3 1998 2 0 1 0 1 13 2

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 13 0

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

3 1998 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

3 1998 2 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 1998 2 0 0 0 0 14 0

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 1999 2 1 0 2 2 6 4

3 1999 2 1 0 2 2 6 4

3 1999 2 1 0 2 2 6 4

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 6 2

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

3 1999 2 0 1 0 1 14 2

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 9 2

3 1999 2 0 1 1 1 10 3

3 1999 2 0 1 1 1 14 3

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 13 2

3 1999 2 1 1 1 1 10 3

3 1999 2 1 1 1 1 10 3

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

Page 61: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

60

3 1999 2 1 0 0 1 8 1

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 3 2

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

3 1999 2 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 1999 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 1999 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

3 1999 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

3 1999 2 1 1 2 0 13 3

3 1999 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 1999 2 1 1 2 1 9 4

3 1999 2 1 1 2 1 9 4

3 1999 2 1 1 2 1 9 4

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 4 2

3 1999 2 0 1 0 1 13 2

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 1999 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 1999 2 0 1 0 0 4 1

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 12 2

3 1999 2 1 0 1 0 8 1

3 1999 2 1 0 1 0 8 1

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 13 1

3 1999 2 1 1 0 2 8 3

3 1999 2 1 0 1 0 6 1

3 1999 2 1 0 1 0 6 1

3 1999 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 1999 2 0 0 1 1 10 2

3 1999 2 1 0 0 1 9 1

3 1999 2 1 1 0 1 12 2

3 1999 2 1 1 1 0 12 2

3 1999 2 1 1 1 0 12 2

Page 62: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

61

3 2000 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

3 2000 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 2000 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 2000 2 1 0 0 1 5 1

3 2000 2 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2000 2 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2000 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2000 2 1 1 0 1 14 2

3 2000 2 . 0 0 0 9 0

3 2000 2 0 0 0 0 9 0

3 2000 2 0 1 0 0 6 1

3 2000 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 2000 2 1 1 1 0 14 2

3 2000 2 1 1 1 0 14 2

3 2000 2 0 0 0 0 4 0

3 2000 2 1 . . . 5 .

3 2000 2 1 . . . 5 .

3 2000 2 1 0 2 0 5 2

3 2000 2 1 0 2 0 5 2

3 2000 2 1 0 2 0 5 2

3 2001 2 1 1 0 1 5 2

3 2001 2 0 0 0 1 6 1

3 2001 2 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 2001 2 0 0 0 0 7 0

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 9 0

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

3 2001 2 0 1 0 1 5 2

3 2001 2 0 1 0 1 5 2

Page 63: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

62

3 2001 2 0 1 0 1 5 2

3 2001 2 0 1 0 1 5 2

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

3 2001 2 0 0 0 0 4 0

3 2001 2 1 1 1 1 6 3

3 2001 2 1 1 1 1 6 3

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 2001 2 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2001 2 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2001 2 0 0 0 0 8 0

3 2001 2 1 1 0 1 6 2

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 3 1

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 6 0

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 3 0

3 2001 2 1 0 0 0 5 0

3 2001 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

3 2002 2 1 0 0 0 11 0

3 2002 2 1 0 1 1 3 2

3 2002 2 1 0 1 1 7 2

3 2002 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

3 2002 2 0 1 2 0 12 3

3 2002 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

3 2002 2 . 1 0 1 12 2

3 2002 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 2002 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 2002 2 0 1 0 0 12 1

3 2002 2 1 1 0 0 11 1

3 2002 2 1 1 0 0 4 1

Page 64: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

63

3 2002 2 0 1 0 0 5 1

3 2003 2 1 1 0 1 9 2

3 2003 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

3 2003 2 1 0 1 0 3 1

3 2003 2 1 0 1 1 7 2

3 2003 2 1 0 1 1 7 2

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 8 2

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 4 2

3 2003 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2003 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

3 2003 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

3 2003 2 1 1 2 0 9 3

3 2003 2 1 0 0 1 6 1

3 2003 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2003 2 0 0 0 0 9 0

3 2003 2 1 1 0 0 6 1

3 2003 2 0 0 0 0 5 0

3 2003 2 0 1 0 0 8 1

3 2003 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2003 2 1 1 0 0 10 1

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 10 2

3 2003 2 0 1 0 1 4 2

3 2003 2 0 1 0 0 7 1

3 2003 2 1 0 1 0 7 1

3 2003 2 1 0 1 0 7 1

3 2003 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2003 2 1 1 0 0 7 1

3 2003 2 1 1 3 1 7 5

Page 65: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

64

3 2003 2 1 1 3 1 7 5

3 2003 2 1 1 3 1 7 5

3 2003 2 1 1 3 1 7 5

3 2003 2 1 1 0 0 8 1

3 2003 2 1 0 1 1 4 2

3 2003 2 1 0 1 1 4 2

3 2003 2 1 1 0 2 5 3

3 2003 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 7 2

3 2003 2 1 1 1 0 7 2

3 2003 2 1 0 0 0 7 0

3 2003 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 2003 2 1 0 0 0 2 0

3 2003 2 0 1 0 0 2 1

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 2 1

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 9 1

3 2004 2 1 0 1 0 13 1

3 2004 2 1 0 1 0 13 1

3 2004 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

3 2004 2 1 1 1 0 13 2

3 2004 2 0 0 0 0 13 0

3 2004 2 1 1 2 1 11 4

3 2004 2 1 1 2 1 11 4

3 2004 2 1 1 2 1 11 4

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 11 1

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 11 1

3 2004 2 1 1 0 1 13 2

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 9 1

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2004 2 1 0 0 0 2 0

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 9 1

Page 66: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

65

3 2004 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

3 2004 2 1 1 1 0 11 2

3 2004 2 1 1 0 0 5 1

3 2004 2 1 0 2 0 13 2

3 2004 2 1 0 2 0 13 2

3 2004 2 1 0 2 0 13 2

3 2004 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

3 2004 2 1 1 1 0 5 2

3 2004 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 2004 2 1 0 0 0 4 0

3 1999 1 1 0 3 1 6 4

1 1984 1 1 1 0 0 6 1

1 1984 1 1 1 1 0 5 2

1 1985 2 1 1 1 0 18 2

1 1986 1 1 0 2 1 14 3

Table S2. Raw data used for analysis of dispersal of prairie dogs. For this file, species = 1

= black-tailed prairie dog, 2 = Gunnison’s prairie dog, and 3 = Utah prairie dog; sex =

1 = male, and 2 = female; disperse = 1 = natal philopatry = no dispersal from natal

territory within 12 months after weaning, and 0 = natal dispersal; mother = 0 =

mother absent from natal territory within 12 months after weaning of her offspring,

and 1 = present; sisters = minimal number of littermate sisters in natal territory at

time of dispersal or nondispersal; bros = minimal number of littermate brothers in

natal territory at time of dispersal or nondispersal; clansize = minimal total number of

adults (close kin, more distant kin, and immigrants; clansize includes the focal

individual) in natal territory at time of dispersal or nondispersal; allkin = cumulative

minimal number of mother, littermate sisters, and littermate brothers in natal territory

at time of dispersal or nondispersal. For all variables, a period indicates missing data.

Page 67: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

1

References and Notes 1. K. E. Holekamp, Proximal causes of natal dispersal in Belding’s ground squirrels

(Spermophilus beldingi). Ecology 56, 365 (1986).

2. N. C. Stenseth, W. Z. Lidicker, Eds., Animal Dispersal: Small Mammals as a Model (Springer, New York, 2012).

3. F. S. Dobson, A. T. Smith, W. X. Gao, Social and ecological influences on dispersal and philopatry in the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae). Behav. Ecol. 9, 622 (1998). doi:10.1093/beheco/9.6.622

4. X. Lambin, J. Aars, S. B. Piertney, in Dispersal, J. Clobert, E. Danchin, A. A. Shondt, J. D. Nichols, J. D., Eds. (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2001), pp. 110–122.

5. D. E. Bowler, T. G. Benton, Causes and consequences of animal dispersal strategies: Relating individual behaviour to spatial dynamics. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 80, 205 (2005). doi:10.1017/S1464793104006645 Medline

6. L. J. Lawson Handley, N. Perrin, Advances in our understanding of mammalian sex-biased dispersal. Mol. Ecol. 16, 1559 (2007). doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03152.x Medline

7. A. R. Davis, Kin presence drives philopatry and social aggregation in juvenile desert night lizards (Xantusia vigilis). Behav. Ecol. 23, 18 (2012). doi:10.1093/beheco/arr144

8. T. H. Clutton-Brock, D. Lukas, The evolution of social philopatry and dispersal in female mammals. Mol. Ecol. 21, 472 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05232.x Medline

9. W. D. Hamilton, R. M. May, Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature 269, 578 (1977). doi:10.1038/269578a0

10. W. D. Hamilton, The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I. J. Theor. Biol. 7, 1 (1964). doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 Medline

11. R. Axelrod, W. D. Hamilton, The evolution of cooperation. Science 211, 1390 (1981). doi:10.1126/science.7466396 Medline

12. S. A. West, I. Pen, A. S. Griffin, Cooperation and competition between relatives. Science 296, 72 (2002). doi:10.1126/science.1065507 Medline

13. T. G. Platt, J. D. Bever, Kin competition and the evolution of cooperation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 370 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.009 Medline

14. J. J. Jacquot, S. H. Vessey, Influence of the natal environment on dispersal of white-footed mice. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 37, 407 (1995). doi:10.1007/BF00170588

15. J. C. Moore, A. Loggenberg, J. M. Greeff, Kin competition promotes dispersal in a male pollinating fig wasp. Biol. Lett. 2, 17 (2006). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0370 Medline

16. J. Cote, J. Clobert, P. S. Fitze, Mother-offspring competition promotes colonization success. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 9703 (2007). doi:10.1073/pnas.0703601104 Medline

17. J. L. Hoogland, Prairie dogs avoid extreme inbreeding. Science 215, 1639 (1982). doi:10.1126/science.215.4540.1639 Medline

Page 68: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

2

18. J. L. Hoogland, The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995).

19. J. L. Hoogland, Philopatry, dispersal, and social organization of Gunnison's prairie dogs. J. Mammal. 80, 243 (1999). doi:10.2307/1383224

20. J. L. Hoogland, in Rodent Societies, J. O. Wolff, P. W. Sherman, Eds. (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2007), pp. 438–450.

21. Details about my materials and methods are available as supplementary materials on Science Online.

22. J. B. Silk, The adaptive value of sociality in mammalian groups. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 362, 539 (2007). doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1994

23. J. C. Mitani, J. Call, P. M. Kappeler, R. Palombit, J. B. Silk, The Evolution of Primate Societies (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012).

24. J. L. Hoogland, Aggression, ectoparasitism, and other possible costs of prairie dog (Sciuridae: Cynomys spp.) coloniality. Behaviour 69, 1 (1979). doi:10.1163/156853979X00377

25. J. L. Hoogland, Nursing of own and foster offspring by Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1621 (2009). doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0763-0

26. P. J. Greenwood, Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals. Anim. Behav. 28, 1140 (1980). doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80103-5

27. P. M. Waser, W. T. Jones, Natal philopatry among solitary mammals. Q. Rev. Biol. 58, 355 (1983). doi:10.1086/413385

28. W. D. Koenig, D. Van Vuren, P. N. Hooge, Detectability, philopatry, and the distribution of dispersal distances in vertebrates. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11, 514 (1996). doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(96)20074-6 Medline

29. C. M. Arnaud, F. S. Dobson, J. O. Murie, Philopatry and within-colony movements in Columbian ground squirrels. Mol. Ecol. 21, 493 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05219.x Medline

30. K. B. Armitage, D. H. Van Vuren, A. Ozgul, M. K. Oli, Proximate causes of natal dispersal in female yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris. Ecology 92, 218 (2011). doi:10.1890/10-0109.1 Medline

31. J. A. King, Social behavior, social organization, and population dynamics in a black-tailed prairiedog town in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Contrib. Lab. Vert. Biol. Univ. Mich. 67, 1 (1955).

32. J. V. Tileston, R. R. Lechleitner, Some comparisons of the black-tailed and white-tailed prairie dogs in north-central Colorado. Am. Midl. Nat. 75, 292 (1966). doi:10.2307/2423393

33. M. A. Wright-Smith, The Ecology and Social Organization of Cynomys parvidens (Utah prairie dog) in South Central Utah. Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN (1978).

34. L. S. Rayor, Social organization and space-use in Gunnison’s prairie dog. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22, 69 (1988). doi:10.1007/BF00395699

Page 69: Supplementary Materials for › content › suppl › 2013 › 03 › 07 › 339… · . Supplementary Materials for . Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared John

3

35. J. R. Lucas, P. M. Waser, S. R. Creel, Death and disappearance—estimating mortality risks associated with philopatry and dispersal. Behav. Ecol. 5, 135 (1994). doi:10.1093/beheco/5.2.135

36. J. L. Verdolin, C. N. Slobodchikoff, Resources, not kinship, determine social patterning in the territorial Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni). Ethology 115, 59 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01590.x

37. J. Hanken, P. W. Sherman, Multiple paternity in Belding’s ground squirrel litters. Science 212, 351 (1981). doi:10.1126/science.7209536 Medline

38. M. L. Haynie, R. A. van den Bussche, J. L. Hoogland, D. A. Gilbert, Parentage, multiple paternity, and breeding success in Gunnison’s and Utah prairie dogs. J. Mammal. 84, 1244 (2003). doi:10.1644/BRB-109