Supportive standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 4 (B)

Supportive standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test

4 (B)

Readiness Standard (4)The student understands the emergence of the

U. S. as a world power between 1898 and 1920.

The Student is expected to:(A) Evaluate American expansion, including

acquisitions such as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, & Puerto Rico



The Student is expected to:(A) 1 Evaluate American expansion into Guam

GuamThe Spanish-American War

ended with the Treaty of Paris giving the U.S. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain in return for $20 million.

GuamIn Guam, settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first. After World War II showed the strategic value of the island, construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of

the world. Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000. The indigenous Chamorros make up 37% of the population. The rest of the population consists mostly of whites and Filipinos, with smaller groups of Chinese,

Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians, Vietnamese, & Indians. Guam today is almost totally Americanized. The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii, but attempts to change Guam's status as an 'unincorporated'

U.S. territory have yet to meet with success.

Guam came under US control after the Spanish American War. Guam was a stopping point for US ships sailing to and from the Philippines. In July 21,

1944, the US fought the Battle of Guam and recaptured Guam from the Japanese. After this war, Guam became a territory of the US. The US also granted the Guamanians US citizenship. To this day, Guam receives large amounts of money from the US federal treasury for which Guam pays no

taxes.



The Student is expected to:(A) 2 Evaluate American expansion into Hawaii



The Student is expected to:(A) 2 Evaluate American expansion into Hawaii

Period Cartoons about Hawaii & the U.S.

A shotgun marriage?

4 (A) 6 Sanford B. Dole

Longtime resident of Hawaii who, as a lawyer & jurist,

opposed the native royal family,

supported American immigrants, &

advocated westernization of

Hawaiian culture & government

After the Jan. 16, 1893 coup Hawaii was governed by

Honolulu-born Sanford Dole, the son of Protestant American

missionaries.

Walter Q. Gresham was President Grover Cleveland’s Secretary

of State. The man with the sign is Joseph

Pulitzer of the New York World.

Acquisition of Hawaii—the “Crossroads of the Pacific”

By 1820, U.S. missionaries had arrived intending to convert the natives to Christianity

American planters developed Hawaii’s rich soil and made healthy profits off of sugar production—Hawaii became

increasingly dependent economically on the U.S.

American planters aided by

U. S. Marines overthrew

Queen Liliuokalani

(right)

President McKinley’s administration annexed Hawaii (1898)

• McKinley feared that some other power—notably the Japanese that comprised a quarter of Hawaii’s population—might take the islands

• U.S. Opponents of annexation worried about the “mongrelization” of the population—In July 1898, in the midst of the excitement of the Spanish-American War,

• McKinley annexed Hawaii—McKinley did this through a joint resolution rather than a treaty

• The latter required only a majority in both houses while the former required two-thirds support

Hawaii A valuable

commercial and naval base in the middle of the Pacific

A stepping stone on the route to Chinese markets

4 (A) 7 Missionary-ism

American Missionaries saw imperialist annexation of Hawaii as

an opportunity to convert the heathen natives to Christianity. They viewed

native culture disdainfully.



The Student is expected to:(A) 4 Evaluate American expansion into

Puerto Rico The Puck cartoon endorses the expansionist foreign policy of

President William McKinley as “enlightened” and “rational.” The

annexation of Hawaii and Puerto Rico (respectively, during and after the

Spanish-American War of 1898) are shown as natural increases in the size

of the United States, a process that began with the Louisiana Purchase

(1803) and continued with the acquisitions of Florida (1821), Texas (1845), California (1848), and Alaska (1867). Note that the Philippines are not mentioned. Uncle Sam rejects the

tonic of “Anti-Expansion Policy”

Puerto RicoOn July 25, 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guámoca. As

an outcome of the war, Jones-Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948. In 1950, the Truman Administration

allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S.

A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by

President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival

of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as “Free Associated State”), officially

translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic.

Puerto RicoJust like the Philippines, the United States also gained

control of Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War. A major economic impact of this was that even after

independence Puerto Rico stayed dependent on the US. Even though Puerto Rico has its own government, the US

supports it economically. Because of America, Puerto Rico is now a democracy. As natural disasters hit the US,

Puerto Rico was impoverished.



The Student is expected to:(A) 3 Evaluate American expansion into the

PhilippinesWilliam McKinley (right) as a circus ringmaster trying to coax a defiant

Emilio Aguinaldo to jump through a

hoop labeled "Peace"; standing in the background are three figures labeled "Cuba,

Porto Rico, [and] Hawaii".

Manila Bay U. S. navy under Commodore George Dewey, commander of America’s Asiatic Squadron, steamed from Hong Kong to the Philippines where he sank or captured the entire Spanish fleet

Classic Economic Imperialism

From Puck:

“Who will haul it down?” by Louis Dalrymple. (1899 January 11). Print shows President William McKinley standing on a road leading to the White House at the end of the road, in the background; he is

delivering a speech, with a group of newspaper editors and congressmen, to the left and right, who have broken into small groups, talking amongst themselves. In the right foreground,

William Jennings Bryan is inflating his “Anti-Annexation Issue for 1900.” American flags are on islands beyond the White House, the flags and/or islands are labeled “Porto Rico, Ladrone Islds., Cuba, Hawaii, [and] Philippine Islds.” At McKinley’s feet is an excerpt from his “Speech at Banquet of Board of Trade and Associated

Citizens” in Savannah, December 17th 1898.


From Puck: “The bugaboo of the anti-expansionist” by Udo Keppler. (1899 January 18). Print shows President William

McKinley riding on an elephant driven by Marcus A. Hanna and carrying Russell A. Alger, Nelson Dingley, William R. Day, and William T. Sampson. A second elephant follows, and a group of men that includes “Nelson A. Miles, Theodore Roosevelt, Joseph

Wheeler, Fitzhugh Lee, Henry C. Lodge, William R. Shafter, Winfield S. Schley, John T. Morgan, Cushman K. Davis, George

Dewey, and others, march alongside under the standard “Imperialism for Ever.’” A group of disgruntled men sit on the

roadside, watching the procession.

From Puck: “The dream of the anti-expansionist” Udo Keppler. (1899 April 19). Print shows the dream of an "Anti-Expansionist"

where Admiral George Dewey, General Elwell S. Otis, a sailor, and a soldier come ashore in the Philippines to offer their weapons and the American flag in surrender to Emilio Aguinaldo and a poorly

armed, ragged, but haughty, group of Filipinos.

From Puck: “The Aguinaldo guard” by J.S. Pughe. (1900 October 17). Illustration shows William Jennings Bryan standing in the stirrups of his mount,

a donkey labeled “Democracy,” directing the honor guard led by Adlai Stevenson, and including Henry R. Towne, Joseph Pulitzer, and Carl Schurz

carrying a large flag with a portrait of Emilio Aguinaldo under the heading “The George Washington of the Philippines.” Also included are Oswald Ottendorfer,

Edwin L. Godkin, Bourke Cockran, John Altgeld, and William Sulzer.

From Puck: “The flag must stay put” by J.S. Pughe. (1902 June 4). Illustration shows George F.

Hoar, Carl Schurz, David B. Hill, and former Massachusetts Governor George S. Boutwell,

anti-expansionists, placing their “Anti-Expansion Speech” at the feet of a huge American soldier

holding a rifle and the American flag, while opposite them Filipinos place guns and

swords at the soldier's feet. Caption: The American Filipinos and the Native

Flipinos will have to submit.

The Presidential ViewWhile McKinley sympathized with

the Filipino desire for independence, he feared that one of

the European imperialist nations might move into the Philippines.

Since he did not believe the Filipino people were ready for self-

government,—a reflection of the racism of the times—the president saw no other choice but to annex and govern the archipelago until its people were ready to govern

themselves.

Critics of Annexation of the Philippines

By terms of the treaty signed by the Spanish on December 10, 1898, the U.S. paid $20 million for the Philippines. However,

treaty ratification in the U.S. Senate precipitated a hailstorm of debate. Those in and out of the Senate resisted annexation for a

host of different reasons. #1 Annexation violated the very principles of independence and self-determination on which the U.S. was founded#2 Some people warned about “half-breeds and semi-barbaric people” who might undercut wages and unionism #3 The Constitution had no provision for ruling colonies

#4 Some argued that imposition of tyranny abroad would ultimately lead to tyranny at home

Among the Critics

Carnegie so objected to the annexation of the Philippines that he actually offered to purchase Filipino independence for no less than $20—the very price the U.S. government paid to Spain for the annexation of the area.

William James

Samuel Gompers

Jane Addams

William Jennings Bryan (left) asserted that “this

nation cannot endure half a republic and half a

colony—half free and half vassal.”

Ironically, Bryan—who held deeply pacifist convictions—had

supported the Spanish-American War at its onset and even took

command of a volunteer regiment from his home

state, Nebraska

Comparison of the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the Philippine-American War of

1898-1902Spanish-American War

Philippine-American War

President McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers to augment the 28,000 already in the regular army

Four times the number of U.S. soldiers used in

the Philippines as in Cuba

Traditional warfare

Filipinos adopted guerilla tactics ruling

the night while the U.S. ruled the day

European soldiers from Spain

For the first time, the U.S. fights men of color in Asia

5,500 Americans killed in war

4,300 U.S. lives vs.50,000-200,000 Filipino lives

War’s Goal: bring freedom to the subjects of imperial Spain

Wars Goal: implement annexation of

Philippines and establish imperial government

Qualified independence received by Cuba

American occupation followed by government

of the Philippines lasting till July 4, 1946.


From Puck: “St. Louis’s object lesson to anti-expansionists” by Udo Keppler. (April 15, 1903 ). Illustration shows a statue of Thomas

Jefferson labeled “Thomas Jefferson The Father of Expansion” at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in Saint Louis, Missouri, with Puck

directing the attention of George F. Hoar and other anti-expansionists Edward Atkinson, Carl Schurz, and Charles F. Adams who look on in

disbelief.

How American Expansion of the 1890s Differed from Past U.S.

Expansion• America had been expanding virtually

from its birth• Previous expansion had been contiguous• Territories taken in 1890s were less for

settlement than as naval bases, trading outposts, & commercial centers on major trade routes

• The new territories were not so much “states-in-the-making” as colonies

Movement away from traditional American

isolationism was the result of the filling of the American

continent by the U. S. A. and increasing trade which drew the United States into world

affairs.


“Factories and farms multiplied, producing more goods than the

domestic market could consume. Both farmers and industrialists

looked for new overseas markets, and the growing volume of exports. . . changed the nature of American

trade relations with the world.”

Territories Acquired by the U.S. as a Result of the Spanish-American War

Puerto Rico

The Philippine Islands

Setting the stage . . .

. . . for tapping

the Chinese Market-

place

The U. S.

joined the

Euro-pean

powers . . .

. . . claiming its right to share in the lucrative profits

The relatively transparent purpose of the Open Door Notes sent by Secretary of State Hay was to keep China independent and open to trade from all nations. As the cartoon to the left suggests, U.S. policy also sought to preserve at least a modicum of Chinese sovereignty.

The U.S. wanted two things:

Equal commercial opportunity

Respect for Chinese independence

Meanwhile, humanitarianism also played a part

See also 4 (A) 2 U. S. expansionism

A cartoon in the Chicago Tribune portrayed Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as

dirty and backwards

children knocking on Uncle Sam’s

door.

Uncle Sam (US) is seen disciplining new additions to the American Empire:

Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines.

The blackboard in the back says, “the U.S. must govern these

territories with or without their consent until they can govern

themselves.”

From all appearances . . .Uncle Sam & John Bull were

joining forces to rule the world

Does the Constitution Follow the Flag?

Do the inhabitants of U.S. colonies have the same rights as American

citizens? Ironically, in general principle, this was the very question asked by the Founding Fathers when

they were denied their demand of “No taxation without

representation.”

Elihu Root, Secretary of War(1899-1904), wryly noted, “as near as I can make out the

Constitution does follow the flag—but doesn’t quite catch up with it.”

Impacts on American Foreign Policy Into the 20th Century

• McKinley, riding a wave of patriotism generated from success in the war, successfully defends against William Jennings Byran’s anti-imperialist campaign in the election of 1900

• The U.S. has become an imperial power and, with that turn of events, assumes the role of instructor of the peoples now newly under American rule

• It now dealt on equal terms with Europe• It dominated the Western Hemisphere• It was a major power in Asia

Fini

Documents

Supportive standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 4 (B)