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IALCCE 2012 Third International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering
Hofburg Palace, Vienna, Austria, October 4, 2012
Raffaele Landolfo University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
Keynote Lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
4. What’s next?
Content
IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4
UNINA
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
4. What’s next?
Content
IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4
UNINA
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
The concept of “Sustainable Development”
1. Introduction
Sustainable Development is the "development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland Report: Our Common Future, 1987)
The 3 main pillars (dimensions) of sustainable development
ENVIRONMENT
• Ecosystem integrity • Reproducibility of
natural resources • Biodiversity
ECONOMY • Growth of employment and income
• Eco – efficiency • Economic development • Productivity
SOCIETY • Security • Health • Education • Cultural identity • Empowerment • Accessibility • Stability • Equality
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
View from Rockefeller Center, New York. Photo by Landolfo (2006)
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
Source : Communication COM(2004)60
The impact of construction sector on sustainability
The construction sector exercises a wide influence on the rest of society, having huge impacts on…
…. THE PLANET
The Construction Industry consumes 50% of the raw material extracted from the Earth’s Crust
The waste arising from the construction related activities consists of a third of the total waste, 970 million tones, produced in EU
Constructions comprises the largest energy consuming sector in Europe with almost half of the primary energy used
ENV
IRO
NM
ENT
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
The impact of construction sector on sustainability
The construction sector exercises a wide influence on the rest of society, having huge impacts on…
….THE ECONOMY
The building sector has major economic impact which has traditionally been the main economic background of the EU coutries
The majority of EU Countries buildings constitute over half of the national wealth
Construction is the largest industrial sector in EU, representing a quarter of the total output
ECO
NO
MY
The Construction industry accounts for about the 10% of the GDP in Europe
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
The impact of construction sector on sustainability
The construction sector exercises a wide influence on the rest of society, having huge impacts on…
….THE SOCIETY
The Construction sectore, in Europe, has 2.5 million of enterprise and 13 million employees
People want constructions safe, economical and environmental friendly
People spend almost 90% of time in buildings
SOC
IETY
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
New concepts, phrases, terms and expressions are being used in the construction industry across Europe in order to:
Sustainability & Constructions
1. improve the environmental, social and economic impact of the industry and its outputs
2. provide a common base for the development of harmonized standards for the sustainable
design of constructions
1. Introduction
Common language for sustainable construction
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
COST Action C25
“…to promote science-based developments in sustainable construction in Europe through the collection and collaborative analysis of scientific results concerning life-time structural engineering and especially the integration of environmental assessment methods and tools for structural engineering…”
Sustainability of Constructions Integrated Approach to Life-time Structural Engineering
European COoperazion in the field of Scientific and Techical research
COST ACTION C25:
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
COST Action C25
European COoperazion in the field of Scientific and Technical research
COST is an intergovernmental framework for European Cooperation in Science and Technology, allowing the coordination of nationally-funded research on a European level. COST contributes to reducing the fragmentation in European research investments and opening the European Research Area to cooperation worldwide.
COST supports mobility of researchers to create a scientific network and stimulate innovative activities
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
COST Action C25 - The network
26 countries + EU JRC
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
1. Introduction
COST Action C25 – Coordination and Working Groups
WG1 Criteria for Sustainable Constructions Chair: R. Blok Vice-chair: H.Gervásio
WG2 Eco-efficiency Chair: M. Veljkovic Vice-chair: Z. Plewako
WG3 Life-time structural engineering Chair: R. Landolfo Vice-chair: V. Ungureanu
Eco-efficient use of natural resources in construction materials, products and processes
Global methodologies, assessment methods, global models and databases
Design for durability, life-cycle performance, including maintenance and deconstruction
MC Management Committee Chair: L. Bragança Vice-chair: H. Koukkari
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
4. What’s next?
Content
IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4
UNINA
W. Sobek (1998-1999). R128 house. Ref: http://www.wernersobek.de
Four-storey building which is completely recyclable, produces no emissions and is self-sufficient in terms of heating energy requirement. Because of its assembly it is also completely recyclable ( W. Sobek )
Foster (2004). Viaduc de Millau. France
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
The challenge of sustainability of structures is to maximize the mechanical, durability, economic and environmental performance of a structure, during the whole life-cycle, reducing, at the same time, the adverse impacts played on planet, people and economy
Sustainability of structures: a multi-performance based approach
ENVIRONMENTAL requirements
SOCIAL requirements
•Hygiene, health and environment •High recycling rates of structural components •Reduced energy and water consumption •Reduced waste disposal • …
•Raw material cost •Production costs •Reduced construction cost •Reduced operational costs, •Reduced maintenance costs • Increase revenue • …
•Mechanical resistance and stability • Safety in case of fire • Safety in use •Protection against noise • Structural resistance •Robustness & resiliency
ECONOMIC requirements
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
Sustainability of structures
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
LIFE CYCLE
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
Sustainability of structures
MULTI-PERFORMANCE 1
LIFE-CYCLE ORIENTED 2
BASED ON QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGIES
3
• Enhanced safety and reliability • Reduced environmental impacts • Optimized life-cycle costs • ...
The basic requirements shall be achieved during the whole life-cycle of the construction
Performance requirements shall be verified according to quantitative methodologies
INTEGRATED APPROACH
Multi-performance Time-Dependant Based Approach
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
LIFE CYCLE
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
LCP
LCA
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
Sustainability of structures Multi-performance Time-Dependant Based Approach
LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCE (EN 1990-1999; ISO 13823:2008)
LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (ISO 14040:2006; ISO 14044:2006)
LIFE CYCLE COST (ISO 15685-5:2008)
+
+
LCC
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT METHODS
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
Sustainability of structures
LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ( LCA )
Process to valuate the environmental burdens associated with a product process or activity by identifying energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvement
ISO 14040: 2006 and ISO 14044: 2006
To identify energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, and to evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvement.
OBJECTIVES
BENEFITS At design stage, LCA addresses the selection among different design options and it helps to identify the life cycle stages associated with maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of components
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
LCP
LCA
LCC
LIFE CYCLE
The Design Approach – Methods for Environmental assessment
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
t C
O2
GWP
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
Goal and Scope definition (G&S) 1
Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
Life Cycle Interpretation (LCIN)
3
2
4
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
Four main stages
LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ( LCA )
ISO 14040: 2006 and ISO 14044: 2006
LIFE CYCLE
Sustainability of structures
LCP
LCA
LCC
The Design Approach – Methods for Environmental assessment
S1: GFRP Wrapping
S2: RC Jacketing
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
LIFE CYCLE COSTING ( LCC )
ISO 15686-5: 2008
Calculation methodology concerned with the estimation of the costs, in monetary terms, over the whole life cycle : construction, operation, maintenance and repair (and sometimes demolition) of a building.
Minimising the sum of the life cycle costs, in current values, thus benefiting both owner and end users. LCC aims at the optimization of the design granting better results in extended life, performance and sustainability, avoiding over design and excessive waste.
OBJECTIVES
BENEFITS
Compared to the current approach, which estimates only the direct costs for construction and maintenance, LCC extends the analysis over the whole life of the project, showing the real value of the investment.
LIFE CYCLE
Sustainability of structures
LCP
LCA
LCC
The Design Approach – Methods for Economic assessment
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
LIFE CYCLE COSTING ( LCC )
A reliability-based life cycle costing
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
Failure cost
Initial cost
Maintenance & repair cost
βopt
Total Expected
Cost
• Design/Construction • Preventive Maintenance • Inspection • Repair • Failure
Reliability (β)
Cost (€)
LIFE CYCLE
Sustainability of structures
Ref: FRANGOPOL & ESTES (2005). A representation of reliability-based life cycle costing.
LCP
LCA
LCC
The Design Approach – Methods for Economic assessment
total expected cost
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
IN USE
MAINTENANCE
DISMANTLMENT
END OF LIFE
LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCE ( LCP )
Evaluation of structural performances during the life-cycle
LIFE CYCLE
Evaluate the period of time during which a structure or any component is able to achieve the structural performance requirements defined at the design stage with an adequate degree of reliability.
OBJECTIVES
BENEFITS Durability requirements shall be checked at the same design level that is currently used for ordinary mechanical design (limit state method, probability based design)
EN 1990-1999; ISO 13823:2008
Sustainability of structures
LCP
LCA
LCC Structural performance
t
Capacity
Demand
tfail
Required performance level
Presumed capacity Actual capacity considering the deterioration occurred
F: “Failure event” tfail: Time of failure
F
The Design Approach – Methods for Structural assessment
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
Sustainability of structures Towards an integrated approach for the structural design
LCP
LCC
LCA
WG3
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
4. What’s next?
Content
IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4
UNINA
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
WG3 Organization
WG3 Life-time structural engineering Design for durability, life-cycle performance, including maintenance and deconstruction
WP1 Life-cycle performance: verification methods for durability of constructions (degradation models and service design life)
WP2 Monitoring of life-cycle performance (life-cycle safety, functionality, quality, demolition and deconstruction)
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Contribution of WG3 members
T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and Design Methodologies
T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic Degradation Models
T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment of structures
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
T5. Demolition and deconstruction
Main tasks
END OF LIFE
IN USE
DESIGN
B
C
A
WP1
WP2
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Contribution of WG3 members
T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and Design Methodologies
T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic Degradation Models
T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment of structures
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
T5. Demolition and deconstruction
Main tasks
END OF LIFE
IN USE
DESIGN
B
C
A
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T1. Service life prediction & design methodologies
Generally speaking, a deterioration could lead to a decrease of performance to such an extent that a structure could be not able to satisfy the basic serviceability and safety requirements before the design life has expired
Main Topics
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
Each construction, during its life cycle, will face with deterioration depending on several factors such as:
material susceptibility
natural aging process
execution of the works
environmental exposure conditions
quality of the material
planned maintenance
……
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T1. Service life prediction & design methodologies Main Topics
In order to prevent the premature failure of a construction due to an unexpected deterioration, a quantitative evaluation of the durability performances shall be performed since the design stage.
The first task of WG3 (T1) dealt with a critical review of the different methodologies developed in the framework of international scientific literature for the verification of the structural performance over the life cycle
The scientific research in the field of durability and service life prediction has been very active in the last years
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN Semi-probabilistic
Probabilistic
Risk based
Deterministic feedback from practice
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
State of the art review on concept and method provided in standard and codes concerning service life prediction ISO and CEN standards concerning service life planning Service Life Planning (SLP) for buildings and constructed assets (ISO 15686) developed by ISO/TC59/SC14
T1. Service life prediction & design methodologies
Vesikari & Landolfo_Service Life Prediction Methods Referred to by Eurocode 0; Trinius & Sjöström_Standardization of Service Life Methodologies
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
Deterministic feedback from practice
WG3 contribution
FACTOR METHOD ISO 15686-1 2000
ESL=RSL x A x B x C x D x F x G
ESL= Estimated service life
RSL= Reference service life
A. Quality of components as supplied to the project; B. Design level of a component or assembly’s installation; C. Work execution level or skill level of the installers; D. Indoor environment; E. Outdoor environment; F. In-use conditions; G. Maintenance level.
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Special focus on methods given in the ISO 13823:2008 ‘General principles on the design of structures for durability’
T1. Service life prediction & design methodologies WG3 contribution
Landolfo & E. Vesikari, Service Life Design Methods for Civil Engineering Structures;
The standard provides conceptal framework for the application of limit states methods to durability design
• Basic concepts for verifying durability
• Definition of durability limit states
• Durability requirements
• Formats for checking durability
• Design life of a structure and its components
• Strategies for durability design
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
Semi-probabilistic
Probabilistic
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T1. Service life prediction & design methodologies
This approach utilizes quantitative definitions of exposure, robustness and vulnerability of building structures. Both direct and indirect consequences associated with loss of functionality, failure or collapse should be taken into consideration.
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
Risk based
Hazard identification, modeling of hazard scenarios, estimation of probabilities and consequences compels the designer to careful examination of the whole building process and its interactions with safety, economy, social and natural environment.
WG3 contribution
Sz. Wolinski, Risk Based Approach to Service Life Assessment of Building Structures
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Contribution of WG3 members
T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and Design Methodologies
T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic Degradation Models
T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment of structures
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
T5. Demolition and deconstruction
Main tasks
END OF LIFE
IN USE
DESIGN
B
C
A
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T2. Degradation models
MATERIAL STRUCTURE ENVIRONMENT
TRANSFER MECHANISM
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION ACTION EFFECT
STEEL Outdoor atmosphere
Condensation; no drainage
Atmospheric corrosion
Thickness loss, aesthetic loss, rust expansion
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Outdoor/indoor atmosphere Diffusion Chloride attack
Loss of bond, failure of reinforcement
WOOD Ground Direct exposure
Subterranean termites
Loss of material, strength
The second task of WG3 deals with the problem of modeling the deterioration of structural materials for the life cycle performance evaluation of structures.
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
WG3 attempted to provide an overview of the degradations models developed in the framework of scientific literatures for, steel, concrete, masonry and timber.
Deterioration models of structural materials are usually expressed as dose-response functions which provide the deterioration rate of a given material over time as a function of both material related factors and structure environment parameters.
Main Topics
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T2. Degradation models
Modeling approaches of atmospheric corrosion damage of metal structures, which are available in both ISO standards and the literature
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
Dose response function. ICP MATERIALS International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments
METAL structures – Corrosion model
Material Mass Loss, ML [g/m2]
Weathering steel (unshltered) ML=34[SO2]0.33 exp{0.020Rh+f(T)}t0.33
Zinc ML=1.4[SO2]0.22 exp{0.018Rh+f(T)}t0.85 +0.029Rain[H+]t
Aluminium ML=0.0021[SO2]0.23 Rhexp{f(T)}t1.2 +0.000023Rain[Cl-]t
Copper ML=0.0021[SO2]0.23 [O3]0.79Rhexp{f(T)}t0.78 +0.029Rain[H+]t
Weathering steel (shltered) ML=8.2[SO2]0.24 exp{0.025Rh+f(T)}t0.66
R. Landolfo, L. Cascini & F. Portioli Modelling of Corrosion Damage for Metal Structures
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T2. Degradation models
A detail from the I 35W bridge on Mississippi river Minneapolis (USA). Collapsed on august 2007
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
METAL structures – Fatigue
Fatigue is a major aspect within the design and maintenance of bridges during the whole life time The current fatigue design procedure for steel and composite according to the Eurocodes offers a quite up to date concept including:
• different verification procedures ranging from simplified to quite sophisticated,
• different safety concepts taking into account the owner’s strategy concerning maintenance and inspection
• a detail catalogue with more than 70 different constructional details that allows in most cases a proper and durable design over the whole life time.
Fatigue load model
Strees history and cycle counting
U. Kuhlmann, H.-P. Günther, J. Raichle, & M. Euler Fatigue of Steel and Composite Bridges
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T2. Degradation models
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
REINFORCED CONCRETE structures
Carbonation
Penetration of chlorides
Corrosion of reinforcement
Freeze-thaw deterioration
The models for general degradation in concrete structures are widely accepted and they can be used for predicting the service life of a concrete structure
E. Vesikari, Ch. Giarma & J. Bleiziffer Degradation Models of Concrete Structures
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T2. Degradation models
END OF LIFE
IN USE
A
B
C
DESIGN
WOOD structures
• For service life of wood products, modeling of biological deterioration will give a tool to evaluate the effect of environmental exposure to performance of wood in exterior conditions
• These models can also be as basic knowledge for developing the service life evaluation methods for wood products and structure.
• Factor method presented in the ISO 15686 can be used as a basic methods for
evaluate the service life of wooden cladding
H.A. Viitanen, T. Toratti, R. Peuhkuri, T. Ojanen & L. Makkonen Durability and service life of wood structures and components
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Contribution of WG3 members
T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and Design Methodologies
T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic Degradation Models
T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment of structures
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
T5. Demolition and deconstruction
Main tasks
IN USE
DESIGN
B
A
END OF LIFE
C
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T3. Survey and condition assessment of structures Main Topics
The third task of WG3 was to collect information concerning the state of art, the specification, the implementation and the operation of:
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
MONITORING CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES
SURVEY AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT METHODS & PRACTICES
CONDITION ASSESSMENT TOOLS
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T3. Survey and condition assessment of structures
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
Typical sensors monitoring specimen
Strain gauges Inductive position sensor
• Instrumental techniques
Overview of the technology and specific challenges of wireless sensor network
Feltrin, R. Bischoff, J. Meyer & O. Saukh
• Structural health monitoring
Special attention is devoted to hardware and analysis aspects of implementation of automated SHM systems for civil structures
Fabbrocino & C. Rainieri Monitoring of structural behaviour of buildings
WG3 Contribution on monitoring
• Wireless sensor network
G. Hauf & O. Hechler Monitoring – an introduction
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T3. Survey and condition assessment of structures
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
WG3 Contribution on survey and condition assessment of structures
B. Kühn & O. Hechler Survey and Condition assessment
During the last decades, focus has been put on inspection of the existing building and bridge stock and related condition assessment procedures.
With respect to bridges, a step-by-step procedure, based on a general procedure developed by the Joint Committee for Structural Safety (JCSS 2001), for the fatigue assessment is proposed.
Diagnosis, on-site assessment and visual inspection of reinforced concrete structures.
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T3. Survey and condition assessment of structures
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
MEDEA is a damage and vulnerability assessment tool, which guides engineers toward a the safety assessment of reinforced concrete and masonry structures.
The assessment tool is based on the identification of possible typological vulnerability factors of masonry and r.c. buildings, which are listed and combined with potential collapse mechanisms to be activated under seismic excitation
WG3 Contribution on survey and condition assessment of structures
G. Zuccaro & M. F. Leone
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Contribution of WG3 members
T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and Design Methodologies
T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic Degradation Models
T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment of structures
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
T5. Demolition and deconstruction
Main tasks
IN USE
DESIGN
B
A
END OF LIFE
C
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
State of the art concerning theories and techniques for the maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of building and bridges
General presentation of computer based systems for the management of constructions, such as the life cycle management tools developed in the framework of the European Project LIFECON (2001-2003) and the BIM based tools for the predictive life-cycle management developed by Technical University of Munich, TUM
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DESIGN
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Main Topics
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
END OF LIFE
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C
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State of the art review on the general approach of structural intervention together with an overview of the available techniques for the retrofit of existing building
V. Ungureanu, A. Dogariu, D. Dubina, A. Ciutina, R. Landolfo, F.M. Mazzolani& F. Portioli Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of buildings
WG3 Contribution
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
Lifecycle Management tools based on Building Information Models
• BIM-based management of all information relevant for the assessment of a building’s state.
• Prediction: future state is computed on the basis of inspection data and prognosis final objective: cost-effective, optimized, and sustainable maintenance of concrete buildings
• Development of a predictive life-cycle management system for concrete buildings (mainly bridges)
WG3 Contribution
E. Vesikari, A. Borrmann & K. Lukas Management systems for maintenance, repair and rehabilitation
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
An advanced method for the optimization of structural maintenance of bridges is presented. Automated multi-objective optimization of maintenance strategies considering the lifetime unavailability and the life-cycle cost as criteria are presented. The proposed approach is able to provide optimum maintenance strategies considering a combination of multiple essential maintenance options and multiple preventive maintenance options applied at regular or irregular time-intervals. The lifetime unavailability is calculated based on lifetime functions. Genetic algorithms are used to solve the optimization problem.
WG3 Contribution
D.M. Frangopol & N.M. Okasha Bridge Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation in a Life-Cycle Context
Generate random population of
PM times Ti and number of
applications Q for all PM types
Perform GA operations
Repeat for each GA chromosome
Repeat for each PM type
Tsi = [T1, T2, …, TQ]
Perform EM optimization
Compute objective functions
for the obtained strategy
GA converged?
Obtain Pareto-optimal solution
no
yes
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Contribution of WG3 members
T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and Design Methodologies
T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic Degradation Models
T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment of structures
T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning
T5. Demolition and deconstruction
Main tasks
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DESIGN
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Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
In line with that, in the last of WG3 (T5) the key principles of different design strategies for re-use and recycling of buildings are presented, including design for adaptability, for dismantling and design for deconstruction
The total production of construction and demolition waste in the European Union is about 450 million ones per year and represents the most part of waste stream.
In the EU, the amount of construction and demolition waste is estimated to be 480 kg per person per year.
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Main Topics
Besides, construction and demolition waste has a very high recycling potential
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
Besides, an analysis of the construction waste arising from demolition, with a special focus on no more usable products (such as plastic, PVC, polystyrene, rubbish.) is presented.
A general overview of the most common techniques for the demolition of buildings and bridges are presented.
Composition of C&D
Waste in Germany
(2005)
WG3 Contribution on demolition
Excavated material (140,90)
Construction site wasre (4,30)
Road demolition waste (16,60)
Building demolition waste (52,10)
Main techniques Usage Quota
Deconstruction by excavators with shears etc. 82%
Exploding 4%
Deconstruction with wrecking balls 3%
Other machines 3%
Precussion, abrasion, heating etc. 3%
Robots 0.3%
Other 1.7%
P. Kamrath Deconstruction of buildings: Masses and types
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
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WG3 Contribution on End of life scenarios and Design for Deconstruction END OF LIFE SCENARIOS
O. Hechler, O. P. Larsen & S. Nielsen Design for Deconstruction
THE 4 STEP OF DECONSTRUCTION:
Disassembly technique is a new discipline within the field of architectural/engineering practice and theory. In a resource perspective, the implementation of documentation which explains how buildings are demolished, or how materials can be reused and respectively recycled becomes crucial.
Design for deconstruction is thus defined as “design for deconstruction of structures and complex building parts into basic materials” so that they enable resubmission of the materials in the resource loop at the end of life of a building or structure.
End-of-life scenarios Building reuse or relocation, Component reuse or relocation in a new building, Material reuse in the manufacture of new component, Material recycling into new materials.
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
WG3 Contribution
Principles of the structural design for deconstruction
• Use as wide of structural grid as possible to maximize the non-structural wall elements
• Use prefabricated subassemblies and a system of mass production
• Use an open building system where parts of the building are more freely interchangeable and less unique to one application
• Minimize the number of different types of components for simplification of sorting
• Simply supported beams should be used in concrete structures
• Design modular structures
O. Hechler, O. P. Larsen & S. Nielsen Design for Deconstruction
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
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Deconstruction techniques for buildings and bridges
WG3 Contribution
F. Portioli, M. D‘Aniello, E. Cadoni, R.P. Borg & O. Hechler Demolition and deconstruction of bridges
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
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WG3 Contribution
Some examples of best practices of structures designed for deconstructions
O. Hechler, O. P. Larsen & S. Nielsen Design for Deconstruction
Restaurant of Cz pavilion left: EXPO ’58 right: reused as Office building in Praha, Cz, 2008
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
T5. Demolition and deconstructions
END OF LIFE
IN USE
B
C
DESIGN
A
WG3 Contribution
Some examples of best practices of structures designed for deconstructions
O. Hechler, O. P. Larsen & S. Nielsen Design for Deconstruction
Footbridge to the German pavilion (left: EXPO’58; right: reused in Duisburg, Germany, 2008.
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
Summary Report of the WG3
Volume 2: Integrated Approach to Life-time structural engineering
Publisher(s): University of Malta ISBN/ISSN: 978-99957-816-2-0 Pages: 398
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Design of Structures
3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25
4. What’s next?
Content
IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4
UNINA
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
4. What’s next?
Concluding remarks
Nowadays, the sustainability of constructions has become a current topic which involves all sectors with the relevant expertise.
The next challenge is to cope the gap between research and common practice even at standard level. In this direction the Construction Sector Network (CSN) of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), has planned to develop a second generation of Eurocodes, widening of the scope from the current structural design to other design criteria related to sustainability.
In line with that, theoretical methodologies, tools and best practice rules have been developed in order to achieve the goals of sustainable design of structures according to a time-dependent multi-performance based approach.
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
4. What’s next?
Catastrophic events & Resilient urban environments
Constructions are subjected more and more to exceptional actions, which were not taken into account at the design stage, producing huge damages. In line with that a growing attention has been put towards the concept of resilience of urban environments. With the aim to reduce both the produced damages and the repair time. but resilience & Sustainability are related. Many of the essential principles of sustainability are strictly linked to the core pillars of resilience. The next step is to take a step forward and talk about sustainable resilience
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
SUStainable COnstructionS under natural hazards and catastrophic events
European Erasmus Mundus Master - SUSCOS
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos
4. What’s next?
Raffaele Landolfo
UNINA
Keynote lecture
Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3
European Erasmus Mundus Master - SUSCOS
4. What’s next?
United Nations Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability (2012). Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing, Overview. New York: United Nations.
Thanks for kind attention
UNINA
Raffaele Landolfo