Sustainable Design of Structures

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IALCCE 2012Third International Symposium

on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering

Hofbur Palace Vienna Austria October 4 2012

Raffaele Landolfo

University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy

Keynote Lecture

Sustainable Design of Structures:

The Outcomes of the COSTAction C25-WG3


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1. Introduction

2. Sustainable Design of Structures

3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25

4. Whats next?

Content

IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4

UNINA


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1. Introduction



4. Whats next?

Content

IALCCE 2012, Hofburg Vienna, October 4

UNINA


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture

Sustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3

The concept of Sustainable Development

1. Introduction

Sustainable Development is the "development which meets the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"(Brundtland Report: Our Common Future, 1987)

The 3 main pillars (dimensions) of sustainable development

ENVIRONMENT

Ecosystem integrity

Reproducibility of

natural resources

Biodiversity

ECONOMY Growth of employmentand income

Eco efficiency

Economic development

Productivity

SOCIETY Security Health

Education

Cultural identity

Empowerment

Accessibility

Stability Equality

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT


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View from Rockefeller Center, New York. Photo by Landolfo (2006)


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


1. Introduction

Source : Communication COM(2004)60

The impact of construction sector on sustainability

The construction sector exercises a wide influence on the rest of society,having huge impacts on

. THE PLANET

The Construction Industry consumes 50% of

the raw material extracted from the Earths

Crust

The waste arising from the construction

related activities consists of a third of the

total waste, 970 million tones, produced in

EU

Constructions comprises the largest energy

consuming sector in Europe with almost

half of the primary energy used

ENVIRO

NMENT


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


1. Introduction



.THE ECONOMY

The building sector has major economic

impact which has traditionally been the maineconomic background of the EU coutries

The majority of EU Countries buildings

constitute over half of the national wealth

Construction is the largest industrial sector in

EU, representing a quarter of the total output

EC

ONOMY

The Construction industry accounts for about

the 10% of the GDP in Europe


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


1. Introduction



.THE SOCIETY

The Construction sectore, in Europe, has

2.5 million of enterprise and 13 millionemployees

People want constructions safe,economical and environmental friendly

People spend almost 90% of time in

buildings

SOCIETY


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


New concepts, phrases, terms and expressions are being used in the construction industry acrossEurope in order to:

Sustainability & Constructions

1. improve the environmental, social and economic impact of the industry and its outputs

2. provide a common base for the development ofharmonized standards for the sustainable

design of constructions

1. Introduction

Common language for sustainable construction


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


1. Introduction

COST Action C25

European COoperazion in the field ofScientific and Technical research

COST is an intergovernmental framework for European Cooperation in Science

and Technology, allowing the coordination of nationally-funded research on a

European level.

COST contributes to reducing the fragmentation in European research

investments and opening the European Research Area to cooperation worldwide.

COST supports mobility of researchers to create a scientific network and

stimulate innovative activities
http://www.cost.esf.org/


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


1. Introduction

COST Action C25 - The network

26 countries + EU JRC
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svghttp://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svghttp://www.labandiera.com/shopping%20cart/it/p_5.htmlhttp://www.labandiera.com/shopping%20cart/it/p_2.html


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


1. Introduction

COST Action C25 Coordination and Working Groups

WG1 Criteria for Sustainable Constructions Chair: R. Blok Vice-chair: H.Gervsio

WG2 Eco-efficiency Chair: M. Veljkovic Vice-chair:Z. Plewako

WG3 Life-time structural engineering Chair: R. Landolfo Vice-chair: V. Ungureanu

Eco-efficient use of natural resources inconstruction materials, products and processes

Global methodologies, assessment methods,

global models and databases

Design for durability, life-cycle performance,including maintenance and deconstruction

MC Management Committee Chair: L. Bragana Vice-chair: H. Koukkari


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture



Sustainability of structures

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

END OF LIFE

LIFE CYCLE


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture




MULTI-PERFORMANCE1

LIFE-CYCLE ORIENTED2

BASED ON QUANTITATIVEMETHODOLOGIES3

Enhanced safety and reliability

Reduced environmental impacts

Optimized life-cycle costs

...

The basic requirements shall be achieved

during the whole life-cycle of the

construction

Performance requirements shall be verified

according to quantitative methodologies

INTEGRATED APPROACH

Multi-performance Time-DependantBased Approach

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

ENDOF LIFE

LIFE CYCLE


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


LCP

LCA



Multi-performance Time-DependantBased Approach

LIFECYCLEPERFORMANCE

(EN 1990-1999; ISO 13823:2008)

LIFECYCLEENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT(ISO 14040:2006; ISO 14044:2006)

LIFECYCLECOST

(ISO 15685-5:2008)

+

+

LCC

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

ENDOF LIFE

LIFE CYCLE

ASSESSMENT METHODS


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture




LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT ( LCA )

Process to valuate the environmental burdens

associated with a product process or activity by

identifying energy and materials used and wastes

released to the environment, and to evaluate and

implement opportunities to affect environmental

improvement

ISO 14040: 2006 and ISO 14044: 2006

To identify energy and materials used and wastes released to the environment, and to

evaluate and implement opportunities to affect environmental improvement.OBJECTIVES

BENEFITSAt design stage, LCA addresses the selection among different design options and it helps to

identify the life cycle stages associated with maintenance, repair and rehabilitation

of components

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

END OF LIFE

LCP

LCA

LCC

LIFE CYCLE

The Design Approach Methods for Environmental assessment


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture


tCO2

GWP


Goal and Scope definition (G&S)1

Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)

Life Cycle Interpretation (LCIN)

3

2

4

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

END OF LIFE

Four main stages

LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT ( LCA )

ISO 14040: 2006 and ISO 14044: 2006

LIFE CYCLE


LCP

LCA

LCC

The Design Approach Methods for Environmental assessment

S1: GFRP Wrapping

S2: RC Jacketing


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture



DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

END OF LIFE

LIFE CYCLE COSTING( LCC )

ISO 15686-5: 2008

Calculation methodology concerned with the

estimation of the costs, in monetary terms, overthe whole life cycle : construction, operation,

maintenance and repair (and sometimes

demolition) of a building.

Minimising the sum of the life cycle costs, in current values, thus benefiting both owner and

end users. LCC aims at the optimization of the design granting better results in extended life,performance and sustainability, avoiding over design and excessive waste.

OBJECTIVES

BENEFITS

Compared to the current approach, which estimates only the direct costs for construction and

maintenance, LCC extends the analysis over the whole life of the project , showing the real

value of the investment.

LIFE CYCLE


LCP

LCA

LCC

The Design Approach Methods for Economic assessment


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture



LIFE CYCLE COSTING( LCC )

A reliability-based life cycle costing

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

END OF LIFE

Failure cost

Initial cost

Maintenance

& repair cost

optTotal

Expected

Cost

Design/Construction

Preventive Maintenance

Inspection

Repair

Failure

Reliability ()

Cost ()

LIFE CYCLE


Ref: FRANGOPOL & ESTES (2005). A representation of reliability-based life cycle costing.

LCP

LCA

LCC

The Design Approach Methods for Economic assessment

total expected cost


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture



DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION

IN USE

MAINTENANCE

DISMANTLMENT

END OF LIFE

LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCE( LCP )

Evaluation of structural performances during the life-cycle

LIFE CYCLE

Evaluate the period of time during which a structure or any component is able to achieve the structural performance

requirements defined at the design stage with an adequate degree of reliability.OBJECTIVES

BENEFITSDurability requirements shall be checked at the same design level that is currently used for ordinary

mechanical design (limit state method, probability based design)

EN 1990-1999; ISO 13823:2008


LCP

LCA

LCCStructural

performance

t

Capacity

Demand

tfail

Required

performance level

Presumed capacity Actual capacity considering the

deterioration occurred

F: Failure event

tfail: Time of failure

F

The Design Approach Methods for Structural assessment


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lecture




Towards an integrated approach for the structural design

LCP

LCC

LCA

WG3


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA

Keynote lectureSustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3


WG3 Organization

WG3 Life-time structural engineeringDesign for durability, life-cycle performance, includingmaintenance and deconstruction

WP1 Life-cycle performance: verification methods fordurability of constructions (degradation models and

service design life)

WP2 Monitoring of life-cycle performance (life-cycle safety,functionality, quality, demolition and deconstruction)


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA



T1. Service life prediction & design methodologies

Generally speaking, a deterioration could lead to a decrease of performance to such

an extent that a structure could be not able to satisfy the basic serviceability and

safety requirements before the design life has expired

Main Topics

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

A

B

C

DESIGN

Each construction, during its life cycle, will face with deterioration depending onseveral factors such as:

material susceptibility

natural aging process

execution of the works

environmental exposure conditions

quality of the material

planned maintenance


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3


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA



Special focus on methods given in the ISO 13823:2008General principles on the design of structures for durability


WG3 contribution

Landolfo & E. Vesikari, Service Life Design Methods for Civil Engineering Structures;

The standard provides conceptal framework for the application of limit states

methods to durability design

Basic concepts for verifying durability

Definition of durability limit states

Durability requirements

Formats for checking durability

Design life of a structure and its components

Strategies for durability design

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

A

B

C

DESIGN

Semi-probabilistic

Probabilistic

3


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA




This approach utilizes quantitative definitions ofexposure, robustness and vulnerability

of building structures. Both direct and indirect consequences associated with loss of

functionality, failure or collapse should be taken into consideration.

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

A

B

C

DESIGN

Risk based

Hazard identification, modeling of hazard

scenarios, estimation of probabilities and

consequences compels the designer to careful

examination of the whole building process and

its interactions with safety, economy, social and

natural environment.

WG3 contribution

Sz. Wolinski, Risk Based Approach to Service Life Assessment of Building Structures


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UNINA3


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA



T2. Degradation models

MATERIAL STRUCTUREENVIRONMENT TRANSFERMECHANISM ENVIRONMENTALACTION ACTIONEFFECT

STEELOutdooratmosphere

Condensation;no drainage

Atmosphericcorrosion

Thickness loss,aesthetic loss, rustexpansion

REINFORCEDCONCRETE

Outdoor/indooratmosphere

Diffusion Chloride attackLoss of bond, failure ofreinforcement

WOOD Ground Directexposure

Subterraneantermites

Loss of material,strength

The second task of WG3 deals with the problem of modeling the deterioration ofstructural materials for the life cycle performance evaluation of structures.

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

A

B

C

DESIGN

WG3 attempted to provide an overview of the degradations models developed in

the framework of scientific literatures for, steel, concrete, masonry and timber.

Deterioration models of structural materials are usually expressed as dose-response

functions which provide the deterioration rate of a given material over time as a

function of both material related factors and structure environment parameters.

Main Topics


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UNINA3


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA




ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

A

B

C

DESIGN

REINFORCED CONCRETE structures

Carbonation

Penetration of chlorides

Corrosion of reinforcement

Freeze-thaw deterioration

The models for general degradation in concrete

structures are widely accepted and they can be

used for predicting the service life of a concrete

structure

E. Vesikari, Ch. Giarma & J. Bleiziffer Degradation Models of Concrete Structures

UNINA3


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA




ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

A

B

C

DESIGN

WOOD structures

For service life of wood products, modeling of biological deterioration

will give a tool to evaluate the effect of environmental exposure to

performance of wood in exterior conditions

These models can also be as basic knowledge for developing the service lifeevaluation methods for wood products and structure.

Factor method presented in the ISO 15686 can be used as a basic methods for

evaluate the service life of wooden cladding

H.A. Viitanen, T. Toratti, R. Peuhkuri, T. Ojanen & L. Makkonen Durability and service life of wood structures and components

UNINA3 h f f h


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA



Contribution of WG3 members

T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and

Design Methodologies

T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic

Degradation Models

T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment

of structures

T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques

and planning

T5. Demolition and deconstruction

Main tasks

IN USE

DESIGN

B

A

ENDOF LIFE

C

UNINA3 Th O f WG3 f h C A i C25


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Raffaele Landolfo

UNINA



T3. Survey and condition assessment of structures

Main Topics

The third task of WG3 was to collect information concerning the state of art, thespecification, the implementation and the operation of:

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

MONITORING CONCEPTS AND

TECHNIQUES

SURVEY AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT

METHODS & PRACTICES

CONDITION ASSESSMENT TOOLS


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UNINA3 The O tcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25


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Raffaele LandolfoKeynote lectureSustainable Design of Structures: The Outcomes of the COST Action C25-WG3


T3. Survey and condition assessment of structures

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

MEDEA is a damage and vulnerability assessment tool, whichguides engineers toward a the safety assessment of reinforced

concrete and masonry structures.

The assessment tool is based on the identification of possible

typological vulnerability factors of masonry and r.c. buildings,

which are listed and combined with potential collapse

mechanisms to be activated under seismic excitation

WG3 Contribution on survey and condition assessment of structures

G. Zuccaro & M. F. Leone


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UNINA3 The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25


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T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques and planning

State of the art concerning theories and techniques for the maintenance, repair and

rehabilitation ofbuilding and bridges

General presentation of computer based systems for the management of

constructions, such as the life cycle management tools developed in the framework

of the European Project LIFECON (2001-2003) and the BIM based tools for thepredictive life-cycle management developed by Technical University of Munich, TUM

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

Main Topics



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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

State of the art review on the general approach of structural intervention togetherwith an overview of the available techniques for the retrofit of existing building

V. Ungureanu, A. Dogariu, D. Dubina, A. Ciutina, R. Landolfo, F.M. Mazzolani& F. Portioli

Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of buildings

WG3 Contribution



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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

Lifecycle Management tools based on BuildingInformation Models

BIM-based management of all information

relevant for the assessment of a buildings

state.

Prediction: future state is computed on the

basis of inspection data and prognosis final

objective: cost-effective, optimized, andsustainable maintenance of concrete

buildings

Development of a predictive life-cycle

management system for concrete buildings

(mainly bridges)

WG3 Contribution

E. Vesikari, A. Borrmann & K. Lukas Management systems for maintenance, repair and rehabilitation


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UNINA3. The Outcomes of WG3 of the Cost Action C25


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Contribution of WG3 members

T1. State of the art on Service Life Prediction and

Design Methodologies

T2. State of the art on Deterministic and Probabilistic

Degradation Models

T3. State of the art on survey and condition assessment

of structures

T4. Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation techniques

and planning

T5. Demolition and deconstruction

Main tasks

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

DESIGN

B

C

A



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T5. Demolition and deconstructions

In line with that, in the last of WG3 (T5) the key principles of different design strategies

for re-use and recycling of buildings are presented, including design for adaptability, for

dismantling and design for deconstruction

The total production of construction and demolition waste in the European Union isabout 450 million ones per year and represents the most part of waste stream.

In the EU, the amount of construction and demolition waste is estimated to be 480 kg

per person per year.

ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

Main Topics

Besides, construction and demolition waste has a very high recycling potential



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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

Besides, an analysis of the construction waste

arising from demolition, with a special focus onno more usable products (such as plastic, PVC,

polystyrene, rubbish.) is presented.

A general overview of the most commontechniques for the demolition of buildings and

bridges are presented.

Composition

of C&D

Waste in

Germany

(2005)

WG3 Contribution on demolition

Excavated

material

(140,90)

Construction

site wasre

(4,30)

Road demolition

waste (16,60)

Building

demolition

waste (52,10)

Main techniques Usage Quota

Deconstruction by excavatorswithshears etc. 82%

Exploding 4%

Deconstruction with wrecking balls 3%

Other machines 3%

Precussion, abrasion, heating etc. 3%

Robots 0.3%

Other 1.7%

P. KamrathDeconstruction of buildings: Masses and types


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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

WG3 Contribution

Principles of the structural design for deconstruction

Use as wide of structural grid as

possible to maximize the non-structural

wall elements

Use prefabricated subassemblies and a

system of mass production

Use an open building system whereparts of the building are more freely

interchangeable and less unique to one

application

Minimize the number of different

types of components for simplification

of sorting

Simply supported beams should be

used in concrete structures

Design modular structures

O. Hechler, O. P. Larsen & S. Nielsen Design for Deconstruction



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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

Deconstruction techniques for buildings and bridges

WG3 Contribution

F. Portioli, M. DAniello, E. Cadoni, R.P. Borg & O. HechlerDemolition and deconstruction of bridges



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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

WG3 Contribution

Some examples of best practices of structures designed for deconstructions


Restaurant of Cz pavilion

left: EXPO 58

right: reused as Office building in Praha, Cz, 2008



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ENDOF LIFE

IN USE

B

C

DESIGN

A

WG3 Contribution

Some examples of best practices of structures designed for deconstructions


Footbridge to

the German

pavilion

(left: EXPO58;

right: reused in

Duisburg,

Germany, 2008.



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Summary Report of the WG3

Volume 2: Integrated

Approach to Life-time

structural engineering

Publisher(s): University of Malta

ISBN/ISSN: 978-99957-816-2-0

Pages: 398


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UNINA4. Whats next?


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Catastrophic events & Resilient urban environments

Constructions are subjected more and more to exceptional

actions, which were not taken into account at the design stage,

producing huge damages.

In line with that a growing attention has been put towards the

concept of resilience of urban environments. With the aim to

reduce both the produced damages and the repair time.

but resilience & Sustainability are related. Many of theessential principles of sustainability are strictly linked to the core

pillars of resilience. The next step is to take a step forward and

talk about sustainable resilience


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UNINA4. Whats next?


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European Erasmus Mundus Master - SUSCOS

United Nations Secretary-Generals High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability (2012).

Resilient people, resilient planet: A future worth choosing, Overview. New York: United Nations.


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Thanks for kind attention

Documents

Sustainable Design of Structures