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WEBPAGE:http://www.translink.profkrishna.com
E-mail: [email protected]
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वागतम Swaagatham
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Dr.
N. K
rishn
23 February 2014N. Krishnamurthy
www.profkrishna.comConsultant, Singapore
Swaagatham
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kris
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Acknowledgements and Scope of talk ी ग यो नमः (shri gurub’yo’ namaha)
Thanks to Singapore Dakshina Bharatha BrahmanaSabha, and Sri Srinivasan and all members of the Sabha Committee for organising this event for me to
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launch my transliteration scheme KrishnaDheva.
Thanks also to the Sanskrit scholars here, as well as those who have come to learn how to pronounce Sanskrit correctly in English.
This talk will not be a religious discourse
Cop
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Dr.
N. K
rishn This talk will not be a Sanskrit tutoring class
This talk will simply be my sharing with you how to:
Write down in simple English (KrishnaDheva) any Sanskrit material without special rules, and,
Read Sanskrit correctly from KrishnaDheva.2
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Starting off
The wrong things we say:
Sri should be s’ri
Siva or Shiva should be s’iva
Krishna should be kr+shna
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.p Krishna should be kr+shna
Visaka should be vis’a’k’a’
Shuklambaradharam should be s’ukla’mbaradh’aram
Vrishaba raasi should be vr+shab’a ra’s’ihi
Kowsika gothra should be kaus’ika go’thra
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rishn Kowsika gothra should be kaus’ika go’thra
… and so on!
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Power of Sanskrit – a
In ancient India the intention to discover truth was so consuming, that in the process, they discovered perhaps the most perfect tool for fulfilling such a search that the world has ever known – the Sanskrit language.
http://sanskritdocuments.org/news/subnews/NASASanskrit.txt
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Sanskrit has been spoken for 4000-7000 years that appears to be in every respect a perfect language designed for enlightened communication.
This, the world's oldest spiritual language is the only unambiguous spoken language on the planet.
Until 1100 A D Sanskrit was without interruption the
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Dr.
N. K
rishn Until 1100 A.D., Sanskrit was without interruption the
official language of the whole of India.
The extraordinary thing about Sanskrit is that it offers direct accessibility by anyone to that elevated plane where the two, mathematics and music, brain and heart, analytical and intuitive, scientific & spiritual become one. 4
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Power of Sanskrit – b
Fundamentally Sanskrit generates clarity and inspiration.Sanskrit after all is the language of mantra – words of
power that are subtly attuned to the unseen harmonies of the matrix of creation, the world as yet unformed.Th b i ttit d t d l i S k it i I di
http://sanskritdocuments.org/news/subnews/NASASanskrit.txt
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.p The basic attitude towards learning Sanskrit in India today is, "It's too difficult." Actually Sanskrit is not difficult. On the contrary, there are few greater enjoyments.
Its 49 unique sounds are based on clear distinctions of individual letters such as location of resonance and tongue position.Th i t d t d i t itt S k it i k
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rishn The script used to depict written Sanskrit is known as
Devanaagari or that "spoken by the Gods“. Suitably for Sanskrit, it is a perfect system of phonetic representation.
Its precise interrelationship of words describes activity of persons and things in time and space, regardless of word order. Sanskrit and computers are a perfect fit. 5
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My Sanskrit Background
Learnt Amarakosa (Sanskrit Thesaurus) from family Vadhyaaras a boy.
Took two years of Sanskrit as
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second language in B.Sc.Developed computer programme
and wrote a paper on computerisa-tion of Panini’s Sandhi rules (Won a Prize!)
Studied about one year of Vedha
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yunder Padhmanabha Vadhyaar at Singapore
Developed KrishnaDheva (from 2008)Copyrighted in India in 2013
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Panini – Grammarian
Pāṇini (4th century BC) (पािणिन, "descendant of Paṇi"), was a Sanskrit grammarian of ancient India.
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He was born in Pushkalavati, now in Pakistan.
Pāṇini is known for his Ashta-dhyayi (अ टा यायी, meaning "eight chapters") Sanskrit grammar represented in
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rishn grammar, represented in
3,959 rules, as the foundatio-nal text of grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion [Hinduism] .
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How we will use English in KrishnaDheva
The rule in English pronunciation is that there are no rules for English pronunciation.
Non-Indian अ आ इ ई उ ऊ (Short
ए) ए ऐ (Shortओ) ओ औ
a bank allow far say
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.p ye sure ear even end i fir ink is final o son song women to two one ghost u mule sun put sure
The only way we will use English vowels in KrishnaDheva will be as follows K-D allow ink put end one
NOT aey ai you ee(long i)
owe(long o)
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rishn (long i) (long o)
We cannot change English, to make it sound more consistent in pronunciation.
But we can use the sounds of English alphabet to echo the sounds of Sanskrit and other languages.
This is called ‘Transliteration’. 8
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Transliteration Risk : Tamil to English & back
Tamil English Back to Tamil
அவன Avan அவனதமபி thambi, dhambi, thampi, dhampi தமபி
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பதமா pathmaa, padhmaa, bhathmaa, bhadhmaa
பதமா
கநதரவன kantharvan, kandharvan, gantharvan, gandharvan
கநதரவன
பழம pazham, bazham பழமராமா rama [raama] ரமா [ராமா]
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ராமா rama [raama] ரமா [ராமா]
கிலி gili, kili கிலி, கிளிகருஷணா krushna கருஷனாபலலி palli, balli பலலி, பளளிதமிழ Tamil [thamizh] டமில [தமிழ]
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Transliteration Risk : English to Tamil & back
English Tamil Back to English
joy ஜாய joy
queen கவன queen
clementi கெளெமனடி clementi
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.p clementi கெளெமனடி clementi
boy பாய paai, baai
tree டr tree, dree
april ஏபrல epril, ebril
thing திஙக thing, dhing, think, dhink
ant [and] ஆனட ஏனட aant aand eynt eynd
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rishn ant [and] ஆனட, ஏனட aant, aand, eynt, eynd
fan ஃபான, ஃேபன fpaan, fpane
zoo ஜு, சூ joo, choo
Padma பதமா Padhmaa, Pathmaa, Bhathmaa, Bhadhmaa
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Power of Sanskrit Letters and Words In Sanskrit, single letters, compound letters, and 2 letter
words may have deep meanings. (Here + means add!)
उमा उ + मा [uma’ u & ma’]= Stressful penance & don’t
i D ’t t i [ Al & d ’t ?]
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.p i.e. Don’t over-strain [– Also anger & don’t, ?]
सािकष सह + अिकष [sa’kshi saha & akshi]= With & sight i.e. witnessed
सा बिशव सह + अ ब + िशव[sa’mbas’iva saha & amba & s’iva]
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= Together with & Divine Mother & Sivai.e. Siva with Parvathi (Ardha-Nareeswara)
परीकषा पिर + ईकषा[pari’ksha pari & i’ksha]
= Thoroughly investigate 11
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Importance of Pronunciation
Proper pronunciation of mantra-s is crucial to produce the intended effect.
When intention and sound are both going in the same direction, the likelihood that the desired result will
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occur is maximized.
If the mantra is mispronounced, unpredictable effects may ensue.
Even in non-religious usage, pronunciation is important
मम वजनाः mama svajana’ha = my own people
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मम वजनाः mama s’vajana’ha = my dog’s friends
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Aspirates In Sanskrit (and some other Indian languages) there are
unaspirated & aspirated versions of certain consonants Unaspirated(Alpa-praana)
Aspirated(Mahaa-praana)
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.p क ka k’a खग ga g’a घच cha ch’a छज ja j’a झट ta t’a ठ
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rishn ड da d’a ढ
त tha th’a थद dha dh’a धप pa p’a फब ba b’a भ
Aspirated a puff of air must come
out when you say it!
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Common Languages and Krishna-Dheva
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Avagraha
‘Avagraha’ [denoted by “ ”, NOT the letter “S”!] simply means that the joining letter ‘a’ is omitted. The “a” sound is glided over, half pronounced. Then the combination may take on a different sound.
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In KrishnaDheva, “a” in brackets, i.e. “(a)” may be sufficient to indicate this.
िशवः & अहम =
s’ivaha & aham = s’ivo’(a)ham
Chandra-bindhu
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Denotes that the character is nasalised (and not vocal)
o’m b’u’hu o’m b’uvaha o’gm suvaha In KrishnaDheva, Chandra-bindhu [ can simply be
written as “gm” – not to be pronounced as “gum”!]15
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Sanskrit Transliteration Schemes – Vowels “samskrta” = put together well
IAST = International Alphabet of Sans-k it T lit ti
IASTHarvard-Kyoto
ITRANSVelthuis
SLP1Deva-nāgarī
K-D
a a a a a अ aā A A/aa aa A आ a’i i i i i इ i
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.p krit Transliteration, Geneva, 1894
Harvard-Kyoto = Simpler than IAST
ITRANS = Indian languages translit
ti (A i h
ī I I/ii ii I ई i’u u u u u उ uū U U/uu uu U ऊ u’e e e e e ए e’ai ai ai ai E ऐ aio o o o o ओ o’
au au au au O औ au
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rishn eration (Avinash
Chopde), 2001Velthuis, by Frans
Velthuis, 1996SLP1 = Sanskrit
Library Phonetic-1
ṛ R RRi/R^i .r f ऋ r+ṝ RR RRI/R^I .rr F ॠ r+’ḷ lR LLi/L^i .l x ऌ l+ḹ lRR LLI/L^I .ll X ॡ l+’ṃ M M/.n/.m .m M अ amḥ H H .h H अः aha
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Sanskrit Transliteration Schemes – Consonants
IASTHarvard-Kyoto
ITRANS
Vel-thuis
SLP1Deva-nāgarī
K-D
ka ka ka ka ka क kakha kha kha kha Ka ख k’aga ga ga ga ga ग ga
IASTHarvard-Kyoto
ITRANSVel-
thuisSLP1
Deva-nāgarī
K-D
ta ta ta ta ta त thatha tha tha tha Ta थ th’ada da da da da द dha
dha dha dha dha Da ध dh’a
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.p ga ga ga ga ga gagha gha gha gha Ga घ g’aṅa Ga ~Na "na Na ङ ng+aca ca cha ca ca च cha
cha cha Cha cha Ca छ ch’aja ja ja ja ja ज ja
jha jha jha jha Ja झ j’aña Ja ~na ~na Ya ञ ny+a
dha dha dha dha Da ध dh ana na na na na न napa pa pa pa pa प pa
pha pha pha pha Pa फ p’aba ba ba ba ba ब ba
bha bha bha bha Ba भ b’ama ma ma ma ma म maya ya ya ya ya य ya
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rishn ṭa Ta Ta .ta wa ट ta
ṭha Tha Tha .tha Wa ठ t’aḍa Da Da .da qa ड daḍha Dha Dha .dha Qa ढ d’aṇa Na Na .na Ra ण n’a
y y y y y yra ra ra ra ra र rala la la la la ल lava va va/wa va va व vaśa za sha "sa Sa श s’aṣa Sa Sha .sa za ष shasa sa sa sa sa स saha ha ha ha ha ह ha
16 vowels, 33 consonants, Total sounds 49 17
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Comparison of Different Schemes – a
The ideal transliteration scheme should …Be reversible: convert a text in and out (in either
direction) and end up with same text you started with.Be easy for non-specialists to read.
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Map one-to-one between characters in the two scripts.Be easy to type on a normal keyboard.
Let’s see how the commonly used schemes for Sanskrit compare:Ideal Property IAST ITRANS HK latin KrishnaDheva
Reversible 10 7 10 0 10
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e e s b e 0 0 0 0Legible 7 6 5 10 10One-to-one 8 6 7 6 10
Normal keyboard 0 9 10 10 10
Total (Credits) 25 28 32 26 40
http://www.alanlittle.org/projects/transliterator/translittable.html 18
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Comparison of Different Schemes – bAnother way of comparing different schemes will be to
check:What extra marks we need to add to the alphabetsWhich of them are typable and which non-typable If captialisation would be significant
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.p If captialisation would be significant If some letters will denote other different sounds These will decide if the user will feel comfortable
about ‘recognising’ the sounds by just looking at it!From tables shown earlier, the following facts emerge:
Ideal Property IAST HK ITRANS Velthuis SLP1 K-DE t k t bl 8 0 2 14 0 2
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rishn Extra marks, typable 8 0 2 14 0 2
-do- ,non-typable 10 0 7 1 1 0Capitals 0 16 15 0 22 0Special replacements 4 6 5 5 17 0Total (out of 49) 22 22 29 20 40 2Percentage Effort 45% 45% 59% 41% 82% 4%19
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Capitalisation Problems
Capitalisation has the following vexing problems:Most identify capitals with the first letter of any
sentence and with proper nouns.Certain letters, such as "c" and "o", can be easily
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mistaken for capitals or lower case, especially in handwriting.
In sans-serif fonts, capital "I" may be mistaken for lower case "l".
Many write certain lower case letters in their capital form, and some like to write everything in capitals.
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form, and some like to write everything in capitals.Mixture of capitals and lower case letters within a
single word can be visually distracting.
I l I l I lCc Cc Oo Oo
[mUlAdhAra]
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VA
–a
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.pSH
NA
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EVC
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RIS
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KRISHNA-DHEVA – b
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Only TWO rules:
1. ’ for long vowels and aspirate & thick consonants
2. + for six special alphabets22
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(माह वर सतरािण) Maaheswara Suthra-sIt is believed that Sanskrit language was recognized by drum-beats of the damaru. Maheshwara Sutra or Shiva Sutra is said to be revealed to Panini, the Sanskrit grammarian, by Lord Shiva. Alternatively, it is said that ancient Seers heard damaru sounds emanating
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IAST Devanāgarī KrishnaDheva1. a i u ṇ १. अ इ उ ण | 1. a i u n'
2. ṛ ḷ k २. ऋ ऌ क | 2. r+ l+ k
3. e o ṅ ३. ए ओ ङ | 3. e' o' ng+
4. ai au c ४. ऐ औ च | 4. ai au ch
5. ha ya va ra ṭ ५. ह य व र | 5. ha ya va ra t
6. la ṇ ६. ल ण | 6. la n'
in Shiva-tandava and travelled towards them.
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rishn 7. ña ma ṅa ṇa na m ७. ञ म ङ ण न म | 7. ny+a ma ng+a n'a na m
8. jha bha ñ ८. झ भ ञ | 8. j'a b'a ny+
9. gha ḍha dha ṣ ९. घ ढ ध ष | 9. g'a d'a dh'a sh
10. ja ba ga ḍa da ś १०. ज ब ग ड द श | 10. ja ba ga da dha s'
11. kha pha cha ṭha tha ca ṭa ta v ११. ख फ छ ठ थ च ट त व | 11. k'a p'a ch'a t'a th'a cha ta tha v
12. ka pa y १२. क प य | 12. ka pa y
13. śa ṣa sa r १३. श ष स र | 13. s'a sha sa r
14. ha l १४. ह ल | 14. ha l 24
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Ganesha Sthuthina
mur
thy,
Sin
gapo
re
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w.p
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Error count = 12 out of 36 syllables, that is 1/3 or 33%!
s'ukla'mbaradh'aram vishn'um s'as'ivarn'am chathurb'ujam |
prasannavadhanam dh'ya'ye'th sarva vig'no'pas'a'nthaye’‘||
KrishnaDheva
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Samskritham and Krishna Problem? “Sanskrit” – “Samskritham” is formed
from “sam + krit” where (sam) prefix means (samyak) “entirely” or “perfectly”, and krit means “done”.Samskritham =“perfectly developed”
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.p Samskritham = perfectly developed
“Krishna’ means “black”, “strong”, “most attractive”, etc.Mahabharata's Udyoga-parva divides
“krishṇa” into “krish” (meaning "toplough, drag") and “ṇa” (expressing “nirvṛti” or "bliss“)
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In KrishnaDhevasamskr+tham
kr+shn’a
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Siva Problem?na
mur
thy,
Sin
gapo
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िषवा िशवा िसवा s’iva
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Another Sloka
NK’s kr+shnaDhe’va क णदव – Back to Sanskrit
s’a’ntha’ka’ram b’ujagas’ayanam शा ताकार भजगशयनpadhmana’b’am sure’s’am पदमनाभ सरश
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vis’va’dh’a’ram gaganasadhru+s’am िव वाधार गगनस शme’g’avarn’am s’ub’a’ngam मघवणर शभाङगम ।lakshmi’ka’ntham kamalanayanam ल मीका त कमलनयनyo’gib’irdh’ya’nagamyam योिगिभ यारनग यम vandhe’ vishn’um b’avab’ayaharam व द िव ण भवभयहर
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rishn vandhe’ vishn’um b’avab’ayaharam व द िव ण भवभयहर
sarvalo’kaikana’th’am सवरलोककनाथम ॥
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Whom will Krishna-Dheva benefit most?
Most North Indian languaged, and many South Indian languages like Grantham, Malayalam, Kannada, and Telugu, already have sounds mostly similar to those in Sanskrit. So those who have correct transliterations of S k it i f th l t d K D
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.p Sanskrit in one of these languages may not need K-D.But if they wish to share their documents with those
who do not know their language, K-D will be of immense help.
Tamils will benefit the most, because many Tamil letters (க, ச, ட, த, ப) represent four sounds in Sanskrit.
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( , , , த, ) p[Learning Grantham is equivalent to learning Sanskrit!]
Most modern youth and children are not familiar enough with their mother tongues to be able to handle Sanskrit in their language, even if similar in sound. For most youth therefore, K-D may be a boon! 29
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S’a’nthi Manthraॐ सह नाववत ।Om, May God Protect us Both (the Teacher and the
Student)
सह नौ भनकत ।
O’m saha na’vavathu
saha nau b’unakthu
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May God Nourish us Both
सह वीयर करवावह ।May we Work Together with Energy and Vigour
तजि व नावधीतम त मा िव िवषावह ।
May our Study be Enlightening and not give rise to ill
saha vi’ryam karava’vahai
the’jasvi na’vadh’i’thamasthu ma’ vidhvisha’vahai
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rishn May our Study be Enlightening and not give rise to ill
feelings
ॐ शाि तः शाि तः शाि तः ॥
Om, Peace, Peace, Peace.O’m s’a’nthihi s’a’nthihi s’a’nthihi
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kris
hna.
com
Asatho Maa Sadh Gamaya
This prayer is from Brihadhaaranyaka Upanishad.
o’m asatho’ ma’ sadhgamaya Lead me from the unreal to the real
nam
urth
y, S
inga
pore
w
ww
.p Lead me from the unreal to the real
thamaso’ ma’ jyothirgamaya Lead me from darkness to light
mr+thyo’rma’(a)mr+tham gamaya
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yrig
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N. K
rishn mr+thyo rma (a)mr+tham gamaya
Lead me from mortality to immortality
O’m s’a’nthihi s’a’nthihi s’a’nthihi Om, Peace, Peace, Peace.
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prof
kris
hna.
com
A Geography Lesson (Samskritha Thrangini, 28 Jan. 2014)
Mumbai’ b’a’rathasya br+hathsu nagare’shu anyathamam asthi.
ममबई भारत य बह स नगरष अ यतमम अि त।Mumbai’ nagaram b’a’rathasya maha’ra’shtra
nam
urth
y, S
inga
pore
w
ww
.p g yra’jyasya ra’jadh’a’ni’ asthi.
ममबई नगर भारत य महारा टर रा य य राजधानी अि त।B’a’rathe’ lo’kasang+k’yaya’m prath’a’mam
pr+th’ivya’m dhvithi’yam cha asthi e’thath nagaram.
भारत लोकसङखयया परथाम पिथ या िवतीय च अि त एतत
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yrig
ht:
Dr.
N. K
rishn भारत लोकसङखयया परथाम, पिथ या िवतीय च अि त एतत
नगर । [ नगर or नगरम same.]
B’a’rathasya pas’chime’ samudhrapate’ e’thath nagaram sth’itham.
भारत य पि चम समदरपट एतत नगर ि थत ।32
09/03/2014
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prof
kris
hna.
com
K-D for other languages: How are you?
Language Script KrishnaDheva
Sanskrit भवान कथम अि त? b’ava’n kath’am asthi?
Hindi आप कस ह? a’p kaise’ hain?
nam
urth
y, S
inga
pore
w
ww
.p
Tamil நஙக எபபடிஇருககஙக? ni’nga eppadi irukki’nga?
Kannada ನೕವು ಹೕಗದದೕರ? ni’vu he’gidh’dh’i’ra?
Telugu రు ఏల ఉ నరు? mi’ru ela’ unna’ru?
Malayalam e ന നിനk? eny+ny+anamun’du ninakku?
ો
Cop
yrig
ht:
Dr.
N. K
rishn Gujarathi તમ કમ છો? thame’ ke’m ch’o’?
Bengali a’pni kemon a’ch’ch’en?
Marathi आपण कस आहात? a’pan’a kase’ a’ha’tha?
Punjabi ਤਹਾਡਾ ਕੀ ਹਾਲ ਹ? thuha’dha’ ki’ ha’l hai?http://www.tilakpyle.com/sanskrit_prayers.htm
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prof
kris
hna.
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nam
urth
y, S
inga
pore
w
ww
.p
The Endध यवादाः शभम त
dh’anyava’dha’has’ub’amasthu
Cop
yrig
ht:
Dr.
N. K
rishn शभम त s ub amasthu
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