20
4/12/2011 1 Florida Scrub An Ancient Endangered Ecosystem Following glacial stages, polar icecaps melted, waters rose, and a series of ridges stood as islands in a vast ocean that covered most of Florida. Isolated from their distant relatives, plants and animals existing on these ridges evolved unique characteristics. Lake Worth Subsea 0.150.07 Ma Petuch and Roberts 2007

SWFSJ Decline SEMINAR - WordPress.com · 23.03.2011 · occur within a network ... National Cartographic Info Center ... This map was created at the Archbold Biological Station

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

4/12/2011

1

Florida ScrubAn Ancient Endangered Ecosystem

Following glacial stages, polar ice‐caps melted, waters rose, and a series of ridges stood as islands in a vast ocean that covered most of Florida. Isolated from their distant relatives, plants and animals existing on these ridges evolved unique characteristics. 

Lake Worth Subsea 0.15‐0.07 Ma Petuch and Roberts 2007 

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.
craig.faulhaber
Text Box
Raoul Boughton, Archbold Biological Station Southwest Florida Scrub Working Group meeting 3/23/2011

4/12/2011

2

Time, isolation, and harsh conditions resulted in a large number of species endemic to Florida Scrubs

Xeric oak scrub has a characteristic structure

LOW AND OPEN

• Dominated by oak shrubs less than 2 m tall

• Few if any trees

• Bare sandy patches throughoutthroughout

4/12/2011

3

Lightning‐ignited fire is the natural processby which scrub is maintained as low and open

Florida is North America’s hot spot for lightning

Oak scrubs probably burned at intervals of 5‐25 yearsand many plants and animals adapted to that frequency of fire

4/12/2011

4

In the absence of fire, xeric oak scrub succeedsinto sand pine forest or xeric oak hammock

•• Structural characteristics changeStructural characteristics change

•• Behavioral adaptations of  Behavioral adaptations of  endemic endemic species species become less become less effectiveeffective

•• Survival and reproduction Survival and reproduction decreasedecreasedecreasedecrease

•• Populations begin to declinePopulations begin to decline

Chronological response of FSJ populations to fire

Relative 

Qua

lity

Optimal 

tat 

ure

Dispersers

Jay 

Dispe

rsal

RefugeesRefugees

X X

0           1        2     3     4     5      6       …………    10 15    20   30  40

Hab

itStruct

Years Since Fire  Fitzpatrick, Woolfenden and Bowman 1999

4/12/2011

5

es6

7

Chronological response of FSJ populations to fire

Scru

b-Ja

y Te

rrito

ri

2

3

4

5

16‐17 years

Year

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

#

0

1FIRE FIRE

Ecological changes with urbanization?

• Natural habitat

•• Frequent fire regimeFrequent fire regime

• Suburban habitat

•• Fire interval lengthenedFire interval lengthenedFrequent fire regimeFrequent fire regime

•• Mosaic of natural habitatsMosaic of natural habitats

Fire interval lengthenedFire interval lengthened

•• Habitat fragmentation and Habitat fragmentation and perforationperforation

•• Increased edge with nonIncreased edge with non‐‐native native habitats, roadshabitats, roads

4/12/2011

6

Increasingly, humanIncreasingly, human‐‐induced changes to the induced changes to the landscapes that surround our protected lands are landscapes that surround our protected lands are affecting our ability to manage affecting our ability to manage them, and Jays to them, and Jays to survive in them.survive in them.

Malabar Scrub PreserveBrevard County

Florida is a State of fire, we (the public) need to be aware that this is natural and needed disturbance

4/12/2011

7

A good maintenance A good maintenance burn will not be 100%burn will not be 100%Allows for Allows for potential refugepotential refugeSome nest sites still Some nest sites still remainremain

Optimal burning strategy for FSJs in suitable habitat

Immigration

4/12/2011

8

E t h bit t i li tE t h bit t i li t

The Florida Scrub‐Jay’s Dilemma

• • Extreme habitat specialistExtreme habitat specialistEvergreen oak scrub on xeric soilsEvergreen oak scrub on xeric soilsPatches sharply definedPatches sharply defined

• • FireFire‐‐maintained habitat, much is degradedmaintained habitat, much is degraded• • Only fragments remain, small and isolatedOnly fragments remain, small and isolated

Limited dispersal abilityLimited dispersal abilityp yp y• • Scale of ecological processes impeded by Scale of ecological processes impeded by anthropogenic anthropogenic boundariesboundaries

Independent of habitat quality,Independent of habitat quality,Population persistence depends on size and isolationPopulation persistence depends on size and isolation

But if these populations occur within a network of connected reserves, these extinction risks 

b t ti ll llare substantially smaller

4/12/2011

9

• Declines first observed early in the 20th century (Byrd 

The plight of the Florida ScrubThe plight of the Florida Scrub‐‐Jay has been Jay has been recognized since the early 1930’srecognized since the early 1930’s

1927, Grimes 1940) 

• Declining populations commented on continually throughout the last century (Grimes 1943; Early 1952; Longstreet 1954; Sprunt1946; Brigham 1973; Austin 1976, Woolfenden1978a; Cruickshank 1980; Cox 1987; Fitzpatrick et al 1991; Fitzpatrick et al 1994; Stith 1996). 

• In 1992‐1993, the first and most comprehensive effort to survey the entire range of the Florida Scrub‐Jay was undertaken

Merritt Island

Ocala NF??

• As of 1992‐1993 ~ 4000 family groups

• ~25‐50% decline since 1980

• ~21 potentially viable t l ti (>10 )

Lake Wales Ridge

metapopulations (>10 groups)

• 3 largest mostly on public lands

• Extirpated from 10 of 39 counties of observed range

•• Overall, considerable Overall, considerable evidence suggested a 90evidence suggested a 90evidence suggested a 90evidence suggested a 90‐‐95% population decline 95% population decline since presince pre‐‐European European settlement numberssettlement numbers

4/12/2011

10

Despite increasing numbers of localized extirpations and declines, no comprehensive effort had been conducted to estimate impacts and managed lands acquisition success upon this Federally Threatened species, since 1992. 

1. Collect and collate existing FSJ survey data

2. Conduct surveys where those data are not available 

3. Quantify current numbers of FSJs on managed lands 

4. Compare those numbers to the 1992‐1993 survey 

5 Estimate population trends for all sites5. Estimate population trends for all sites

6. Estimate the habitat carrying capacity for FSJs

Acquisition alone is not enough to protect this 

listed species

47 sites increase

95 sites decline

37 No change

Results

Between 1992‐1993 and 2009‐2010, FSJs declined at 54% of public lands where data were available (179 of 198 sites), largely because of a lack of effective management.

What was the distribution What was the distribution of these declines and of these declines and increases?increases?

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

11

400

500

9‐2010

 (%)

0

100

200

300

hange in Pop

ulation by

 2009

‐100

1 10 100 1000

Ch

1992‐1993 Population Size (Breeding Pairs)

Many small populations went extinct

80

90

20

30

40

50

60

70

Freq

uency 1992‐93

2009‐10

0

10

0 1 5 10 20 40 50 100 More

Managed Population Size

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

12

Size distribution of 1992‐1993 managed populations now extinct

30

35

10

15

20

25

Freq

uency

0

5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 21

Population Size (Breeding Pairs)

Highlands County

L k W lLake Wales Ridge

CaseStudy

L a k eL a k eI s t o k p o g aI s t o k p o g a

StudyH i g h l a n d s C o u n t yH i g h l a n d s C o u n t yL a k e W a l e s R i d g eL a k e W a l e s R i d g e

D i g i t a l E l e v a t i o n M o d e lD i g i t a l E l e v a t i o n M o d e l~~

U N I T E D S T A T E S G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E YU N I T E D S T A T E S G E O L O G I C A L S U R V E YU S G S M a p p i n g A p p l i c a t i o n s C e n t e rU S G S M a p p i n g A p p l i c a t i o n s C e n t e rN a t i o n a l C a r t o g r a p h i c I n f o C e n t e rN a t i o n a l C a r t o g r a p h i c I n f o C e n t e r

5 0 7 N a t i o n a l C e n t e r5 0 7 N a t i o n a l C e n t e rR e s t o n V A 2 2 0 9 2R e s t o n V A 2 2 0 9 2

~~0 2 4 6 8 10

Kilometers

This map was created at the Archbold Biological StationGeographic Information System Laboratory

Prepared by: Roberta L. Pickert 19 March 2002¬

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

13

Wildlandsnatural 

ecological processes

Urban Perforated

Urban Matrix Extensive 

development 

Perforatedpotential for conservation

Agricultural previous 

disturbance

0-75-50-25

0255075

100

0-75-50-25

0255075

100

-100-100

255075

100

255075

100

Natural/protectedNatural/protected Urban reclaimedUrban reclaimed1992  2009   %∆ 1992  2009  %∆

-100-75-50-25

0

-100-75-50-25

0

UrbanUrban AgriculturalAgricultural

1992  2009   %∆1992  2009   %∆

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

14

• ~4000 pair total Florida Scrub‐Jay population 1992‐1993• ~1500 pair in managed lands 1992‐1993; 1161 pair in 2009‐

2010 (22% decline)

• ~2500 pair outside of managed lands 1992‐1993. 

Declines possibly somewhere between 50‐75%

@ 50%  Total Population Florida Scrub‐Jays 

= 1161 + 2500x0.50 

= 2411 groups! ~7000 birds

@75%  Total Population Florida Scrub‐Jays

= 1161 +2500x0.75 

= 1786 groups!! ~5400 birds

But what does the future hold for managers?

1. Collect and collate existing FSJ survey data

2. Conduct surveys where those data are not available 

3. Quantify current numbers of FSJs on managed lands 

4. Compare those numbers to the 1992‐1993 survey 

5. Estimate population trends for all sites

6 E ti t th h bit t i it f FSJ6. Estimate the habitat carrying capacity for FSJs

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

15

Scrub habitats compiled from a variety of sources;

• 1992‐1993 Habitat Mapping

Oak Hickory Scrub

Scrub

Scrubby Flatwoods

LWRWEALake Placid Scrub

• Florida Natural Areas Inventory – natural communities updates

• Soil SurveysArchbold Biological

Station

LWRWEAMcJunkin

Tract

• Aerial imagery – high resolution 2007‐2009

• Used to calculate carrying capacity

LWRWEA Gould Road

22 % overall decline since 1992‐1993 in managed landsCurrently at 37% of a moderate carrying capacity (70%)

3000

3500

rs)

1500

2000

2500

ion Size (B

reed

ing Pair

0

500

1000

70% Car 1992‐93 2009‐10

Popu

lati

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

16

175

200

225

250

grou

ps)

50

75

100

125

150Cu

rren

t Pop

ulation (# g

0

25

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

70% Carrying Capacity (# groups)

35

40

45

50

grou

ps)

10

15

20

25

30

Curren

t Pop

ulation (# g

0

5

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

70% Carrying Capacity (# groups)

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

17

Management Does Work

roup

s10

20

shiftsan

ge in

num

ber o

f bre

edin

g gr

-20

-10

0

1993 93 to 2009 10

32

7 810

23

6

7 92

8

4 63

35 9 6 0 8 17 45 1327 7

0 2 141 6 1

1 0 0 3

UnmanagedManaged

isolated

FSJ population trends on the LWR WEA

Cha

-40

-30 1993-93 to 2009-1032

megaparcels

Management will be most effective in intact landscapes

Florida ScrubFlorida Scrub‐‐jay jay ‐‐ Island BiogeographyIsland Biogeography

Need at least 10 Territories, within short distance dispersal, larger is better

Dispersal occurs along appropriate habitats. High urban, tall forest, large grasslands with no bushes are impermeable to FSJs

These patches need to be within at least 3.5 km? for reasonable colonization rates to occur 

Stith 1996 Metapopulation Dynamics

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

18

R i iRemaining ScrubsHighlandsCounty

C ti itConnectivity for FSJs 3.2km

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

19

P l tiPopulation splinters increasing probability of extinction

Can we conserve the Florida Scrub‐Jay?

Ultimately survival of species in our now human‐dominated system depends on human attitudes and behaviors

As Conservationistss Co se at o sts

• Focus on regional meta‐populations and how your site fits into the overall picture

• Identify managed sites with greatest probability of self 

t i i l ti dsustaining populations and immediately improve habitat.

• Work outwards from these successful core populations, adding to them, and linking them to satellite populations

craig.faulhaber
Text Box
IMPORTANT NOTE: THESE ARE CURRENTLY UNPUBLISHED DATA. PLEASE DO NOT CITE OR DISTRIBUTE WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE AUTHORS.

4/12/2011

20

Funding and Support

NSF ‐ Research Coordination Network: Ecological ImmunologyNSF  Research Coordination Network:  Ecological ImmunologyNSF ‐ SGER for epizootic in 2008NSF ‐ Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant IBN‐0508418 

Sigma Xi – Grants in Aid of Research

SICB – Grants in Aid of Research

U of M ‐ Faculty/Student Collaborative Research Travel Grant

U of M ‐ Student Government Association Travel Award

American Ornithologists Union

Marcia Brady Tucker Travel Award Archbold Biological StationField  and Lab Support