T h e A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y o f R o m e ARC 101 Roman Archaeology On-Site

Session 1

Roman Archaeology & History

An Introduction

http://www.tiwanakuarcheo.net/rome

ForumStudent 1: Ritual Markers in the Forum and

Palatine.Student 2: The Roman Basilicas.

ColosseumStudent 3: The Roman Monarchy & Republic.Student 4: Entertainment and Sports in

Rome.

Capitoline MuseumsStudent 5: The evolution from Etruscan/Latin

art to Greco-Roman art.Student 6: Roman religion & the Capitoline

Triad.

CelioStudent 7: The Imperial Palace: General

features.Student 8: Urban living in Rome: The Insula.

Terme di DioclezianoStudent 9: The Patricians, the plebs and their

power.Student 10: Roman religious rituals.

Palazzo MassimoStudent 11: Incidents in the Roman Republic

towards the empire.Student 12: Mural painting in Rome (includes

Pompei).

Campus Martius IStudent 13: Mystery religions: The Cult of

Mithras and other Asian cults.Student 14: Temples and priests in Rome.

Campus Martius IIStudent 15: The Theaters of Rome.Student 16: The Jewish and Christian faiths

in Rome.

Palazzo ValentiniStudent 19: Commerce in the city of Rome.Student 20: The Start of the empire:

Transition from Julius Caesar to Augustus

Imperial ForaStudent 21: The evolution of the Forum…from

“Roman” to ImperialStudent 22: Rome after Trajan and beyond,

urban planning.

Terme di CaracallaStudent 23: Water management in Rome.Student 24: The Baths and Waterworks in

Rome.

The ArchesStudent 25: Constantine’s politics & the fate of

Rome.Student 26: Evolution from Roman to Christian

Architecture and Art.

Early Christian ChurchesStudent 25: Santa Maria Maggiore and the

Christian basilica.Student 26: The evolution of Rome as seen

in San Clemente

Recommended extra-curricular visits• Centrale Montemartini (with museum

ticket)• Palazzo Altemps (with museum ticket)• Via Appia and Villa dei Quintili (with

Caracalla ticket)• Sala Octogona – Terme di Diocleziano

(free)• Tivoli: Palace of Hadrian• Prenestina• Ostia Antica

The Roman World I: Expansion in Italy, 485-265 B.C.S

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The Roman World II: The Expansion of Rome 264-44 B.C.S

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The RW III: The Empire at its greatest extent, 97-117 A.D.S

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The RW IV: Diocletian’s Division of the Empire, 285-305 A.D.S

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Rome and its vertical scale: stratigraphy

Up to 45ft

Horti Sallustani

Horizontal stratigraphy

The numbers in (perhaps) the greatest city in antiquity

The “regional catalogues” indicate a number of 46602 insulae & 1797 domus.

A population of 1.2 million by A.D. 200. & a size of 2000 ha

46 lupanar , 28 libraries , 42 arches , 9 bridges , 37 gates , 19 aqueducts , 1352 fountains , 2 amphitheaters , 5 circuses , 2 naumachia , 3 theaters , 1 odeon , 1 stadium , 204 ovens-bakeries , 2300 oil depots , 44 latrines , 355 storage areas or horreas , 22 caserns

Lines of evidence to understand Roman society

http://formaurbis.stanford.edu/index.html

The map

The archaeology of Rome: Five centuries of discoveries

1506 2003

Roman archaeology and archaeological process

> Mound formation: > natural deposition, dust & organic

matter> abandonment

... Varying size of the city, II century vs. X century

… Loss of political, administrative and artistic importance

… Constantine and the new directions of the empire

… Barbarians and Western empire

A block of Rome evolving through time: Imperial age

The Late Antiquity Period: VI century

The Middle Ages: X century

The Middle Ages: XIV century

Roman archaeology and sources of evidence

> Dating Roman structures: coins

> Documents, literature & daily life accounts: Cicero, Julius Caesar, Pliny, Horace, Virgil, Seneca, Sallust, Suetonius

> Forma urbis

> Archaeology : sculptures, art and beyond

> Epigraphy on buildings and monuments

TIMELINES

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> Foundation of the city and 753 BCestablishment of the monarchy> Roman Republic established ca 500> Establishment of the Latin Right 493> Law of the 12 tables 450 > Equestrian order established ca 300 > Concilium Plebis gains power 287> Empire established 27> Golden Age of Rome 100-185 AD> Diocletian partitions the empire 285 AD > Constantine and the decline 320 AD

> Fall of the Western Empire 476 AD

Chronology: General Political Evolution

> Against its neighbors, initial expansion, monarchy

> 1st Samnite war 343-341> The Latin War, 340-338> 2nd & 3rd Samnite wars 329-290> The Punic Wars: Carthage1st 264-241 / 2nd 218-201 / 3rd149-146

“Delenda est Cartago” as the Cato the Great repeated constantly…Carthage must be destroyed

Chronology: Wars and Expansion

Chronology: Social issues of the Republic> Slaves revolt In Sicily 134-104> Gracchian reforms 133-122> Rule of Marius 107-100, 86> Marsian War, revolts, rights 91-87 > Sulla dictator, aristocracy 82 > Spartacus leads slave revolt 73-71> 1st Triumvirate, JC P C 60> Pompey becomes sole consul 52> Caesar becomes sole consul48> Caesar becomes sole dictator 46> J.C., Dictator, assassinated 44 > 2nd Triumvirate, O MA L 42-31> Octavian becomes sole consul 27

Hierarchical system

PatriciansPlebeians

Equestrian class, commercialFreedmen / Libertos

ForeignersSlaves

On site classes and handouts

> Museums> Archaeological sites

(in the city, in parks, in museums, or under churches)

Handouts

Evidence in the field will be “handled” in four steps,

4 Keywords:Historical context – Evaluation

Appraisal - Comparison

Historical context

Appraise &

register

Evaluate idea & object

Compare in a

broader scale

3 themes:

History: event, place in the timeline

Art: movable-portable artifacts or objects

Architecture: buildings and evidence for the Classical city of Rome

We will conclude by locating the evidence the saw in class in the Timeline

Rome on the Web

dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum/timemap

formaurbis.stanford.edu

www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans

www.proxima-veritati.auckland.ac.nz/Herculaneum