THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFEHow do chemicals relate to living things???

CHEMISTRY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE SCAVENGER HUNT

This is the key to life and the basis of organic chemistry. It has an atomic number of 6.

It is green and poisonous, and it is used to make table salt.

This subatomic particle is bursting with energy as it constantly moves.

This microscopic particle is basically empty space with no charge. It has 3 subatomic particles.

He named the smallest unit of an element. It is the “feces” of plants, and it has an atomic

number of 8. H2O has a bond like glue. What is it?

ATOMS Atoms are the basic unit

of matter (anything that takes up space). Derived from the Greek

word atomos (unable to be cut)

Subatomic Particles Proton (+) found in the

nucleus of atoms Neutron (no charge) found

in the nucleus of atoms Electron (-) floats around

the nucleus of atoms Atoms are neutral due to

equal number of protons and neutrons

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If I break a piece of lead, is it still lead??? Yes, it is still lead!!!

BUT if I keep breaking it, there will eventually be an end that it UNBREAKABLE.

DEMOCIRTUS’S THEORY: Matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever, eventually the smallest possible piece would be obtained. This piece would be indivisible. He named the smallest piece of matter “atomos,” meaning “not to be cut.”

A chemical ELEMENT is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom. Ex. Oxygen, Carbon,

Iron, Gold, Helium, etc. About 24 are

commonly found in orgnaisms.

Represented by one or two letter symbols.

The number protons in the atom is the ATOMIC NUMBER for the element.

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are ISOTOPES.

The sum of an elements protons and neutrons is its mass number. Isotopes are identified

by the mass number. Because they have the

same number of electrons, isotopes have the same chemical properties.

Elements Isotopes

THE PERIODIC TABLE

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS A chemical COMPOUND is a substance formed by

the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. Ex. Pure water is always made up of hydrogen atoms

bonded to oxygen atoms in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a compound. Ex. One molecule of carbon dioxide consists of one

carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from the properties of the elements that make them.

Shorthand used to show the makeup of a compound is called a CHEMICAL FORMULA.

Ex. Water – H2O Ex. Table Salt – NaCl Ex. Ammonia – NH3

A process that changes one set of chemicals into another is a CHEMICAL REACTION. The elements or compounds

that enter the reaction are called REACTANTS.

The elements that are produced are called PRODUCTS.

Catalyst speed up reactions. Enzymes are biological

catalysts.

Ex. 6CO2+6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Chemical Formula

Chemical Equation

CHEMICAL BONDS… Ionic Bonds occur when one or more electrons

are transferred from one atom to another. An atom that loses electrons becomes positive. An atom that gains electrons becomes negative. An ion (positively or negatively charged atom) is

formed by this bond.

Covalent Bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms. The structure formed when atoms bond covalently is

called a MOLECULE. Ex. 2 hydrogen atoms and one oyxgen atom bond to

form water

VAN DER WAALS FORCES Rapid movement of

electrons creates tiny areas on molecules with positive or negative charges.

Van der Waals Forces The charges can cause

molecules with opposite charges to attract when they are close enough.

Ex. Geckos grip to smooth, vertical surfaces such glass walls.

PROPERTIES OF WATER

Water is the most abundant compound found in most living things.

Expands (takes up more space) as it freezes.

Ice is less dense than water. Ice floats… Duh!!!

PROPERTIES OF WATER Why is water polar if

the water molecule is neutral? Oxygen has a stronger

attraction for electrons because of the 8 protons in the nucleus than hydrogen with one proton.

Water molecules have bent shape with hydrogen atoms on one side and the oxygen alone on the other.

Sooooooo, the oxygen side has a slightly negative charge because of its attraction with electrons.

Hydrogen has a slightly positive charge because of its lack of attraction.

OPPOSITES ATTRACT!!!

PROPERTIES OF WATER A water molecule is

POLAR because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Hydrogen Bonds A weak bond between a

positive hydrogen and a negative atom such oxygen

It is responsible for water molecules being attracted to one another.

Cohesion The attraction between

molecules of the same substance. Cause of beads of

water… Water drop lab!!!

Adhesion The attraction of

molecules different substances. Water in a graduated

cylinder will be attracted at to the glass molecules.

PROPERTIES OF WATER

Cohesion Adhesion

THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

Carbon is the element of LIFE… Focus of the branch

of science ORGANIC CHEMISTRY…

Carbon can bond to carbon and make long chains of covalent bonds.

Carbon is found in ALL organic compounds which are found in living things (including people). 4 Organic Compounds

found in organisms include:

1. Carbohydrate2. Lipids3. Nucleic Acids4. Proteins

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A carbohydrate is an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Living things’ main

source of energy. Sugars and starches Cellulose in plant cell

wall is a type of carb.

Monosaccharide Single sugar molecule

Glucose: sugars found in starch (when broken down)

Galactose: sugars found in milk

Fructose: sugars found in fruit

Polysaccharide Large macromolecules

formed by monosaccharides Glycogen: animal starch Cellulose: plant starch

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Lipids are large group

of biological molecules that are not soluble in water (cannot be dissolved). Include: Fats, Oils,

Waxes, and Steriods Used to store energy Major part of cell

membrane Saturated Fats are

solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fats are liquid at room temperature.

Nucleic Acids are macromolecules containing oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Made of nucleotides Store and transmit

genetic information Two types:

1. DNA: genetic material that carries info about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring.

2. RNA: involved in production of proteins

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Proteins are marcromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.Made up of AMINO ACIDS.

Amino Acids have an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

20 amino acids in nature that can form several proteins

DNA contains info arranging amino acids into proteins. Each protein has a specific function with a

specific structure.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Functions of proteins include: Controlling rate of

metabolic (chemical) reactions.

Regulating cell processes.

Forming bones and muscles.

Tranportation of substances into and out of cells.

Fighting diseases and infections.