t01AComputerIntroHardware - Copy

8/8/2019 t01AComputerIntroHardware - Copy

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Computer HardwareComputer Hardware


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What is a Computer?What is a Computer?

ComputerComputerDevice capable of performing computations and makingDevice capable of performing computations and makinglogical decisionslogical decisions

Computers process data under the control of sets ofComputers process data under the control of sets ofinstructions called computer programsinstructions called computer programs

Personal computersPersonal computers: economical enough for individual: economical enough for individual

Distributed computingDistributed computing: computing distributed over: computing distributed over

networksnetworks

Client/server computingClient/server computing: sharing of information across: sharing of information across

computer networks between file servers and clientscomputer networks between file servers and clients

(personal computers)(personal computers)

Dale Roberts


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What is a Computer?What is a Computer? (cont.)(cont.)

Computer HardwareComputer HardwareVarious devices comprising a computer:Various devices comprising a computer:

Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CDKeyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD--

ROM, and processing unitsROM, and processing units

Hardware Trends: every year or two the followingHardware Trends: every year or two the followingapproximately double (Moores Law):approximately double (Moores Law):

Amount of memory in which to execute programsAmount of memory in which to execute programs

Amount of secondary storage (such as disk storage)Amount of secondary storage (such as disk storage)

Used to hold programs and data over the longer termUsed to hold programs and data over the longer term

Processor speedsProcessor speeds

The speeds at which computers execute their programsThe speeds at which computers execute their programs

High-levelLanguage

Assembly

Language

Firmware

MachineCode

Hardware

User

Application

Software

OS


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What is a Computer?What is a Computer? (cont.)(cont.)

Computer SoftwareComputer SoftwareComputer Programs that run on a computer, includingComputer Programs that run on a computer, includingOperation System (OS)Operation System (OS)

Application SoftwareApplication Software

Computer LanguageComputer Language

High-levelLanguage

Assembly

Language

Firmware

MachineCode

Hardware

User

Application

Software

OS


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Moore's LawMoore's Law

Defined byDefined byDr. Gordon MooreDr. Gordon Moore during theduring the

sixties.sixties.

Predicts an exponential increase inPredicts an exponential increase in

component density over time, with acomponent density over time, with adoubling time of 18 months.doubling time of 18 months.

Applicable to microprocessors, DRAMs ,Applicable to microprocessors, DRAMs ,

DSPs and other microelectronics.DSPs and other microelectronics.

Monotonic increase in density observedMonotonic increase in density observed

since the 1960s.since the 1960s.


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Moores LawMoores Law -- DensityDensity


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Moore's Law and PerformanceMoore's Law and Performance

The performance of computers isThe performance of computers isdetermined by architecture and clockdetermined by architecture and clockspeed.speed.

Clock speed doubles over a 3 year periodClock speed doubles over a 3 year perioddue to the scaling laws on chip.due to the scaling laws on chip.

Processors using identical or similarProcessors using identical or similararchitectures gain performance directly asarchitectures gain performance directly asa function of Moore's Law.a function of Moore's Law.

Improvements in internal architecture canImprovements in internal architecture canyield better gains than predicted byyield better gains than predicted byMoore's Law.Moore's Law.


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Moores LawMoores Law -- Clock SpeedClock Speed


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What is a Computer?What is a Computer? (cont.)(cont.)InternetInternet

TheInternet enablesTheInternet enables

Quick and easy communication via eQuick and easy communication via e--mailmail

International networking of computersInternational networking of computers

Packet switchingPacket switching

The transfer of digital data via small packetsThe transfer of digital data via small packets

Allows multiple users to send and receive data simultaneouslyAllows multiple users to send and receive data simultaneously

No centralized controlNo centralized control

If one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operateIf one part of the Internet fails, other parts can still operate

BandwidthBandwidth

Information carrying capacity of communications linesInformation carrying capacity of communications lines

Ex:Internet T2 at IUPUIEx:Internet T2 at IUPUI

WorldWideWebWorldWideWebLocate and view multimediaLocate and view multimedia--based documents on almost any subjectbased documents on almost any subject

Makes information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwideMakes information instantly and conveniently accessible worldwide

Possible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide exposurePossible for individuals and small businesses to get worldwide exposure

Changing the way business is doneChanging the way business is done


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Computer OrganizationComputer Organization

A Typical VonA Typical Von--Neumann ArchitectureNeumann Architecture

Example:Example:

1.1. InputInputunitunit

2.

2. O

utputO

utputunitunit3.3. MemoryMemoryunitunit

4.4. Arithmetic and logicArithmetic and logicunit (ALU)unit (ALU)

5.5. Central processingCentral processingunit (CPU)unit (CPU)

6.6. Secondary storageSecondary storage unitunit

Control Circuit

(ex: PC: Program Counter)

ALU

Memory I/O

CPU


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Computer OrganizationComputer Organization (cont.)(cont.)Six logical units in every computer:Six logical units in every computer:

1.1. InputInputunitunitObtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse)

2.2. OutputOutputunitunitOutputs information (to screen, to printer, to control otherOutputs information (to screen, to printer, to control otherdevices)devices)

3.3. MemoryMemoryunitunitRapid access, low capacity, stores input informationRapid access, low capacity, stores input information

ROM (Read Only Memory): CMOS, EPROM ROM (Read Only Memory): CMOS, EPROM

RAM (Random Access Memory): SRAM, DRAM, SIMM, DIMMRAM (Random Access Memory): SRAM, DRAM, SIMM, DIMM


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Computer OrganizationComputer Organization (cont.)(cont.)

Six logical units in every computer (cont):Six logical units in every computer (cont):

3.3. Arithmetic and logicArithmetic and logicunit (ALU)unit (ALU) part of CPUpart of CPU

Performs arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction...) andPerforms arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction...) and

logic decisionslogic decisions

4.4. ControlControlunit (CU)unit (CU) -- part of CPUpart of CPU

Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computerSupervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer

5.5. Secondary storageSecondary storage unitunit

Cheap, longCheap, long--term, highterm, high--capacity storagecapacity storage

Stores inactive programsStores inactive programs


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Central Processing Unit (CPU),Central Processing Unit (CPU),

brain of a computer, consisting ofbrain of a computer, consisting ofArithmetic and logic unitArithmetic and logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic calculations(ALU): performs arithmetic calculations

(addition, subtraction...) and logic decisions (>, ,


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MemoryMemoryA large collection of circuits, each capable ofA large collection of circuits, each capable of

storing bitstoring bit

Cells (words): manageable units; typical size is 8Cells (words): manageable units; typical size is 8

bits (1 byte), some machines are 16 bits (2bits (1 byte), some machines are 16 bits (2bytes) and some are 32 bits or 64 bitsbytes) and some are 32 bits or 64 bits

Byte (8 bits), KB (kilobyte, 10Byte (8 bits), KB (kilobyte, 1033 }} 221010 bytes), MBbytes), MB

(Megabyte, 10(Megabyte, 1066 }} 222020 bytes), GB (Gigabyte, 10bytes), GB (Gigabyte, 1099 }} 223030

bytes). Note: kbytes). Note: k K because 1000 1024. K because 1000 1024.


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Computer memory is comparable to a collection ofComputer memory is comparable to a collection of

numbered mailboxes. To identify individual cells in anumbered mailboxes. To identify individual cells in a

machines main memory, each cell is assigned a uniquemachines main memory, each cell is assigned a unique

name, called its addressname, called its address

The organization of byteThe organization of byte--size memory cellsize memory cell

...

01001000 01100101 01101100 0110111101101100 00101110

H e l l o ,ASCII

...

Data

Address 0000 0101 0000 0110 0000 0111 0000 1000 0001 0001 0001 0010

Address B s

Data B s

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Low-order endHigh-order end

Least Significant Bit (LSB)Most Significant Bit (MSB)


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t01AComputerIntroHardware - Copy