Table 8-1. Middle and Working Class, Outline of Chapter 8 (Kerbo, p. 215)

• Defining and Locating the Middle and Working Classes

• Recent Historical Changes

• Consequences of Class Positions

• Economic and Political Position

Table 5-5. The Convergence of Occupational, Bureaucratic, and Property Divisions on Class Categories (Kerbo, p. 145)

Positions in three main types of institutional structures

Class categories Occupation

Bureaucratic

Authority

Property

Relation

Upper Class High High Owner

Corporate Class High High Non-Owner/low

Middle Class High to Mid Mid Non-Owner/low

Working Class Mid to Low Low Non-Owner/low

Lower Class Low Low Non-Owner

Table 8-2. Further Detail on the Middle and Working Classes (based on Kerbo, pp. 217-219)

Class Occupation Authority Property

Middle Class Professional, sales, clericals; non-manual; white collar; higher education

Middle or lower managers and supervisors (new middle class)

Small shopkeepers or employers: petite bourgeoisie (old middle class)

Working Class Lower skilled; less complex; factory, operatives, trades; manual; blue collar; less education

No authority; supervised

Wage workers

Table 8-3. Percent of Civilian Labor Force by Occupation, 1900-1902 (Kerbo, p. 220)

Occupation 1900 1920 1940 1960 1979 1990 2002

Professionals 4% 5% 7% 11% 15% 13% 16%

Managers 6% 7% 7% 11% 11% 11% 15%

Sales/tech 5% 5% 7% 6% 6% 15% 15%

Clerical 3% 8% 10% 15% 18% 15% 13%

Total White Collar 18% 25% 31% 43% 50% 54% 59%

Crafts 11% 13% 13% 13% 13% 11% 11%

Operatives 13% 16% 18% 18% 15% 11% 13%

Laborers 12% 12% 9% 5% 5% 4%

Service 9% 8% 12% 12% 14% 18% 14%

Farmers 38% 27% 17% 8% 3% 3% 3%

Total Blue Collar 83% 76% 68% 56% 50% 47% 41%

Table 8-4. Percent of Households Earning 75-125% of Median in 1995 and Change, 1980-1995 for Major Industrial

Nations (Kerbo, p. 2226)

Country % of Households % Change, 1980-1995

Australia 27.6% -2.6%

Canada 35.8% +2.8%

France 39.4% +3.7%

Germany 43.9% +2.4%

Netherlands 38.7% -2.3%

Norway 45.3% +3.9%

Sweden 52.7% -1.3%

Great Britain 32.6% -3.9%

United States 27.3% -4.4%

Table 8-5. Mean Wealth for Poorest to Wealthiest Fifths of U.S. Population in 1962, 1998, and 2004 (Kerbo, p. 232)

Poorest to Wealthiest Fifth of

Population

1962 1998 2004

Wealthiest Fifth $680,800 $1,305,800 $1,822,600

Second Fifth $112,700 $186,900 $243,600

Third Fifth $45,700 $70.700 $81,900

Fourth Fifth $8,000 $12,900 $14,400

Poorest Fifth -$6,000 -$10,300 -$11,400

Table 8-6. Accidental Deaths in Private Industry per 100,000 Workers by Industry (Kerbo, p. 237)

Industry Deaths Per 100,000 Workers

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 29.2%

Mining 28.3%

Construction 11.6%

Manufacturing 2.5%

Transportation and utilities 16.5%

Trade 1.2%

Services 2.1%

Total Number of Fatal Accidents in Private Industry in 2004 = 4,952

Table 6-2. Classes Defined by Class, Status, and Party

Class Location

Base of Class Location

Class Status Party

Upper Class Wealthy Leisure Active

Corporate Wealthy Business Active

Managerial Rich Business Probably Votes

Professional Rich Professional May be Active

Working Class Moderate Family Might Vote

Lower Class Poor Street Inactive

Table 8-7. Social and Community Participation and Child Rearing Practices of Middle and Working Class (based on Kerbo, pp. 239-241)

Class Social and Community Child Rearing

Middle Class

More Community Involvement (may vary by neighborhood); more articulate, cultured, cosmopolitan; shop Macy’s

Stress initiative, self-reliance, achievement, deferred gratification

Working Class

More Involved with Extended Family; Gender segregated friendships; country western, drag races and beauty contests; shop Wal-Mart

Stress conformity; working with things rather than ideas

Table 8-8. Percent of U.S. Citizens Voting in Selected Elections by Family Income, 1984-2000 (Kerbo, p. 243)

Income 1984 1988 1992 1996 1998 2000

<$5,000 37.5% 34.7% 32.4% 37.9% 21.1% 28.2%

<$10,000 46.2% 41.3% 39.5% 38.3% 23.9% 34.7%

<$15,000 53.5% 47.7% 46.8% 46.7% 30.4% 37.7%

<$20,000 57.1% 53.5% 55.7% 52.8% 34.6% 43.4%

<$25,000 61.1% 57.8% 62.5% 52.8%

<$35,000 67.0% 64.0% 69.6% 56.6% 40.2% 51.0%

<$50,000 72.9% 70.3% 75.7% 62.6% 44.0% 57.5%

$50,000+ 76.0% 75.6% 79.9% 72.8%

49.9% 65.2%<$75,000

$75,000+ 57.3% 71.5%

Table 8-9. Percentage of Poverty Reduction through Government Action and Rank on Class Issues (4=Highest to 1=Lowest) in National Voting for

Selected Countries (Based on Kerbo, p. 245)

Country Poverty Reduction

Class Voting Rank

Mean Poverty Reduction for Rank

Sweden -80.4% 4 -67.5

Denmark -72.1% 4

England -50.0% 4

Belgium -80.6% 3 -65.4

Germany -65.5% 3

Australia -50.0% 3

Netherlands -70.6% 2 -65.9

France -65.3% 2

Italy -64.7% 2

Spain -63.1% 2

Canada -50.0% 1 -39.25

United States -28.5% 1

Table 8-10. Average Hourly Wage, Insurance, Pension, and Total Compensation for Union and Nonunion Workers in the United States in

2005 (Kerbo, p. 247)

Wages Insurance Pension Total

Union $24.10 $3.63 $2.39 $33.17

Nonunion $18.81 $1.54 $0.72 $23.09

Union Premium $

$5.29 $2.09 $1.67 $10.08

Union Premium %

28.1% 135.7% 231.9% 43.7%

Table 8-11. Union Membership in 1994 for Selected Countries (Kerbo, p. 249)

Country Percent Union

United States 13.5%

Japan 27%

England 42%

West Germany 34%