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Author Work title Label for charts Type Ms/PrintPtolemy Geographia Geographia List MsPtolemy List MsPtolemy Handy Tables Handy Tables List MsAl-Khwarizmi Kitab surat al-ard Al-Khwarizmi List MsAl-Biruni Al-Biruni List MsAl-Zayyat zij "185 ZAJ" Al-Zayyat List MsAl-Zayyat Dikr al-aqalim Al-Zayyat List MsAl-Zayyat Dikr al-aqalim (reconstructed)Al-Zayyat List MsAbraham bar Hiyya Sefer ha-Ibbur Bar Hiyya List Ms[Azarquiel] "Marseille tables" "Marseille tables" List MsAboul Hhassan Ali, de Maroc Al-Marrakushi List MsAl-Maghribi zij "350 MAG" Al-Maghribi List Msunknown table inserted in late copy of zij "300 TAJ"table inserted in late copy of zij "300 TAJ"List MsAl-Kammad zij Al-Kammad List MsAl-Kammad / Johannes of DunpnoTabula longitudinum ciuitatum et latitudinum earum Al-Kammad / J. Dunpno List Msunknown Alfonsine tables (no correction)"Alfonsine Tables" List Msunknown Alfonsine tables ms Vienna 2288Latin "Alfonsine Tables" List MsAl-Maghribi zij "300 TAJ" Al-Maghribi List MsIbn al-Raqqam Al-zij al-Shamil Ibn al-Raqqam List MsIbn al-Raqqam Al-Zij al-Mustawfi Ibn al-Raqqam List Msunknown world map in Vat.Urb.gr.82world map in Vat.Urb.gr.82 Map MsIbn Fadlallah al-'UmariMasalik al-absar al-'Umari Map MsIbn al-Zarquellu (Azarquiel)"Toledan tables" Azarquiel List MsAzarquiel / G. de Cremona Azarquiel / G. de Cremona List Msunknown "Yemenite tables" "Yemenite tables" List MsAbu'l-Fida description of a map of the Mediterranean in Taqwim al-buldanAbu'l-Fida List MsAl-Biruni / Abu'l-Fida Al-Biruni / Abu'l-Fida List MsAndrea Bianco Ptolemaic world map in atlasA. Bianco Map Ms[Ptolemy] Geographia, Ulm editionGeographia, Ulm edition Map PrintM. Behaim Globe M. Behaim Globe MsAbraham Zacut / Diego de Torresastrology book A. Zacut / D. de Torres List MsAbraham Zacut Almanach perpetuum A. Zacut Latin List PrintAbraham Zacut Hajibbur hagadol (ms RAH hebreo 14)A. Zacut Hebrew List MsJuan de la Cosa world map J. de la Cosa Map Msunknown Portuguese world map ("Cantino") Cantino planisphere Map MsGiovanni Contarini world map G. Contarini Map PrintM. Waldseemüller Universalis cosmographiaM. Waldseemüller Map PrintJohannes Ruysch J. Ruysch Map PrintFrancesco Rosselli world map in nautical styleRosselli nautical Map MsB. Sylvanus B. Sylvanus Map PrintVesconte de Maggioloworld map in atlas V. de Maggiolo Map MsM. Waldseemüller Carta marina Waldseemüller's Carta Marina Map PrintL. Homen, J. & P. ReinelAtlas Miller's Mediterranean mapAtlas Miller Map MsJorge Reinel? world map ("Kunstmann IV")Kunstmann IV Map MsPetrus Apianus Cosmographicus LiberApianus List Printanonymous, attributed to "J. Vespuci"Totius orbis descriptio…Totius orbis descriptio… Map PrintDiego Ribero? Castiglione planisphereCastiglione planisphere Map MsNuño Garcia de Toreno?Salviati planisphere Salviati planisphere Map MsJuan Vespucci world map J. Vespucci Map MsDiego Ribero Carta universal Ribero 1529 Map Ms

Geographia Book 8 Geographia Book 8

Qanun al-Mascudi

Jamic al-mabadi…

"Toledan tables" in Canones in motibus celestium corporum

coordinates quoted from Qanun al-Mascudi

world map in Geographia

world map in Geographia

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Oronce Fine Bi-cordiform world mapO. Fine Map PrintBattista Agnese Western hemisphere, Portolan styleAgnese nautical Map MsBattista Agnese Oval world map Agnese oval Map MsGerard Mercator Bi-cordiform world mapMercator's world 1538 Map PrintSebastian Münster S. Münster Map PrintGerard Mercator globe Mercator's globe Globe MsJean Rotz J. Rotz Map MsAlonso de Santa Cruz globe gores A. de Santa Cruz gores Map MsSebastian Cabot world map S. Cabot Map PrintPierre Desceliers world map Desceliers 1546 Map MsG. Gastaldi G. Gastaldi Map PrintGastaldi / Pagano Dell'Universale Gastaldi / Pagano Map Printunknown Walters atlas world mapWalters atlas Map MsSancho Gutiérrez world map S. Gutiérrez Map MsG.B. Ramusio / Gastaldi G.B. Ramusio / Gastaldi Map PrintM. Tramezzino world map in two hemispheresM. Tramezzino Map PrintGerard Mercator Europa Mercator's Europe Map PrintA. Floriano & A. Lafreriglobe gores A. Floriano & A. Lafreri Map PrintGuillaume Le Testu Circular world map in Cosmographie UniverselleG. Le Testu Map MsDiogo Homem Universalis mundi… in Queen Mary AtlasD. Homem Map Ms"Hajji Ahmed" world map "Hajji Ahmed" Map PrintAlonso de Santa Cruz maps in Islario… A. de Santa Cruz Islario Map MsP. Forlani world map P. Forlani Map PrintGirolamo Ruscelli world map G. Ruscelli Map PrintG. Gastaldi Cosmographia universalisG. Gastaldi Map PrintP. Forlani world map P. Forlani Map PrintAbraham Ortelius cordiform world map A. Ortelius Map PrintAntonio de Salamancabi-cordiform world mapA. de Salamanca Map PrintGuillaume Le Testu world map in two hemispheresG. Le Testu Map MsJoan Martines world map in two hemispheresJ. Martines Map MsAli Macar Re'is world map in atlas Ali Macar Re'is Map MsGerard Mercator world map Mercator's world 1569 Map PrintJean Cossin Carte cosmographique ou universelleJ. Cossin Map MsAbraham Ortelius A. Ortelius Map PrintT. Porcacchi oval world map in L'Isole piu Famose…T. Porcacchi Map Printunknown Imperial atlas world mapImperial atlas Map Msunknown Venetian world map in atlas BNF RésGeEE5610Venetian atlas Map MsJoan Martines world map in two hemispheresJ. Martines Map MsJoan Martines oval world map J. Martines Map MsRumold Mercator world map in two hemispheresR. Mercator Map PrintEmery Molyneux globe Molyneux globe Globe PrintRumold Mercator / Gerard MercatorEuropa, in Atlas… R. Mercator / G. Mercator Map Printunknown derivative of De Jode 1555derivative of De Jode 1555 Map Printunknown oval world map anonymous oval world map Map PrintMyritius Myritius Map PrintChristian Sgrooten hemisphere in Orbis terrestrisC. Sgrooten Map MsPetrus Plancius world map in two hemispheresP. Plancius Map PrintJan Baptista Vrients world map in two hemispheresVrients Map PrintJodocus Hondius "Christian Knight" world mapJ. Hondius Map PrintGiuseppe Rosaccio 10-sheet world map G. Rosaccio Map PrintEdward Wright E. Wright Map PrintArnoldo di Arnoldi Vniversale Descrittione del mondoA. di Arnoldi Map Print

world map in Geographia

world map in Boke of Hydrography

Universale world map

map of Africa in Navigationi e viaggi

oval world map in Theatrum orbis terrarum

oval world map in Opusculum…

world map in Haklyut's Principal Navigations…

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Matteo Ricci / Li ZhizaoKunyu wanguo quantu M. Ricci / Li Zhizao Map PrintA. García de Céspedes A. García de Céspedes Map PrintEdward Wright E. Wright Map PrintWillem J. Blaeu Nova totius terrarum…W. J. Blaeu Map PrintGotthardi Voegelini (ed.)Index Geographicus in Heidelberg's edition of Hues's Tractatus de GlobisTractatus de Globis List PrintHessel Gherrijtszoon van Assum Gerritsz Map PrintArnold? Van Langren globe Van Langren Globe PrintPetrus Bertius Typus Orbis Terrarum P. Bertius world Map PrintFranciscus Verhaer world map F. Verhaer Map PrintLuis Sánchez (printer) Historia Natural Map PrintJean Guérard world map J. Guérard 1625 Map MsJohannes Kepler Rudolphine Tables Kepler List PrintRobert Vaughan A New and accurate Mappe of the WorldR. Vaughan Map PrintPetrus Bertius / Melchior TavernierCarte de l'Europe P. Bertius Europe Map PrintHenricus Hondius world map in two hemispheresH. Hondius Map PrintJean Guérard world map J. Guérard 1634 Map MsWillem J. Blaeu Africa W. J. Blaeu Map PrintWillem J. Blaeu Europa recens W. J. Blaeu Map PrintC.J. Visscher world map in Mercator's projectionC.J. Visscher Map PrintArnold Colom world map in two hemispheresA. Colom Map PrintJ. Moxon re-worked edition of Wright 1599 mapJ. Moxon Map PrintF. de Wit world map in two hemispheresF. de Wit Map PrintGianbattista Riccioli Geographia et hydrographia reformataG. Riccioli List Printvan Loon world map in two hemispheresvan Loon Map PrintJoan Blaeu J. Blaeu Map PrintJacob Colom Werelts-water-deel J. Colom Map PrintJ. Blaeu Nova et accuratissima totius terrarum orbius tabulaJ. Blaeu Map PrintF. de Wit Nova Totius Orbis TabulaF. de Wit Map PrintN. Sanson / G. Sanson & P. MarietteEuropa Vetus N. & G. Sanson Map PrintF. de Wit Nova Orbis Tabvla F. de Wit Map PrintMoses Pitt world map in two hemispheresM. Pitt Map PrintPierre Duval Le Grand Continent P. Duval Map PrintJoachim Bormeester world map in two hemispheresJ. Bormeester Map PrintVincenzo Coronelli Globe (small) V. Coronelli Globe MsNicholas Sanson / Alexis JaillotMappe-monde Geo-HydrographiqueN. Sanson / A. Jaillot Map PrintNicholas Sanson N. Sanson Map PrintNicholas Sanson / Alexis Jaillot N. Sanson / A. Jaillot Map PrintNicholas Sanson / Alexis Jaillot / P. Mortier Counterfeit 'Atlas Nouveau' Map PrintGerard Valck world map in two polar hemispheresG. Valck Map PrintJustus Danckerts world map in atlas J. Danckerts Map PrintAlexis-Hubert Jaillot A. Jaillot Map PrintJean-Matthieu de ChazellesCoordinates measured in 1694 expeditionde Chazelles List MsJean-Matthieu de ChazellesCoordinates measured in 1694 expeditionde Chazelles List PrintAlexis-Hubert Jaillot / P. Mortier A. Jaillot / P. Mortier Map PrintGiovanni Domenico Cassini / Jean Baptiste NolinPlanisphere Terrestre…G. Cassini Map PrintJacob Robyn Nieuw aerdsch pleyn J. Robyn Map PrintJohn Harris oval world map J. Harris Map PrintHeinrich Scherer oval world map in Atlas novusH. Scherer Map PrintCassini 100cm-diameter globe Cassini Globe ?Guillaume de l'Isle Carte de la Turquie… G. de l'Isle Map PrintJ. Thornton world map J. Thornton Map PrintDaniel de La Feuille Europa D. de La Feuille Map Print

world map in Regimiento de Navegaciónworld map in Wright's 2nd ed of Certaine errors of navigation

world map in Beschryvinghe van der Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien

world map in Historia Natural

several regional maps of Atlas Maior

Estats de l'Empire… Estats de l'Empire… in Atlas NouveauEstats de l'Empire… in Atlas Nouveau

Méditerranée in Atlas Nouveau

Méditerranée in counterfeited Atlas Nouveau, ed. Pieter Mortier

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P. van der Aa Mediterranean, after Johan SmithP. van der Aa Map PrintH.Moll Africa H.Moll Map PrintNicolas de Fer L'Europe N. de Fer Map PrintEdmond Halley Isogonic world map E. Halley Map PrintEdmond Halley / H. HalmaIsogonic world map E. Halley / H. Halma Map PrintEdmond Halley / P. MortierIsogonic world map E. Halley / P. Mortier Map PrintChristopher Brown / Thomas BowlesEurope C. Brown / T. Bowles Map PrintGuillaume de l'Isle Hemisphère oriental, in Atlas…G. de l'Isle Map PrintJohann Gabriel Doppelmayrtable in world map J. Doppelmayr List PrintJohann Gabriel Doppelmayrworld map in two hemispheresJ. Doppelmayr Map PrintJohann Gabriel Doppelmayrtable in world map J. Doppelmayr List PrintJohn Senex J. Senex Map PrintIbrahim Müteferrika I. Müteferrika Map PrintK.Çelebi / Ibrahim Müteferrika K.Çelebi / I. Müteferrika Map PrintGuillaume de l'Isle Carte de la Turquie, de l'Arabie et de la PerseG. de l'Isle Map PrintJ.M. Haas Europa J.M. Haas Map Print

Carte de la Turquie (by G. de l'Isle)oval world map in Tarih-i Hind-i Garbi, ed. Ibrahim Müteferrikamap of Europe in Cihannüma, ed. Ibrahim Müteferrika

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Language Region Debatable? DateGreek MENA no 2nd century AD, earliest manuscripts dated 13th century 155 1300Greek MENA no 2nd century AD, earliest manuscripts dated 13th century 155 1300Greek MENA no 2nd century AD, earliest manuscripts ca.820 (Leiden)150 820Arabic MENA no ca. 820, ms dated 1037 820 1037Arabic MENA no composed "about 1036" (Tibbetts) or 1030-40 (King); numerous manuscripts and recensions exist, and no critical edition has been made yet1036Arabic Iberian P. no author died in 1059, table in ms Burdur HK 4081050Arabic Iberian P. no author died in 1059, ms BNF arabe 2186 "14th century"1350Arabic Iberian P. no author died in 1059, ms BNF arabe 2186 "14th century"1050Hebrew Iberian P. no original before 1124; Oxford ms ca. 1475; Paris ms 15-16th century1120 1475Latin France no 12th century; later than 1139 1141 1141Arabic MENA no ca. 1230 (Sédillot), “compiled in Cairo ca. 1280” (King) , ms 1147 de la Bibliothèque Royale, maybe 14th century?, for sure before 14101280 1360Arabic MENA no AH 675 / 1276 CE, preserved in undated ms 1276Arabic MENA no inserted in ms. Copied in AH 1155 / 1742 CE 1742Arabic Iberian P. no author fl.1110; transl. 1260 1110Latin Italy no author died in 1195; transl. in Palermo 12621262 1262Latin Iberian P. no BN ms 4372 "15th century" 1450Latin Italy no mid 14th century 1350 1350Arabic MENA no AH 656 / 1258 CE, preserved in ms Escorial 932 copied in AH 797 / 1394 CE1258 1394Arabic MENA no AH 679 / 1279-80 CE 1280Arabic MENA no after AH 680 / 1280-81 1281Greek MENA no around 1300 1300 1300Arabic MENA no author died in 1349; 16th century copy according to Tibbetts 1992b1340Arabic Iberian P. no 11th century; copy 13th of 14th century1069Latin Iberian P. no 11th century; copy 13th of 14th century1250 1250Arabic MENA no 12th - 13th century; copied between 1372 and 13761300 1376Arabic MENA no 721 AH = 1321 AD; extant ms is later 1321Arabic MENA no Al-Biruni's work dates from ca.1036 1321Latin Italy no 1436 1436 1436Latin Germany no 1482 1482 1482Latin Germany no ca. 1492 1492 1492Spanish Iberian P. no ms BNE 3385 1487 1487Latin Iberian P. no printed in 1496 (mss. may be earlier) 1496 1496Hebrew Iberian P. no between 1473 and 1478 1478Spanish Iberian P. yes 1500 1500 1500Portuguese Iberian P. yes undated, ca. 1502 1502 1502Latin Italy no 1506 1506 1506Latin Germany no 1507 1507 1507Latin Italy no 1507 or 1508 1508 1508Latin and ItalianItaly yes around 1508 1508 1508Latin Italy no 1511 1511 1511Italian Italy no January 1511 1511 1511Latin Germany yes 1516 1516 1516Latin and PortugueseIberian P. somewhat 1519 (date on world map) 1519 1519Latin and PortugueseIberian P. somewhat undated, ca. 1519 (copied 1843) 1519 1519Latin Germany no 1524 (1st ed.) 1524 1524Latin and ItalianItaly no 1524 1524 1524Spanish Iberian P. somewhat 1525 1525 1525Spanish Iberian P. somewhat [1525?] 1525 1525Spanish Iberian P. somewhat 1526 1526 1526Spanish Iberian P. somewhat 1529 (Roma) 1527 1529

Year of creation

Year of observed

copy

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Latin France no 1531 1531 1531Latin and ItalianItaly somewhat Editions from 1536 to 1564 1536 1543Latin and ItalianItaly no Editions from 1536 to 1564 1536 1543Latin Low Countriesno 1538 1538 1538Latin Germany no 1540 1540 1540Latin Low Countriesno 1541 1541 1541English France no ca. 1542 1542 1542Latin Iberian P. no 1542 1542 1542Latin and SpanishLow Countriesno 1544 1544 1544French France yes 1546 1546 1546Italian Italy no 1546 1546 1546Italian Italy no ca. 1548, ca. 1550, 1558? 1550 1550Turkish MENA no undated 1550 1550Spanish Iberian P. somewhat 1551 1551 1551Italian Italy somewhat book edited in vols in 1550-1559 1553 1553Latin Italy no 1554 1554 1554Latin Low Countriesno 1st ed. 1554, 2nd ed. 1572 with some modifications but same grid1554 1572Latin Italy no 1555 1555 1555French France no 1555 "avant paques" 1555 1555Latin Britain somewhat 1558 1558 1558Turkish Italy no 967 A.H. (1559 / 1560) 1559 1559Latin Iberian P. somewhat ca. 1539, in manuscript of ca. 1560 1539 1560Latin and ItalianItaly no 1560 1560 1560Latin Italy no 1561, state of 1574 1561 1574Latin and ItalianItaly no 1561? 1561 1561Latin and ItalianItaly no 1562 1562 1562Latin Low Countriesno 1564 1564 1564Latin Italy no [ca. 1564] 1564 1564French France no 1566 1566 1566Italian Italy no [1567] 1567 1567Turkish MENA no another map of same atlas is dated 15671567 1567Latin Low Countriesno 1569 1569 1569French France no 1570 1570 1570Latin Low Countriesno 1570 (1st ed) - 1587 1570 1570Italian Italy no "later than 1572" 1572 1572Turkish MENA no undated, ca. 1570? 1580 1580Italian Italy no undated, later than 1558 1558 1584Latin Italy no 1587 1587 1587Latin Italy no 1587 1587 1587Latin Low Countriesno 1587 1587 1587Latin Britain no 1592 (1st state), 1603 (last state known)1592 1592Latin Low Countriesno 1595 1595 1595Latin Low Countriesno 1590? 1590 1590Italian Italy no 1590? 1590 1590Latin Germany no 1590 1590 1590Latin Low Countriesno 1592? "dedicated in 1588" 1592 1592Latin Low Countriesno 1594 written on map but Barber says 15991594 1599Latin Low Countriesno 1596 1596 1596Latin Low Countriesno ca.1596 1596 1596Italian Italy no 1597 (1st state) - 1657 (final issue) 1597 1642English Britain no [1598]; contained in books printed 1598-16001598 1598Italian Italy no 1601 1601 1601

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Chinese China no 1602, refined version of a 1584 ms map1602 1602Spanish Iberian P. somewhat 1606 1606 1606English Britain no 1610 1610Latin Low Countriesno 1606, edition of ca. 1635 1606 1635Latin Germany no 1613 1613 1613Latin Low Countriesno 1612 1612 1612Latin Low Countriesno 1612-1616 1614 1614Latin Low Countriesno 1616 1616 1616Latin Low Countriesno 1618 1618 1618Spanish Iberian P. no 1624 1624 1624French France no 1625 1625 1625Latin Germany no 1627 1627 1627English Britain no 1628 1628 1628French France no 1627 1627 1627Latin Low Countriesno Original executed 1630, published 16311630 1631French France no 1634 1634 1634Latin Low Countriesno 1630; re-printed many times 1631-67; this copy, 16441630 1644Latin Low Countriesno Original by W. Blaeu 1617; this copy in J. Blaeu's atlas of 16441617 1644Latin Low Countriesno prepared in 1639, final state 1652 1639 1652Dutch Low Countriesno first issued in about 1654 (Koeman) or 1655 (British Library); measured on 1658 edition1654 1658English Britain no 1657 1657 1657Latin Low Countriesno 1660 or later 1660 1660Latin Italy no 1661 1661 1661Dutch Low Countriesno 1661 1661Latin Low Countriesno 1662 (1st ed) and 1665 (2nd ed) 1662 1665Dutch Low Countriesno 1663; based on A.Colom's 1655 map 1663 1663Latin Low Countriesno 1663-1665 1663 1664Latin Low Countriesno 1668 1668 1668Latin France no 1668 1668 1668Latin Low Countriesno ca. 1670 1670 1670Latin Britain no 1680, based on van Loon's 1661 map 1680French France no 1684, "published 1679-1684" 1684 1684Latin Low Countriesno [1685] 1685 1685Italian Italy no 1688 1688 1688French France no 1691 1691 1691French France no 1654French France no 1674French Low Countriesno 1692 "based on Sanson's 1654 map" 1692 1692Latin Low Countriesno 1695, Blaeu most likely created this map plate in the "last years" of his life, 1672-31672 1695Latin Low Countriesno ca. 1696. first version "early 1680s" 1681 1696French France no 1681 (1st ed) and onwards although some maps are older1681French France no 1694 expedition, report published in 1761/631694French France no 1694 expedition, report published in 1761/63 1763French Low Countriesno 1696 1696 1696French France no 1696 edition of giant manuscript map of between 1679 and circa 16901696 1696Dutch Low Countriesno 1696 [1700], inspired by Cassini 16501696 1700English Britain no ca. 1697 1697 1697Latin Germany no ca. 1700 1700 1700Italian Italy no 1700 1700 1700French France no 1702, this one published 1731 1702 1731English Britain no 1704 1704 1704French France somewhat c. 1706, first issued in 1702 1702 1706

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Latin and DutchLow Countriesno 1707 1707 1707English Britain no 1710 1710 1710French France no 1716 1716 1716English Britain no Original by Halley 1702 now “unobtainable”1702 1702Latin and FrenchLow Countriesno Original by Halley 1702; edition by Halma ca. 17021702 1702Latin and FrenchLow Countriesno Original by Halley 1702; re-issued in ca.1721 1721English Britain no Original 1708, measured on 1715-1724 derivative by Bowles1708 1720French France no "dressé en 1720", printed 1724 1720 1724Latin Germany no 1st state, ca. 1720 (or 1722) 1722Latin Germany no 2nd state, shortly after 1738, found in editions of Doppelmayr's main work, his Atlas Novus Coelestis published from 1742 onwards1738 1742Latin Germany no 2nd state, shortly after 1738, found in editions of Doppelmayr's main work, his Atlas Novus Coelestis published from 1742 onwards1738 1742English Britain no 1721 1721Turkish MENA no 1730 1730 1730Turkish MENA no 1648 - 1654 original, printed 1732 1732 1732French France no 1702; this edition published 1734 1702 1734Latin Germany no 1743 1743 1743

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E σ Source45% 5% Laguarda 199045% 4% Omega-recension, in Stückelberger 200845% 4% "Most plausible" coordinates in Stückelberger 200825% 3% Laguarda 199015% 7% Based on coordinates reported by Abu'l-Fida

6% 10% Based on data set provided by J. Samsó; Comes gave several data, yielding avge = 2.4%, st.dev. = 3.0%9% 12% Castelló 19897% 11% Castelló 1989

10% 8% Laguarda 199020% 6% Wright 1923, Laguarda 1990

4% 3,8% "Traité des instruments astronomiques des arabes", ed. J-J Sédillot, 18346% 4% Based on data set provided by J. Samsó; Comes gave three figures, average = 3% error

-30% 28% Dorce 20035% 6% Laguarda 19905% 6% Laguarda 19904% 27% Laguarda 19900% 26% Chabás and Goldstein 20124% 5% Dorce 20031% 6% Abd al-Rahman 19960% 6% Based on hand-written anotations by J. Samsó on Abd al-Rahman 1996

48% 5%31% 7% Reproduced in Sezgin 200522% 4% Laguarda 199022% 4% Laguarda 1990

4% 30% Ducène 201112% 10% Reinaud and de Slane ed. 184015% 7% Reinaud and de Slane ed. 184053% 5%52% 8%50% 8% Digital projection provided by the Germanische Nationalmuseum and TU Wien

-16% 14% Laguarda 19905% 20% Laguarda 1990

1,9% 15% Laguarda 19903% 4%

-10% 3%40% 7% Reproduced in Nebenzahl 2001 (single copy extant in BL)45% 7% Library of Congress website36% 4%29% 3%46% 4%46% 4%

-14% 3% Facsimile published by Carlos Sanz, 1959-2,5% 2,2% High-resolution image in Gallica (BNF)

-4% 3% High-resolution image in Gallica (BNF)48% 7%38% 12%

-1,3% 1,7% Identical coastline to 1529 "carta universal"-1,7% 2,2% Reproduced in Hofmann et al 2012, pp.118-119

6% 3% Reproduced in Nebenzahl 2001-1,3% 1,7% Library of Congress website has digital image of 19th-century facsimile

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemy-World_Vat_Urb_82.jpg

http://geoweb.venezia.sbn.it/geoweb/iscgi/archiweb.dll?service=direct&lang=0&uid=000004&session=000000&fld=B&value=029119http://www.lib.umn.edu/apps/bell/map/PTO/TOUR/1482ulg.html

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500_map_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa.jpg/65px-1500_map_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/120px-CantinoPlanisphere.png

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3200+ct000725C))http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/244434.htmlwww.oshermaps.org/map/245.0001http://library24.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1569~2180001:-Map-of-the-world-?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=sort:IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=2&trs=7283

One original 1st edition at BNF Tolbiachttp://ids.lib.harvard.edu/ids/view/2655509?buttons=y

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37% 4%-3% 4% Library of Congress image of atlas from 1543-4453% 6% Library of Congress image of atlas from 1543-4449% 5% David Rumsey website40% 7%46% 7%11% 3%44% 6% Cuesta 200343% 6% Measured on modern facsimile, digitzed in maps.bpl.org

-7,5% 1,7%45% 9%45% 7% Shirley, entry 89, plate 7648% 7%-9% 8% Reproduced in L'Âge d'or des cartes marines, pp.162-16342% 11% Betzmaps.com39% 3% Shirley, entry 9728% 4%48% 5%32% 5% Facsimile at BNF-7% 5% Reproduced in Swift and Grive 2008, p.8249% 6% High-resolution digital facsimile in JCB Library

2,2% 4% High-resolution digital facsimile by BNE downloaded from The European Library48% 5% Raremaps.com35% 5% Shirley, entry 11033% 3% Shirley, entry 107, plate 9244% 7%42% 3,7% Shirley, entry 11452% 5%33% 6%30% 6%28% 3% Özdemir 199229% 4%16% 5% Low-resolution image downloaded from BNF website27% 5% Shirley, entry 122, plate 10432% 11% Shirley, entry 12742% 4% Image provided by Tom Goodrich25% 8% High-resolution image in Gallica (BNF)34% 4% High-resolution images downloaded from BNE website28% 5% High-resolution images downloaded from BNE website28% 5%20% 2% Low-resolution images in Cormack29% 4%50% 6% Shirley, entry 17434% 7% Shirley, entry 16967% 9% Shirley, entry 17529% 6%25% 4% Reproduced in Barber 2005, p.13930% 3%30% 4%31% 5%

5% 3%27% 5%

http://www.atlantismaps.com/chapter_2.html

http://www.swaen.com/Munster1540.htmlhttp://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/maps/exhibits/mercator/main.htmlhttp://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=37868

http://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=1fa6e5dd-e8a6-4b63-bc00-cabd4c46548bhttp://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1392~1910002:Vniversale?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:gastaldi;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=6&trs=9

http://www.thedigitalwalters.org/Data/WaltersManuscripts/html/W660/description.html

http://retro.seals.ch/openurl?rft.issn=1015-8480&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1994&lPage=3www.oshermaps.org/map/263.0001

www.oshermaps.org/map/277.0001

www.oshermaps.org/map/278.0001http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5906267c/f1.zoomhttp://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/9F0DFB638876BED3AF1F1B1CC5755CCDC173A46B.html

Images in Commons linked from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_1569_world_map

http://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/images/shaping-australia/crops/CBA-2071.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1589_Europa_Mercator.jpg

http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/CompleteSearch.do?field=autor&text=sgrooten&showYearItems=&exact=on&textH=&advanced=false&completeText=&pageSize=1&pageSizeAbrv=10&pageNumber=3

www.oshermaps.org/map/336.0001http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/mappinghist/large2297.htmlhttp://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/krausmaps/details.cfm?mapId=55http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCBMAPS~1~1~1330~100090005:15229?sort=Normalized_date%2CFile_Name&qvq=q:wright%2B1599;sort:Normalized_date%2CFile_Name;lc:JCBMAPS~1~1&mi=1&trs=4http://library24.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1614~2360003#

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33% 7%33% 6% Sandman 2004

5% 3% Assumed equal to 1598 map24% 6%22% 6%20% 4%22% 4% Visual observation in "Cartes Marines" exhibition at the BNF, January 201316% 3%32% 6% http://maps.bpl.org/id/m879733% 3%

0,5% 4%25% 6%26% 7%23% 4%25% 7%19% 7%23% 1,4% Measured on digital facsimile of 1644 edition18% 2,3%27% 3%

3% 6%5% 3%

18% 4% Shirley, entry 42218% 3%22% 4% Assumed equal to Pitt 168017% 2,4% Partial edition of Atlas Maior by Taschen 2006

4% 6% Shirley 395; I measure on a digital image of a 1663 edition19% 6%28% 5% Reproduced in Swift and Grive 2008, p.12533% 4%18% 5%22% 4%36% 6%25% 4%33% 6% Direct observation of original preserved at BNF Richelieu36% 3%35% 5% Assumed equal to the 1692 counterfeit edition by Mortier35% 5% Assumed equal to the 1692 counterfeit edition by Mortier35% 5%27% 13%32% 4% uobatlases.net39% 2,1% Assumed equal to the 1696 counterfeit edition by Mortier

0,7% 0,4% Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Année 1761, Paris 1763, p. 145 [according to Peschel] 0,7% 0,4% Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Année 1761, Paris 1763, p. 145 [according to Peschel] 39% 2,1%-5% 4%19% 4%15% 6% Shirley 58516% 5% Shirley 63120% 3% Virtual Globes Museum

1,7% 1,3% http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2901~30003711% 3% Reproduced in "Cartes du Monde", p.15338% 7%

https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/riccimap

http://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/images/shaping-australia/full-image-optimised/CBA-2084-full.jpghttp://archive.org/stream/tractatusdeglobi00huesrich#page/148/mode/2uphttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hessel_Gerritsz_-_Worldmap_of_1612_including_the_discovery_of_La_Austrialia_del_Espiritu_Santo_by_Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1616_Typus_Orbis_Terrarum_Bertius.jpg

http://www.lajollamapmuseum.org/maps/hoc-qod-continent-scientia-habetvocishttp://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59011417/f1.zoomhttp://fermi.imss.fi.it/rd/bdv?/bdviewer/bid=334726&lng=en##http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vaughan_-_A_New_and_accurate_Mappe_of_the_World,_drawne_according_to_the_best_and_latest_discoveries_that_have_beene_made.jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1627_Europa_Bertius.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29.jpghttp://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5901142n/f1.zoom

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1644_Europa_Recens_Blaeu.jpghttp://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/32413/Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore_N_I/Visscher.htmlhttp://www.historicmapworks.com/RareBookLibrary/volume.php?atlasid=107376#http://maps.bpl.org/id/m8788

http://purl.pt/14357

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nova_et_Accuratissima_Terrarum_Orbis_Tabula_%28J.Blaeu,_1664%29.jpg

http://www.lynge.com/pictures/45569b.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/1670_Nova_Orbis_de_Wit.JPGhttp://web.archive.org/web/20041211145834/http://www.alteamaps.com/pittworl.jpghttp://chelovechnost.narod.ru/Karty/1684-Du-Val-le-Grand-Continent.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1685_Bormeester_Map_of_the_World_-_Geographicus_-_TerrarumOrbis-bormeester-1685.jpg

http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/World-sanson-1691

http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-of.php?id=16964http://maps.bpl.org/id/m8712

http://www.antiquemaps-fair.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=634_638_665_701&products_id=18776http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/archivedetail/32236mp/Planisphere_Terrestre_ou_sont_marquees_les_Longitudes_de_divers_Lieux_de_la/Cassini-Nolin.htmlhttp://www.cosmography.com/catpages/robyn-world.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/1706_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Europe_-_Geographicus_-_Europe-lafeuille-1706.jpg

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12% 6% http://www.antiquemaps-fair.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=634_638_665_701&products_id=208932,8% 1,6%12% 7%

2,1% 2,9% Assumed equal to Mortier edition2,1% 2,9% Assumed equal to Mortier edition2,1% 2,9% Reproduced in Swift and Grive 2008, pp.132-1332,5% 2,0% Reproduced in Barber 2005, "1707"0,4% 1,4%0,6% 2,4%

-1,1% 4,1%0,6% 2,2%

2% 2%17% 4% Image provided by Tom Goodrich30% 5% Edition by Boyut Publishing Group 2008

0,5% 2%0,1% 1,0%

http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/africa/maps-continent/continent.htmlhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Fer._L%27Europe,_suivant_les_nouvelles_observations_de_Mrs_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_des_sciences._1716.jpg

http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2833~290020:Hemisphere-Oriental-dresse-en-1720-Same as 2nd state except for the absence of Cadixhttp://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/doppelmayr/doppelmayr.htmhttp://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/doppelmayr/doppelmayr.htmhttp://www.wdl.org/fr/item/150

http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2833~290020:Hemisphere-Oriental-dresse-en-1720-http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/1743_Homann_Heirs_-_Haas_Map_of_Europe_-_Geographicus_-_Europa-hmhr-1743.jpg

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Based on data set provided by J. Samsó; Comes gave several data, yielding avge = 2.4%, st.dev. = 3.0%

Based on data set provided by J. Samsó; Comes gave three figures, average = 3% error

http://geoweb.venezia.sbn.it/geoweb/iscgi/archiweb.dll?service=direct&lang=0&uid=000004&session=000000&fld=B&value=029119

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500_map_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa.jpg/65px-1500_map_by_Juan_de_la_Cosa.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CantinoPlanisphere.png/120px-CantinoPlanisphere.png

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g3200+ct000725C))

http://library24.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1569~2180001:-Map-of-the-world-?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=sort:IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=2&trs=7283

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http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=37868

http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1392~1910002:Vniversale?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=q:gastaldi;sort:IMAGE_DATE,subject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=6&trs=9

http://www.thedigitalwalters.org/Data/WaltersManuscripts/html/W660/description.html

http://retro.seals.ch/openurl?rft.issn=1015-8480&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1994&lPage=3

http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/9F0DFB638876BED3AF1F1B1CC5755CCDC173A46B.html

Images in Commons linked from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_1569_world_map

http://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/images/shaping-australia/crops/CBA-2071.jpg

http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/CompleteSearch.do?field=autor&text=sgrooten&showYearItems=&exact=on&textH=&advanced=false&completeText=&pageSize=1&pageSizeAbrv=10&pageNumber=3

http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCBMAPS~1~1~1330~100090005:15229?sort=Normalized_date%2CFile_Name&qvq=q:wright%2B1599;sort:Normalized_date%2CFile_Name;lc:JCBMAPS~1~1&mi=1&trs=4http://library24.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1614~2360003#

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Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Année 1761, Paris 1763, p. 145 [according to Peschel] Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, Année 1761, Paris 1763, p. 145 [according to Peschel]

http://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/images/shaping-australia/full-image-optimised/CBA-2084-full.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hessel_Gerritsz_-_Worldmap_of_1612_including_the_discovery_of_La_Austrialia_del_Espiritu_Santo_by_Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s.png

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1616_Typus_Orbis_Terrarum_Bertius.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vaughan_-_A_New_and_accurate_Mappe_of_the_World,_drawne_according_to_the_best_and_latest_discoveries_that_have_beene_made.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nova_totius_Terrarum_Orbis_geographica_ac_hydrographica_tabula_%28Hendrik_Hondius%29.jpg

http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/32413/Nova_Totius_Terrarum_Orbis_Geographica_Ac_Hydrographica_Tabula_Autore_N_I/Visscher.htmlhttp://www.historicmapworks.com/RareBookLibrary/volume.php?atlasid=107376#

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nova_et_Accuratissima_Terrarum_Orbis_Tabula_%28J.Blaeu,_1664%29.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/1670_Nova_Orbis_de_Wit.JPGhttp://web.archive.org/web/20041211145834/http://www.alteamaps.com/pittworl.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1685_Bormeester_Map_of_the_World_-_Geographicus_-_TerrarumOrbis-bormeester-1685.jpg

http://www.antiquemaps-fair.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=634_638_665_701&products_id=18776http://www.raremaps.com/gallery/archivedetail/32236mp/Planisphere_Terrestre_ou_sont_marquees_les_Longitudes_de_divers_Lieux_de_la/Cassini-Nolin.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/1706_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Europe_-_Geographicus_-_Europe-lafeuille-1706.jpg

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http://www.antiquemaps-fair.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=634_638_665_701&products_id=20893http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/africa/maps-continent/continent.htmlhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Fer._L%27Europe,_suivant_les_nouvelles_observations_de_Mrs_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_des_sciences._1716.jpg

http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2833~290020:Hemisphere-Oriental-dresse-en-1720-

http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2833~290020:Hemisphere-Oriental-dresse-en-1720-http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/1743_Homann_Heirs_-_Haas_Map_of_Europe_-_Geographicus_-_Europa-hmhr-1743.jpg

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http://library24.library.cornell.edu:8280/luna/servlet/detail/JCB~1~1~1569~2180001:-Map-of-the-world-?sort=IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups&qvq=sort:IMAGE_DATE%2Csubject_groups;lc:JCB~1~1&mi=2&trs=7283

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http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/CompleteSearch.do?field=autor&text=sgrooten&showYearItems=&exact=on&textH=&advanced=false&completeText=&pageSize=1&pageSizeAbrv=10&pageNumber=3

http://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/detail/JCBMAPS~1~1~1330~100090005:15229?sort=Normalized_date%2CFile_Name&qvq=q:wright%2B1599;sort:Normalized_date%2CFile_Name;lc:JCBMAPS~1~1&mi=1&trs=4

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Hessel_Gerritsz_-_Worldmap_of_1612_including_the_discovery_of_La_Austrialia_del_Espiritu_Santo_by_Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s.png

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BibliographyBooks and other sources of map images not already cited in the main article in e-Perimetron.

Abd al-Rahmân, Muhammad. 1996. «El cálculo de las longitudes planetarias en el al-Zîdj al-Shâmil fî tahdhîb al-Kâmil». Universidad de Barcelona.

Cormack, Lesley. 2008. «The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Instruments, Practice & Community in 16th Century England» presented at IRMACS Colloquium, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University.

Swift, M., and C. Grive. 2008. Cartes du monde à travers l’histoire. Géo / Prisma presse.

Barber, Peter. 2005. The Map Book. Walker.

Castelló, F. 1989. El «Dikr al-Aqalim» de Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al- Zayyat  (Tratado de geografía universal). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

Cuesta Domingo, Mariano. 2004. «La cartografía de Santa Cruz». Estudios geográficos 65 (254): 150-67.

Chabás, J., y B. R. Goldstein. 2012. A Survey of European Astronomical Tables in the Late Middle Ages. Brill.

Dorce, Carlos. 2003. El Tay Al Azyay De Muhyi Al Din Almagribi. Instituto Millás Vallicrosa.

Ducène, Jean-Charles. 2011. «Les tables géographiques du manuscrit d’al-Malik al-Afḍal (1377)». Chroniques du manuscrit au Yémen, n.o 11. www.anne.regourd.org/cmy/11/cmy11.01.texte1.pdf.

Hofmann, C., H. Richard, and E. Vagnon. 2012. L’âge d’or des cartes marines: quand l’Europe découvrait le monde. Seuil.

Kitab-i Cihânnumâ / The Book Of Cihannuma. 2008. Boyut Publishing Group.

Laguarda Trías, Rolando. 1990. La ciencia española en el descubrimiento de América : las tablas de coordenadas geográficas compiladas en la España medieval. Cuadernos Colombinos 16. Valladolid: Casa-Museo de Colón Seminario Americanista de la Universidad de Valladolid.

Modern edition of part of the Atlas Maior: Hispania, Portugallia, Africa & America. 2006. Taschen.Nebenzahl, Kenneth. 2001. Atlas de Colon y Los Grandes Descubrimientos. Magisterio Español.

Özdemir, Kemal. 1992. Ottoman nautical charts and the Atlas of Ali Macar Reis. Istanbul: Marmara Bank Publication

Sandman, Alison. 2004. «An apologia for the pilots’ charts: Politics, projections and pilots’ reports in early modern Spain». Imago Mundi 56 (1): 7-22.

Shirley, Rodney W. 2001. The mapping of the world: early printed world maps, 1472-1700. Holland Press cartographica 9. Early World Press.

Abd al-Rahmân, Muhammad. 1996. «El cálculo de las longitudes planetarias en el al-Zîdj al-Shâmil fî tahdhîb al-Kâmil». Universidad de Barcelona.

Cormack, Lesley. 2008. «The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Instruments, Practice & Community in 16th Century England» presented at IRMACS Colloquium, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University.

El «Dikr al-Aqalim» de Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al- Zayyat  (Tratado de geografía universal). Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

65 (254): 150-67.

A Survey of European Astronomical Tables in the Late Middle Ages. Brill.

Ducène, Jean-Charles. 2011. «Les tables géographiques du manuscrit d’al-Malik al-Afḍal (1377)». Chroniques du manuscrit au Yémen, n.o 11. www.anne.regourd.org/cmy/11/cmy11.01.texte1.pdf.

L’âge d’or des cartes marines: quand l’Europe découvrait le monde. Seuil.

La ciencia española en el descubrimiento de América : las tablas de coordenadas geográficas compiladas en la España medieval. Cuadernos Colombinos 16. Valladolid: Casa-Museo de Colón Seminario Americanista de la Universidad de Valladolid.

Istanbul: Marmara Bank Publication

Sandman, Alison. 2004. «An apologia for the pilots’ charts: Politics, projections and pilots’ reports in early modern Spain». Imago Mundi 56 (1): 7-22.

. Holland Press cartographica 9. Early World Press.

Cormack, Lesley. 2008. «The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Instruments, Practice & Community in 16th Century England» presented at IRMACS Colloquium, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University.

. Cuadernos Colombinos 16. Valladolid: Casa-Museo de Colón Seminario Americanista de la Universidad de Valladolid.