Table S1. - American Psychological Associationsupp.apa.org/.../ABN-2014-0361SupplementalMaterial.docx · Web viewSupplemental Material Table S1. Prevalence of DSM-IV Diagnoses in

LATENT STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING Supplement 1

Supplemental Material

Table S1. Prevalence of DSM-IV Diagnoses in Target Patients Rated by Therapists.............................2

Table S2. Psychometric Properties of the 75-Item version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5

Informant Report Form in the Construction Sample.............................................................................3

Table S3. Descriptive Statistics and Generalized Graded Unfolding Model Item Parameter Estimates

in the Combined Sample.........................................................................................................................4

Table S4. Fit Indices of Multiple Group Models for the Criterion A Subdomains...................................6

Table S5. Fit Indices of Joint Multiple Group Models for Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B

Facets.....................................................................................................................................................7

Table S6. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion A

Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Seven Factors (Standardized within Therapists).................8


Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Laypersons)................9


Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Therapists)................10

Table S9. Predicting Overall Impairment in Personality Functioning from ESEM Factor Scores.......11

Figure S1. Mean Expected (dotted lines) and Observed (points) Item Responses as a Function of Mean

Estimated Theta minus Delta across 33 Groups for Criterion A Subdomains.....................................12

Figure S2. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized Graded

Unfolding Model for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity......................................13

Figure S3. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Graded Response Model

for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity...................................................................14

Figure S4. Test Information Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized Graded

Unfolding Model (solid lines) and a Graded Response Model (dotted lines)......................................15

Figure S5. Scatterplots of the expected a posteriori (EAP) estimates under a Generalized Graded

Unfolding Model (vertical axis) and a Graded Response Model (horizontal axis).............................16

References..............................................................................................................................................17


Table S1. Prevalence of DSM-IV Diagnoses in Target Patients Rated by Therapists

Diagnostic categories n %

DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis

Mood disorder 82 56.6

Anxiety disorder 51 35.2

Eating disorder 11 7.6

Adjustment disorder 10 6.9

Somatoform disorder 9 6.2

Other disorder 28 19.3

No Axis I disorder 20 13.8

DSM-IV Axis II diagnosis

Paranoid PD 6 4.1

Schizoid PD 6 4.1

Schizotypal PD 1 0.7

Antisocial PD 5 3.4

Borderline PD 35 24.1

Histrionic PD 17 11.7

Narcissistic PD 36 24.8

Avoidant PD 32 22.1

Dependent PD 19 13.1

Obsessive-compulsive PD 17 11.7

Negativistic (passive-aggressive) PD 8 5.5

Depressive PD 12 8.3

PD not otherwise specified 10 6.9

No PD 24 16.6

Note. N = 145. PD = Personality disorder. Patients could be assigned more than one diagnosis.


Table S2. Psychometric Properties of the 75-Item version of the Personality Inventory for

DSM-5 Informant Report Form in the Construction Sample

Domain FacetDescriptive Statistics

Convergent Validity Exploratory Factor Analysis

M SD α rtotal rred NA DET ANT DIS PSYNA Anxiousness 0.70 0.62 .77 .92 .80 .57 .43 -.12 .06 .15NA Emotional Lability 0.81 0.69 .82 .95 .85 .56 -.06 .26 .19 .17NA/ANT Hostility 0.77 0.74 .86 .93 .84 .21 .07 .53 .22 .11NA Perseveration 0.65 0.60 .77 .93 .83 .27 .15 .20 .26 .32-NA/DET Restricted Affectivity 1.14 0.67 .73 .93 .77 -.31 .59 .10 .06 .16NA Separation Insecurity 0.85 0.67 .76 .96 .85 .48 .25 .10 .26 .02NA Submissiveness 1.29 0.72 .81 .97 .60 .33 .14 .05 -.02 -.14DET Anhedonia 0.58 0.60 .78 .92 .77 .17 .67 .03 .16 .12DET/NA Depressivity 0.26 0.46 .87 .91 .84 .27 .42 -.21 .35 .22DET Intimacy Avoidance 0.49 0.56 .81 .92 .65 -.11 .40 -.01 .20 .40DET/NA Suspiciousness 0.73 0.66 .83 .88 .57 .31 .29 .33 .15 .20DET Withdrawal 0.43 0.54 .78 .91 .82 -.20 .66 .12 .17 .10ANT Attention Seeking 1.17 0.79 .87 .94 .83 .10 -.29 .60 .06 .23ANT Callousness 0.48 0.61 .83 .93 .87 -.15 .28 .58 .24 .13ANT Deceitfulness 0.64 0.66 .83 .93 .84 .04 .18 .55 .36 .03ANT Grandiosity 0.73 0.70 .82 .96 .84 -.09 .18 .76 .00 .17ANT Manipulativeness 1.12 0.66 .72 .93 .63 .09 -.13 .57 .19 .00DIS Distractibility 0.82 0.69 .84 .93 .82 .14 .01 -.03 .62 .17DIS Impulsivity 0.81 0.72 .85 .94 .69 .21 -.23 .25 .43 .28DIS Irresponsibility 0.55 0.57 .69 .92 .75 .02 .21 .12 .72 .07-DIS Rigid Perfectionism 0.99 0.69 .75 .91 .81 .21 .23 .26 -.40 .26DIS Risk Taking 1.00 0.64 .79 .80 .65 -.12 -.22 .11 .33 .34PSY Eccentricity 0.64 0.71 .88 .94 .89 -.04 .18 .17 .09 .61

PSY Cognitive and Perceptual Dysregulation 0.33 0.43 .65 .89 .78 .10 .11 -.15 .27 .66

PSY Unusual Beliefs and Experiences 0.21 0.38 .70 .91 .78 .01 .06 .09 .07 .68

Note. Data were based on a round-robin design involving 25 groups of 4 to 5 student participants (N = 110 participants, N = 379 ratings) (Zimmermann et al., 2015). rtotal = Correlation between mean scores of the 3-item facet and the full facet scale. rred = Correlations between mean scores of the 3-item facet and the reduced facet scale (i.e., with the 3 items omitted). Exploratory factor analysis was based on the 3-item facet mean scores, using maximum likelihood estimation and target rotation to the original factor loading matrix presented in Krueger et al. (2012). Factor correlations ranged from .01 to .45 (M = .24). NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics. Loadings that were theoretically expected based on the DSM-5 trait model are presented underlined.


Table S3. Descriptive Statistics and Generalized Graded Unfolding Model Item Parameter Estimates in the Combined Sample

Subdomain LevelDescriptive Statistics GGUM Item Parameters Model Fit

N M SD n0 n1 n2 n3 δ α τ1 τ2 τ3 rexp Q3;0 Q3;1 Q3;2 Q3;3

Sense of Self

0 590 1.61 0.91 75 183 232 100 -3.47 0.73 -5.33 -3.85 -1.64 .581 623 1.33 0.85 110 242 224 47 -0.12 0.70 -2.14 -0.49 1.93 .42 .272 621 1.34 1.00 153 190 192 86 2.44 1.46 -3.19 -2.33 -1.03 .81 .03 .163 596 1.28 1.00 155 199 161 81 2.76 1.40 -3.50 -2.45 -1.40 .80 .07 .19 -.084 612 0.84 0.92 281 185 109 37 2.06 1.82 -2.08 -1.25 -0.26 .83 .09 .03 -.08 -.10

Self-Esteem

0 638 1.01 0.94 228 229 128 53 -2.56 1.94 -2.95 -1.89 -0.86 .831 643 1.85 1.03 90 127 218 208 2.56 1.04 -3.74 -3.28 -2.01 .70 .022 616 1.59 1.06 129 136 208 143 2.46 1.57 -3.24 -2.76 -1.57 .80 -.04 .203 620 1.47 1.11 165 137 178 140 2.24 2.34 -2.82 -2.30 -1.44 .89 -.01 -.05 .004 640 1.64 1.06 121 153 203 163 2.01 1.72 -2.94 -2.24 -1.26 .82 .05 .15 -.05 -.11

Emotional Range and Regulation

0 628 1.32 0.93 138 221 201 68 -2.99 1.01 -3.97 -2.77 -1.02 .711 612 1.68 0.95 82 158 247 125 1.01 1.50 -2.35 -1.50 -0.13 .72 .222 638 1.85 1.03 86 132 209 211 0.89 0.98 -2.15 -1.60 -0.58 .60 .17 .193 635 1.42 1.01 148 173 213 101 0.85 2.49 -1.64 -0.99 -0.11 .78 .11 .18 .244 625 1.08 1.01 232 175 155 63 1.59 1.32 -1.75 -1.21 0.01 .79 -.04 -.06 .12 .06

Ability to Pursue Meaningful Goals

0 638 1.45 0.97 121 209 211 97 -2.08 2.18 -3.08 -2.05 -0.87 .881 639 1.22 0.92 155 252 170 62 0.07 0.66 -1.65 0.05 1.27 .40 .122 631 1.36 1.03 155 199 171 106 1.03 1.12 -1.83 -0.88 -0.08 .65 .01 .173 636 1.47 1.05 142 185 180 129 1.78 1.52 -2.61 -1.75 -0.84 .80 -.10 .14 .084 626 1.07 0.96 218 200 157 51 1.19 1.88 -1.58 -0.82 0.16 .77 -.07 .19 .12 .01

Constructive, Prosocial Internal Standards of Behavior

0 632 1.22 0.90 145 255 177 55 -2.38 1.51 -3.32 -1.93 -0.55 .801 620 1.55 1.00 118 163 222 117 0.70 1.32 -1.73 -1.12 0.07 .66 .132 610 1.58 0.97 101 167 229 113 0.52 1.83 -1.71 -0.99 0.01 .71 .16 .203 626 1.03 0.98 242 172 162 50 1.09 1.85 -1.32 -0.82 0.25 .77 -.02 .16 .064 611 1.07 1.00 223 181 148 59 1.10 1.74 -1.41 -0.76 0.13 .75 .02 .09 .07 .21

Self-Reflective Functioning

0 629 1.49 0.90 95 212 239 83 -2.58 1.59 -3.83 -2.67 -1.06 .771 619 1.69 0.88 60 184 261 114 0.03 0.62 -2.84 -1.21 1.02 .38 .142 635 1.33 0.93 135 224 205 71 2.34 2.42 -3.23 -2.15 -0.94 .86 -.08 .193 623 1.24 0.93 151 230 183 59 2.57 2.46 -3.35 -2.24 -1.08 .87 .04 .13 -.104 625 1.38 1.02 154 180 192 99 2.59 1.74 -3.30 -2.52 -1.38 .82 .06 .22 -.01 -.15


Subdomain LevelDescriptive Statistics GGUM Item Parameters Model Fit

N M SD n0 n1 n2 n3 δ α τ1 τ2 τ3 rexp Q3;0 Q3;1 Q3;2 Q3;3

Understanding and Appreciation of Others’ Experiences and Motivations

0 644 1.57 0.87 72 229 249 94 -2.94 1.33 -4.61 -3.07 -1.45 .721 632 1.50 0.98 121 178 232 101 1.56 2.17 -2.50 -1.67 -0.45 .84 .042 620 1.35 0.96 136 210 196 78 1.07 0.86 -2.10 -0.93 0.57 .54 .12 .183 631 1.30 0.90 139 212 230 50 1.13 1.66 -2.02 -1.09 0.44 .74 .10 .02 .144 637 1.24 0.99 177 212 168 80 2.45 2.80 -3.07 -2.14 -1.23 .91 .01 -.17 .06 -.02

Tolerance of Differing Perspectives

0 640 1.37 0.89 115 234 230 61 -1.92 2.18 -2.96 -1.80 -0.35 .821 647 1.32 0.93 148 207 230 62 0.71 2.04 -1.58 -0.83 0.30 .74 .102 648 1.42 1.08 165 181 166 136 1.54 2.93 -2.22 -1.46 -0.78 .88 -.03 .013 652 1.37 1.02 155 211 179 107 1.89 2.00 -2.67 -1.72 -0.82 .82 .06 .09 -.034 647 1.25 1.02 188 200 170 89 1.36 2.29 -1.93 -1.13 -0.32 .82 .06 .03 .10 .08

Understanding of Effects of Own Behavior on Others

0 646 1.48 0.86 80 254 235 77 -4.19 1.31 -5.81 -4.12 -2.54 .721 642 1.72 0.89 68 167 283 124 2.41 1.41 -3.98 -2.96 -1.18 .75 .132 647 1.60 1.00 106 185 215 141 2.04 1.97 -3.14 -2.19 -1.13 .85 .00 -.063 640 1.64 1.03 108 173 201 158 1.61 1.93 -2.68 -1.79 -0.85 .84 -.02 -.01 -.034 632 1.31 0.96 153 199 211 69 4.58 0.88 -5.36 -4.53 -2.57 .63 .18 .19 -.01 .05

Depth and Duration of Connections

0 650 1.35 0.99 144 239 165 102 -1.96 1.86 -2.87 -1.66 -0.81 .841 634 1.58 0.83 62 220 275 77 -0.07 1.06 -2.37 -0.92 0.88 .57 .152 636 1.47 0.91 91 244 209 92 0.27 0.70 -2.46 -0.42 0.86 .40 .19 .263 639 1.54 1.10 154 136 198 151 1.09 2.63 -1.77 -1.28 -0.47 .88 -.15 .13 .134 647 0.91 0.94 276 199 129 43 1.28 1.41 -1.31 -0.59 0.36 .68 .02 .06 .20 .04

Desire and Capacity for Closeness

0 630 1.49 0.98 113 207 198 112 -3.30 0.78 -4.66 -3.25 -1.85 .711 628 1.59 0.95 89 196 224 119 0.05 0.55 -2.44 -0.85 0.84 .32 .322 624 1.32 0.97 154 190 207 73 0.72 1.76 -1.51 -0.83 0.24 .74 .12 .233 607 1.33 1.12 193 146 145 123 0.42 2.31 -1.04 -0.65 -0.24 .69 .31 .23 .254 595 1.16 0.96 178 201 161 55 0.72 1.76 -1.37 -0.58 0.30 .70 .05 .21 .21 .25

Mutuality of Regard Reflected in Behavior

0 638 1.32 0.90 134 221 230 53 -3.10 1.08 -4.16 -3.04 -0.82 .681 635 1.51 0.99 123 173 229 110 1.31 1.51 -2.29 -1.51 -0.18 .75 .162 637 1.12 1.04 227 190 138 82 1.28 2.23 -1.64 -0.86 -0.25 .82 .11 .133 624 1.21 1.03 196 178 170 80 1.69 1.82 -2.16 -1.45 -0.38 .82 .01 .09 -.074 615 1.16 0.95 185 199 181 50 2.36 1.75 -2.92 -2.04 -0.57 .82 .07 -.03 .02 .00

Note. Total N = 660. GGUM = Generalized Graded Unfolding Model. rexp = Correlations between expected and observed item responses. Q3 = Bias-corrected correlations between model-based item residuals. Q3 > |.13| were statistically significant at p < .001.


Table S4. Fit Indices of Multiple Group Models for the Criterion A Subdomains

Multiple Group Analyses Parameters χ² df CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR AIC BIC

CFA, 1 Factor 50 764.93 130 .848 .846 .122 .077 14969.56 15194.17

CFA, 2 correlated Self/Interpersonal Factors 54 521.16 126 .906 .901 .097 .069 14670.38 14912.96

CFA, 4 correlated Domain Factors 68 426.22 112 .925 .912 .092 .057 14578.33 14883.80

ESEM, 2 correlated Factors 64 272.01 116 .963 .958 .064 .043 14377.00 14664.51



Note. All models were multiple group models assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). CFA = Confirmatory Factor Analysis. ESEM = Exploratory Structural Equation Model. CFI = Comparative Fit Index. TLI = Tucker Lewis Index. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation. SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. Models that are presented in bold are included in the main manuscript.


Table S5. Fit Indices of Joint Multiple Group Models for Criterion A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets

Multiple Group Analyses Parameters χ² df CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR AIC BIC

ESEM, 2 Criterion A + 4 Criterion B correlated Factors 263 3391.83 1217 .842 .827 .074 .063 49263.43 50444.89




ESEM, 5 joint correlated Factors 306 2967.15 1174 .869 .852 .068 .056 48806.09 50180.72





Note. All models were multiple group Exploratory Structural Equation Models (ESEM) assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). CFI = Comparative Fit Index. TLI = Tucker Lewis Index. RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation.


SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion. BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion. Models that are presented in bold are included in the main manuscript.


Table S6. Joint Multiple Group Exploratory Structural Equation Model Analysis of Criterion

A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Seven Factors (Standardized within Therapists)

Criterion Domain Facet / Subdomain F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7A ID Self-Esteem .68 -.09 .29 .07 .11 -.12 .04

A SD Constructive, Prosocial Internal Standards of Behavior .66 .09 .00 -.07 .02 .11 .06

B DET/NA Depressivity .65 -.38 .28 -.07 .01 .05 .15A SD Ability to Pursue Meaningful Goals .63 .07 -.03 -.05 -.14 .26 -.12A ID Sense of Self .50 -.01 .24 .15 -.03 .09 -.05A SD Self-Reflective Functioning .47 .40 .02 -.07 .00 .12 -.01A IN Desire and Capacity for Closeness .44 .15 -.01 .27 .05 -.09 .31A ID Emotional Range and Regulation .42 .11 .14 .06 .33 .01 .22B NA Separation Insecurity .30 .01 .30 .24 .02 -.04 -.26A E Tolerance of Differing Perspectives .20 .72 .00 .07 .10 -.02 -.02

A E Understanding and Appreciation of Others’ Experiences and Motivations .26 .63 .06 .08 .08 .07 .07

A E Understanding of Effects of Own Behavior on Others .36 .56 .04 -.19 .09 .08 .03

B ANT Callousness .07 .55 -.06 .27 .00 .18 .12A IN Mutuality of Regard Reflected in Behavior .34 .53 -.02 .17 .07 -.09 .21B ANT Grandiosity -.07 .50 -.02 .46 -.03 .01 .04B NA Anxiousness .11 -.03 .73 -.10 .02 .00 -.02B -DIS Rigid Perfectionism -.30 .04 .49 .01 .03 -.05 .24B NA Submissiveness .03 -.15 .43 .00 -.23 -.07 -.06B DET/NA Suspiciousness .14 .22 .37 .12 .28 .07 .06B ANT Manipulativeness -.14 .05 .05 .80 .03 .00 -.03B ANT Attention Seeking .02 .11 -.02 .68 .03 .02 -.13B ANT Deceitfulness .17 .24 .02 .60 -.07 .21 -.02B NA Emotional Lability .04 -.02 .34 -.08 .94 .04 -.14B DIS Impulsivity .00 .08 -.04 .08 .62 .34 -.06B NA/ANT Hostility .00 .31 .01 .01 .61 -.03 .10B PSY Cognitive and Perceptual Dysregulation .07 -.06 .33 .05 .02 .67 .09B DIS Distractibility .17 -.01 .04 -.06 .03 .55 -.24B DIS Irresponsibility .26 .06 -.16 .26 .01 .55 -.06B PSY Eccentricity .00 .24 .24 -.01 .08 .51 .14B DIS Risk Taking .01 -.25 -.22 .33 .15 .42 .10B NA Perseveration .02 .26 .34 -.06 -.01 .41 .00B PSY Unusual Beliefs and Experiences -.05 -.01 .28 .28 .07 .34 .07B DET Withdrawal .12 .06 .14 -.18 -.05 .06 .63B DET Intimacy Avoidance .08 -.04 .02 .05 -.01 .21 .62A IN Depth and Duration of Connections .49 .03 -.05 -.04 .15 -.04 .50B -NA/DET Restricted Affectivity .00 .17 -.04 .02 -.22 .34 .45B DET Anhedonia .27 .10 .24 -.17 -.02 .03 .37

F2 .34F3 -.05 -.39F4 -.05 .22 -.39F5 .33 .14 -.26 .49F6 .23 .21 -.14 .12 .22F7 .15 .26 .15 -.13 -.14 .25

Note. Factor loadings and factor correlations were based on a multiple group Exploratory Structural Equation Model

assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). Parameters were standardized within the therapist sample. ID = Identity. SD = Self-Direction. E = Empathy. IN = Intimacy. NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics.



A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Laypersons)

Criterion Domain Facet / Subdomain F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8A ID Self-Esteem .88 -.06 .03 .05 -.02 .06 -.10 .02B DET/NA Depressivity .82 -.34 -.04 .01 .12 .08 .06 .01A IN Depth and Duration of Connections .74 .04 -.02 .06 -.08 -.17 .28 .02A ID Sense of Self .69 .02 .09 -.04 .13 .08 -.14 .11

A SD Constructive, Prosocial Internal Standards of Behavior .67 .08 -.03 .00 .19 -.05 .02 -.01

A IN Desire and Capacity for Closeness .60 .14 .19 .00 -.06 -.11 .12 .00A SD Ability to Pursue Meaningful Goals .58 .07 -.02 -.10 .40 -.02 -.07 .00A ID Emotional Range and Regulation .57 .07 .06 .26 .07 .02 .15 -.04A SD Self-Reflective Functioning .49 .38 -.03 -.01 .18 -.01 -.02 .03B DET Anhedonia .46 .04 -.05 .04 .09 .22 .40 -.06B NA Separation Insecurity .39 -.01 .21 .06 .14 .25 -.27 -.03B DET/NA Suspiciousness .32 .19 .11 .27 .00 .19 .02 .11A E Tolerance of Differing Perspectives .21 .68 .10 .09 .05 .03 -.01 -.03

A E Understanding and Appreciation of Others’ Experiences and Motivations .32 .56 .08 .04 .03 .00 .02 .07

B ANT Grandiosity -.13 .54 .43 -.03 -.04 -.02 .00 .05

A E Understanding of Effects of Own Behavior on Others .42 .52 -.12 .03 .05 -.03 -.03 .09

B ANT Callousness -.01 .50 .28 .04 .22 .01 .18 -.02A IN Mutuality of Regard Reflected in Behavior .46 .48 .16 .03 -.04 -.05 .11 -.03B ANT Manipulativeness -.23 -.01 .69 .07 .03 .03 -.04 -.04B ANT Attention Seeking .02 .14 .59 -.02 -.05 -.16 -.29 .12B ANT Deceitfulness .08 .18 .52 -.01 .31 .04 .03 -.02B NA Emotional Lability .21 -.04 -.09 .80 -.03 .07 -.15 .04B NA/ANT Hostility .04 .26 .05 .62 .02 -.03 .17 -.15B DIS Impulsivity -.03 .07 .05 .62 .24 -.23 -.03 .11B DIS Irresponsibility .07 .02 .24 .06 .62 -.13 .08 .03B DIS Distractibility .00 -.02 -.04 .09 .61 .02 -.10 .14B NA Perseveration .05 .26 .00 .05 .30 .27 .10 .24B NA Anxiousness .37 -.07 -.03 .09 -.02 .60 .00 .12B DIS Risk Taking -.01 -.29 .26 .09 .21 -.48 .03 .24B NA Submissiveness .15 -.19 .03 -.16 -.02 .44 -.04 .02B -DIS Rigid Perfectionismn -.09 .01 .04 .06 -.34 .38 .21 .20B DET Withdrawal .37 .03 -.07 -.03 -.07 .07 .54 .06B -NA/DET Restricted Affectivity .01 .17 .09 -.18 .21 -.02 .52 .12B DET Intimacy Avoidance .31 -.04 .06 -.03 -.02 -.11 .48 .14B PSY Cognitive and Perceptual Dysregulation .18 -.01 .02 .00 .28 .03 .04 .52B PSY Eccentricity .09 .33 -.05 .03 .12 .01 .07 .49B PSY Unusual Beliefs and Experiences .10 .05 .18 .00 -.05 -.03 -.09 .47

F2 .46F3 .13 .52F4 .47 .38 .32F5 .54 .36 .17 .30F6 .29 -.20 -.22 .13 -.06F7 .21 .37 .10 .03 .05 -.07F8 .44 .18 .19 .31 .28 .03 .14


assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). Parameters were standardized within the layperson sample. ID = Identity. SD = Self-Direction. E = Empathy. IN = Intimacy. NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics.



A Subdomains and Criterion B Facets with Eight Factors (Standardized within Therapists)

Criterion Domain Facet / Subdomain F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8A ID Self-Esteem .75 -.08 .04 .07 -.02 .08 -.14 .03B DET/NA Depressivity .71 -.43 -.06 .01 .15 .11 .07 .02A SD Constructive, Prosocial Internal Standards

of Behavior .59 .10 -.05 .00 .23 -.08 .02 -.02

A IN Depth and Duration of Connections .59 .04 -.03 .07 -.08 -.21 .35 .02A ID Sense of Self .50 .02 .11 -.04 .13 .09 -.15 .15A IN Desire and Capacity for Closeness .49 .17 .25 .00 -.07 -.13 .15 .00A ID Emotional Range and Regulation .47 .09 .09 .32 .08 .03 .19 -.07A SD Ability to Pursue Meaningful Goals .46 .08 -.02 -.11 .44 -.03 -.09 -.01A E Tolerance of Differing Perspectives .15 .74 .12 .10 .05 .04 -.01 -.04A E Understanding and Appreciation of Others’

Experiences and Motivations .26 .66 .11 .05 .04 .00 .02 .11

A E Understanding of Effects of Own Behavior on Others .34 .62 -.17 .03 .05 -.03 -.03 .14

B ANT Callousness -.01 .55 .34 .04 .22 .01 .21 -.03A IN Mutuality of Regard Reflected in Behavior .36 .54 .20 .04 -.04 -.06 .13 -.04B ANT Grandiosity -.08 .51 .46 -.03 -.03 -.02 .00 .06A SD Self-Reflective Functioning .39 .44 -.04 -.01 .20 -.01 -.02 .04B ANT Manipulativeness -.15 -.01 .79 .07 .03 .03 -.04 -.06B ANT Deceitfulness .06 .20 .65 -.01 .32 .04 .04 -.03B ANT Attention Seeking .01 .12 .61 -.02 -.04 -.15 -.28 .14B NA Emotional Lability .16 -.04 -.11 .88 -.03 .08 -.17 .06B NA/ANT Hostility .03 .26 .06 .62 .02 -.03 .18 -.20B DIS Impulsivity -.02 .06 .05 .57 .20 -.23 -.03 .14B DIS Irresponsibility .05 .02 .29 .07 .63 -.15 .09 .04B DIS Distractibility .00 -.02 -.05 .08 .53 .02 -.10 .17B NA Anxiousness .26 -.08 -.04 .10 -.01 .65 .00 .16B DIS Risk Taking .00 -.27 .27 .08 .18 -.47 .02 .29B NA Submissiveness .10 -.18 .03 -.15 -.02 .44 -.04 .03B -DIS Rigid Perfectionismn -.05 .01 .04 .05 -.28 .35 .19 .23B DET Withdrawal .28 .03 -.09 -.04 -.08 .08 .63 .09B DET Intimacy Avoidance .23 -.04 .08 -.03 -.02 -.13 .56 .20B -NA/DET Restricted Affectivity .01 .16 .10 -.18 .19 -.02 .54 .15B DET Anhedonia .34 .04 -.06 .04 .09 .26 .46 -.08B PSY Cognitive and Perceptual Dysregulation .13 -.02 .02 .00 .27 .04 .04 .70B PSY Eccentricity .06 .33 -.05 .03 .11 .01 .07 .66B PSY Unusual Beliefs and Experiences .07 .05 .21 .00 -.05 -.04 -.09 .62B NA Perseveration .03 .24 .00 .05 .26 .26 .10 .29B DET/NA Suspiciousness .24 .20 .14 .28 .00 .21 .02 .16B NA Separation Insecurity .26 -.01 .23 .06 .13 .26 -.28 -.04

F2 .31F3 -.12 .22F4 .24 .08 .43F5 .25 .17 .06 .16F6 -.01 -.60 -.44 -.40 -.42F7 .16 .13 -.07 -.25 .11 -.01F8 .10 -.02 .02 .25 .06 .10 .25


assuming strong measurement invariance across laypersons (n = 515) and therapists (n = 145). Parameters were standardized within the therapist sample. ID = Identity. SD = Self-Direction. E = Empathy. IN = Intimacy. NA = Negative Affectivity. DET = Detachment. ANT = Antagonism. DIS = Disinhibition. PSY = Psychoticism. The largest loading in each row is presented in bold. Loadings ≥ |.30| but that are not the highest loading within that row are presented in italics.


Table S9. Predicting Overall Impairment in Personality Functioning from ESEM Factor

Scores

Laypersons Therapists

r sr r sr

F1: Self-Pathology .77*** .32*** .59*** .33***

F2: Interpersonal Pathology .50*** .05 .28*** .07

F3: Anxious Compulsivity .45*** .02 .04 .07

F4: Antagonism .07 -.04 -.04 -.05

F5: Emotional Dysregulation .40*** .03 .28*** .08

F6: Disinhibition/Psychoticism .48*** .00 .30*** .11

F7: Detachment .49*** .17*** .24** .06

Note. Zero-order correlations (r) and part correlations (sr) of Exploratory Structural Equation Model (ESEM) factor scores with the 5-point overall impairment in personality functioning rating in the layperson sample (n = 509) and therapist sample (n = 139). Factor scores were estimated based on the multiple group ESEM with seven factors and oblique Geomin rotation presented in the manuscript. Part correlations were computed using multiple regression analyses, with F(501,7) = 133.0, p < .001, R²adj = .645 in laypersons, and F(131,7) = 11.7, p < .001, R²adj = .352 in therapists.

** p < .01. *** p < .001.


Sense of self Self-esteem Emotional range and regulation

IDE

NTI

TY

Ability to pursue meaningful goals

Constructive, prosocial internal standards of behavior Self-reflective functioning

SE

LF-D

IRE

CTI

ON

Understanding and appreciation of others’ experiences and

motivationsTolerance of differing

perspectivesUnderstanding of effects of own

behavior on others

EM

PA

THY

Depth and duration of connections

Desire and capacity for closeness

Mutuality of regard reflected in behavior

INTI

MA

CY

Figure S1. Mean Expected (dotted lines) and Observed (points) Item Responses as a Function

of Mean Estimated Theta minus Delta across 33 Groups for Criterion A Subdomains



IDE

NTI

TY



SE

LF-D

IRE

CTI

ON




behavior on others

EM

PA

THY




INTI

MA

CY

Figure S2. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized

Graded Unfolding Model for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity



IDE

NTI

TY



SE

LF-D

IRE

CTI

ON




behavior on others

EM

PA

THY




INTI

MA

CY

Figure S3. Item Response Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Graded Response

Model for Items Representing Five Different Levels of Severity



IDE

NTI

TY



SE

LF-D

IRE

CTI

ON




behavior on others

EM

PA

THY




INTI

MA

CY

Figure S4. Test Information Functions of Criterion A Subdomains based on a Generalized

Graded Unfolding Model (solid lines) and a Graded Response Model (dotted lines)



IDE

NTI

TY



SE

LF-D

IRE

CTI

ON




behavior on others

EM

PA

THY




INTI

MA

CY

Figure S5. Scatterplots of the expected a posteriori (EAP) estimates under a Generalized

Graded Unfolding Model (vertical axis) and a Graded Response Model (horizontal axis)


References

Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial

construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5.

Psychological Medicine, 42(09), 1879–1890. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002674

Zimmermann, J., Rek, K., Opoka, S., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., & Leising, D. (2015).

Bias and consensus in lay assessments of DSM-5 maladaptive personality traits: Exploring

the effects of trait characteristics and assessment context. Manuscript in preparation.

Documents

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