Taiwan’s gift to the world 1 Linguistic profile in Taiwan National Chengchi University Claire...
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Taiwan’s gift to the world 1 Linguistic profile in Taiwan National Chengchi University Claire Hsun-huei Chang 本本本本本本本本本 本本 , 本本 CC 本本本本 本本本本本 本本本本本本 本本 「 」 -- 2.5 本 本本本 本 The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 2.5 License of “BY-NC-SA”.
Taiwan’s gift to the world 1 Linguistic profile in Taiwan National Chengchi University Claire Hsun-huei Chang 本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC 「姓名標示-非商業性-
Taiwans gift to the world 1 Linguistic profile in Taiwan
National Chengchi University Claire Hsun-huei Chang CC 2.5 CC 2.5
The Work under the Creative Commons Taiwan 2.5 License of
BY-NC-SA.
Slide 2
Outline 2 Current linguistic situation Sociolinguistic
situation Features of Taiwan Mandarin and Formosan Languages
Language development: Languages used in education and wider
communication Examples of linguistic traces Language-related Rules
and Regulations
Slide 3
At MRT 3 At Taipei train station Picasa
Slide 4
The Act of Protecting Language Equality of Broadcasting at Mass
Transportation Systems 4 (passed March 31, 2000 by Legislature
Yuan). The article number 6 rules that the languages used in
broadcasting should include Minnan (Taiwan Min, Taiwanese) and
Hakka, in addition to Guoyu (Mandarin). The city government should
take local environment and needs into account and consider adding
aboriginal languages in broadcasting.
Slide 5
5 In Matsu area, Northern Min (Fuzhou) should be added. The
Taipei City Government chooses English as the fourth language in
broadcast mainly because of the international atmosphere in Taipei
metropolitan area. Guoyu (Mandarin) Minnan (Taiwanese) Hakka
English
Slide 6
6 Current linguistic situation
Slide 7
Ethnic groups 7 Taiwanese, Minnan (Southern Min) people 73.7%
Mainlanders 13% Hakka 12% Austro-Polynesians 1.7% oHuang 1991:
21
Slide 8
Population of ethnic groups 8 Minnan 70% Hakka 15% Mainlanders
13% Aboriginal less than 2% Total population: 23,170,321 (April,
2011) Aboriginal population: 505,159 (Jan, 2010)
Slide 9
Immigrants: Han people 9 Minnan Quanzhou variety of Southern
Min (business, coastal areas) Zhangzhou variety of Southern Min
(agriculture, inland plains) Hakka (farming in hilly areas) Hai-lu
Si-hsien
Slide 10
Mainlanders: Nationalist retreat 10 Different parts of Mainland
China, speaking a variety of Han dialects Bilinguals acquiring
Mandarin Mandarin as lingua franca
Slide 11
Aboriginals 11 Pingpu Zu (the plain tribes) Gaoshan Zu (the
mountain tribes) Siraya as lingua franca in the south
Slide 12
Population of Mother Language 12 Minnan (Taiwan Min) 75%
Mainlanders 12.5% Hakka 10% Aboriginals < 2%
Slide 13
Languages in Taiwan 13 Guoyu (Mandarin) Minnan (Taiwan
Min,Taiwanese) Hakka Aboriginal languages (Formosan Languages)
Immigrant languages: Chinese Sign Language, Halh Mongolian (6,000),
Kalmyk-Oirat, Tibetan (2,000), Uyghur, Vietnamese.
Slide 14
Other languages 14 Colonial rule Dutch/Portuguese Spanish
Japanese International language English
Slide 15
15 The number of individual languages listed for Taiwan is 28.
Of those, 22 are living languages and 4 have no known speakers.
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=T W&seq=60
http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=T W&seq=60 Lewis,
M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth
edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
Slide 16
16 Taiwan Living languagesNumber of speakersDiversity Total 28
Perc ent 0.41 Indig enou s 22 Immi grant 6 Count 22,07 3,704 Mean
1,003,350 Median 4,759 In de x 0. 48 8 Coverage 79%
Slide 17
Geographical distribution 17 Ethnologue.com SIL
International
Minnan 20 15,000,000 in Taiwan (1997 A. Chang). Tainan, Penghu
Archipelago, cities on east coast, western plain. Alternate name:
Min Nan, Minnan. Dialect: Amoy (Taiwanese).
Slide 21
Hakka 21 2,370,000 in Taiwan (1993). Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli,
Pingtung counties. Shi Xien in north and south; Hai-Lu in central,
north central. Dialects: Hailu (Hoiluk, Hoilluk, Hi-Lu), Sanhsien
(Shigen, Shixien, Shi Xien).
Slide 22
Indigenous Languages 22 14 Taiwan Aboriginal tribes are
recognized officially Atayal, Amis, Bunun, Puyuma, Tao (Yami),
Paiwan, Rukai, Tsou, Thao, Saisiyat, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya,
Sediq Tainan County government recognizes Siraiya as the county
aboriginal. Plain Indigenous people disappeared due to the loss of
the language and culture.
Slide 23
23
Slide 24
To conclude 24 An immigrant society A multi-ethnic and
multilingual society with four major ethnic groups: Mainlanders,
the Southern Min people, the Hakka, Austro-Polynesians Mandarin is
the national language, the lingua franca for all communication
Slide 25
LiteracySubjectMedium Mother language --- National language +++
LWC -+- 25 Language type and function in education (Tsao 2000)
*Language used in wider communication: English, Japanese, German,
French etc. Realized (+), unrealized (-)
Slide 26
26 Sociolinguistic situation
Slide 27
27 1945: Diglossia without societal bilingualism (Fishman 1967)
1975: diglossic society with societal bilingualism (Tsao 2000)
Slide 28
Language contact 28 Lingua franca Making of a Standard
language: based on Peking dialect Language change Code-switching
Language shift Language death
Slide 29
Lingua franca 29 Common language Used for business and other
communication needs by people speaking different first language
Determined by the political or economic superiority Suprastratum
Guoyu (Mandarin) as lingua franca
Slide 30
Language contact 30 Languages: Han dialects (Mandarin, Minnan,
Hakka, and other dialects), Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, Japanese
Code-switching Loanwords Pidgin Creole Language shift Language
death
Slide 31
Japanese occupation 31 First stage: teaching Classical Chinese
with Southern Min or Hakka pronunciation ; Chinese was taught as a
required subject Second stage: private Chinese schools were banned
and Chinese as a subject was made elective Third stage: Chinese was
banned in all public domains
Slide 32
Standard language 32 Standard and sub-standard language Based
on the pronunciation of Peking dialect Ideal language with no
native speakers
Slide 33
And Formosan Languages 33 Features of Taiwan Mandarin
Slide 34
Mandarin 34 standard Mandarin: learned through education and
mass media Taiwan Mandarin: learned as a second language by the
people of Taiwan who speak Taiwanese as a native language Taiwanese
Mandarin
Slide 35
Peking Mandarin vs. Taiwan Mandarin 35 Features shared by
Taiwan Mandarin and Taiwanese, but not by Peking Mandarin Features
shared by Taiwanese and Peking Mandarin, but not by Taiwan
Mandarin
Slide 36
36 Taiwan Mandarin Peking Mandarin Taiwanese
Slide 37
TM/Taiwanese, not PM 37 Non-Taiwanese speakers more numerous,
politically and economically more powerful than PM speakers PM
codified and taught in the area of phonology TM follows the VO
characteristics, where PM shows OV
Slide 38
Habitual and future action 38 Habitual PM: ni chi-bu-chi
niurou? TM: Ni you-mei-you chi niurou? Tw: li u chiah gu-bah bo?
Future PM: nei-kuai niurou ni chi- bu-chi? TM: Nei-kuai niurou ni
yao- bu-yao chi? Tw: hit-te gu-bah li beh chiah m?
Slide 39
Classifiers 39 PM: yi ge pingguo/xigua/lanqiu one
apple/watermelon/basketball Yi li tang one sugar Yi ke qiaokeli one
chocolate TM: yi ke pingguo/lanqiu/tang/qiaokeli Tw: jit liap
pingguo/xigua/lanqiu/tang/
Slide 40
The instrumental case-marker yong 40 (In order to be on time,
you have to run.) PM ni dei pao cai laideji. You must run then in
time TM ni yao yong pao-de cai laideji You must with run-de then in
time Tw: li ai iong chau-e chiah e-hu. You must with run-e then in
time
Slide 41
Taiwanese/PM, not TM 41 A-not-A questions Can you play cards?
PM Ni hui da pai bu hui? you can play cards not can TM ni
hui-bu-hui da pai? Tw li e-hiau phah pai-a be? you can play card
not.can
Slide 42
Shaping of Taiwan Mandarin 42 A drift toward those
characteristics common to the entire Chinese language family, away
from those Altaic features peculiar to Peking Mandarin The tendency
to carry over features of the second- language learners native
language The tendency to adopt features that are simpler, more
regular and easier to process
Slide 43
Taiwanese 43 Taiwanese: learned by non-native speakers through
daily social contact Shared vocabulary between Mandarin and
Taiwanese 70%
Slide 44
Formosan Languages 44 Language diversity in word order, focus
system, auxiliaries, personal pronouns, number system, and affixes
Preserving Proto-Austronesian features
Slide 45
Importance of Formosan languages 45 Number of languages: 23 out
of 1262 Austronesian languages Language family 3 out of four
primary branches of Austronesian languages 2 Atayal, 17 Paiwanic, 4
Tsouic (1 does not belong to Formosan languages)
Slide 46
46 Wiki Maulucioni
Slide 47
Focus system 47 A system of agreement between verb form and
nominal case
Slide 48
Example 48 He caught a big fish with a fishing pole by the sea
shore. AF (Agent focus): He PF (Patient focus): a big fish IF
(Instrument focus): a fishing pole LF (Locative focus): the sea
shore
Slide 49
49 Language development
Slide 50
50 Spoken language written language writing system mother
language education Language preservation
Slide 51
Phonetic alphabets 51 National Phonetic Alphabets Pinyin system
b p m f Tongyong system
Slide 52
52
Slide 53
53
Slide 54
National alphabets 54
Slide 55
Writing system 55 Mandarin: Chinese characters Minnan Hakka
Aboriginal languages
Slide 56
Teaching of languages 56 National language: required Mother
language: required for grades 1-6 taken one from Minnan, Hakka,
Aboriginal languages; elective from junior high Foreign language:
English
Slide 57
Language certification 57 To preserve native and mother
language and culture Certify language ability Language
Standardization: writing system 2001 Certification of Aboriginal
language (14 tribes 42 dialects)
Slide 58
Language Certification 58 2010 Minnan Language Certification
2005 Hakka Language Certification-beginning level, 2008
intermediate and high-intermediate level certification
Slide 59
59 Examples of linguistic traces
Slide 60
60 Place names Loanwords (borrowing)
Slide 61
Names with Taiwan Min origin 61
http://twstudy.iis.sinica.edu.tw/oldmap/
http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch01/CH01_FRAMES ET.HTM
http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch01/CH01_FRAMES ET.HTM
http://placesearch.moi.gov.tw/search/ Niaokang [minnan] Maokong
Hongmao cheng Fort San Domingo Tamsui
Slide 62
Names with Aboriginal origin 62 Wu-lai Urai in Atayal meaning
hot spring [wu- lai] Ketagalan Boulevard Kai-da-ge-lan dadao (named
after Ketagalan aboriginals living in Taipei Area), originally it
is called Jie-shou Road ( ) in memory of Chiang Kai-shek zhuqian
former name for Hsin-chu, named after the inhabited place for
Taokas, a plain aboriginal tribe Wanhua: formerly banka (meaning
small boat in Kategalan)
Slide 63
Names with Spanish origin 63 wan-li [ ] (Parian Places where
Han people gather) = banli in Taiwan Min = vasai Han people
gathering place in Aboriginal language = Mandarin masu [ ]
san-diao-jiao [ ] the easternmost cape of Taiwan Cape San Diego sam
tiao [Minnan] [Mandarin]
Slide 64
Names with Mandarin origin 64 Moral ethics Zhongxiao , Renai,
Xinyi, Heping Nationalism Fuxing North/South Road , Jianguo .
Zhongshan N/S Road Names of provinces in China Songjiang Road,
Nanjing East/West Road, Longjiang Street, Jinan Road, Xuanyuan
Street
Slide 65
Names with Hakka origin 65 Guanxi: former name xiancai peng ( )
Hakka hamcai [ ] = Kansai in Japanese (Mandarin) Guanxi [ ]
Slide 66
Minnan or Hakka? 66 House is called cu [ ] in Minnan, but it is
wu [ ] in Hakka. Cows pen is gutiao [ ] in Minnan, niulan [ ] in
Hakka. Basin or lower plain is hu [ ] in Minnan, but wo [ ] in
Hakka Streams are called xi [ ] by Minnan people, but he [ ] by
Hakka people. Mountain ridges are nia [ ] to Minnan people, but
dong [ ] to Hakka.
Loanwords: Japanese 69 sa-bi-su service to-lak-ku truck phan
bread ba-ta butter bii-ru beer o-baa-san older woman o-ji-san older
man mat-chi match to-ma-to tomato
Slide 70
Loanwords: English 70 Cool High Show talk show,
Slide 71
71 Language-related Acts and Regulations
Slide 72
72 The Act of Protecting Language Equality of Broadcasting at
Mass Transportation Systems The Language Equality Act: right to use
native language to communication in all areas, freedom of language
use The Act of National Language Development
Slide 73
73 Taiwans gift to the world
Slide 74
74 Language development in forming a new identity Language
diversity Preservation and promotion of endangered languages
Slide 75
Copyright Declaration 75 WorkLicensing Author/ Source Picasa
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