Taming of the WestTaming of the West Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny (1812-1860)-belief that the (1812-1860)-belief that the

U.S. was destined to expand from the U.S. was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific OceanAtlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean

Westward expansion led to conflicts with Westward expansion led to conflicts with Native Americans including The Sioux War Native Americans including The Sioux War 1876-1881 on the Great Plains1876-1881 on the Great Plains

Resistance by Native Americans centered Resistance by Native Americans centered around their refusal to be contained within around their refusal to be contained within reservations, give up their cultural beliefs, reservations, give up their cultural beliefs, and assimilate into American societyand assimilate into American society

After the victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn After the victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876-Custer’s Last Stand), the united tribes (1876-Custer’s Last Stand), the united tribes of the Lakota Nation were unable to hold of the Lakota Nation were unable to hold themselves together as a single entitythemselves together as a single entity

In retaliation, the US Army hunted down key In retaliation, the US Army hunted down key leaders like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, and leaders like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, and out of desperation, one by one, Native out of desperation, one by one, Native Americans surrendered themselves in federal Americans surrendered themselves in federal Indian agenciesIndian agencies

Agencies were corrupt and underfunded; N.A. Agencies were corrupt and underfunded; N.A. found themselves in poor living conditionsfound themselves in poor living conditions

Dawes Act (1887)Dawes Act (1887)-redistributed reservation -redistributed reservation territory by allotting parcels of land to individual territory by allotting parcels of land to individual members; further destabilizing tribal unitymembers; further destabilizing tribal unity

The Progressive The Progressive Era (1890-1920) Era (1890-1920)

Section 1: Origins of Section 1: Origins of ProgressivismProgressivism

Roots of ReformRoots of Reform

Outgrowth of earlier reform groups like Outgrowth of earlier reform groups like the Populists, who were farmers based the Populists, who were farmers based out of the west and southout of the west and south

Evolution of movements like temperance, Evolution of movements like temperance, nativism, purity crusades, electoral nativism, purity crusades, electoral reform, charity reform, and the social reform, charity reform, and the social gospel gospel

Progressives, The New Progressives, The New ReformersReformers

Reacting to the effects brought on by Reacting to the effects brought on by industrialization, urbanization, and industrialization, urbanization, and immigrationimmigration

4 categories of change: social, moral, 4 categories of change: social, moral, political, and economicpolitical, and economic

Basic beliefs: Government should be more Basic beliefs: Government should be more accountable, be able to curb wealthy accountable, be able to curb wealthy interests, expand to improve lives of interests, expand to improve lives of citizens, and be more efficient & less corruptcitizens, and be more efficient & less corrupt

MuckrakersMuckrakers

Journalist who played a key role in alerting Journalist who played a key role in alerting the public to wrongdoing in politics & the public to wrongdoing in politics & businessbusiness

Dubbed by Pres. Teddy Roosevelt in 1906Dubbed by Pres. Teddy Roosevelt in 1906 MuckrakeMuckrake-pitchfork used to clean the -pitchfork used to clean the

manure out of stablesmanure out of stables Leading muckrakers: Thomas Nast, Leading muckrakers: Thomas Nast,

Upton Sinclair, and Ida TarbellUpton Sinclair, and Ida Tarbell

Thomas Nast: Political cartoonist; much of his Thomas Nast: Political cartoonist; much of his work was published in work was published in Harper’s WeeklyHarper’s Weekly Magazine; created D-donkey, R-elephantMagazine; created D-donkey, R-elephant

Played an active role in disclosing corruption Played an active role in disclosing corruption among New York City’s public officialsamong New York City’s public officials

Well known for his cartoons attacking the Well known for his cartoons attacking the infamous Boss Tweed and his control of New infamous Boss Tweed and his control of New York City politics through the Tammany Hall York City politics through the Tammany Hall Democratic Party political machineDemocratic Party political machine

Resulted in opposition candidates coming to Resulted in opposition candidates coming to power who brought charges against Tweedpower who brought charges against Tweed

1873, Tweed convicted of stealing b/w 40 and 1873, Tweed convicted of stealing b/w 40 and 200 million dollars of taxpayer money 200 million dollars of taxpayer money

Upton SinclairUpton Sinclair: wrote : wrote The JungleThe Jungle, a novel , a novel concerning the horrors faced by immigrants in concerning the horrors faced by immigrants in Chicago’s meat packing industryChicago’s meat packing industry

Led to the development of two 1906 laws:Led to the development of two 1906 laws: Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act

required ongoing government inspection of all required ongoing government inspection of all livestock (alive/dead) and processing plantslivestock (alive/dead) and processing plants

allowed the government to condemn meat as allowed the government to condemn meat as unfit for human consumptionunfit for human consumption

Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act forbade the manufacture, sale, or the foreign forbade the manufacture, sale, or the foreign

and interstate commerce of food and patient and interstate commerce of food and patient medicine containing harmful ingredients medicine containing harmful ingredients

A Disgusting Job But It Must Be Done

Ida Tarbell: wrote Ida Tarbell: wrote The History of Standard Oil The History of Standard Oil CompanyCompany (1904), using interviews with Henry (1904), using interviews with Henry Rogers to reveal the abuses of the Standard Oil Rogers to reveal the abuses of the Standard Oil Trust under John D. RockfellerTrust under John D. Rockfeller

1909, Dept. of Justice sued Standard Oil under 1909, Dept. of Justice sued Standard Oil under Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), and 1911,US Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), and 1911,US Supreme Court ordered its dissolution into 34 Supreme Court ordered its dissolution into 34 separate companiesseparate companies

Pres. Teddy Roosevelt supported 42 anti-trust Pres. Teddy Roosevelt supported 42 anti-trust suits, gaining the nickname “trustbuster”suits, gaining the nickname “trustbuster”

Under Pres. Wilson, stronger legislation was Under Pres. Wilson, stronger legislation was passed: Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) defined passed: Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) defined which business practices were unlawful under which business practices were unlawful under Sherman Anti-TrustSherman Anti-Trust

Constitutional AmendmentsConstitutional Amendments 1616thth Amendment (1913)-authorized Congress to Amendment (1913)-authorized Congress to

levy federal income taxeslevy federal income taxes 1717thth Amendment (1913)-required the direct Amendment (1913)-required the direct

election of senators (originally nominated by election of senators (originally nominated by state senators)state senators)

1818thth Amendment (1919)-banned the production, Amendment (1919)-banned the production, sale, or import of alcoholic beverages sale, or import of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition-repealed 1933 under 21(Prohibition-repealed 1933 under 21stst))

1919thth Amendment (1920)-granted women 21 or Amendment (1920)-granted women 21 or older the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage)older the right to vote (Women’s Suffrage)

Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt

Helped secure the passage Helped secure the passage of the 19th Amendmentof the 19th Amendment

Headed the National Headed the National American Woman’s American Woman’s Suffrage AssociationSuffrage Association

Worked with Susan B. Worked with Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton during the Suffrage Stanton during the Suffrage Movement Movement

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms Voters gain power over elections & lawmakingVoters gain power over elections & lawmaking:: Australian BallotAustralian Ballot-voters mark secret ballots -voters mark secret ballots

behind curtains; replaced colored ballots for behind curtains; replaced colored ballots for various political partiesvarious political parties

Direct PrimaryDirect Primary-election in which citizens vote to -election in which citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming electionsselect nominees for upcoming elections

InitiativeInitiative-bill originated by the people rather -bill originated by the people rather than a lawmaker than a lawmaker

ReferendumReferendum-citizens approve or reject a law -citizens approve or reject a law passed by the legislaturepassed by the legislature

RecallRecall-permits voters to remove public officials -permits voters to remove public officials from office prior to the next electionfrom office prior to the next election

Federal Trade Commission (1914)Federal Trade Commission (1914)- enacted - enacted under President Wilson; the government was under President Wilson; the government was authorized to investigate corporations and issue authorized to investigate corporations and issue “cease and desist orders” to those engaged in “cease and desist orders” to those engaged in unfair and fraudulent practicesunfair and fraudulent practices

Federal Reserve Act (1913)Federal Reserve Act (1913)-enacted under -enacted under President Wilson; created a three level banking President Wilson; created a three level banking system: Federal Reserve Board, Federal system: Federal Reserve Board, Federal Reserve banks (the “banker’s bank”), and Reserve banks (the “banker’s bank”), and private banks. private banks. **Divided into 12 districts and governed by the **Divided into 12 districts and governed by the Board of Governors appointed by the President Board of Governors appointed by the President **Responsible for regulating the money supply **Responsible for regulating the money supply in the U.S. based upon economic need in the U.S. based upon economic need