TTaarihhinn PPussuulass

~ II ~

EDTR brahim DOAN

YAZIMA ADRES TASARI AKADEM YAYINLARI

Hatboyu Cad. Meydan han No: 4 Kat 1

Bakrky / stanbul Tel: 0212 570 16 32

tasariyayinlari@yandex.com

YAYIM HAKKI Copright 2014

Tasar Yaynclk San. Tic. Ltd. ti. Hatboyu Cad. Meydan han

No: 4 Kat 1

Bakrky / stanbul Tel: 0212 570 16 32

tasariyayinlari@yandex.com

MTYAZ SAHB Tasar Yaynclk San. Tic. Ltd. ti.

I.BASIM ISBN:978-605-4475-71-1

Bu kitap T.C. Kltr Bakanl bandrol ile satlmaktadr.

BASKI Kayhan Matbaaclk

Merkezefendi Mah. Fazlpaa Cad. No: 8/2

Topkap / STANBUL Tel: 0212 576 00 66 612 31 85

~ III ~

NSZ Deerli retmen ve Memur Adaylar; KPSS alannda deta bir Klt Eser olma iddiasyla ortaya kan KPSS-Tarihin Pusulas, Kamu Personeli Seme Snav (KPSS) Genel Kltr Testi'nde nemli bir yer tutan Tarih alanndaki konular kolayca kavramanz, karnza kabilecek sorular etkili bir ekilde zebilmeniz ve Tarih alanna ynelik tm n yarglar gidermek amacyla, uzun bir alma srecinin sonunda hazrlanmtr. KPSS mfredatnn 17 Nisan 2013 tarihi itibariyle SYM tarafndan geniletilmesi snavn nemini bir kat daha artrm, yeni dzenleme ile Tarih alannn kapsam da geniletilmitir. KPSS-Tarihin Pusulas; zengin ierii, tasarm, konularn ele aln ve ortaya koyduu yntem bakmndan bir ilk olma zellii tamaktadr. Temel amac, konular detayl ve en kolay ekilde aktarabilmek, soru zme pratiini gelitirmek ve snava ynelik alma srecinde adaylara klavuzluk etmek olan KPSS-Tarihin Pusulas, SYMnin gerekletirdii pek ok snavda (KPSS, Adli Yarg, dari Yarg, cra, Kaymakamlk, JANA, JANU, Maliye- Deneti, Saytay- Deneti, PMYO, TODAE, SMMM, YGS, LYS, EMSS vd.) sorulmu binlerce sorunun titizlikle ve dikkatle incelenmesi sonucunda meydana getirilmitir. KPSS-Tarihin Pusulas SYMnin yapt son deiikliklere uygun olarak gncellenmi olup; slmiyet ncesi Trk Tarihi lk Trk-slm Devletleri ve Beylikleri Osmanl Kurulu ve Ykselme Dnemi Osmanl Devleti'nde Kltr ve Medeniyet XVII. Yzylda Osmanl Devleti (Duraklama Dnemi) XVIII. Yzylda Osmanl Devleti (Gerileme Dnemi) Avrupa'daki Gelimeler ve Osmanl Devleti'ne Etkileri XIX. Yzylda Osmanl Devleti (Dalma Dnemi) XX. Yzylda Osmanl Devleti blmlerinden olumaktadr. Mill Mcadele (Hazrlk Dnemi) I. TBMM Dnemi Mill Mcadele (Muharebeler Dnemi) Atatrk Dnemi Politika Atatrk lkeleri Atatrk nklplar Atatrk Dnemi ve Sonras D Politika ada Trk ve Dnya Tarihi

KPSS-Tarihin Pusulasnda konular ele alnrken; 1) Blmlerin detayl, snav formatna uygun ve soru zmlerini kolaylatracak ekilde aktarlmasna dikkat

edilmitir. 2) Bu Sayfadan Nasl Soru Gelir? balyla, konuyla ilgili verilen bilgilere ilikin kmas muhtemel soru

rneklerine yer verilmi, bylece adaylara her sayfada Sorularla Genel Tekrar yapabilme imkn sunulmutur. 3) Grsellik n planda tutularak konular resim, tablo, kavram haritalar, grafik ve emalarla somutlatrlm, bylece

kavrama kolayl salanmaya allmtr. 4) KPSSye tam donanml bir ekilde hazrlanabilmeniz iin her trl detaya yer verilmeye allmtr.

Bu kitabn hazrlanma srecine tanklk eden, beni yreklendiren ve yardmc olarak benimle birlikte ev hapsi yaayan deerli eim ve meslektam Selen ADIGZELe kukusuz teekkrlerin en byn borluyum. te yandan almam sizlere ulatrma imknn salayan Sn. zgen BULUT ve Sn. Recep SNMEZe, ayrca TASARI YAYINEV alanlarna ve rencilerime teekkr bir bor bilirim. Bu kitap uzun bir alma safahatnn, birikimin ve youn bir emein rndr. Kitapla ilgili gr ve nerilerinizin bu almann niteliini daha da artracana phe yoktur. Deerli gr, eletiri ve nerilerinizi ltfen bizimle tarihinpusulasi@hotmail.com mail adresi ve @tarihinklavuzu twitter hesab araclyla paylanz. KPSS ile ilgili endielerinizi yeneceine inandmz KPSS-Tarihin Pusulas adl bu kitabn, almalarnzda yararl olmas dileiyle... Hepinize snavlarnzda ve meslek hayatnzda baarlar diliyorum.

smail ADIGZEL stanbul/Ekim-2013

~ NDEKLER ~

~ V ~

I. BLM SLMYET NCES TRK TARH

I. TRK ADI VE ANLAMI .......................................................................................................... 3

II. TRKLERN ANAYURDU VE LK KLTR MERKEZLER ................................................. 3 III. ORTA ASYADAN GLER ................................................................................................. 3

IV. LK TRK TOPLULUKLARI VE DEVLETLER ..................................................................... 4 A. skitler (Sakalar) ................................................................................................................. 4 B. Asya (Byk) Hun Devleti .................................................................................................. 5

1. Kavimler G ............................................................................................................... 6

2. Kavimler Gnn Sonular ........................................................................................ 6

C. Avrupa (Bat) Hun Devleti .................................................................................................. 6

D. Gktrk Devleti ................................................................................................................... 6

1. I. Gktrk Devleti ........................................................................................................... 6

2. II. Gktrk (Kutluk) Devleti ............................................................................................. 7

3. Gktrklerin Trk Tarihindeki Yeri ve nemi ................................................................. 7

E. Uygur Devleti ...................................................................................................................... 8

1. Manihaizm ve Budizm Dinlerinin Uygurlar zerindeki Etkileri ....................................... 8

2. Uygurlarn Trk Tarihindeki Yeri ve nemi ................................................................... 8

3. Trklerin Yerleik Yaama Gemesinin Kesin Kantlar ................................................ 9

V. DER TRK DEVLETLER VE TOPLULUKLARI ............................................................... 9 A. Avarlar (Aparlar/Juan Juanlar) ........................................................................................... 9

B. Karluklar ............................................................................................................................. 9

C. Krgzlar .............................................................................................................................. 9

D. Hazarlar ............................................................................................................................ 10

E. Peenekler ....................................................................................................................... 10

F. Ouzlar (Uzlar) ................................................................................................................. 10 G. Sibirler (Sabirler) .............................................................................................................. 10

H. Bulgarlar .......................................................................................................................... 10

. Macarlar ........................................................................................................................... 11 J. Trgiler (Trgeler) ......................................................................................................... 11 K. Kpaklar (Kumanlar) ....................................................................................................... 11

L. Ak Hunlar (Eftalitler) ......................................................................................................... 11

M. Kimekler (Yemekler) ......................................................................................................... 11

N. Bakrtlar (Bakurtlar) ...................................................................................................... 12

~ VI ~

VI. SLMYET NCES TRK DEVLETLERNDE KLTR VE MEDENYET ..................... 12 A. DEVLET YNETM ....................................................................................................... 12 B. ORDU TEKLTI ......................................................................................................... 14 C. TOPLUMSAL YAPI ........................................................................................................ 15

D. EKONOMK YAPI .......................................................................................................... 16 E. DN VE NANI .............................................................................................................. 16 F. HUKUK .......................................................................................................................... 18

G. YAZI, DL VE EDEBYAT ............................................................................................... 19 H. BLM VE SANAT ........................................................................................................... 20

II. BLM LK TRK-SLM DEVLETLER VE BEYLKLER

I. TRKLER VE SLMYET ................................................................................................... 25 A. Talas Sava (751) ......................................................................................................... 25 B. Trklerin slmiyete Geiini Kolaylatran Unsurlar ..................................................... 25 C. Trklerin slmiyete ve slm Kltrne Katklar .......................................................... 25

II. TRK-SLM DEVLETLER ................................................................................................ 26 A. Karahanl Devleti ............................................................................................................ 26

B. Gazneli Devleti ............................................................................................................... 27

C. Byk Seluklu Devleti .................................................................................................. 27

D. Harzemahlar (Harezmahlar) Devleti ........................................................................... 30 E. Babr Devleti ................................................................................................................. 30

III. MISIRDA KURULAN TRK-SLM DEVLETLER ............................................................ 30 A. Tolunoullar .................................................................................................................. 30 B. hidler (Akitler) ........................................................................................................... 31 C. Eyyubler ........................................................................................................................ 31

D. Memlklar (Klemenler) ................................................................................................. 31

IV. YAKIN DOU VE ASYADA KURULAN DER DEVLETLER .......................................... 32 A. Mool mparatorluu ...................................................................................................... 32 B. Mool mparatorluunun Paralanmasyla Kurulan Devletler ....................................... 32

1. Altn Orda Devleti ...................................................................................................... 32

2. lhanl Devleti ............................................................................................................. 32 3. aatay Hanl ........................................................................................................ 32 4. Kubilay Hanl .......................................................................................................... 32

C. Timur mparatorluu ...................................................................................................... 33

~ NDEKLER ~

~ VII ~

V. LK TRK-SLM DEVLETLERNDE KLTR VE UYGARLIK ........................................ 33 A. DEVLET YNETM ....................................................................................................... 36 B. ORDU ............................................................................................................................ 36

C. SOSYAL YAPI ............................................................................................................... 36

D. HUKUK SSTEM ........................................................................................................... 37 E. TOPRAK YNETM VE EKONOM .............................................................................. 37 F. YAZI, DL VE EDEBYAT ............................................................................................... 39 G. BLM .............................................................................................................................. 40 H. MMAR VE SANAT ....................................................................................................... 41

VI. TRKYE TARH (XI.-XIV. YZYIL) ................................................................................... 44 A. ANADOLUYA LK TRK AKINLARI ............................................................................. 44 B. LK TRK BEYLKLER DNEM .................................................................................. 44

1. Saltuklular ................................................................................................................. 44

2. Mengcekliler ............................................................................................................ 45

3. Danimentliler ........................................................................................................... 45 4. aka Beylii .............................................................................................................. 45 5. Artuklular ................................................................................................................... 45

C. ANADOLU (TRKYE) SELUKLU DEVLET .............................................................. 46 D. ANADOLUDA KURULAN DER DEVLETLER ........................................................... 48

1. Eretna Devleti ............................................................................................................ 48

2. Kad Burhaneddin Devleti ......................................................................................... 48

3. Karakoyunlu Devleti .................................................................................................. 49

4. Akkoyunlu Devleti ...................................................................................................... 49

E. KNC TRK BEYLKLER DNEM ............................................................................ 49 1. Karamanoullar ........................................................................................................ 49 2. Germiyanoullar ....................................................................................................... 50 3. Dulkadiroullar ......................................................................................................... 50 4. Karesioullar ............................................................................................................ 50 5. Candaroullar (sfendiyaroullar) ............................................................................ 50 6. Menteeoullar ......................................................................................................... 50 7. Aydnoullar ............................................................................................................. 50 8. Saruhanoullar ......................................................................................................... 50 9. Tceddinoullar ........................................................................................................ 50 10. nanoullar (Ldik Beylii) .................................................................................... 50 11. Hamitoullar .......................................................................................................... 50 12. Ramazanoullar ..................................................................................................... 50

~ VIII ~

VII. ANADOLU SELUKLU DEVLETNDE KLTR VE UYGARLIK ..................................... 51 A. DEVLET YNETM ...................................................................................................... 51 B. ORDU ............................................................................................................................ 53

C. SOSYAL YAPI ............................................................................................................... 54

D. HUKUK SSTEM ........................................................................................................... 54 E. TOPRAK YNETM VE EKONOM .............................................................................. 54 F. YAZI, DL VE EDEBYAT ............................................................................................... 56 G. BLM ............................................................................................................................. 58 H. MMARLIK VE SANAT ................................................................................................... 58

III. BLM

OSMANLI DEVLET KURULU VE YKSELME DNEM I. KURULU DNEM (1299-1453) ........................................................................................ 66

A. Osman Bey Dnemi (1281-1324) .................................................................................. 66 B. Orhan Bey Dnemi (1324-1362) .................................................................................... 67 C. I. Murat (Hdvendigr) Dnemi (1362-1389) ............................................................... 67 D. I. Bayezid (Yldrm) Dnemi (1389-1402) ..................................................................... 68 E. I. Mehmet (elebi Mehmet) Dnemi (1413-1421) ......................................................... 69 F. II. Murat Dnemi (1421-451) .......................................................................................... 69

II. YKSELME DNEM (1453-1579) ...................................................................................... 70 A. Fatih Sultan Mehmet (II. Mehmet) Dnemi (1451-1481) ............................................... 70 B. II. Bayezid Dnemi (1481-1512) .................................................................................... 73 C. Yavuz Sultan Selim (I. Selim) Dnemi (1512-1520) ...................................................... 73 D. Kanun Sultan Sleyman (I. Sleyman) Dnemi (1520-1566) ....................................... 74 E. Sokullu Mehmet Paa Dnemi (1564-1579) .................................................................. 75

IV. BLM

OSMANLI DEVLETNDE KLTR VE MEDENYET I. DEVLET YNETM ............................................................................................................. 79

A. PADAH ....................................................................................................................... 79 B. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE VERSET SSTEM VE GELM ....................................... 80 C. SANCAK SSTEM (EHZDE ETM) ...................................................................... 81 D. MERKEZ TEKLT ..................................................................................................... 81

1. SARAY TEKLTI ................................................................................................... 82 2. DVN-I HMYUN .................................................................................................. 83

~ NDEKLER ~

~ IX ~

3. DVN YELER ....................................................................................................... 83 a) Sadrazam (Vezir-i zam) ..................................................................................... 83 b) Kubbealt Vezirleri ................................................................................................ 84 c) Kazasker (Kadasker) ........................................................................................... 84 d) Defterdar ............................................................................................................... 84 e) Nianc .................................................................................................................. 84 f) Reisl-kttap ........................................................................................................ 84 g) eyhl-islm/Bb- Meihat (Mft) ..................................................................... 85 h) Yenieri Aas ...................................................................................................... 85 i) Kaptan- Derya (Kapudan Paa) .......................................................................... 85

4. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE DER DVNLAR .......................................................... 85 5. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE YNETC SINIF ............................................................. 86 6. LKE YNETM ...................................................................................................... 86

a) stanbulun Ynetimi ............................................................................................. 86 b) Tara Tekilt ...................................................................................................... 87 c) Osmanl Devletinde Eylet Sistemi ...................................................................... 87

II. ASKER TEKLT .............................................................................................................. 88 A. KARA ORDUSU (ORDU-YU HMYUN) ..................................................................... 89

1. KAPIKULU OCAI .................................................................................................... 89 a) Kapkulu Piyadeleri (Yaya Birlikleri) ...................................................................... 89

b) Kapkulu Svarileri (Atl Birlikler) .......................................................................... 90

2. EYLET ASKERLER ............................................................................................... 90 B. DENZ KUVVETLER (DONANMA-YI HMYUN) ....................................................... 91

III. TOPRAK SSTEM ............................................................................................................... 91 A. MR ARAZ VE BLMLER ........................................................................................ 92 B. MLK ARAZ VE BLMLER ...................................................................................... 93

IV. MALYE VE EKONOM ........................................................................................................ 93 A. TARIM ............................................................................................................................ 93

B. HAYVANCILIK ............................................................................................................... 93

C. TCARET ....................................................................................................................... 93

V. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE PARA ......................................................................................... 95 VI. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE BANKACILIK ............................................................................. 95

VII. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE VERG SSTEM ......................................................................... 96 A. ER VERGLER (TEKLF- ERYYE) ..................................................................... 96 B. RF VERGLER (TEKLF- RFYE) ........................................................................ 97

~ X ~

VIII. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE HUKUK ...................................................................................... 98 IX. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE TOPLUM YAPISI ..................................................................... 100 X. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE ETM .................................................................................... 100

A. Sbyan Mektepleri ........................................................................................................ 101

B. Medreseler ................................................................................................................... 101

C. Saray Eitimi ................................................................................................................ 102 D. Asker Eitim ................................................................................................................ 102 E. Meslek Eitim ............................................................................................................. 102

XI. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE BLM ........................................................................................ 103 XII. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE YAZI, DL VE EDEBYAT ........................................................ 105

XIII. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE SANAT ..................................................................................... 106 XIV. OSMANLI DEVLETNDE MMAR .................................................................................... 109

A. Erken Dnem ............................................................................................................... 109

B. Klsik Dnem ............................................................................................................... 110

C. Ge Dnem .................................................................................................................. 111

V. BLM

XVII. YZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET (DURAKLAMA DNEM)

I. DURAKLAMANIN NEDENLER ........................................................................................ 115 A. NEDENLER ............................................................................................................. 115

1. Merkez Ynetimin Bozulmas ................................................................................. 115

2. Ordu ve Donanmann Bozulmas ............................................................................ 116

3. Ekonomi ve Maliyenin Bozulmas ........................................................................... 116

4. Sosyal Yapnn Bozulmas ...................................................................................... 116

5. Eitim Sisteminin Bozulmas ................................................................................... 116 B. DI NEDENLER .......................................................................................................... 116

1. Devletin Doal Snrlara Ulamas .......................................................................... 116 2. Coraf Keifler Sonras Ticaret Yolarnn Deimesi ............................................. 116 3. Reform ve Rnesans Hareketleri ............................................................................ 116

4. Osmanl Devletine Kar Avrupann Kutsal ttifak Oluturmas ............................. 116 II. DURAKLAMA DNEM SYANLARI ................................................................................. 117

A. STANBUL (MERKEZ) SYANLARI ............................................................................. 117 B. CELL (ANADOLU) SYANLARI ............................................................................... 117 C. EYLET SYANLARI ................................................................................................... 117

~ NDEKLER ~

~ XI ~

III. DURAKLAMA DNEMNDE BAZI SYAS GELMELER .............................................. 118 IV. DURAKLAMA DNEM ISLAHATLARI ............................................................................ 118

A. XVII. YZYIL ISLAHATLARININ GENEL ZELLKLER ............................................ 119 1. III. Mehmet Dnemi Islahatlar ................................................................................ 119

2. I. Ahmet Dnemi Islahatlar ..................................................................................... 119

3. Kuyucu Murat Paa ve Tiryaki Hasan Paann almalar ................................... 119 4. II. (Gen) Osman Dnemi Islahatlar ....................................................................... 119

5. IV. Murat Dnemi Islahatlar .................................................................................... 120

6. Kemanke Kara Mustafa Paann almalar ....................................................... 120 7. IV. Mehmet Dnemi Islahatlar ................................................................................ 120

8. Tarhuncu Ahmet Paann almalar ................................................................... 121 9. Kprller Dnemi .................................................................................................. 121

Kprl Mehmet Paa ........................................................................................ 121 Kprl Fzl Ahmet Paa .................................................................................. 121 Kprl Fzl Mustafa Paa ............................................................................... 121 Amcazde Hseyin Paa ................................................................................... 121

VI. BLM

XVIII. YZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET (GERLEME DNEM)

I. GERLEME DNEMNDE BAZI SYAS GELMELER .................................................. 125 II. GERLEME DNEM [XVIII. YZYIL] ISLAHATLARI ....................................................... 126

A. XVIII. YZYIL ISLAHATLARININ GENEL ZELLKLER ........................................... 126 B. LLE DEVR (III. AHMET DNEM) ISLAHATLARI (1718-1730) ............................... 126 C. I. MAHMUT DNEM ISLAHATLARI (1730-1754) ...................................................... 128 D. III. OSMAN DNEM (1754-1757) ............................................................................... 128 E. III. MUSTAFA DNEM ISLAHATLARI (1757-1774) ................................................... 128 F. I. ABDLHAMT DNEM ISLAHATLARI (1774-1789) ............................................... 129 G. III. SELM (NZM-I CEDT) DNEM ISLAHATLARI (1789-1807) ............................ 129

III. YNETM VE BROKRAS ALANINDAK DEMLER ................................................ 130 A. DVN-I HMYUNDAN BB-I LYE ...................................................................... 130 B. YANLIK KURUMU VE KALDIRILMASI ..................................................................... 130

C. MALKNE SSTEM ................................................................................................... 131

~ XII ~

VII. BLM AVRUPADAK GELMELER VE OSMANLIYA ETKLER

ORTA ADA AVRUPA .................................................................................................. 135 A. KLSE VE PAPALIK KURUMU ................................................................................... 135 B. FEODALTE (DEREBEYLK) ....................................................................................... 135 C. HALI SEFERLER ..................................................................................................... 135

1. Hal Seferlerinin Nedenleri .................................................................................... 135

2. Hal Seferlerinin Sonular .................................................................................... 136

D. MAGNA CHARTA (BYK ART) (1215) .................................................................. 136 E. YZYIL SAVALARI (1337-1453) ............................................................................... 136

YEN ADA AVRUPA .................................................................................................... 137 A. CORAF KEFLER .................................................................................................. 137

1. Coraf Keiflerin Sonular .................................................................................... 137 2. Coraf Keiflerin Osmanl Devleti zerindeki Etkileri ............................................ 138

B. RNESANS (Yeniden Dou) ..................................................................................... 138 1. Rnesansn Nedenleri ............................................................................................ 138

2. Rnesansn talyada Balamasnn Nedenleri ....................................................... 138 3. talyada Rnesans Hareketleri ............................................................................... 139 4. Rnesans Hareketlerinin Dier Avrupa lkelerine Yaylmas ................................. 139 5. Rnesansn Sonular ............................................................................................ 140

6. Rnesansn Osmanl Devleti zerindeki Etkileri .................................................... 140

C. REFORM (yiletirme-Dzeltme) ................................................................................. 140 1. Reformun Nedenleri ............................................................................................... 140

2. Reformun Sonular ............................................................................................... 140

3. Reformun Osmanl Devleti zerindeki Etkileri ....................................................... 141

D. AYDINLANMA AI .................................................................................................... 141 E. OTUZ YIL SAVALARI (MEZHEP SAVALARI) (1618-1648) .................................... 141 F. YED YIL SAVALARI (1756-1763) ............................................................................ 141 G. ABDNN KURULMASI (1787) ..................................................................................... 142

YAKIN ADA AVRUPA ................................................................................................. 142 A. FRANSIZ HTLL (1789) ........................................................................................... 142

1. Fransz htillinin Nedenleri .................................................................................... 142 2. Fransz htillinin Sonular .................................................................................... 142 3. Fransz htillinin Osmanl Devleti zerindeki Etkileri ............................................ 142 4. Osmanl Devletinin Milliyetilik Akmna Ynelik Ald nlemler .......................... 143

~ NDEKLER ~

~ XIII ~

B. SANAY NKILBI ........................................................................................................ 143 1. Sanayi nklbnn Sonular ................................................................................... 143 2. Sanayi nklbnn Osmanl Devleti zerindeki Etkileri ........................................... 144 3. Osmanl Devletinin Sanayi nklbnn Etkilerine Kar Ald nlemler ................ 144

C. VYANA KONGRES (1815) ........................................................................................ 144 D. 1830 ve 1848 HTLLLER ......................................................................................... 145

1. 1830 htillleri .......................................................................................................... 145 2. 1848 htillleri .......................................................................................................... 145

E. TALYA VE ALMANYANIN SYAS BRLKLERN KURMALARI ............................... 145

VIII. BLM XIX. YZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET

(DAILMA DNEM) I. DAILMA DNEMNDE BAZI SYAS GELMELER .................................................... 149

A. MLLYETLK SYANLARI ........................................................................................ 149 1. Srp syan (1804-1878) .......................................................................................... 149 2. Yunan (Rum) syan (1820-1829) ............................................................................ 149

B. MISIR SORUNU (KAVALALI MEHMET AL PAA SYANI) (1831) ............................ 150 1. Ktahya Antlamas (1833) ..................................................................................... 150 2. Hnkr skelesi Antlamas (1833) ......................................................................... 150 3. Balta Liman Ticaret Antlamas (1838) .................................................................. 151

C. MISIR SORUNUNUN ZMLENMES .................................................................... 151 Londra Konferans (1840) ....................................................................................... 151

D. BOAZLAR SORUNUNUN ZMLENMES ........................................................... 151 Londra Boazlar Szlemesi (1841) ....................................................................... 151

E. KIRIM SAVAI (1853-1856) ........................................................................................ 151 Paris Antlamas (1856) .......................................................................................... 152

F. 1877-1878 OSMANLI-RUS SAVAI (93 HARB) ........................................................ 152 1. Ayastefanos (Yeilky) Antlamas (1878) ............................................................. 152 2. Berlin Antlamas (1878) ......................................................................................... 153

G. HALEPA FERMANI (1878) .......................................................................................... 153

H. XIX. YZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLETNN TOPRAK KAYIPLARI ................................ 153

~ XIV ~

II. XIX. YZYIL ISLAHATLARININ GENEL ZELLKLER .................................................. 154 III. II. MAHMUT DNEM ISLAHATLARI (1808-1839) ........................................................... 154

1. Sened-i ttifak (1808) ...................................................................................................... 154 2. Asker Alanda Yaplan Islahatlar .................................................................................... 155

3. Ynetim ve Hukuk Alannda Yaplan Islahatlar .............................................................. 155

4. Eitim ve Kltr Alannda Yaplan Islahatlar .................................................................. 156 5. Ekonomi Alannda Yaplan Islahatlar ............................................................................. 156

IV. TANZMAT DNEM (1839-1876) ..................................................................................... 157 A. SULTAN ABDLMECT DNEM (1839-1861) .......................................................... 157

1. Tanzimat Ferman (Glhne-i Hatt- Hmyunu) (3 Kasm 1839) .......................... 157

2. Islahat Ferman (28 ubat 1856) ............................................................................ 158 3. Sultan Abdlmecit Dnemindeki Dier Gelimeler ................................................. 159

B. SULTAN ABDLAZZ DNEM (1861-1876) .............................................................. 160

V. II. ABDLHAMT DNEM (1876-1909) ............................................................................ 161 A. I. MERUTYET DNEM (1876-1878) ....................................................................... 161 B. STBDAT DNEM (1878-1908) ................................................................................. 163

IX. BLM

XX. YZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLET

I. II. MERUTYET DNEM (1908-1918) ............................................................................. 167 A. II. Merutiyetin lan Edilmesinin Nedenleri .................................................................. 167 B. II. Merutiyetin lan (24 Temmuz 1908) ..................................................................... 168 C. 31 Mart Olay (13 Nisan 1909) ..................................................................................... 168

D. 1876 Kanun-i Essisinde Yaplan 1909 Yl Deiiklikleri ........................................ 169 E. II. Merutiyet Dneminde Kurulan Siyas Partiler ........................................................ 169

II. TRABLUSGARP SAVAI (1911-1912) ............................................................................. 170 A. Savan Nedenleri ....................................................................................................... 171 B. Savan Geliimi .......................................................................................................... 171

Ouchy (Ui) Antlamas (15 Ekim 1912) ................................................................. 171 III. BALKAN SAVALARI (1912-1913) .................................................................................. 172

A. I. BALKAN SAVAI (1912-1913) ................................................................................. 172 1. Savan Nedenleri ................................................................................................... 172

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2. Savan Geliimi ..................................................................................................... 172 3. Bb- li Baskn (23 Ocak 1913) ............................................................................ 173

4. Londra Antlamas (30 Mays 1913) ....................................................................... 173 5. I. Balkan Savann Sonular ................................................................................ 173

B. II. BALKAN SAVAI (1913) ......................................................................................... 174

IV. I. DNYA SAVAI (1914-1918) ......................................................................................... 175 A. I. DNYA SAVAININ NEDENLER ........................................................................... 175 B. I. DNYA SAVAININ BALAMASI ........................................................................... 175 C. OSMANLI DEVLETNN I. DNYA SAVAINA GRMES ......................................... 176 D. OSMANLI DEVLETNN SAVATII CEPHELER ..................................................... 177 TAARRUZ (SALDIRI) CEPHELER ........................................................................... 177

1. Kafkas (Dou) Cephesi ........................................................................................... 177 2. Kanal (Svey-Msr) Cephesi ................................................................................ 178 SAVUNMA CEPHELER ........................................................................................... 179

1. anakkale Cephesi ................................................................................................. 179

2. Irak (Musul) Cephesi ............................................................................................... 180

3. Suriye-Filistin Cephesi ............................................................................................ 180

4. Hicaz-Yemen Cephesi ............................................................................................ 180

MTTEFKLERE YARDIM CEPHELER (Snr D Cepheleri) ................................ 180 Makedonya, Galiya ve Romanya Cepheleri .......................................................... 180

E. I. DNYA SAVAI SIRASINDA MZALANAN GZL ANTLAMALAR ........................ 181 F. ABDNN SAVAA GRMES (2 NSAN 1917) ............................................................ 182 G. WLSON LKELER (8 Ocak 1918) .............................................................................. 182 H. I. DNYA SAVAINI BTREN ATEKES ANTLAMALARI ...................................... 183 . I. DNYA SAVAI SONRASI MZALANAN BARI ANTLAMALARI ........................ 184 J. I. DNYA SAVAININ SONULARI .......................................................................... 184 K. MONDROS ATEKES ANTLAMASI (30 Ekim 1918) ............................................... 184 L. PARS BARI KONFERANSI (18 OCAK 1919) .......................................................... 188 M. ZMRN GAL (15 MAYIS 1919) ............................................................................. 189 AMRAL BRSTOL RAPORU (11 EKM 1919) .......................................................... 189 GENERAL MLNE HATTI VE RAPORU (3 KASIM 1919) ......................................... 190

V. CEMYETLER ..................................................................................................................... 190 A. YARARLI (MLL) CEMYETLER ................................................................................. 191 B. ZARARLI CEMYETLER .............................................................................................. 193

~ XVI ~

Aznlklarn Kurduu Zararl Cemiyetler ..................................................................... 193 Mill Varla Dman Cemiyetler ............................................................................... 194

VI. KUVY- MLLYE (MLL KUVVETLER) VE ZELLKLER ............................................ 196

X. BLM MLL MCADELE (HAZIRLIK DNEM)

I. MUSTAFA KEMALN STANBULA GEL VE ALIMALARI ..................................... 199 II. MUSTAFA KEMALN SAMSUNA IKII (19 MAYIS 1919) ........................................... 199

III. HAVZA GENELGES (28 MAYIS 1919) ............................................................................. 200 IV. AMASYA GENELGES (TAMM) (22 HAZRAN 1919) .................................................... 200 V. ERZURUM KONGRES (23 TEMMUZ-7 AUSTOS 1919) ............................................... 202

VI. BLGESEL KONGRELER ................................................................................................ 202 VII. SVAS KONGRES (4-11 EYLL 1919) ............................................................................ 205

Ali Glip Olay ................................................................................................................ 205 Muhittin Paa Olay ........................................................................................................ 205 General Harbourd Raporu .............................................................................................. 207

VIII. AMASYA GRMELER (MLKATI - PROTOKOLLER) (20-22 EKM 1919) ........... 207 IX. TEMSL HEYETNN ANKARAYA GEL (27 ARALIK 1919) ....................................... 208 X. SON OSMANLI MEBUSAN MECLSNN AILMASI (12 OCAK 1920) .......................... 208

XI. MSK-I MLL KARARLARI (28 OCAK 1920) ................................................................. 209 XII. STANBULUN GAL VE MEBUSAN MECLSNN DAITILMASI (16 MART 1920) ... 211

XIII. MLL MCADELE DNEMNDE BASIN VE YAYIN ........................................................ 211 A. MLL MCADELE TARAFTARI YAYIN VE KURULULAR ....................................... 212 B. MLL MCADELE KARITI YAYINLAR ..................................................................... 213 C. MLL MCADELE DNEMN ANLATAN BAZI EDEB ESERLER ........................... 213

XI. BLM

I. TBMM DNEM

I. BYK MLLET MECLSNN AILMASI (23 NSAN 1920) ........................................... 217 A. I. TBMMnin zellikleri ................................................................................................. 217

B. 24 Nisan nergesi ....................................................................................................... 218

C. I. TBMMdeki Halk Gruplar .......................................................................................... 218

D. I. TBMMnin kard Kanunlar ................................................................................... 219

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II. I. TBMMYE KARI IKAN SYANLAR ............................................................................ 219 A. syanlarn Nedenleri ..................................................................................................... 220 B. syanlarn Sonular ..................................................................................................... 220 C. syanlarn Bastrlmasnda Etkili Olan Kuvvetler .......................................................... 220 D. TBMMnin syanlara Kar Ald nlemler .................................................................. 221

III. I. TBMM DNEMNDEK DER GELMELER ............................................................... 221 IV. SEVR BARI ANTLAMASI (10 AUSTOS 1920) .......................................................... 221 V. BLECK GRMELER (5 ARALIK 1920) ..................................................................... 222

XII. BLM MLL MCADELE (MUHAREBELER DNEM)

A. DOU CEPHES ................................................................................................................ 225 1. Ermenilerle likiler ve Gmr Antlamas (2-3 Aralk 1920) .......................................... 225 2. Grcistan le likiler ve Batum Antlamas (23 ubat 1921) ......................................... 227

B. GNEY CEPHES .............................................................................................................. 227 C. BATI CEPHES ................................................................................................................... 228

1. Gediz Muharebesi (24 Ekim 1920) ................................................................................. 229

Dzenli Ordunun Kurulmas (8 Kasm 1920) ............................................................. 229 2. I. nn Muharebesi (6-10 Ocak 1921) .......................................................................... 229 Tekilt- Essiye Kanunu (1921 Anayasas) (20 Ocak 1921) .................................. 230 Londra Konferans (23 ubat-12 Mart 1921) ............................................................. 231 Trk-Afgan Dostluk Antlamas (1 Mart 1921) .......................................................... 232 stikll Marnn Kabul (12 Mart 1921) .................................................................... 232 Moskova Dostluk ve Kardelik Antlamas (16 Mart 1921) ....................................... 232

3. II. nn Muharebesi (23 Mart-1 Nisan 1921) ................................................................ 234 Aslhanlar Dumlupnar Taarruz Giriimleri (8-12 Nisan 1921) ................................ 234

4. Eskiehir - Ktahya Muharebeleri (10-24 Temmuz 1921) .............................................. 235 Bakomutanlk Kanununun karlmas (5 Austos 1921) ....................................... 235 Teklif-i Milliye Emirleri (Mill Vergi Ykmllkleri) (7-8 Austos 1921) ................... 236

5. Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi (23 Austos-13 Eyll 1921) ............................................ 237 Kars Antlamas (13 Ekim 1921) ............................................................................... 238 Ankara Antlamas (tilafnmesi) (20 Ekim 1921) ..................................................... 238 tilaf Devletlerinin Atekes ve Bar Teklifleri (Paris Mukarrerat) ............................. 239

6. Bakomutanlk Meydan Muharebesi (Byk Taarruz) ................................................... 239

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Mudanya Atekes Antlamas (Mtarekesi) (11 Ekim 1922) ..................................... 240 7. Lozan Bar Grmeleri (Konferans) (20 Kasm 1922) ............................................... 241 8. Sevre Bakaldr: Lozan Bar Antlamas (24 Temmuz 1923) ..................................... 242

XIII. BLM ATATRK DNEM POLTKA

A. II. TBMMNN AILMASI (11 AUSTOS 1923) ................................................................ 247 B. HALK FIRKASI (9 EYLL 1923) ....................................................................................... 247 C. ORDUNUN SYASETTEN AYRILMASI ............................................................................. 247 D. TERAKKPERVER CUMHURYET FIRKASI (17 KASIM 1924) ........................................ 248 E. NASTUR SYANI (7 AUSTOS-26 EYLL 1924) ............................................................ 248 F. EYH SAT SYANI (13 UBAT 1925) .............................................................................. 249

Alnan Balca nlemler ............................................................................................ 249 G. MUSTAFA KEMALE SUKAST GRM (15 HAZRAN 1926) ....................................... 249 H. SERBEST CUMHURYET FIRKASI (12 AUSTOS 1930) ............................................... 250 . MENEMEN OLAYI (23 ARALIK 1930) .............................................................................. 251 J. ARI SYANLARI (1926-1930) .......................................................................................... 251 K. BURSA OLAYI (1 UBAT 1933) ....................................................................................... 251 L. ERKEZ ETHEMN ATATRKE SUKAST GRM (1935) ......................................... 252 M. TUNCEL (DERSM) OLAYLARI (1937) ............................................................................ 252

XIV. BLM ATATRK LKELER

I. ATATRKLK VE ATATRK DNCE SSTEM .............................................. 255 A. Atatrkln Temel zellikleri ................................................................................. 255 B. Atatrk lkelerinin Temel Amalar ............................................................................... 255

II. ATATRK LKELER ......................................................................................................... 255 A. Cumhuriyetilik ............................................................................................................ 255 B. Milliyetilik (Ulusuluk) ................................................................................................. 256 C. Halklk ....................................................................................................................... 256 D. Laiklik ........................................................................................................................... 257 E. Devletilik ..................................................................................................................... 258 F. nklplk .................................................................................................................... 258 BTNLEYC LKELER ........................................................................................... 258

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XV. BLM ATATRK NKILPLARI

I. ATATRK VE TRK NKILBI ......................................................................................... 263 A. Trk nklbnn zellikleri ........................................................................................... 263 B. Trk nklbnn Yaplmasn Zorunlu Klan Nedenler ................................................. 263 C. Trk nklbnn Amalar ............................................................................................ 263 D. Atatrkn Trk nklb le lgili Szleri ........................................................................ 264

II. SYAS ALANDA YAPILAN NKILPLAR ........................................................................ 264 A. Saltanatn Kaldrlmas (1 Kasm 1922) ....................................................................... 264

B. Mustafa Kemalin lk Basn Toplants (16 Ocak 1923) ................................................ 265 C. Ankarann Bakent ln Edilmesi (13 Ekim 1923) ....................................................... 266 D. Cumhuriyetin ln (29 Ekim 1923) .............................................................................. 266 E. Halifeliin Kaldrlmas (3 Mart 1924) ........................................................................... 268 F. Halifeliin Kaldrld 3 Mart 1924te Yaplan Dier almalar .................................. 269 G. Trkiyede Genel ve Yerel Seimler (1923-1939) ........................................................ 269

1. 1923 Genel Seimleri .............................................................................................. 269

2. 1927 Genel Seimleri .............................................................................................. 269

3. 1930 Yerel Seimleri ............................................................................................... 270

4. 1931 Genel Seimleri .............................................................................................. 270

5. 1933 Muhtarlk Seimleri ......................................................................................... 270

6. 1935 Genel Seimleri .............................................................................................. 270

7. 1939 Genel Seimleri .............................................................................................. 271

III. HUKUK ALANINDA YAPILAN NKILPLAR .................................................................... 271

A. 1924 Anayasasnn Kabul (20 Nisan 1924) .............................................................. 271

B. 1924 Anayasasnda Yaplan Baz nemli Deiiklikler .............................................. 272 C. Meden Kanunun Kabul (17 ubat 1926) .................................................................. 273 D. Avrupa Hukuk Sisteminden Yararlanlmas ................................................................ 274

E. Kadnlara Siyas Haklar Verilmesi ............................................................................... 274

IV. ETM VE KLTR ALANINDA YAPILAN NKILPLAR ............................................... 274

A. Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu (retim Birlii Yasas) (3 Mart 1924) ................................ 275 B. Medreselerin Kapatlmas (11 Mart 1924) ................................................................... 275

C. Maarif Tekilt Hakknda Kanun (2 Mart 1926) .......................................................... 275 D. Yeni Trk Harflerinin Kabul (1 Kasm 1928) ............................................................. 276

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E. Millet Mekteplerinin Almas (24 Kasm 1928) ............................................................ 277

F. Trk Tarih Kurumunun Almas (15 Nisan 1931) ....................................................... 277

G. Halkevlerinin Almas (19 ubat 1932) ....................................................................... 278 H. Trk Dil Kurumunun Almas (12 Temmuz 1932) ...................................................... 278

. Eitim, Kltr ve Sanat Alanndaki Dier almalar (1923-1937) .............................. 279

V. TOPLUMSAL ALANDA YAPILAN NKILPLAR .............................................................. 280 A. Klk-Kyafet ve apka Kanunu (25 Kasm 1925) ........................................................ 280 B. Tekke, Trbe ve Zviyelerin Kapatlmas (30 Kasm 1925) ......................................... 281

C. Takvim, Saat, l Birimleri ve Hafta Tatilinde Yaplan Deiiklikler (1926-1935) ..... 282 1. Mild Takvimin Kabul (1 Ocak 1926) .................................................................. 282

2. Uluslararas Saat Sisteminin Kabul (1 Ocak 1926) .............................................. 282

3. Uluslararas Rakamlarn Kabul (20 Mays 1928) .................................................. 282

4. Uluslararas l Birimlerinin Kabul (1 Nisan 1931) ............................................. 282

5. Hafta Tatilinin Pazara Alnmas (1 Haziran 1935) .................................................. 282

D. Soyad Kanununun Kabul (21 Haziran 1934) ........................................................... 283

VI. EKONOM ALANINDA YAPILAN ALIMALAR ............................................................. 284 A. zmir ktisat Kongresi (17 ubat 1923) ......................................................................... 284 B. Misk- ktisad Kararlar .............................................................................................. 284

VII. TARIM ALANINDA YAPILAN ALIMALAR ................................................................... 285 A. Tarm Sektrn Destekleyen Bankalar ...................................................................... 285

B. Tarm Sektryle lgili Dier almalar ...................................................................... 285

VIII. TCARET ALANINDA YAPILAN ALIMALAR ............................................................... 286 A. Ticaret Sektrn Destekleyen Bankalar .................................................................... 286

B. Ticaret Sektryle lgili Dier almalar ..................................................................... 286

IX. SANAY ALANINDA YAPILAN ALIMALAR ................................................................. 287 A. Sanayi Sektrn Destekleyen Bankalar .................................................................... 287

B. Sanayi Sektryle lgili Dier almalar ..................................................................... 287

X. BAYINDIRLIK VE ULAIM ALANLARINDA YAPILAN ALIMALAR ........................... 289 XI. SALIK ALANINDA YAPILAN ALIMALAR ................................................................. 290

XII. NFUS POLTKASI UYGULAMALARI ............................................................................ 291 XIII. DER GELMELER ........................................................................................................ 291

ATATRKN YURT GEZLER ...................................................................................... 292 MLL BAYRAMLARIMIZ ................................................................................................. 294

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XVI. BLM ATATRK DNEM TRK DI POLTKASI VE

ATATRK SONRASI DNEM I. ATATRK DNEM TRK DI POLTKASI (1923-1939) ............................................... 297

A. 1923-1930 ARASI DNEM TRK DI POLTKASI ................................................... 297 1. FRANSA LE YAANAN SORUNLAR .................................................................... 297

a) Yabanc Okullar Sorunu ..................................................................................... 297

b) Osmanl Borlar Sorunu .................................................................................... 298

c) Adana-Mersin Demiryolu Anlamazl .............................................................. 298 2. NGLTERE LE YAANAN SORUNLAR ................................................................ 298 Musul (Irak Snr) Sorunu .................................................................................. 298

3. YUNANSTAN LE YAANAN SORUNLAR ........................................................... 299 a) Nfus Mbadelesi (Deiim/Etabli) Sorunu ........................................................ 299 b) Fener Rum Patrikhanesi Sorunu ........................................................................ 299

4. TRKYE-TALYA LKLER ................................................................................ 300 5. TRKYE-SSCB LKLER ................................................................................... 300 6. DOULU DEVLETLERLE LKLER ..................................................................... 300 7. 1923-1930 ARASI DNEMDE GELEN DER OLAYLAR ................................. 300 Bozkurt-Lotus Olay (2 Austos 1926) ................................................................ 300

8. BARIA KATKI AMALI BAZI ULUSLARARASI RGTLENMELER .................. 301 a) Kk Antant (1921) ........................................................................................... 301

b) Locarno Antlamas (1925) ................................................................................ 301 c) Briand-Kellog Pakt (1928) ................................................................................. 301

d) Litvinov Protokol (1929) .................................................................................... 301

B. 1930-1939 ARASI DNEM TRK DI POLTKASI ................................................... 301 1. TRKYENN MLLETLER CEMYETNE YEL (18 TEMMUZ 1932) ............. 302 2. BALKAN ANTANTI (9 UBAT 1934) ...................................................................... 302 3. MONTR (MONTREUX) BOAZLAR SZLEMES (20 TEMMUZ 1936) ........... 303 4. AKDENZ PAKTI (1936) .......................................................................................... 303 5. SADBAD PAKTI (8 TEMMUZ 1937) ..................................................................... 304

6. NYON KONFERANSI VE PAKTI (14 EYLL 1937) ............................................... 304

7. HATAYIN ANA VATANA KATILMASI (29 HAZRAN 1939) ................................... 304 8. 1930-1939 ARASI DNEMDE GELEN DER OLAYLAR ................................. 306

a) Vagon-Lits Olay (1933) ...................................................................................... 306

b) Razgrad Olay (1933) ......................................................................................... 306

~ XXII ~

II. ATATRK SONRASI DNEM TRK DI POLTKASI (1939-1960) ............................... 307 A. SMET NN DNEM (1938-1950) ......................................................................... 307 B. MONTR (MONTREUX) BOAZLAR SZLEMES (20 TEMMUZ 1936) ............... 303

1. I. Kahire (Eden-Menemenciolu) Grmeleri (5-6 Kasm 1943) ........................... 308 2. Adana Grmeleri (30 Ocak-1 ubat 1943) .......................................................... 309

C. II. DNYA SAVAI SONRASINDA YAANAN GELMELER ................................... 309 1. Trkiyede ok Partili Hayata Gei ........................................................................ 309 2. Birlemi Milletler BM (24 Ekim 1945) .................................................................. 309 3. Truman Doktrini (12 Mart 1947) .............................................................................. 310

4. Marshall Plan (1948) .............................................................................................. 310

5. Molotov Plan (1948) ............................................................................................... 310

6. NATO (Kuzey Atlantik Pakt) (1949) ....................................................................... 310

D. ADNAN MENDERES (DEMOKRAT PART) DNEM (1950-1960) ........................... 310

XVII. BLM ADA TRK VE DNYA TARH

I. NTE XX. YZYIL BALARINDA DNYA

A. I. DNYA SAVAI SONRASINDAK GELMELER ................................................... 315 1. PARS BARI KONFERANSI (18 OCAK 1919) ...................................................... 315 I. Dnya Sava Sonras mzalanan Bar Antlamalar ..................................... 316

2. I. DNYA SAVAININ SONULARI ...................................................................... 316 B. SSCBNN KURULUU VE ORTA ASYADAK TRK DEVLETLER LE LGL

GELMELER .............................................................................................................. 316 1. BOLEVK HTLL VE SONRASI ........................................................................ 316 2. SOVYETLERN ORTA ASYA POLTKASI ............................................................ 317 3. BASMACI HAREKET ............................................................................................. 318

C. ORTA DOUDA MANDA REJMLER ....................................................................... 319 D. UZAK DOUDA YEN BR G: JAPONYA ............................................................. 320

Meiji (Aydn Hkmet) Restorasyonu (1868-1912) ............................................ 320 E. 1929 DNYA EKONOMK KRZ: KARA PEREMBE ............................................. 321

Krizin Trkiyeye Etkileri ..................................................................................... 321 F. AVRUPADA TOTALTER REJMLERN KURULUU ................................................ 322

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~ XXIII ~

1. TALYADA FAZM ................................................................................................ 322 2. ALMANYADA NAZZM ........................................................................................... 322 3. SPANYA SAVAI VE FRANCO DNEM ......................................................... 323 4. JAPONYADA MLTARZM .................................................................................... 323 5. K SAVA ARASI DNEMDE DNYADAK BLMSEL VE KLTREL

GELMELER ......................................................................................................... 323

II. NTE II. DNYA SAVAI VE SONULARI

A. II. DNYA SAVAININ NEDENLER .......................................................................... 324 B. SAVA NCES YAANAN SYAS GELMELER ................................................... 324 C. SAVAIN AVRUPADA BALAMASI VE YAYILMASI ................................................ 327

1. SAVAIN TARAFLARI ............................................................................................ 327 Mihver Grubu ...................................................................................................... 328 Mttefik Grubu .................................................................................................... 328

2. SAVAIN BALAMASI VE GELMES ................................................................. 328 SSCByi gal Plan: (Barbarossa Harekt) ....................................................... 329 Kuzey Afrika Cephesi ........................................................................................ 329 Japonyann Savat Cepheler ......................................................................... 330 ABDnin Savat Cepheler ............................................................................... 330 Atlantik Bildirisi ................................................................................................... 330 Kuzey Afrika karmas ...................................................................................... 331 talya karmas .................................................................................................. 331 kinci Cephenin Almas (Normandiya karmas) ........................................... 331 Almanyann Teslim Olmas ................................................................................ 331 Japonyann Teslim Olmas ve Savan Sona Ermesi ........................................ 332

D. II. DNYA SAVAI SRECNDE BARI ORTAMI AMALI KONFERANSLAR ........ 332 1. CASABLANCA KONFERANSI (14-24 OCAK 1943) ............................................... 332

2. WASHNGTON (TRDENT) KONFERANSI (12-26 MAYIS 1943) .......................... 333 3. QUEBEC KONFERANSI (14-24 AUSTOS 1943) ................................................ 333 4. I. MOSKOVA KONFERANSI (19-30 EKM 1943) ................................................... 333 5. KAHRE KONFERANSI (22-26 KASIM 1943) ......................................................... 334 6. TAHRAN KONFERANSI (28 KASIM-1 ARALIK 1943) ........................................... 334

7. II. MOSKOVA KONFERANSI (9-20 EKM 1944) .................................................... 334 8. YALTA KONFERANSI (4-11 UBAT 1945) ............................................................ 335 9. SAN FRANCSCO (BM) KONFERANSI (26 HAZRAN 1945) ................................ 335

~ XXIV ~

10. POTSDAM KONFERANSI (17 TEMMUZ-2 AUSTOS 1945) ............................. 336 11. PARS BARI ANTLAMASI (10 UBAT 1947) .................................................. 336

E. II. DNYA SAVAININ SONULARI ......................................................................... 336 Birlemi Milletler Tekilt ............................................................................................. 337 F. II. DNYA SAVAI SRECNDE TRKYE (1939-1945) ........................................... 338

1. ADANA GRMELER (30 OCAK-1 UBAT 1943) ............................................ 338 2. I. KAHRE KONFERANSI (5-6 KASIM 1943) .......................................................... 338 3. II. KAHRE KONFERANSI (4-6 ARALIK 1943) ....................................................... 338 4. II. DNYA SAVAININ TRKYE ZERNDEK ETKLER .................................. 339

III. NTE SOUK SAVA DNEM

A. SOUK SAVA KAVRAMI VE DNEMN ZELLKLER .......................................... 340 1. SAVA SONRASI GELMELER ........................................................................... 340 2. K KUTUPLU DNYA DZEN .............................................................................. 340 3. SOUK SAVAA YOL AAN GELMELER ........................................................ 340

a) Yzdeler Antlamas (1944) ............................................................................... 340 b) Berlin Buhran ..................................................................................................... 341

c) Nkleer Silah Denetiminde Anlamazlk ............................................................. 341 4. SSCBNN KOMNZM YAYMA ABALARI ......................................................... 341 5. AVRUPA DIINDA KOMNZMN YAYILMASI ..................................................... 342

a) Kba Devrimi ...................................................................................................... 342

b) in Devrimi ......................................................................................................... 342

c) Kuzey Kore Devrimi ............................................................................................ 342

B. DOU BLOKUNUN KURULMASI .............................................................................. 342 1. COMINFORM (5 Ekim 1947) .................................................................................. 342

2. COMECON (Karlkl Ekonomik Yardmlama Konseyi) (1949) ............................ 343 3. VAROVA PAKTI (14 MAYIS 1955) ....................................................................... 343

C. SSCBNN YAYILMASINA KARI TEPKLER ............................................................. 343 1. YUGOSLAVYANIN COMNFORMDAN IKARILMASI ......................................... 343 2. N SSCB ANLAMAZLII ................................................................................. 344 3. MACARSTANDA TEPKLER ................................................................................ 344 4. EKOSLOVAKYADA TEPKLER ........................................................................... 344

D. BATI BLOKUNUN KURULMASI ................................................................................. 344

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~ XXV ~

1. TRUMAN DOKTRN (1947) ................................................................................... 344 2. MARSHALL PLANI (1948) ...................................................................................... 345

3. BATI AVRUPA BRL (1948) ............................................................................... 345 4. NATO (KUZEY ATLANTK PAKTI) (4 NSAN 1949) ............................................... 345 5. AVRUPA KONSEY (5 MAYIS 1949) ...................................................................... 345 6. AVRUPA KMR VE ELK TOPLULUU {Schuman Plan} (1951) .................... 346 Schuman Plan ................................................................................................... 346

7. AVRUPA EKONOMK TOPLULUU (AET) (1957) ................................................ 346

E. ORTA DOUDAK GELMELER .............................................................................. 346 1. SRALN KURULMASI VE ARAP-SRAL SAVALARI (1948-1949) .................... 346 2. NGLTERE-RAN PETROL ANLAMAZLII (1951-1954) .................................... 348 3. SVEY KRZ (1956) ............................................................................................ 349 4. ESENHOWER DOKTRN (1957) .......................................................................... 349 5. LBNAN BUNALIMI (1958) .................................................................................... 350

F. UZAK DOUDAK GELMELER .............................................................................. 350 1. KORE SAVAI (1950-1953) ................................................................................... 350 2. HNDN SAVAI (1954) ...................................................................................... 351 3. SEATONUN KURULUU (8 EYLL 1954) ............................................................ 351

G. GNEY ASYA VE AFRKADAK GELMELER ........................................................ 352 1. ASYA ....................................................................................................................... 352

a) Hindistan.............................................................................................................. 352

b) Pakistan .............................................................................................................. 352

c) Vietnam .............................................................................................................. 353

2. AFRKA ................................................................................................................... 353 Afrika Birlii Tekilt (OAU) (1963) .................................................................... 354

H. SOUK SAVA DNEMNDE TRK DI POLTKASI ............................................. 354 1. AVRUPA KONSEYNE YELK (8 AUSTOS 1949) ............................................ 354 2. NATOYA YELK (18 UBAT 1952) ..................................................................... 355 3. BALKAN TTFAKI (9 AUSTOS 1954) .................................................................. 355 4. BADAT PAKTI (CENTO) (24 UBAT 1955) ......................................................... 356 5. SURYE BUNALIMI (1957) ..................................................................................... 356

. SOUK SAVA DNEMNDE TRKYEDE YAANAN NEML GELMELER .... 357 1. SYAS GELMELER ............................................................................................. 357

~ XXVI ~

a) Demokrat Parti (DP)nin Kuruluu (7 Ocak 1946) ............................................... 357 b) 1946 Genel Seimleri ......................................................................................... 357

c) 1950 Genel Seimleri ve Demokrat Parti ktidar ................................................ 358 d) 1954 Genel Seimleri ......................................................................................... 358

e) 1957 Genel Seimleri ......................................................................................... 359

2. EKONOMK GELMELER ..................................................................................... 359 3. SOSYO-KLTREL GELMELER ...................................................................... 359

J. SOUK SAVA DNEMNDE DNYADA YAANAN SOSYO-KLTREL VE BLMSEL GELMELER ............................................................................................. 360

IV. NTE

YUMUAMA (DETANT) DNEM VE SONRASI A. YUMUAMANIN ANLAMI, KKEN VE ORTAYA IKII .......................................... 361

1. YUMUAMANIN ETKLER .................................................................................. 361 2. ABDNN PEKN ZYARET (PNG-PONG DPLOMASS) ..................................... 361 3. STRATEJK SLAHLARI AZALTMA GRMELER (SALT-I & SALT-II) ............. 362 4. HELSNK NHA SENED (AGK) (1 AUSTOS 1975) .......................................... 362

B. YUMUAMA DNEM ATIMALARI ........................................................................ 362 1. NKLEER SLAH YARII VE SOUK SAVAA SON VERME ALIMALARI .... 362 2. U-2 KRZ ................................................................................................................ 363 3. KBA BUHRANI ..................................................................................................... 363

4. VETNAM SAVAI .................................................................................................. 363 5. KEMR SORUNU (Pakistan & Hindistan) ............................................................. 364 6. SSCBNN AFGANSTANI GAL ......................................................................... 364

C. BALANTISIZLAR HAREKET ................................................................................... 364 D. ORTA DOUDAK GELMELER .............................................................................. 365

1. 1967-1968 ARAP-SRAL SAVALARI (ALTI GN SAVALARI) .......................... 365 2. 1973 ARAP-SRAL SAVAI (YOM KPPUR SAVAI) ........................................... 366 3. CAMP DAVD ANTLAMASI (SRAL & MISIR) (17 EYLL 1978) ........................ 366 4. SLM KONFERANSI RGT (K) (1969) ....................................................... 368 5. OPEC VE 1973 PETROL BUNALIMI ...................................................................... 368

6. IRAKTA REJM DEKL ................................................................................ 369 7. RANDA REJM DEKL ................................................................................ 370 8. RAN-IRAK SAVAI (1980-1988) ........................................................................... 370

~ NDEKLER ~

~ XXVII ~

E. YUMUAMA DNEMNDE DNYADAK GELMELER .......................................... 371 1. EKONOMK GELMELER ..................................................................................... 371 2. BLMSEL VE TEKNOLOJK GELMELER ........................................................... 372 Dier cat ve Keifler .......................................................................................... 372

3. KLTREL GELMELER ..................................................................................... 373

F. YUMUAMA DNEMNDE TRK DI POLTKASI .................................................. 373 1. TRK-YUNAN LKLER ...................................................................................... 373

a) Kbrs Sorunu ve Kbrs Bar Harekt .............................................................. 373 Johnson Mektubu ........................................................................................... 375

b) Ege Adalarnn Silahlandrlmas ........................................................................ 378

c) Kta Sahanl Sorunu ........................................................................................ 378 d) Karasularnn 12 Mile karlmas Sorunu .......................................................... 378

e) Ege Hava Sahas (FIR Hatt-Uu Bilgi Blgesi) Sorunu ................................... 378

2. TRKYENN ORTA DOU POLTKASI .............................................................. 379 3. ERMEN TERR OLAYLARI VE ASALA (ERMEN GZL ORDUSU) .................... 379

G. TRKYEDE MEYDANA GELEN GELMELER (1960-1983) ................................... 380 1. SYAS GELMELER ............................................................................................. 380

a) 27 Mays 1960 htilli .......................................................................................... 380 b) htill Sonras Gelimeler .................................................................................... 380 c) 12 Eyll 1980 Asker Mdahalesi ve Sonras ..................................................... 382

2. EKONOMK GELMELER ..................................................................................... 383 3. SOSYAL VE KLTREL GELMELER ................................................................ 383

V. NTE KRESELLEEN DNYA

A. SSCBDE YAANAN DEM VE SONULARI ....................................................... 385 Perestroika (Yeniden Yaplanma) ..................................................................... 385 Glastnost (Aklk/Saydamlk) ........................................................................... 385

1. SSCBNN DAILMASI ........................................................................................... 386 2. SSCBNN DAILMASININ DOU AVRUPAYA ETKLER .................................. 386

B. TRK CUMHURYETLERNN BAIMSIZ OLMALARI .............................................. 387 1. AZERBAYCAN ........................................................................................................ 387

Dalk Karaba Sorunu (Azerbaycan & Ermenistan) ......................................... 387

~ XXVIII ~

2. KAZAKSTAN .......................................................................................................... 388 3. KIRGIZSTAN .......................................................................................................... 388 4. ZBEKSTAN ......................................................................................................... 388 5. TRKMENSTAN .................................................................................................... 389

C. BAIMSIZ DEVLETLER TOPLULUU (ALMA ATA ZRVES) .................................. 389 D. TKA (TRK BRL VE KALKINMA AJANSI) (24 OCAK 1992) ............................ 389 E. DOU BLOKUNDAN SONRA AVRUPA .................................................................... 390

1. BERLN DUVARININ YIKILMASI ........................................................................... 390 2. AVRUPA EKONOMK TOPLULUUNDAN (AET) AVRUPA BRLNE (AB) ..... 390

a) Maastricht Kriterleri ............................................................................................. 391

b) Kopenhag (Copenhagen) Kriterleri (22 Haziran 1993) ....................................... 392

3. NATONUN AVRUPADA GENLEMES ............................................................... 392 4. TRKYENN AVRUPA BRL SREC ............................................................. 393 5. ABNN ORGANLARI .............................................................................................. 394

a) AB Komisyonu .................................................................................................... 394

b) AB Parlamentosu ................................................................................................ 394

c) Adalet Divan ...................................................................................................... 394

d) Avrupa Konseyi .................................................................................................. 394

e) Saytay .............................................................................................................. 394 f) Ekonomik ve Sosyal Komite ............................................................................... 394

g) Avrupa Yatrm Bankas ...................................................................................... 394

F. YEN OLUUM SRECNDE BALKANLAR ................................................................ 395 1. YUGOSLAVYANIN DAILMASI ............................................................................ 395 2. KOSOVA SORUNU ................................................................................................ 396

3. ARNAVUTLUKTA DEMOKRATKLEME ABALARI ........................................... 396 4. ABDNN BALKAN POLTKASI ............................................................................. 397

G. ORTA DOU VE AFGANSTANDAK GELMELER ................................................ 397 1. KRFEZ SAVALARI ............................................................................................. 397

a) I. Krfez Sava (1990-19