Taxonomy:Classification of Life

Lesson Essential QuestionsWhat is the basis for our modern

system of taxonomy (classification of living things)?

How are organisms placed into kingdoms?

History of Taxonomy

Carl LinnaeusSwedish botanistfather of taxonomystandardized binomial nomenclature (two name

system: genus species), e.g., Homo sapiensgrouped organisms into species based on appearance

Modern Taxonomybased on evolutionary relationshipsmembers of the same species share genetic

similarities3 domains

3 Domains of Lifedescended from a Common Ancestor

Modern Taxonomy3 domains further subdivided into 6

kingdoms

KingdomsOrganisms are categorized into kingdoms based on • Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)• Complexity (unicellular or multicellular)• How they obtain energy (autotroph or

heterotroph)

6 KINGDOMSARCHAEBACTERIA FUNGI

EUBACTERIA PLANTAE

PROTISTA ANIMALIA

Cell Type:Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTESSimpler More complex

Smaller in size Larger in size

No nucleus Nucleus

No membrane-bound organelles

Membrane-bound organelles

Complexity:Unicellular or Multicellular?

How Energy is Obtained:Autotroph or Heterotroph?

photoautotroph

chemoautotroph

Autotroph = “self-feeding” Use light or chemicals to

make their own energy Producers

Heterotroph = “different nutrition”

Eat other organisms to obtain energy

Consumers

ARCHAEBACTERIA“old bacteria”

Type of Cell Prokaryotic

Metabolism Autotrophic (Chemo/Photo) or Heterotrophic

Cell Number

Unicellular

Reproduction

Asexual: Binary fission

Examples Methanogens: decomposition/digestion ① Halophiles: salt loving ②Thermoacidophiles: volcanic vent bacteria ③④

EUBACTERIA“true bacteria”

Type of Cell Prokaryotic

Metabolism Heterotrophic, some Photosynthetic Autotrophs

Cell Number

Unicellular

Reproduction

Asexual: Binary Fission

Examples Disease-causing bacteria, probiotics, decomposing bacteria

Cocci: round Bacillus: rods

Spirillus: spiral

strep

staph

E. coli

PROTISTA“first organism”

Type of Cell Eukaryotic

Metabolism Photosynthetic Autotrophs/Heterotrophs

Cell Number

Unicellular/Multicellular Colonials

Reproduction

Asexual: Mitosis

Examples Algae, seaweed, zooplankton, phytoplankton, amoeba

volvox

amoeba

euglena

paramecium

plasmodium

spirogyra

dinoflagellate

FUNGI“sphongus” Greek for sponge

Type of Cell Eukaryotic

Metabolism Heterotrophic: saprophyte (absorbs from decomposition)

Cell Number

Unicellular or Multicellular

Reproduction

Asexual: mitosis Sexual: gamete union

Examples Yeast, molds, mildew, mushrooms, puffballs

yeast

penicillium mold

black mold

toadstool bracket

mushroom

puffball

PLANTAEType of Cell Eukaryotic

Metabolism Photosynthetic Autotrophs

Cell Number

Multicellular

Reproduction

Asexual: budding, runners Sexual: meiosis

Examples Moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants, fruits & vegetables

moss ferns conifers flowering

ANIMALIAType of Cell Eukaryotic

Metabolism Heterotrophic

Cell Number

Multicellular

Reproduction

Asexual (regeneration)/Sexual

Examples Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

invertebrates

fish

amphibians

reptiles

birds

mammals

SummarizeAt the bottom of your notes, in your own words and in complete sentences, answer these two questions:How has the basis for taxonomy

(classification of living things) changed since Linneaus?

What criteria are used to classify organisms into kingdoms?