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LEARNING
LEARNING
Learning: Relatively permanent change in
behavior due to experience
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Response
An identifiable behavior
Antecedents: Events before a response Ex. Eva hears father’s car pull up the drive way and runs to
the door
Consequences: Effects that follow a response Ex. Dad walks in and gives Eva a hug
Reinforcement Any event that increases the probability that the response
will happen again
LEARNING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
OPERANT CONDITIONING
OBSERVATIONAL
CONDITIONING
Associations between a stimuli AND Person’s response
Two kinds of CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV
Russian physiologist
Original goal: study digestion
Dogs salivated before at the sound of footsteps
RESPONSE BEHAVIOR Reflex
Automatic, non-learned response Example: blink, cough, gag
Puff of air hits your eye … you blink!
Sound a horn right before a puff of air
If the horn and the air puff occur together many times … what happens?
Sound of the horn will make you blink!
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
AntecedentBased on what happens before we respond
Bell rings before food is presented
Passive approach Simply happens to the learner
Key Concept: Antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a
response is linked with one that does
Example: A horn is linked with a puff of air to the eye
BEFORE AND AFTERCLASSICAL CONDITIOING
EXPECTANCIES
Anticipation
Predicts future events or relationships
Examples:
Get a shot with a hypodermic needle
Pull hand away from a stove
EXTINCTION
Remove the reinforcement
Response STOPS
Ex. Pavlov’s dog stopped salivating Ringing the bell eventually lost its effectiveness
when food was not presented
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Reappearance of a learned response
Example: As soon as food was introduced again, Pavlov’s
dog salivated
GENERALIZATION
John B. Watson Pavlov’s dog > people People can be conditioned
GENERALIZATION – LEARN TO FEAR
All fears are learned
Babies born with one fear … loud noises!
J. Watson : “We learn to be afraid”
Phobia: Intense, unrealistic, irrational fear of a specific
situation or object Ex: claustophobia – fear of tight spaces Elevators > MRI
Watson and Rayner’s(Little Albert)
PLAY VIDEO
Watson & Rayner’s Research with Little Albert
OPERANT CONDITIONING
B.F. Skinner
CONSEQUENCES
Response may be followed by:
Reinforcement Positive Negative
Punishment
REINFORCEMENT
Goal: Makes the behavior more likely to occur again
Kinds of reinforcement:Positive reinforcementNegative reinforcement
REINFORCEMENT: POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE
Positive Reinforcement: Response followed by a pleasant
desirable event Praise and rewards
Negative Reinforcement: Take something negative away to
increase responseEnds discomfort Remove unpleasant event
Car bells stop when seatbelt applied Chirp stops when batteries changed in smoke detector
PUNISHMENT
Consequence that decreases the likelihood of behavior happening again
SPEEDING DOWN THE HIGHWAY
Punishment = Fine
EFFECTIVENESS DEPENDS ON …
Timing
Consistency
Intensity
SIDE EFFECTSEscape and Avoidance Learning
SIDE EFFECTSAggressionincreases
WHAT’S THE REWARD?
Aggression releases frustration and anger and makes us feel good
Reinforced and repeated
CLASS EXERCISE
Should schools be permitted to punish?
WHAT’S MOST EFFECTIVE?
Encourage desirable behaviors
Punishment does NOT teach desired behaviors
PUNISHMENT TIPS Timing Be consistent Avoid severe punishment Expect anger from the punished
person Punish with kindness and respect
SCHEDULESREINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES AFFECT LEARNING
Reinforcement occurs every time Learning is fastest Stop reinforcement – behavior stops
Reinforcement is too infrequent or the wait is too long Learning may or may not appear
SCHEDULESPARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement does NOT follow every response
Never know when the reinforcement will appear
Creates STRONGEST response
Most RESISTANT to extinction! Example: Slot machine – every pull “could be” a
win
LAW OF EFFECT
Pleasurable consequence
Usually repeated
Ex. “Kick the vending machine”
TIMING OF REINFORCEMENT
Most effective
Present soon after the response
Tips for a waiter Pat on the helmet after sacking the quarterback
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
MODELING (ALBERT BANDURA)
Watching and imitating actions of others
Making note of the consequences of others actionsBo-Bo Dolls
Model: Someone who serves as an example
PARENTS CLAIM: DO AS I SAY, NOT AS I DO …
Children model what parents “DO”
NOT what they “SAY”