Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Presentation in ECER 2012
Citation preview
Keywords:
• Freedom• Schooling
• Teaching / Learning• Public school /Private school
• Public service• Free choice
HRC 18.09.2012
In Portugal as in other European countries, education started around religious communities. In the XVIIIth
century the State ruled about this matter, claiming the responsibility to build schools and spread scholar
education all over the country.However, scholarization will go on linked to the action
of social groups mainly religious groups while the State insisted on monopolizing both this responsibility
and its efective concretion.HRC 18.09.2012
HRC 18.09.2012
Country Inhabitants per school
Portugal 1100
Spain 600
BavieraFranceNetherlandsItaly
500 – 400
Sweden 300
USA 160
Prussia 150
1870
HRC 18.09.2012
Country Students per inhabitants
Portugal 1/32Italy 1/15Spain 1/14France 1/8
BelgiumNetherlandsEngland
1/7
Prussia 1/6
BavieraSwedenSwitzerland
1/5
USA 1/4 – 1/3
1870
HRC 18.09.2012
Country Number of schools needed in Portugal
Spain 7 000
BavieraBelgiumFrance
8 000
NetherlandsEnglandPrussiaSweden
10 000 – 12 000
USA 21 000
1870
HRC 18.09.2012
4 200 000 inhabitants in Portugal (continental)
4 000 parishes
2 350 state schools / 2 240 private schools
2 000 state schools (boys) / 1 700 private schools (boys)
350 state schools (girls) / 840 private schools (girls)
132 000 students / 757 000 children (7-15 years old)
1870
The incapacity of the Portuguese State in spreading scholar
education all over the country has been supplied by private
initiative.HRC 18.09.2012
Freedom to teach
A Constitutional right since 1822 (art. 239):
HRC 18.09.2012
“Any citizen is free to open classes to public teaching…”
Free access to public teachingA Constitutional right in 1838 (art. 29)
HRC 18.09.2012
“Public teaching is free to any citizen…”
Private schools for public teaching
Private initiative / anyone can attend
HRC 18.09.2012
The promotor is free to teach accordingly to his own ideas and to the Portuguese laws: the school must accomplish the legal determinations and be
submitted to the inspection of the State.
Private schools for public teaching
Private initiative Public service
HRC 18.09.2012
Private school Public school
ideologic… ideologic…tendentially
Scholar question in Europe,XIXth century
HRC 18.09.2012
ENGLANDFRANCE
BELGIUM
NETHERLANDS
France, 1831Montalembert, Lacordaire
“We demand freedom for teaching as it is a natural right, the first freedom, of the family; without it there will be no religious freedom, or freedom of opinion.”
(Le manifeste de l’Avenir)
HRC 18.09.2012
During the XIXth and XXth centuries, private schools were mainly catholic or protestant
Anticlerical groups were not very fond
of them…
HRC 18.09.2012
The Republic movement destroyed
them in 1910
They reappeared silently during the third decade of the XXth century
Where is freedom?Constitutional Law, 1911 (art. 3)
HRC 18.09.2012
No one can be obliged to do or not to do anything that is not legally ordered. (…)
Teaching in public and in private establishments [are] supervised by the State [and] will be neutral in what concerns to religion.Elementar primary school is compulsory and free of charge.
Freedom to teachConstitutional Law, 1933 (art. 42, 43, 44)
HRC 18.09.2012
• Education is compulsory and belong to families and public or private establishments cooperating with them. • Religious teaching in private schools do not depend on
any authorization.• The establishment of private schools is free; they will be
supervised by the State and can be funded…
Freedom to teachConstitutional Law, 1933 (art. 8)
HRC 18.09.2012
Freedom to teach is one of the individual rights and guarantees of Portuguese citizens.
“Specific laws will rule the exercise of freedom of (…) teaching (…)”
Human Rights Declaration, 1948 (art. 26)
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. (…)
2. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
HRC 18.09.2012
Freedom to learn and to teachConstitutional Law, 1976 (art. 43)
HRC 18.09.2012
…is guaranteed the freedom to learn and to teach;The State cannot programme the education under any
philosophical, ideological (…) or religious guidelines;… public teaching [public/state school] won’t be
confessional.
Private schools for public teaching
Private initiative Public service
HRC 18.09.2012
Private school Public school
ideologic… neutral…tendentially
Freedom to learn and to teachConstitutional Law, 1976 (art. 75)
HRC 18.09.2012
The State will create a net of teaching establishments that covers the needs of the whole population.The State will supervise the private schools …
Free to teach. Free to learn.Actual Constitution (art. 43)
HRC 18.09.2012
…is guaranteed the freedom to learn and to teach;The State cannot programme the education under any
philosophical, ideological (…) or religious guidelines;… is guaranteed the right to create private schools.
Free to teach. Free to learn.Actual Constitution (art. 74, 75)
HRC 18.09.2012
Everyone has the right to teaching with the guaranty of equal opportunities to scholar access and success.
The State will create a net of public shools that covers the needs of all the population.
The State recognizes and supervises private and cooperative schools in the terms of the law.
Free to think and to give one’s
own opinion
Individual freedom
HRC 18.09.2012
Familial freedom ?
Free to teach! Free to learn?The national ranking of schools puts private schools on
the top 7 places.Which can mean (means?) that… in many cases (?) public schools cannot achieve the same quality private ones do
concerning either resources or pedagogical conditions and management.
HRC 18.09.2012
Free to teach! Free to learn?
PUBLIC SCHOOL: universal, free of chargevs
Private school: paid; mostly expensive; discriminatory?
HRC 18.09.2012
Freedom to teach and to learn is not efective in Portugal.
HRC 18.09.2012
What happens in other European countries?Is this a pertinent problem?
?
HRC 18.09.2012
??
? ?
???
??
?? ??
?
?? ?
