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Teaching Warfare in the Classroom
The DIME Approach to Analyzing the Civil War
What is DIME?
• DIME is an acronym- Diplomacy- Information- Military- Economics
• Advantage- Allows for comparisons and systematic analysis
• Disadvantage- Does not allow for detailed analysis of events
Diplomacy
• Potential Allies – external - Great Britain
- France- A divided America or anti-slavery?
• Key States: - Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Delaware
• Potential Allies – internal- Confederacy – “Copperheads” or “Peace Democrats”- Union – Unionists and Blacks
• Intelligence
• Communication (Command and Control)
• Media (public perception)
• Ideology
Information
Information - Intelligence
• The Bureau of Military Information• Confederate Secret Service Bureau• Spies• Code Breaking• Deception• Covert Surveillance• Black Dispatches• Intelligence Overseas
http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/civilwar.pdf
Information – Command and Control
• Civilian Authority
• Communications: Telegraph System
Information - Media
• Northern Press
• Southern Press
• The Constitution
• Abolitionism
• The Gettysburg Address- Equality of the individual at the
expense of the rule of law
- Majority Rule at the expense of
individual liberty
Information - Ideology
• Strategy and Operations
• Technology
• Commanders
• Logistics
• Impact on society
Military
• American Tradition- Revolutionary War (guerrilla)
- Engineering / new technology
• Mexican-American War- Training Ground for commanders
• Napoleonic Wars- Climactic Battles
- Wars of maneuver
Military – Strategy
Military – Grand Strategy
• The Art of War1. Achieving the Objective without Destroying It2. Avoid Strength, Attack Weakness: Striking Where the Enemy is Most Vulnerable3. Deception and Foreknowledge: Winning the Information War4. Speed and Preparation: Moving Swiftly to Overcome Resistance5. Shaping the Enemy: Preparing the Battlefield6. Character-Based Leadership: Leading by Example
To what extent were these principles practiced?
Military – Sun Tzu
• Treaties on Grand Military Operations
1. Strategic initiative
2. Concentration of effort against a portion of the enemy
3. Pursuit of a beaten foe
4. Surprise
5. Line of Operations
Military – Jomini
• On War1. Limited War: Specific Objectives 2. Unlimited War: Overthrow the enemy3. Wars tend to escalate4. Importance of Friction5. Politics should determine the objective (The holy triad)
Military – Clausewitz
“War is nothing but the continuation of policy by other means”
Reason (Government)
Chance (Military)
Primoridal Violence (The People)
Military – Technology
Military - Commanders
Military – Logistics
• Food, clothing, shelter• Bullets and guns• Transportation - Trains• Medicine
- Anesthetics / medicine
- Field Hospitals
- Surgeons
- Nurses
Military - Army Organization
Regiments =400-1000 men, made up of 10 companies; Company = 100 men
Brigade1000-2500 men3-5 Regiments
Brigade1000-2500 men3-5 Regiments
Brigade1000-2500 men3-5 Regiments
Division3000-8000 men
3-5 Brigades
Division3000-8000 men
3-5 Brigades
Division3000-8000 men
3-5 Brigades
Corp8000-20,000 men
3-5 Division
Corp8000-20,000 men
3-5 Division
Corp8000-20,000 men
3-5 Division
Army40,000-80,000 men
2-6 Corps
Regiment
Union level ofOrganization at Bull Run
Confederate level ofOrganization at Bull Run
• Habeas Corpus – Union and Confederacy• 1862 - Militia Act, authorizing black enlistment• Elections in 1864 (majority rule established)• Conscription and Desertions• Emancipation Proclamation• Riots – “a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”
- Bread (South)
- Draft (North)
• Total War – increase in governmental power
Military - Impact
Railroad mileage is from: Chauncey Depew (ed.), One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795-1895 p 111; For other info see: 1860 US census and Carter, Susan B., ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
Comparison of North and South North South
Total population 22,000,000 9,000,000
White population 22,000,000 5,500,000
Slave population N/A 3,500,000
Soldiers 2,200,000 1,064,000
Railroad miles 21,788 (71%) 8,838 (29%)
Manufactured items 90 percent 10 percent
Firearm production 97 percent 3 percent
Bales of cotton in 1860 Negligible 4.5 million
Bales of cotton in 1864 Negligible 300,000
Pre-war U.S. exports 30 percent 70 percent
Economics - Overview
Economics - Population
Economics - Trade
Economics – Government Revenue
Questions?