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Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Technology and Architecture Trends inOptical Networking2003 IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Talk
Telcordia Contact:Nim K. Cheung(973) [email protected]
An SAIC Company
Doc Name – 2Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Introduction: snapshot of the industryTrends in optoelectronic technologiesTrends in optical networking architecturesResearch activities in optical packet switchingSummary and discussion
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
Doc Name – 3Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
OFC Attendance Trend
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
No.
of R
egis
trat
ions
Technical SessionsShort CoursesTotal
Doc Name – 4Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
NFOEC Conference Attendance
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Reg
istr
atio
n
Doc Name – 5Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
When is the “Telecom Winter” going to end?
“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”
Tingye Li at OFC’02, adapted from “Ode to the West Wind”, by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Doc Name – 6Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Highlights of Optical Internetworking Forum Meeting
Most recent meeting held at Scottsdale, AZ (May 6-8, 2003)105 attendees (compared ~140 at 1Q03 meeting)– 71 different companies (about same as last quarter, ~60% of
year ago) – 5 carriers (7 last time)
US included AT&T, Verizon, SBC CommunicationsNon-US included T-Systems Nova (DT), KDDI
– Government-related, including NIST, DoD, Sandia Labs, Booz-Allen
– Plus many system and component vendorsAttendance impacted by SARS, War, Economy …Review of successful OFC demo on UNI/NNI InteroperabilitySuperdemo on interoperability planned at SuperCommTunable laser ballot (2003.048.04) ballot proposed
Doc Name – 7Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Aggressive Growth
(Source: Ann von Lehman)
Doc Name – 8Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Traffic growth trend
Traffic growth rate ranges from 40% per year in the near term in an IXC with a mix of legacy and emerging services to 200% per year growth for smaller, IP-dominated carriersNew network builds from IP-dominated carriers can leverage new technology specifically for data services while legacy IXCs may consider technology which best supports a mix of servicesThe US CapEx market will be flat for a ‘few years’, but CapEx is still large
Doc Name – 9Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Introduction: snapshot of the industryTrends in optoelectronic technologiesTrends in optical networking architecturesResearch activities in optical packet switchingSummary and discussion
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
Doc Name – 10Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Enabling Technologies for Optical Networking
The transmission mediumHigh speed lasers (including tunable lasers)High speed light modulatorsHigh speed detectorsHigh speed analog and logic electronicsDWDM components (including tunable devices)Optical amplifiersOptical and electronic crossconnect and switchesTechniques to overcome dispersion and other system degradationsSystems and networking technologies
Doc Name – 11Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Optical Fiber Capacity
Year
300
100
30
10
84 86 88 90
Cap
acity
(Gb/
s)
92 94 96 9880 82
3
1
0.3
0.1
0.03
Experimental
1000 *
3000
00
Single Channel (ETDM)Multi-Channel (WDM)Single Channel (OTDM)WDM + OTDMWDM + Polarization Mux
Single Channel (ETDM)Multi-Channel (WDM)
Commercial*Soliton WDM
02
10000 *
Year
300
100
30
10
84 86 88 90
Cap
acity
(Gb/
s)
92 94 96 9880 82
3
1
0.3
0.1
0.03
Experimental
1000 *
3000
00
Single Channel (ETDM)Multi-Channel (WDM)Single Channel (OTDM)WDM + OTDMWDM + Polarization Mux
Single Channel (ETDM)Multi-Channel (WDM)
Commercial*Soliton WDM
02
10000 *
300
100
30
10
84 86 88 90
Cap
acity
(Gb/
s)
92 94 96 9880 82
3
1
0.3
0.1
0.03
Experimental
1000 *
3000
00
Single Channel (ETDM)Multi-Channel (WDM)Single Channel (OTDM)WDM + OTDMWDM + Polarization Mux
Single Channel (ETDM)Multi-Channel (WDM)
Commercial*Soliton WDM
02
10000 *
El-Sayed and Jaffe, Communications Magazine, Dec. 2002
Doc Name – 12Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Progress in Optical Networks
1985 1990 1995 2000Year
101
102
103
104
105
106Sy
stem
Cap
acity
(Mb/
s)
Optical Threshold
Transport Capacity
LAN Standards
Internet Backbone
135 Mb/s
565 Mb/s1.2 Gb/s
OC-48
10 Gb/s, 2λ10 Gb/s, 4λ
10 Gb/s, 8λ10 Gb/s, 16λ
10 Gb/s, 32λ10 Gb/s, 160λ
T1
T3
OC-3OC-12
OC-48
Ethernet
FastEthernet
GigabitEthernet
10 GigabitEthernetOC-192
40 Gb/s, ….
(Source: Nortel Networks)
Doc Name – 13Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
From WDM to DWDM:Data Rate and Spectrum Management Tradeoff
Time frame WDM Type Channels Wavelength Channel Spacing1970's, 1980's Coarse 2 to 3 1310 nm, 1550 nm --
Early 90's Narrowband 2 to 8 C-band 200 - 400 GHzMid 90's Dense 16 to 40 C-band 100 - 200 GHzLate 90's Dense 64 to 160 C-band 25 - 50 GHzCurrent Dense 160 to 320 C/L-band 12.5-25 GHz
S-band 1280 - 1350 nmC-band 1528 - 1561 nmL-band 1561 - 1620 nm
UWDM or Hyperfine WDM?
Doc Name – 14Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Tunable lasers. Filters and ReceiversA dream came true
1986 broadband access concept and experiment
Doc Name – 15Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Example of Tunable Laser Implementation (i)
(Source: Agility Communications, Inc.)
Doc Name – 16Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
.
Example of Tunable Laser Implementation (ii)
λ1
λn
λ2.
Multi-λ DFB array
Collimating lens
Focusing lens
MEMS tilt mirror
Output fiberSource: Santur Corp.
Doc Name – 17Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Example of Tunable Filter Implementation
(Source: ioλon Inc.)
Input Fiber
output Fiber
PolarizationRecoveryModule
DiffractionGrating
RotatingMirror
Microactuator
Doc Name – 18Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Applications of tunable lasers/filters/receivers
Reconfigurable optical networks– Reconfigurable add-drop multiplexers
Inventory reduction – simplifies provisioning and sparingEnable new architectures in– Optical switching– Optical interconnect– Wavelength routing– Access and metro networks
Doc Name – 19Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Moore’s Law (1965)The unsung hero in optical communications
“The number of transistors inan integrated circuit doublesevery 18 months.”
Doc Name – 20Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Semiconductor technology minimum feature size trend
Source: Mark T. Bohr, Intel Developer Forum 2002
Doc Name – 21Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Intel central processing unit (CPU) transistor count trend
Source: Mark T. Bohr, Intel Developer Forum 2002
Doc Name – 22Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Intel CPU MHz trend
Source: Mark T. Bohr, IEEE Trans. On Nanotechnology, 2002
Doc Name – 23Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
SONET STS-192 (10 Gb/s) GaAs ICs (Early 1990’s)
(Rockwell International’s(Rockwell International’s AlGaAsAlGaAs//GaAsGaAs HBT Technology)HBT Technology)
•• 1010 GbGb/s Multiplexer & /s Multiplexer & phase alignerphase aligner
•• 8 input channels8 input channels•• Power: 2.2 WPower: 2.2 W•• Max Speed: 12 GHzMax Speed: 12 GHz•• Size: 3 x 2.3 mmSize: 3 x 2.3 mm
•• 1010 GbGb/s/s DemultiplexerDemultiplexerwith SONET frame with SONET frame detectordetector
•• 8 output channels8 output channels•• Power: 2.5 WPower: 2.5 W•• Max Speed: 11.7 GHzMax Speed: 11.7 GHz•• Size: 3 x 2.4 mmSize: 3 x 2.4 mm
•• 1010 GbGb/s Interface IC with /s Interface IC with signalsignal // clock processing clock processing & conditioning& conditioning
•• Power: 1.75 W (forPower: 1.75 W (for muxmux))2.2 W (for2.2 W (for demuxdemux))
•• Max Speed: 12 GHzMax Speed: 12 GHz•• Size: 3 x 2.3 mmSize: 3 x 2.3 mm
Doc Name – 24Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
10 Gb/s SerDes Test Circuits
Source: Mark T. Bohr, Intel Developer Forum 2002
Doc Name – 25Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Introduction: snapshot of the industryTrends in optoelectronic technologiesTrends in optical networking architecturesResearch activities in optical packet switchingSummary and discussion
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
Doc Name – 26Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Collector Ring
HUBCO
CO CO
Metro Network
HUBCO
HUBCO
HUBCO
ONU
xDSL
xDSL
LAN
IP, GbE
BusinessAccessRing
Access
Inter-Office Facilities
DSLAM
DLCDLC
CO
VIP
VIP
VIP = Video Information ProviderISP = Internet Service ProviderONU = Optical Network UnitONT = Optical Network TerminationPOS = Passive Optical SplitterPON = Passive Optical Network
POS
ONT ONT•••PON
ADM
Core IXC Network
Optical Networking Hierarchy(Source: H. Kobrinski and R. Runser, Telcordia Technologies)
ISPISP
Doc Name – 27Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
EnterpriseAccess
Network Equipment Landscape(Source: H. Kobrinski and R. Runser, Telcordia Technologies)
Access Metro Core
Layer 3
Layer 2
PhysicalMetro WDM Long Haul
DWDMULH
DWDM
CoreOXC
GroomingOXC
Core Routers
MPLS/ATM/FRCore Switches
Edge/Aggregation Routers
Aggregation/DistributionNetworks
RegionalNetworks
ResidentialAccess
MSPP/RPR
Core OADMMetro/RegionalOADM
GbE/ATM/MPLSAccess Switches
Doc Name – 28Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Core Networks
Carriers: IXCs, Backbone ISPs, National and Pan-regional (overseas)
Services: Interconnect ISPs/ILECs/CLECs/corporations, wide area VPNs
Geographic Span: Over 200 kmTraffic Characteristics: highly aggregated circuit traffic (IXCs)
and packet/cell traffic (ISPs)Signal Rates/Formats: few including 2.5G, 10G, 40G and
carried in SONET/SDH, PDHQoS: highest performance levels - BER, packet loss, delay,
protection/restorationCritical choices: minimize cost per bit per mile - ULH vs LH,
transparency vs opaque, core switching vs core hybrid routing/switching
Doc Name – 29Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Metro NetworksCarriers: ILECs, CLECs, and MAN SPsServices: ILEC’s voice and private lines, link backbone ISPs with
access clients packet/cell traffic, enterprise services such asSANs, VPNs, VoIP, and several Ethernet -based services
Geographic Span: < 200 kmTraffic Characteristics: aggregated traffic from access networks
and large customers (enterprises)Signal Rates/Formats: numerous rates from 0.1 to 10 Gb/s
carried in SONET/SDH, GbE, PoS, ATM, and proprietary formats
QoS: varies widely from highly reliable to best effortCritical Choices: challenged to build a scalable, convergent
network infrastructure to satisfy the needs of disparate services and choosing among multiple architectures and products. Currently dominated by SONET/SDH ring technologies optimized for TDM services (voice, private lines)
Doc Name – 30Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Metro traffic Trend
02468
101214161820
1 2 3 4 5
Circuit/Voice TrafficInternet Data Traffic
1999 2003200220012000Year
Mill
ion
Tera
Byt
es p
er M
onth
Doc Name – 31Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Access NetworksCarriers: ILECs, CLECs, DLECs IXCs/local and CATVServices: legacy local exchange voice, data (web hosting, Internet
access, file transfer, email, SAN), and video (broadcast, PPV)Geographic Span: < 20 km from user to POP or COTraffic Characteristics: huge number of sources/destinations with
low capacities per channel (DS0 to GbE)Critical Issues: Enterprise Access– substantial shift to IP services (VPN, MPLS)– telecom and computing equipment is churned and upgraded
frequently– bandwidth management, security are important functionsCritical Issues: Residential Access– highly sensitive to deployment costs– dominated by voice and video traffic but with growing Internet
access demand– ‘killer’ residential applications (e.g., Internet VOD) will most
significantly impact all the network segments
Doc Name – 32Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
(Source: A. von Lehman)
Doc Name – 33Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Digital Wrapper Format (ITU-T G.709)Framing/encapsulation technique for DWDM networks
FEC
FR IPGbEATMSONET/SDH
OCh Payload
Digital Wrapper
Client Data
Doc Name – 34Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Towards a data-friendly public transport network
Recent standardized techniques to enhance SONET/SDH networksVirtual Concatenation (VC) – offers more flexible channel capacitiesLink Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) – procedures for dynamically changing channel capacitiesGeneric Framing Procedure (GFP) – encapsulation technique for frame-organized data traffic
Doc Name – 35Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Protocol stacks over the public network
Fiber
WDM / OTN
SONET / SDH
Privatelines
Voice Data (IP, IPX, MPLS, etc.) SANs Video
RPR
Ethernet
GFPATM
HDLC
Frame Relay POS
ESC
ON
Fibr
e C
hann
el
FIC
ON
DVIX.86
(Source: ITU, E. Hernandez-Valencia, et al, P. Bonenfant et al)
Doc Name – 36Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Introduction: snapshot of the industryTrends in optoelectronic technologiesTrends in optical networking architecturesResearch activities in optical packet switchingSummary and discussion
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
Doc Name – 37Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
NGI VISION
DARPANASANSF DOE NIST
Next Generation Internet
Goal 2.2Goal 1 Goal 2.1 Goal 3Advanced Network Technologies
High PerformanceConnectivity
Ultra-High Performance Tech
RevolutionaryApplications
Doc Name – 38Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Various Shades of Transparency (H. Dardy, NRL)
“Strict” Transparency– transparency to any optical signal w/o amplitude, phase, or
frequency modulation (probably not solitons!)
“Amplitude” Transparency– transparency to intensity-modulated digital or analog signals
“Digital” Transparency– transparency to intensity-modulated digital signals of arbitrary
bit-rate, format, and protocol
Doc Name – 39Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Rate 1Protocol 1
Rate 2Protocol 2
Rate rProtocol r
WDMTerminal
WDMTerminal
λ n
NGI Experiment: Variable Bit Rate Burst Mode
Goal: Bit rate and protocol agile
Doc Name – 40Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
How can we achieve “transparency”?
Need to automatically identify (in real time)λ channelbit boundary -- clock recoverybyte boundary -- e.g. A1, K28.5frame boundary -- e.g. A1A2packet boundary -- e.g. CRC, FCSother applications and content identifiers
Doc Name – 41Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Performance of improved burst mode VBRI Circuit
Doc Name – 42Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Universal Network Access Module
Optoelectronic IO modules at the core and periphery of the network that can:
Bit-rate AgileDemux & Mux
ProtocolProcessor
• recognize and lock to the bit rate (bit-rate adaptability)• recognize and handle different protocols (protocol agility)• provide transparent IO functions for dynamically
reconfigurable or burst switched optical networks
OC3/12/48192 ATM/SONETOC3/12/48/192 IP/SONET
Gigabit Ethernet10 Gigabit EthernetIEEE 1394 (firewire)
FDDIFibre Channel
Other new protocols……..
Doc Name – 43Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Multi-protocol Access MultiplexerSONET
SONET
BURST
GBE
BURST
GBE
Doc Name – 44Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Dynamic Optical Switching
Holding Time Switching Speed
Reconfig. Opt. Networking Days, Months 50 msec to secs
Optical Flow Switching > 100 msec ~ msec
Optical Burst Switching > 10 msec ~ nsec
Optical Packing Switching > msec ~ nsec
All-Optical Switching > nsec ~ psec
Doc Name – 45Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
OLS Packet/Burst Routing Technique (G. K. Chang)
High Bit RatePacket Payload
RF Frequency
PacketPayload Subcarrier
Optical Label
Fiber
PacketForwarded
Label Rx Forwarding Engine
NewLabel Gen
Packet payload and optical label are decoupled through the use of subcarrier multiplexing technologySimplified label processing hardware achieves significant cost savings for packet processing interfacesTruly enables transparent optical packet switching
Low Bit RateSubcarrier Label Optical Routing Node
SwitchControl
NewLabel
LabelExtraction*
Payload
Label
DelayLoop
LabelRewrite*
Switch
*Label removal and re-write are optional depending upon the architecture
Doc Name – 46Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Terabit Burst Switching (J. Turner, Washington U.)A novel architecture for Terabit Burst SwitchingSend Burst Header Cell (BHC) on control channel, followed by burst on free data channelBHC contains VCI or host address, channel #, burst offset and lengthSwitches forward BHC and setup switch to route burst using free data channelStore burst if necessaryChannels released as end of burst flows through
Control
Data
Node1 Node2 Node3
time
Doc Name – 47Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Optical Burst Switching Papers in Major Conferences
(Source: Chungming Qiao, OFC2003)
Doc Name – 48Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Optical Network Evolution (Source: R. Runser)
Point-to-pointTransport
ManuallyProvisioned
OXC Network
GMPLSIntelligent
OXC Network
OpticalPacket
Switching
Past Present Future
Net
wor
k R
econ
figur
abili
ty
Static
Highly Dynamic
Doc Name – 49Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Summary
Optical communications industry remains vibrant despite severe economic downturnThe industry continues to make great strides in technical innovationWorldwide telecom traffic continue to grow at a steady rateActivities driven more by applications and market needs. More emphasis on valued-added propositionsGrowth expected in metro and access networks, and non-telco applications
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
About Science Applications International Corporation
SAIC is one of the world’s leading providers of systems integration, information management, data security, and network solutions. SAIC and its subsidiary, Telcordia Technologies, have an unsurpassed record in helping clients succeed with end-to-end information technology and networking solutions. For more information about SAIC, please call +1.858.826.6000 or visit the SAIC home page at www.saic.com.