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Temple Grandin's keynote presentation at "The Magic of Llamas" GALA 2010 Conference.
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A Look at the Emotional Lives of Animals
Temple GrandinDepartment of Animal Sciences
Colorado State University
Ian Duncan has discussed feelings in animals
Feelings motivate behavior
Neuroscience studies provide data that shows that animal emotions (feelings) have similarities to human emotions
Animals Have Emotions
Prozac works on dogs
Brain systems where emotions originate are located in subcortical brain areas that are similar in all mammals
Neurotransmitters same
Core Emotions
FEAR – Most primitive emotion for survival
RAGE - Anger
PANIC – Separation anxiety
SEEKING – Approach novelty
ADDITIONAL EMOTIONS – Lust, caring, play
Jaak Panksepp,
Affective Neuroscience, 1998
Amygdala is the fear center in the subcortex
Electrical stimulation elicits behavioral signs of fear (Davis, 1992)
In cats and rats, stimulation increases pituitary adrenal activity and raises stress hormones (Redgate and Faringer, 1973; Setckleiv et al., 1961)
Destroying the AmygdalaHas a Taming Effect
Monkeys explore everything in the room – No fear (Kluver and Bucy, 1937)
Rats no longer fear cats
Taming effect on wild rats (Kremble et al., 1984)
Teaching Antelopes to Cooperate with Blood Sampling
Handling stress is short-term fear stress
Long-term chronic fear stress may be occurring if an animal does not have the opportunity to perform certain hard wired behaviors that may be motivated by fear. Many of these behaviors help protect animals from predators
Hens are highly motivated to lay their eggs in a secluded nest box (Cooper and Appleby,
1996; Appleby and McFee, 1986)
Photo by Carol Burbridge
FEAR MOTIVATED
??Probably Yes
Stereotypic digging in gerbils was almost stopped by providing a place to hide instead of providing sand to dig in
(Wiedenmayer, 1974)
The Gerbil was Motivated to Continue Digging
Futile attempt to create a hiding place
Sand in a shallow arena where burrowing was impossible was not an effective environmental enrichment
A pre-made artificial burrow was effective
Anti-predator behaviors that are required for survival are likely to be motivated by fear. Gerbils that fail to
hide in the wild get eaten by predators
Aggression and rage occur when the
hypothalamus is electrically stimulated
(Hess, 1957; Bard, 1928)
Scientists initially called the cat’s reaction
“sham rage”
I was taught in the 1960’s that the rage
was not real
Evidence that Emotion From Electrical Brain Stimulation was Real
Stimulation produced realistic behaviors
Cats would attack anesthetized rats and stuffed rats
Did not attack Styrofoam blocks (Levison and Flynn, 1965)
Fear and rage produced by two separate brain areas (Ursin and Kaada, 1960)
Panic (separation anxiety) and fear were genetically separated in a quail
breeding experiment
High fear – High panic (natural bird)
High Fear – Low panic
Low fear – High panic
Low fear – Low panic
(Mills and Faure, 1990, 1991)
Behavioral Measurements
Fear measured with tonic immobility test
Separation Anxiety (called Social Reinstate
by Mills and Faure)Measured with a moving treadmill
Direction of carpet movement
Animals need companions to avoid separation anxiety.
Separation anxiety causes many behavioral problems in dogs.
Seeking is the drive to explore new things
Monkeys that had no fear due to a destroyed amygdala examined every object in a strange room
(Kluver and Bucy, 1939)
Animals are motivated to approach and investigate new things
Pigs are highly motivated to root and manipulate straw or soft objects (Grandin, 1989; Van derWeerd et al., 2009;
Studnitz et al., 2007)
Providing small amounts of straw prevents stereotypic bar
biting (Fraser, 1975)
Pigs prefer new objects to manipulate
Grandin, 1989
Paradox of NoveltyIt is both scary and attractive
Causes fear when suddenly introduced
Attractive when animals voluntarily approach
The nucleus accumbens contains circuits to encourage seeking and circuits that elicit fearful responses (Reynolds and
Berridge et al., 2009; Berridge, 2008)
It can go into either a seek or fear mode
Explain curiously afraid behavior in cattle
Environmental conditions determine amount of area in the nucleus accumbens that motivate seek
Rats living in an environment blasted with bright light and rock music – A smaller
area of nucleus accumbens is devoted to seeking (appetative behavior)
Appetative (seeking) behavior in rats.Measured by observing behavior of the
rat – after micro injections of drugs that affect neurotransmitters
Positive licking of the lips
Positive increase in eating and food intake
Distress vocalizations, escape attempts, treading
Stimulate mid-section of nucleus accumbens gets behavioral mixtures
“Liking” and “Wanting” two different brain mechanismsLiking is opiod system measured by licking
Wanting is a dopamine system measured by food intake
Berridge et al., 2009
Micro-Injections Used for Mapping the Seeking Circuits
Opiod agonist DAMGO increases “liking”
Dopamine agonist amphetamine increases “wanting”
Mapped anatomically distinct for “wanting” and “liking” and areas with mixed “wanting” and “liking”
“Wanting” is in the dopamine system.“Wanting” brain systems are more widely
distributed in the brain than “liking” systems (Berridge et al., 2009)
Pathological gambling
Eat a big chocolate sundae and feel sick. You wanted it but did not really like it.
Think about the emotional system driving a behavior when designing
environment enrichment
Photo by Marilynn K. Yee/The New York Times
Dogs NeedBoth dog and human companions to prevent PANIC
Activities to turn on SEEKING
Horses Need
Careful habituation to new things to prevent FEAR
Grazing or hay to satisfy SEEKING
Companions and social interaction
The old Neuroscience research really shows that animals have emotions
As more old journals are scanned, more and more of this research is becoming available
www.grandin.com