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Application of remote sensing technique for rice precision farming
Teoh Chin Chuang (DR)Chan Chee Wan (DR)Abu Hassan Daud
Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)
Main paddy producing granary areas:
1. Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA);
2. Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority (KADA);
3. Kerian-Sungai Manik Integrated Agriculture Development Area;
4. Barat Laut Selangor Integrated Agriculture Development Area;
5. Seberang Perak Integrated Agriculture Development Area;
6. Penang Integrated Agriculture Development Area;
7. North Terengganu Integrated Agriculture Development (KETARA)
8. Integrated Agriculture Development Kemasin Semerak
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FOA)
Rice is an important crop in Malaysia covering about 600,000 ha with an average yield of 3.0 to 5.2 t/ha
Background:
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Year
Tonn
es
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Paddy Production:
Self-sufficiency level (SSL) ≈ 70%
Problems: small fragmented land holding competing water resource use scarcity of farm labor indiscriminate chemical input use environmental stresses
Precision farming A technology to manage variability for improving
agriculture production and environmental quality- land levelling- water - soil nutrient- plant health- pest and disease- yield
Precision farming technologies developments were carried out byMalaysian Agricultural Research & Development Institute (MARDI):
1. Water and farm infrastructure management2. Techniques in precision agriculture related crop establishment
management3. Soil nutrient management4. Instrumentation and sensors system for data collection and
variable rate application5. Remote sensing methodology using aerial sensing techniques
for rice fields correlation studies of remote sensing data6. Decision support system for supporting precision agriculture
operations in mechanized rice production 7. Variable rate application for weeds, pest and disease control8. Variable rate nutrient application9. Rice yield monitor for Malaysian rice combine harvester
Irrigation information system
Plowing Land leveling
Veris electrical conductivity (EC) sensor for soil nutrients assessment
Remote sensing system
Variable rate application (VRA) system
Seed sowing
Decision support system (DSS)
Rice yield monitor
Application of remote sensing techniques:
1. Paddy field plot boundaries extraction2. Water front pattern monitoring3. Rice plant growth monitoring4. Fertilizer treatment maps
Satellite Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
QuadcopterCropCamIKONOS
• Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool tovisualise, analyse and manage the variability in the rice field
Vector layers
1. Paddy field plot boundaries extraction
• Timely and accurate digital vector basemap is needed
Land surveying Manual digitizing
Digital vector basemap - Land surveying - Manual digitizing
Slow, tedious and costly !!
Image processing techniques & customised GIS processing methods ‐QMAP
Satellite Image
Image Processing Technique
GIS Processing & Editing
Digital vector basemap
Vector
Raster
Satellite Image
False Colour Composite (Red, Green and Near IR bands )
IKONOSCommercial earth observation satellite:- 1st to collect publicly available
high-resolution imagery at 1-and 4-meter resolution
Band 1-mpanchromatic
4-m multispectral & 1-m pan-sharpened
1 (Blue) 0.45–0.90 µm 0.445–0.516 µm
2 (Green) * 0.506–0.595 µm
3 (Red) * 0.632–0.698 µm
4 (Near IR) * 0.757–0.853 µm
Image processing
IKONOS image
Linear feature extraction
Image classification
Raster to vector conversion
GIS processing & editing of vector map
GIS processing & editing of vector map
GIS
QMap
4000 ha
FELCRA Seberang Perak
2. Water front pattern monitoring
Image transformation
Image classification
WaterSoil
30 min 60 min 90 min
120 min 150 min 180 min
Water (21%) Water (51%) Water (71%)
Water (85%) Water (94%) Water (98%)
3. Rice plant growth monitoring
R,G and NIR images acquisition
Image classification
Image mosaicing
Wing Span: 2.5 m Length: 1.2 mWeight: 2.7 kgMaterial: Carbon fiber reinforced fiber glassCruise Speed: 60 Km/HrFlight Duration: Up to 50 minutes (depending on wind conditions)Maximum Wind Speed: 30 Km/HrMaximum load: 0.5 kg
CropCam UAV system
Image acquisition
TETRACAM camera
Image mosaicing
R, G and NIR sample images
3. Rice plant growth monitoring30/4/2012 23/5/2012 1/6/2012 21/6/2012 12/7/2012
Water (100%) Water (84%)
Paddy (16 %)Water (73%)
Paddy (27 %)Water (12%)
Paddy (88 %)
Water (7%)
Paddy (93 %)
4. Fertilizer treatment maps
Blanket or package fertilizer recommendations over large areas is not efficient because indigenous nutrient supply varies widely among rice fields in Asia (Dobermann and White 1999; Olk et al. 1999).
Over applied fertilizer will caused the crop failure because of lodging or pest attack (Fairhurst and Witt 2002)
• Variable-rate N management is a solution for minimizing fertilizer input and maximizing yield
• Green Area Index (GAI) model was developed by Abu et. al (2005) for determining the additional N fertilizer to be applied
1. SPAD reading2. Plant population (i.e. tiller number)
An optical sensing of crop canopy spectral reflectance technique was developed to estimate SPAD reading and plant population
RGB image acquisition
RGB spectral reflectance extraction
Statistical analysis
SPAD value map
Image mosaicing
Plant population map
RGB image acquisition
Flying height: 320 mImage type: RGBImage resolution: 6.25 cm/pixel
Yan, Kedah
Sample images
Image mosaicing
RGB spectral reflectance extraction
Average mean RGB values of 4x4 pixels were calculated
Statistical Analysis Relationship between SPAD readings and RGB
spectral reflectance values Relationship between plant population and RGB
spectral reflectance values
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 50 100 150 200
Predicted SPAD reading = m* [spectral reflectance values] + c
High SPAD reading
Non-plant area
Medium SPAD reading
Low SPAD reading
Predicted plant population = m* [spectral reflectance values] + c
High population
Non-plant area
Medium population
Low population
SPAD reading Map Population Map
Fertilizer Treatment Map
HM
L
Variable rate fertilizer applicator
+
High fertilizer rate
Medium fertilizer rate
Low fertilizer rate
THANK YOU