Test Assign Essay Assignment 1 Talk about how to write an Outline Assign Outline Nouns Possessive Nouns

Read all directions carefully You have until 7:15 to take the test. If

you finish early make sure you are back at 7:15.

You are allowed one sheet of notes hand written for the test. Nothing else should be on your area of the table. If there is, I will take your test and you will receive a zero.

Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.

I cannot comprehend those who emphasize or recognize only what is useful. I am concerned that learning for learning's sake is no longer considered desirable, that everything we do and think must be directed toward the solution of a practical problem. More and more we seem to try to teach how to make a good living and not how to live a good life.

Adapted from Philip D. Jordan Assignment: Do people put too much emphasis on learning

practical skills? Write a 1-2 page typed essay on why you feel this way.

An outline is a general plan of the material that is to be presented in a speech or a paper. The outline shows the order of the various topics, the relative importance of each, and the relationship between the various parts.

There are many ways to arrange the different parts of a subject.

Sometimes, a chronological arrangement works well (time order)

The most common order in outlines is to go from the general to the specific. This means you begin with a general idea and then support it with specific examples.

You can also reverse the order and go from specific to general.

All outlines should begin with a thesis statement of summarizing sentence. This thesis sentence presents the central idea of the paper. It must always be a complete, grammatical sentence, specific and brief, which expresses the point of view you are taking towards the subject.

The two main types of outlines are the topic outline and the sentence outline.

In the topic outline, the headings are given in single words or brief phrases.

In the sentence outline, all the headings are expressed in complete sentences.

1. Subdivide topics by a system of numbers and letters, followed by a period.

Example:I.    A.    B.        1.        2.            a.            b.II.    A.    B. 2. Each heading and subheading must have at least two parts. 3. Headings for parts of the paper of speech such as, Introduction

and Conclusion, should not be used. 4. Be consistent. Do not mix up the two types of outlines. Use

either whole sentences of brief phrases, but not both.

Choices in College and AfterThesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college

courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life’s work.

    I. Two decisions describedA. Art history or chemistry

1. Professional considerations 2. Personal considerations

B. A third year of French?1. Practical advantages of knowing a  foreign 

language2. Intellectual advantages3. The issue of necessity

II. Definition of the problemA. Decisions about occupationB. Decisions about a kind of life to lead

   III. Temporary resolution of the problemA. To hold open a professional possibility: chemistryB. To take advantage of cultural gains already made: French

Choices in College and After

Thesis: The decisions I have to make in choosing college courses, depend on larger questions I am beginning to ask myself about my life’s work.

I. I have two decisions to make with respect to choosing college courses in the immediate future.

A. One is whether to elect a course in art history or in chemistry.

1. One time in my life, I planned to be a chemical engineer professionally.

2. On the other hand, I enjoy art and plan to travel and see more of it.

B. The second decision is whether to continue a third year of French beyond the basic college requirement.

1. French might be useful both in engineering and travel.

2. Furthermore, I am eager to read good books which are written in French.

3. How necessary are these considerations in the light of other courses I might take instead?

II. My problem can be put in the form of a dilemma involving larger questions about my whole future.

A. On the one hand I want to hold a highly-trained position in a lucrative profession.

B. On the other hand I want to lead a certain kind of life, with capacities for values not connected with the making of money.

III. I will have to make a decision balancing the conflicting needs I have described.

A. I will hold open the professional possibilities by electing chemistry.

B. I will improve and solidify what cultural proficiency in another language I have already gained, by electing French.

Learning Objectives› Recognize 4 classes of nouns› Make regular and irregular nouns plural› Spell challenging plural nouns ending in y,

o, and f.› Form the plurals of proper nouns,

surnames, compound nouns, numerals, letters, degrees, and abbreviations

› Recognize and use correctly foreign nouns› Make special nouns and single-letter

abbreviations plural

Nouns name people, places, things, qualities, feelings, concepts, activities, and measures.

Nouns can be grouped into four classes.1. Concrete Nouns2. Abstract Nouns3. Common Nouns4. Proper Nouns

Name specific objects that you can actually see, hear, feel, taste, or smell.

Examples:› Water› Tangerine› Telephone› Bagel› Stapler› Computers

Abstract nouns name qualities or concepts.

Examples:› Loyalty› Ethics› Freedom› Happiness› Values

Common nouns name generalized people, places, and things.

Examples:› Candy› Dogs› Professionals› Roller coasters› Boys› Girls

Proper nouns name specific people, places, or things.

Examples:› Snickers› Basenjis› Dr. Smith› Millennium Force› Bob› Tina

Plural nouns name two or more things. Regular nouns form the plural with the

addition of s or es. Examples.

› Office, offices› Manager, managers› Bench, benches› Loss, losses› Fax, faxes

Be careful of words such as quiz which will become quizzes.

Irregular nouns change form to make the plural.

Examples:› Man, men› Woman, women› Child, children› Mouse, mice› Foot, feet

Some nouns do not change from their singular to plural

Examples: deer Moose Aircraft Fish Pants Shorts Eyeglasses Scissors Species Offspring

Make the following words plural:1. House2. Tax3. Coin4. Mouse5. Business6. Wish7. Workman8. Virus9. Quiz

1. Houses2. Taxes3. Coins4. Mice5. Businesses6. Wishes7. Workmen8. Viruses9. Quizzes

Nouns ending in y› When the y is preceded by a vowel (a, e, i,

o, u), then add s only Examples:

Attorney, attorneys Holiday, holidays Valley, valleys

› When y is preceded by a consonant, change the y to an i and add es Examples

Baby, babies Company, companies

There is no standard rule. You either add an s or change the f to a v and add s or es

Examples:› Cliff, cliffs› Safe, safes› Staff, staffs› Knife, knives› Shelf, shelves› Life, lives

When the o is preceded by a vowel, add s only› Examples:

Studio, studios Curio, curios

When o is preceded by a consonant, add an s or es› Examples:

Auto, autos Potato, potatoes Solo, solos Veto, vetoes

Most proper nouns are made plural by adding s. When the word the appears before the surname, then the name should always be plural:

Kennedy The Kennedys Smith The Smiths

Proper nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh are made plural by adding es

Bush, the Bushes Doremus, the Doremuses Gomez, the Gomezes

If a compound noun is written as a single word, make the final element plural.› Bookshelf, bookshelves› Workman, workmen

If the compound noun is hyphenated or written as separate words, make the principal word plural.› Mother-in-law, mothers-in-law› Runner-up, runners-up› Editor in chief, editors in chief

The rule is to use only an s unless you need to add clarity (only when using isolated lowercase letters and lower or upper case A,I,M,&U)

Examples: 2000s Pros and cons MDs I’s, i’s, m’s, M’s, t’s, Ts, U’s, u’s

Add s to the singular form MBA MBAs Yr. Yrs. Wk. Wks. No. Nos.

Make the following words plural:› Copy› CPA› Sunday› Knife› 2000› p and q› Editor in chief› Attorney general

Copies CPAs Sundays Knives 2000s p’s and q’s Editors in chief Attorneys general

Alumnus AlumniAnalysis analysesBasis basesCriterion criteriaMillennium millenniaDatum dataFormula formulaeStimulus stimuliSyllabus syllabi

Some nouns are ONLY singular or ONLY plural in meaning.

Billiards Economics Genetics Kudos Mathematics Measles Mumps News

Clothes Goods Pliers Scissors Statistics Tongs Thanks Trousers Pants

Apostrophes are used to show the following:› Ownerships› Origin› Authorship› measurments

Kim’s book Martha’s camera Bob’s computer Richard’s truck

Dr. Moss’s prescription

Hemingway’s book M. Knite Shamalon’s movie Steve Barry’s article

Ten years’ experience

Follow the five steps1. Look for possessive construction. Usually

two nouns appear together: Have you seen Kim’s book?

2. Reverse the nouns. Use the second noun to begin a preposition phrase. Book of Kim

3. Examine the ownership word. Does it end in an s sound?

4. If the ownership word does NOT end in an s sound, then add an apostrophe and s to the word: Boy boy’s Girl girl’s Tim Tim’s Children children’s Feet feet’s

5. If the ownership word DOES end in an s sound, usually add an apostrophe only: Years years’ Employees employees’

› With names ending in s either is acceptable: Chris can be Chris’s or Chris’

The final element of the compound shows the possessive:› Father-in-law’s signature› Editor in chief’s suggestions

When the second noun is unstated but is understood, the possessive is incomplete. Use an apostrophe to show possession even though the second noun is only implied.› The party is at Francisco’s.› Darren’s exam is earlier than Craig’s.

When two nouns express separate ownership, make both nouns possessive.› Bob’s and Samantha’s cameras

When two nouns express combined ownership, make only the second noun possessive.› Tina and Rick’s restaurant

What tells us if it is combined or separate ownership?

Make abbreviations possessive by following the same guidelines as for other nouns.

› CPA’s convention› Levi Strauss & Co.’s jeans

Reword awkward expressions by using prepositional phrases:

› My friend’s father’s business The business of my friend’s father

› Mr. Saltzman, my attorney’s, advice The advice of my attorney, Mr. Saltzman

Change the following prepositional phrases into apostrophe constructions:1. Testimony of the witness2. Books of the students3. Contracts of both companies4. Role of the actress5. Roles of the actresses

1. Witness’s testimony2. Students’ books3. Companies’ contracts4. Actress’s role5. Actresses’ roles

1. The butler stood by the door and called the guest’s names as they arrived.

2. The butler stood by the door and called the guests names as they arrived.

3. The butler stood by the door and called the guests’ names as they arrived.

Change the following prepositional phrases into apostrophe constructions.

1. The car of Mrs. Metz2. The car of the Metzes3. The car of Russ4. The car of the Harrises

1. Mrs. Metz’s car or Mrs. Metz’ car2. The Metzes’ car3. Russ’s car or Russ’ car4. The Harrises’ car

Due next week› Outline for your final paper (does not need to

be your final outline, but I want to see that you are starting on it and have an idea of what you are going to be doing). MUST BE TYPED!

› Page 57 Exercise B› Page 58 Exercise B› Page 60 Exercise B › Page 73 Exercise B› Page 74 Exercise C› Page 75 Exercise B› Page 77 exercise C

This assignment is due Dec. 16 This assignment must be typed Keep in mind this is a graded

assignment. You will be graded on your grammar

and how well you develop your thoughts.