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Chapter 1Nouns
Les Hanson 2002
Nouns Definition of nouns Capitalization pluralization
When to capitalize nouns Names of particular people, places, or
things E.g. Stockwell Day, Alberta, Canadian Alliance
But not general references party leader, communist, fascist, right wing
In general, specific names require capitals
Lake Superior, Fred, Great DepressionGeneral names do not require capitals
the prairies, my uncle, a recession
Names and Titles Capitalize titles that precede names
Prime Minister Chretien, Aunt Polly
But not when used alone, or after names
The minister was demoted to the back benches Bill, my uncle, sat beside Gary Doer, premier of
Manitoba
Sentences Capitalize the first word of a sentence And the first word of a quoted sentence
She said, “You are stupid.” Don’t capitalize the second part of a
fragmented quotation “You are stupid,” she said, “and your
mother dresses you funny.” Don’t capitalize partial quotes
He talked of the “plausible deniability” of the scheme.
Titles of books, articles, and songs
Capitalize the first, last, and all important words in a title
Don’t capitalize short articles, prepositions, and conjunctions As You Like ItThe Merry Wives of WindsorLove’s Labours LostTaming of the ShrewThe Merchant of Venice
Dates and Directions Capitalize days of the week, months,
holidays Monday, June, Thanksgiving
But not seasons summer, fall, winter
Don’t capitalize directions I drove north for two blocks
Unless it refers to a specific location Fighting broke out in the Middle East Winter roads are common in the North
Names of Groups
Capitalize races, religions, nationalities and languages
Bosnian, Buddhism, French, Cree
Product Names
Capitalize brand names and trademarks Coke, Kleenix, Roller Blades, Popsicle
Do not capitalize generic product names cola, tissues, inline skates, flavoured
ice
Course Names Capitalize specific names of courses
History 101, Intermediate Basket-weaving, a Bachelor of Arts degree
But not general references to courses geography, communication, accounting He is studying engineering
Pluaralization Regular plurals Adding –s Adding-es (-s, --ss, -sh, ch, -x, -z)Nouns ending in –yNouns ending in ay,ey,oy,uyNouns ending in oNouns ending in –f
The pronunciation of the plural endings –s and -es
Iz (After –s,-ss,-z, -x, se, dge, -ge) Bus, horse, buzz, wish, match, wage Z (After vowel sounds and voiced
consonants) Day, car,dog,home S After other unvoiced consonants Book, lip,cliff
OtherPlurals Irregular plurals Words of foreign origin Nouns which do not change in the
plural Nouns which look singular but are
in fact plural Nouns ending in –s which are in
fact singular
Irregular plurals Man\ woman\ Child foot/\tooth\goose Losue\ Mouse\ ox Penny ( pennies- pence)Pennies (to talk about the number of
coins) e.g there are 5 pennies on the table
pence(to talk about the value of something)e.g, the small apples are 5 pence each.
Words of foreign origin Ending in –us =-uses, -ICactus, fungus,stimulus. Ending in –a = -as, -aeAlga, formula, vertebra Ending in –um = ums, -aMemorandum, bacterium, datum Ending in –ex = exes, icesIndex ( indexes for books,
indices,used in math)
Ending in –ix= -ixes, -ices Appedix ( appendices in books,
appendexes in medicine) -on = -ons,-a Criterion, phenomenon Ending in –is = -ises, -es Analysis, hypothesis,
synopsis,diagnosis, oasis
Nouns which do not change in the plural
Series and speciesHe gave a series of lectures about
birdwatching.There have been several series of
programes on television about microchip technology.
Nouns of nationalities ending in –eseChina, Japan, Portugal Some animals and fishDuck, snipe,fish salmon,piketrout deer
Nouns which look singular but are in fact plural
Cattle,clergy, dice, people, police His cattle are the finestin this part
of England Dice are used in many board
games
Nouns ending in –s which are in fact singular
News Some diseses Rickets, mumps, measles Some games Billiards,darts,dominos Some activities or branches of
study Ceramics, phonetics, politics
Formation of Nouns Masculine or feminine Endings to describe size Endings which describe repeated
actions and small objects Professions Abstract nouns Gerunds Noun and verb Compound nouns
Masculine or feminine Different wordsBachelor-spinster, cock-hen,lad-lass,Husband-wife, king-queen, uncle-
aunt Change of endingActor-actress, duke-duchess,
emperor-empress, hero-heroine No distinctionCousin friend parent person guest
Endings to describe size -let: leaflet, booklet -ling: duckling, weaklingSometimes we use adjectives to
describe small things like big, little-ette: maisonette, kitchenette, Mini-: minicab, minicomputerMicro-, macro-: microchip macro-
economics.
Endings which describe repeated actions or small objects
-inkle: twinkle, winkle -ingle: jingle, tangle, tingle -ggle: giggle, wriggle -tter: mutter stutter, chatter -mble: mumble, stumble,rumble -bble: bubble pebble quibble -ddle: cuddle, muddle, paddle,
puddle -ttle: little, tittle-tattle
Professions -er: bake-baker, play-player, teach-
teacher, engine-engineer, photograph-photographer
-orActor, tailor, doctor, director -ist: piano-pianist, violin-violinist -ologist: geology-geologist -icist: physics-physician
Professions -ist: science-scientist -ian Mathematics-mathematician, _ian: History-historian -ant: account-accountant -ent: residence-resident