TET - rK:f mwptpapay; 7-k; tFg;g[ tuyhW

1.tl ,e;jpa muRfs; ,uhrg[j;jpuh;fs;

cwh;rh; kw;Wk; 2k; g[ypnfrp ட ; gz;ila fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW KotilfpwJ/

,uh$g[j;jpuh;fspd; Ml;rp Kjy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilf;fhy tuyhW Jt';FfpwJ/

fp/gp/8Mk;; E}w;whz;L த 18- றா fhynk ‘,ilf;fhyk’; vdg;gLfpwJ/

fp/gp/ 8Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp/gp 13 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu Ke;ija ,ilf;fhyk; fp/gp 13Mk;

E}w;whz;L த fp/gp 18Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu gpe;ija ,ilf;fhyk; vdt[k; miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

,uhrg[j;jpuh;fs; fhyk; (fp/gp 647 fp/gp 1200)

njhw;wk; gy;ntW mwpஞh;fs; fUj;J bjhptpj;Js;sdh;

1/ ,uhkd; (R{hpa Fyk;) my;yJ fpUt&;zd; (re;jpu Fyk;) tHp te;jth;fs;/

2/ gz;ila rj;jphpa FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jth;fs;

3/ rhfh;fs; cw^dh;fs;. Ft&hdh;fs;. Th;$uh;fs; nghd;w btspehl;L kugpidr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.

4/ mf;dp Fyj;jth;fs;

36 ; tif ,uh$g[j;jpuh;fs; tl ,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rp bra;jhh;fs; mth;fspy; typikg; bgw;wth;fs;/

1/ gpujpfhuh;fs; - mte;jp gFjp 2/ ghyh;fs; - t';fhsk; gFjp 3/ brsfhd;fs; - m$;kPh;. bly;yp gFjp

4/ njhkh;fs; - bly;yp

5/ uj;njhh;fs; - fndh$;

6/ rpnrhjpah; my;yJ Ffpyh;fs; - nkthh;

7/ re;njyh;fs; - ge;jy;fz;l;

8/ gukhuh;fs; - khstk;

9/ nrdh;fs; - t';fhsk;

10/ nrhy';fpfs; - F$uhj;

o ,uh$g[j;jpuh;fs; xUtUld; xUth; rz;ilapl;Lf;bfhz;L ,Ue;jdh;/ mjdhy; typikahd vy;iyg;g[w

ghJfhg;gpid gygLj;j jtwtpl;ldh;/ ,Jnt gpw;fhyj;jpy; K!;ypk;fspd; gilbaLg;gpw;F tHptFj;jJ/

1/gpujpfhuh;fs; (8-11 E}w;whz;L)

,th;fs; Th;$u gpujpfhuh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;.

gpujpfhu kuig njhw;Wtpj;jth; Kjyhk; ehfgl;lh;/

,tUf;Fg;gpd; tj;ruhrh , ,uz;lhk; ehfgl;lh; Ml;rpaikj;jdh;/

gpujpfhu kd;dh;fspy; kpft[k; typika[ld; tps';fpath; kpfpunghrh; ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; gpujpfhu nguuR fht;&kPh; Kjy;

eh;kjh tiuapy; gue;jpUe;jJ/

rpe;Jtpd; $Pdl; K!;ypk;fspd; gilbaLg;ig Kw;wpYk; jLj;J epWj;jpath; kpfpunghrh; Mthh;/

,tUf;F gpd; ,tuJ kfd; knfe;jpughyh; (fp/gp/885-908) Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/

gpujpfhuh;fspd; filrp murh; ,uh$;aghyh; fp/gp/1018-y; KfkJ f$pdp. ,uh$;aghy kPJ nghh; bjhLj;J btd;W

gpujpfhuh;fs; kuig Kot[f;F bfhz;L te;jhh;/

,e;jpahtpid me;epa gilbaLg;gpypUe;J fhj;J xU ghJfhg;g[ muzhf ,Ue;jth;fs; gpujpfhuh;fns ஆவ /

2/ghyh;fs; (fp/gp 8-12 E}w;whz;L)

fp/gp 750 Kjy; 760 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; t';fhsj;jpy; FHg;gkhd R{Hy; epytpaJ/ ,e;j R{H;epiyapy;jhd;

‘nfhghyh; t';fhsk; kw;Wk; gpfhh; nghd;w gFjpia cs;slf;fpa ghyh;fs; kuig bjhl';fp itj;jhh;/

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nfhghyUf;F gpd; mthpd; kfd; jUkghyh; (fp/gp/769-815) ,th; gpujpfhuh;fis btd;W fndh$;. t';fhsk;. gPfhh;

Mfpa ,l';fis ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ ,jd; K:yk; tl,e;jpah KGtJk; ,th; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPH; te;jJ/

g[fH;bgw;w tpf;fpukrPyh gy;fiyf;fHfj;ij epWtpath; jh;kghynu Mthh;/ nkYk; FkhuFg;jh; epWtpa ehse;jh

gy;fiyf; fHfj;ija[k; ,th; g[Jg;gpj;jhh;/

,tUf;Fg;gpd; njtghyh; (fp/gp/815- 855) vd;w ,tuJ kfd; mwpaid Vwpdhh;/ xhp!h. m!;!hk;. gFjpfis

ifg;gw;wpwdhh;/

kfpghyh; (fp/gp/998-1038) Ml;rpf;F gpd; ehL typikia ,He;jJ/

ghyh; tk;rj;jpd; filrp kd;dh; nfhtpe;j ghyh; ,th;fSila tPH;r;rpf;F gpd; fp/gp/12Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F

gpd; t';fhsg; gFjpapy; nrdh;fs; vGr;rp bgw;W g[jpa Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdh;/

fndh$; gFjpia bgwntz;o K:d;W muRfspilna nghuhl;lk;

me;j K:d;W muRfs;

1/gpujpfhuh;fs;

2/t';fhsj;J ghyh;fs;

3/jf;fhzj;ij Ml;rpbra;j ,uhl;ouTlh;fs;

,e;j 3 muRfSk; tskpf;f f';ifr; rkbtspg;gFjp kw;Wk; fndh$; gFjpia ifg;gw;w ntz;o xd;Wட

bjhlh;e;J Vwj;jhH 200 Mz;Lfs; nghhpl;ld/ ,e;j nghuhl;lk; 3 muRfisa[nk typikapHf;fr; bra;jJ/

3/bly;ypia Mz;l njhkh;fs;

fndh$; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j gpujpfhuh;fsplk; jpiwbrYj;jpa mur fshf ,Ue;jth;fns njhkh;fs; Mth;/

bly;yp efiu fp/gp/736y; epWtpath;fs; njhkh;fns Mth;/

fp/gp/12Mk; E}w;whz;oy; brsfhd;fs; tk;rj;jpdh;. bly;ypia njhkh;fsplk; ,Ue;J ifg;gw;wpdh;/

4/bly;yp. m$;kPh; gFjpia Mz;l brsfhd;fs;

fp/gp/ 11Mk; E}w;whz;oy; m$;kPh; gFjpia Rje;jpu murhf brsfhd;fs; mwptpj;jdh;/

gpwF fp/gp/12Mk; E}w;whz;oy; khstj;ij Mz;l gukhuh;fsplkpUe;J c$;$apdpiaa[k;. njhkuh;fsplkpUe;J

bly;ypiaa[k; btd;wdh;/

brsfhd; kd;dh;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth; gphpj;jptpuh$; brsfhd;/

5. fndh$; gFjpia Mz;l uj;njhh;fs; (fp/gp/1090-1194)

gpujpfhuh;fspd; tPH;r;rpf;Fgpd; fndh$; gFjpia ifg;gw;wpath;fs; uj;njhh;fs; Mthh;/ uj;njhh;fs; fp/gp/1090 Kjy; 1194 tiu Mz;ldh;/

uj;njhh;fs; guk;giuapy; rpwe;j murh; b$ar;re;jpud;. filrp murUk; mtnu. fp/gp/1194y; KfkJ nfhhpa[ld;ele;j

re;jthh; nghhpy; ,th; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/

ge;jy;fz;l; gFjpia Mz;l re;njyh;fs;

gpujpfhuh;fsplk; ,Ue;j ge;jy;fz;l; gFjpia fp/gp/9-k ; E}w;whz;oy; re;njyh;fs; தdp murhf khwpdh;/

knfhghit jiyefukhf epWtpa re;njy murh; anrhjth;kd;

re;njலh;fspd; filrp murh; ghukhy; , ,tiu 1203,y; Fj;g[jpd; Igf; vd;gth; njhw;foj;J re;njy muir

ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

fyp"rhh; nfhl;il re;njyh;fspd; Kf;fpa nfhl;ilahFk;/

f$%uhnஹhtpy; gy mHfpa nfhapy;fis fl;oath;fs; re;njyh;fns Mth;/

,e;j nfhapy;fspy; fp/gp/1050,y; fl;lg;gl;l fe;jh;a kfhnjth; Myak; gfH;bgw;wjhFk;/

7/nkthiu Ml;rp bra;j rpnrhjpah;fs; my;yJ Ffpyh;fs;

rpnrhjpa kuig njhw;Wtpj;jth; ghghuthy;/

nkthh; gFjpapy; Mz;l rpnrhjpah;fspd; jiyefh; rpj;J}h;/

fp/gp/1307,y; bly;yp Ry;jhdhd mலாt[jPd; fpy;$pahy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;l ,uhzh uj;jd;rp'; nkthh; gFjpapd;

rpnrhjpah;fs; tk;rj;jtnu/

,uhzh ர த சி கி மைனவ gj;kpdp jdJ fzth; ,we;jgpd; $tஹh; vd;w tHf;fj;jpd;go தapy;

Fjpj;J ,we;jhh;/

$tஹh; vd;gJ rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; tHf;fk; MFk;/ ,J me;j fhyj;jpy; ,uh$g[j;jpu bgz;fspilna

kpft[k; gpurpj;jp bgw;W tps';fpa xU fLikahd Kiw MFk;/

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Kfyhah;fis vjph;j;J tPuKld; nghhpl;l uhzhr';fh kfhuh$h uhzh gpujhg; Mfpnahh; fpnrhjpa

kd;dh;fns/

8.khstk; gFjpia Mz;l gukhuh;fs;

gpujpfhuh;fsplk; ,Ue;J tpyfp fp/gp/10Mk; E}w;whz;oy; jk;ikr; Rje;jpu murhf mwptpj;J gukhuh;fs; Ml;rp

bra;jdh;/

,th;fsJ jiyefuk; jhuh/

,k;kugpd; gfH;kpf;f murh; ,uh$hngh$; (fp.gp.1080-1069)/ nghghy; efhpy; 250 ச ரைம பர ப xU Vhpia

mikj;jhh; ,tnu/

ngh$; jhuhtpy; xU rk!;fpUj fy;Y}hp xd;iw epWtpdhh;

myht[jPd; fpy;$papy; gukhuh;fspd; Ml;rp tPH;r;rpaile;jJ/

rpwg;g[fs;

tPukpFe;jth;fs; rpwe;j tPuh;fs;. bgz;fs; fw;gpid capuhf kjpj;jdh;/

vjphpfsplk; ,Ue;J tpLgl bgz;fs; $tஹh ; vd;Dk; cld;fl;il VWk; gHf;fj;ij filg;gpoj;jdh;/

rkak;

,e;J kjj;ij nghw;wp tsh;j;jdh;/ rkzKk;. bgsj;jKk; Mjut[ bgw;wpUe;jJ/

gf;jp ,af;fk; ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; kyuj; bjhl கிய .

muR

muR epykhdpa Kiwia mog;gilahf bfhz;L ,Ue;jJ/

ehL $hfph;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/ mjd; jiyth; $hfph;jhh;fs; , ,th;fs; thptR{ypj;J kd;dUf;F gil cjtp

bra;jdh;/

bkhHpa[k; ,yf;fpaKk;

,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; kuhj;jp. F$uhj;jp. t';f bkhHp nghd;w tl;lhu bkhHpfs; tsh;r;rpaile;jd/

fy;;ஹzh; vGjpa ,uh$ju';fpzp. b$anjthpd; fPjnfhtpe;jk;. nrhknjthpd; fjh rhpj rhfuk; Mfpad ,uh$g[j;jpuh;fs;

fhyj;J ,yf;fpa';fs;/

gphpj;tpuh$; brsfhdpd; mitg;g[yth; re;j;ghpij/ mth; gphpj;tpuhrdpd; gilbaLg;g[fisf; TWk; ‘gphpj;jptpuh$; unrh’

vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpa[s;shh;/

rpj;jhe;j rpnuhkzp எ ைல vGjpath; gh!;fuhr;rhhpahh; ,J thdtpay; E}y; MFk;/

knfe;jpughyh;. kfpghyh; Mfpnahhpd; mitg;g[yth; ,uhrnrfud; Mthh;/

,uhrnrfud; vGj;pa E}y;fs; fw;g{uk";rhp. ghy ,uhkhazk;/

fiyf;fl;olf;fiy

f$pun;;ஹh Myak; 2/g[tnd!;tuj;jpy; cs;s yp';fuhrhnfhtpy; 3/nfhdhh;f;fpy; cs;s R{hpaf; nfhapy; 4/mg[ kiy

(,uh$!;jhd;) jpy;thuh nfhapy;/

muz;kidfs;: b$a;g;g{h;. cjag;g{h;

nfhl;ilfs;

rpj;J}h;. khz;L. n$hj;g{h;. Fthypah;/

Ml;rp Kot[

bjhlh;e;j rz;ilfs; btspehl; லி gilbgaLg;g[

,Wjpapy; ,uh$g[j;jpuh;fis xHpj;J JUf;fpah;fs; j';fs; Ml;rpia ,e;jpahtpy; mikj;jdh;/

2/ jf;fhz muRfs;

,e;jpahtpd; bjw;F gFjp jl;rpzgjk; (m) jf;fhzk; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;w /

tl ,e;jpahit. bjd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J gphpg;gJ tpe;jpa rhj;g{uh kiyfs; kw;Wk;. eh;kij. தgjp MWfs;/

rhSf;fpah;fsplk; jpiw brYj;jp te;jth;fns ahjth;fs;. fhfj;jPah;fs; kw;Wk; ெஹா சாள க ;/

rhSf;fpah;fs; (fp/gp/6-12 E}w;whz;L)

jf;fhzj;ij Mz;l Kf;fpa Ml;rpahsh;fs;. ,th;fspy; K:d;W gphptpdh; ,Ue;jdh;/

1/Kw;fhy nkiyr;rhSf;fpah;fs; (fp/gp/6-8 E}w;whz;Lfs;)

2/gpw;fhy nkiyr; rhSf;fpah;fs; (fp/gp/10-12 E}w;whz;Lfs;)

3/fPiHr; rhSf;fpah;fs; (fp/gp/7-12 E}w;whz;Lfs;)

1/Kw;fhy nkiyr; rhSf;fpah;fs;

Kw;fhy nkiyr; rhSf;fpah;fs; thjhgp rhSf;fpah;fs; vdt[k; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/ ,k;kuig njhw;Wtpj;jth; Kjyhk;

g[ypnfrp (fp/gp/543- 546) Mthh;/

thjhgp rhSf;fpah;fspy; rpwe;j murh; ,uz;lhk;; g[ypnfrp

,th;fspd; jiyefuk; fh;ehlf khepyk; gP$g;g{h; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s thjhgp efukhFk;/ jw;nghJ ,e;efuk; ‘gjhkp’vd;W

miHf;fg;gLfpwJ/

,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrp ஹh;riu fp/gp/637y; eh;kij Mw;w';fiuapy; njhw;foj;jhh;/

jkpHfj;ij Mz;l gy;yt kd;dd; knfe;jputh;kid 2- லிேகசி njhw;foj;jhh;/ 2-k; g[ypnfrp Mdhy; fp/gp/642y;

knfe;jpudpd; kfd; eurpk;kth;kd; ,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrpia ேதா க bfhd;whh;/

2-k; g[ypnfrpia bjhlh;e;J Kjyhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd;. tp$ahjpj;jd;. ,uz;lhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; Mfpnahh; rhSf;fpa

kugpy; jFe;j kd;dh;fs; Mthh;/

rhSf;fpah;fSf;Fk;. gy;yth;fSf;Fk; ,ilna mof;fo gif Vw;gl;L nghh; bjhlh;e;J eilg;bgw;wJ/

,uhl;ouTl kuig njhw;Wtpj;j je;jpJh;fh; rhSf;fpa kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kid njhw;foj;J ‘thjhgp’ia

ifg;gw;wpf;bfhz;lhh;/ mjd;gpd; 200 Mz;Lfs; rhSf;fpa kug[ g[fH;epiybaa;jhJ k';fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ/

fy;ahzpia Mz;l gpw;fhy nkiy rhSf;fpah; (fp/gp/10-12 E}w;whz;L)

gpw;fhy nkiy rhSf;fpa kuig njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uz;lhk; ijyg;gh (fp/gp/973-997)

gpw;fhy nkiy rhSf;fpa kugpd; jiyefh; fy;ahzp/

gpw;fhy nkiy rhSf;fpa kughd fy;ahzpia Mz;l rpwe;j kd;dh;fs; ,uz;lhk; nrhnk!;tud;. ,uz;lhk; b$arpk;kd;.

Mwhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jd;.K:d;whk; ijyg;gh/

fy;ahzpia Mz;l rhSf;fpah;fspy; ,Wjp murh; K:d;whk; ijyg;gh Mthh;/(fp/gp/1150-1163)

1190-Mk; Mz;oy; rhSf;fpah;fsplk; jpiw brYj;jp te;j njtfphp ahjth;fs;. thu';;fs; fhfjpah;fs;. Jthu rKj;jpu

bஹha;rsh;fs; j';fis Rje;jpu murhf;fpf;bfhz;L Mz;ldh;/ mjdhy; gpw;fhy rhSf;fpa kug[ 3 nguurhf gphpe;jJ/

3/nt';;fpia Mz;l fPiHr; rhSf;fpah; (fp/gp/7-12 E}w;whz;L)

nt';fp fPiH rhSf;fpa kuig njhw;Wtpj;jth; ,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrpapd; rnfhjuh; tpt&;Qqth;jdd; Mthh;/

,th;fspd; jiyefh; ேவ கி.

,th;fs; Ml;rpapy; bjY';F ,yf;fpak; tsh;r;rpa[w;wJ/

,th;fs; j";iria Mz;l nrhHh;fSld; jpUkz cwt[fis itj;jpUe;jdh;/ ,j;jpUkz cwtpd; K:yk; njhd;wpa

thhpnr Fnyhj;J';;f nrhHd; (fp/gp/1070-1122)Mthh;/

,th;fs; j";iria Mz;l nrhHh;fSld; jpUkz cwt[fis itj;jpUe;jdh;/ ,j;jpUkz cwtpd; K:yk; njhd;wpa

thhpnr Fnyhj;J';;f nrhHd; (fp/gp/1070-1122) Mthh;/

,th; fPiH rhSf;fpa ehl;oid nrhHg; nguuRld; ,izj;J nrhHehl;L kd;duhf Ml;rp bra;jhh;/ ,tnu fPiHr;

rhSf;fpa kugpd; filrp murh;/

rhSf;fpah;fspd; g';fspg;g[

,e;J rkaj;ijg; nghw;wpdh;/ rkzj;ija[k; Mjhpj;jdh;/

,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrpapd; mitg;g[yth; ,utpfPh;j;jp $nஹாny fy;btl;Lfisg; gilj;jtuhthh;/ ,f;fy;btl;Lfspy;

,uz;lhk; g[ypnfrpapd; btw;wpfs; Twg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,th; xU rkzh;/

$nஹhny efhpy; 70f;Fk; nkw;gl;l nfhapy;fs; rhSf;fpah;fshy; fl;lg;gl;ld/ ,jdhy; $nஹhny ‘,e;jpa nfhapy;

fl;llf; fiyapd; bjhl;oy;’ vdr; rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

gl;lhlf;fy; tpUghf;rh nfhapy;. ghjhkp Fiff;nfhapy; Mfpait rhSf;fpah;fSilanj/

,jpy; gl;lhlf;fy; tpUghf;rh; nfhapy;. gy;yth;fs; fh";rpg[uj;jpy; fl;oa ifyhrehjh; nfhapiyg; nghyf;

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ/

,uhl;ouTlh;fs; (fp/gp/8-10 E}w;whz;Lfs;)

,uhl;ouf;Tlh;fspd; Ml;rpfhyk; (fp/gp/753-975) ,J jf;fhz tuyhw;wpd; rpwg;g[kpf;f fhykhFk;/

tl,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j uj;njhh;fspd; tHpte;jtnu ,uhl;ouf;Tlh;fs;/

‘,uhl;ouf;Tlh;’vd;gjw;F ‘,uhl;ouk;’; vd;w gFjpia Ms;gth; vd;gJ bghUs;/

,th;fs; nkiyr;rhSf;fpah;fsplk; ,uhl;ou mjpfhhpfshf gzpahw;wpath;fs; Mth;/

fd;dlk; ,th;fspd; jha;bkhHp MFk;/

,uhl;ouTlh; kuig njhw;Wtpj;jth; je;jpJh;fh; Mthh;/

je;jpJh;fh; ghjhkp murh; ,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd; vd;gthplk; ,uhl;ou mYtyuhf ,Ue;jnghJ mthplk; ,U;J fp/gp/742y;

vy;nyhuhit ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

_iryk; (fh;D}y;) gFjpia Mz;l nrhHh;fisa[k; je;jpJh;fh; moikg;gLj;jpdhh;/

fp/gp/750y; fh";rpia Mz;l gy;yt ky;yDld; jpUkz xg;ge;jk; bra;J ,tuJ kfs; nuthit gy;yt ky;yDf;F

jpUkzk; bra;J itj;jhh;/

gpwF fp/gp/753y; jhd; jpiw brYj;jp te;j nkiy rhSf;fpa kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; fPh;j;jpth;kd; vd;gtid njhw;foj;J

jf;fhzg; gFjpapy; epiyahd murpid Vw;gLj;jpdhh;/

,uhl;ou Tlh;fspd; jiyefh; khy;bfl;/

fp/gp/756y; je;jpJh;fh; kuzk; mile;;jhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; Kjyhk; fpUt&;z (fp/gp/756-775) muruhdhh;/

g[fH;bgw;w vy;nyhuhtpd; ifyhrehjh; Filtiuf; nfhapiy cUthf;fpath; Kjyhk; fpUt&;znu Mthh;/

Kjyhk; fpUt&;zUf;F gpd; ,tuJ kfd; ,uz;lhk; nfhtpe;jd; mtUf;Fg;gpd; JUtd; (fp/gp/780-792) Ml;rpf;F

te;jdh;/

fh";rpg[uj;ij Mz;l gy;yt kd;dd; jz;oth;kida[k; fndh$; kd;dh; rf;fua[j;jida[k; JUtd; bgd;whh;/

JUtd; fhyj;jpy; ,uhl;ouTl ehL g[fHpd; cr;rpf;nf brd;wJ/

JUtDf;F mLj;J அவர K:d;W kfd;fspy; xUtuhd K:d;whk; nfhtpe;jd; Ml;;rpf;F te;jhh;/

K:d;whk; nfhtpe;jd; gpujpfhu kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; ehfg;gl;liu btd;whh;/

K:d;whk; nfhtpe;jDf;F gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;jth; mtuJ kfd; mnkhfth;rd; (fp/gp/814-830) jdJ 14 tajpy;

Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/

mnkhf th;rh; ,yf;fpa';;;fis tsh;j;jhh;/ ,th; fd;dl bkhHpapy; ‘ftpuhrkhh;f;fk;’; vd;w ,yf;fpaj;ij gilj;J

mUspdhh;/

mnkhfth;rdpd; Mrphpah; $Pdnrdh; Mthh;/

$Pdnrdh; ghh;Rt cjak; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpa[s;shh;/ ,e;E}ypy; rkz kj 23tJ jPh;j;j';;fuh; ghh;Rtehjhpd; thH;f;if

Fwpg;g[fs; brhy;yg;gl;Ls;sd/

mnkhfth;rd; rhSf;fpah;fis njh;wfoj;J bt';;;fpia ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

mnkhf th;rUf;Fgpd; Ml;rpnaw;wth;fspy; Fwpg;gplj; jFe;jth; K:d;whk; fpUt&zh;(fp/gp/936-968) Mthh;/

jf;nfhyk; nghhpy; nrhHh;fis btd;W j";rht{iu ifg;gw;wpdhh; K:d;whk; fpUt&zd;/

,uhl;ouTlh;fspd; filrp murh; ,uz;lhk; fh;fh (fp/gp/972-973) ,th; fy;ahzpia Mz;l rhSf;fpa murh; ,uz;lhk;

ijygh vd;gtuhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ ,t;thW ,uhl;ouTl muR ,uz;lhk; ijyghthy; Kot[f;F bfhzLtug;gl;lJ/

,uhl;ouTl murh;fspy; bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; ,uhnk!;tuk; tiu gilbaLj;J brd;wth; K:d;whk; fpUt&;zd;.

vy;nyhuh. vypbgz;lh Fiff; nfhapiy fl;o Koj;jth;fs; ,uhl;ouTlh;fs; Mth;/

Jthu rKj;jpuj;ij Mz;l bஹha;rsh;fs; (fp/gp/11-14 E}w;whz;L)

,th;fs; gpw;fhy; fy;ahzp nkiyr; rhSf;fpah;fspd; FUepy mur களாth;/

,th;fspy; Fwpg;gpl jf;f Kjy; murh; tpdahjpj;jd; (fp/gp/1006-22) ikR{h; gFjpapy; xU rpw;wuir epWtp ‘nrhrtPh;’

vd;w jiyefh; gFjpia ,th; cUthf;fpdhh;/

,k;kugpy; te;j tpt&;Qqth;jdh; jdJ jiyefiu JthurKj;jpuj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;/ nkYk; Fnyhj;J';;f

nrhHdplkpUe;J R';;;ftho gFjp nrhHh;fSf;Fk; rhSf;fpah;fSf;Fk; ,ilaPl;L gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ/

ahjt kuigr; rhh;e;j Ie;jhk; gpy;ykhit btd;W ெஹாa;rsh;fspd; typikia cWjp bra;jth; ,uz;lhk; tPugy;yhsh

(fp/gp/1173-1220)

ெஹாa;rs murhd ,uz;lhk; eurpk;kd; (fp/gp/1220-1235) jkpHfj;jpy; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;oaidj; njhw;foj;J

nrhHehl;Lg; gFjpapid K:d;whk; ,uhruhrDf;F kPl;L bfhLj;jhh;/

ெஹாa;rhs kugpd; gpw;fhy kd;dh;fspy; rpwe;j nguurh; K:d;whk; gy;yhsh (fp/gp/1291-1342). ,th; fp/gp/1310-y;

khypf;fhg{h; vd;gtdhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/

ெஹாa;rhs kugpd; ,Wjp murh; ehd;fhk; gy;yhsh Mthh;/

,th;fs; fl;oa nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,l';fs; Jthu rKj;jpuk;. ngS:h;/ ,f;nfhapy;fspy; ,uhkhazk;. மfhghuj

fhl;rpfs; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/

epar;re;jpuh. fz;o. uhft';f . nekpr;re;jpud;; Mfpnahh; ,f;fhyj;jpy; rpwe;j ,yf;fpa';fis; gilj;jth;fs; Mth;/

thu';fis Mz;l fhfjpah;fs; (fp/gp/12-14 E}w;whz;L)

fy;ahzpia Mz;l nkiyr;rhSf;fpah;fsplk; FWepy murh;fshf ,Ue;jth;fns fhfj;jpah;fs;/ ,th;fs; வாu';fs; gFjpia Mz;lth;fs;/

,th;fsJ jiyefuk; mDkbfhz;lh/ Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j Kjy; murh; ,uz;lhk; g[nuhyh ,tuJ kfd; Kjyhk; gpujhg;Uj;ud; jkJ jiyefiu tuh';fSf;F

khw;wpdhh;/ fzgjp vd;w fhfj;jpa kd;dh; nrhHh;fsplk; ,Ue;J fh";rp gFjpia btd;whh;/ fhfj;jpa murpd; bgz;zurp fzgjpapd; kfs; Uj;uhk;ghs; (fp/gp/1261-1291) ,tuJ ngud; ,uz;lhk; gpujhgUj;ud;/ ,uz;lhk; gpujhgUj;ud; Ml;rpapd;nghJ khypf;fhg{h; fp/gp/1309-,y; thu';;;fs; kPJ gilbaLj;jhh;/ jd;id

ghJfhj;Jf;bfhs;s Vuhskhd bry;tj;ij khypf;fhg{Uf;F gpujhgUj;ud; je;jhh;/ fpahRjPd; Jf;sf; kfd; cYf;fhd; fp/gp/1323-y; thu';;;fis jhf;fpdhh;/ 1327-y; cYf;fhd; ,KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; vd;w bgaUld; bly;yp Ry;jhd; Mdt[ld; fp/gp/1327y; thu';;;fis

ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ fhfjpah;fspd; ,Wjp kd;dh; tpdafnjtd; fp/gp/1362-y; ,tiu ghkpdp Ry;jhd; Kjyhk; KfkJt&h gLbfhiy

bra;jhh;/ ,jdhy; fhfjpa muR Kot[f;F te;jJ/ mDk bfhz;lhtpy; cs;s Mapuk; J}z; Myak; ,th;fsJ fl;olf;fiyf;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L/

njtfphpia Mz;l ahjth;fs; (fp/gp/12-14 E}w;whz;L)

njtfphpia Mz; ahjth;fs; j';;;fis g[uhz ehafdhhd fpU z gfthdpd; tHpte;njhh; vdf; Twpf;bfhz;ldh;/ ,th;fs; brst[dh gFjpia Mz;ljhy; (ehrpf;fpypUe;J njtfphp tiu) brsdh;fs; vdt[k; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/ njtfphpia Rje;jpu murhf khw;wpath; Ie;jhk; gpy;yk;kh/ Ie;jhk; gpy;;yk;kh ெஹாa;சாs kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; tPugy;yhsDld; nghhpl;L yf;Fz;o nghh;fsj;jpy; ,we;jhh;/ ,k;kugpd; ,Wjp kd;dh; ,uhkr;re;jpu njth (fp/gp/1271-1309) ,tiu myht[jpd; fpy;$p njhw;foj;jhh;/ ,uhkre;junjthtpd; kfd; r';funjtd; khypf;fg{uhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/ ahjth;fspd; தைலநக njtfphp ,jw;F bjsyjhghj; vd;w bgaUk; உ / ,th;fs; mwptpaiya[k;. thdtpaiya[k; Mjhpj;jdh;/

3/bjd;dpe;jpa muRfs;

gz;ila jkpHfj;ij nru. nrhH. ghz;oah;fs; vd;w K:tUk; murpay;p gphptpdh; Ml;rp bra;jdh;/ mth;fs; Ml;rp fhyk;

‘R';f fhyk;’ vdg;gl;lJ/ (fp/K/300 Kjy; fp/gp/300tiu)

r';f fhyj;jpw;F gpwF fp/gp/300 Kjy; 600 tiu ‘fsg;gpuh;fs;’; vd;w kugpdh; jkpHfj;ij Mz;ldh;/

fsg;gpuh;fSf;F gpd; kPz;Lk; gpw;fhy gy;ytg; nguuR nrhHg;nguuR. ghz;oag; nguuR nghd;w kug[fs; jkpHfj;jpy; Ml;rp

bra;jd/

1/gy;ytg; nguuR

gy;yth;fs;. ghurPfj;ijr; nrh;e;jth;fs; vd;Wk; rhjthfdh;fs; fPH; Ml;rp mYtyh;fshf ,Ue;jth;fs; vd;Wk;

bjhz;il kz;lyj;ijj; jhafkhff; bfhz;lth;fs; vd;Wk; TWth;/

gy;;;yt kug[ Kw;fhy gy;yth;. gpw;fhyg; gy;yth; vd ,uz;lhf gphpj;J tH';fg;gLfpwJ/

Kw;fhyg; gy;yth;fisg; gw;wp rhpahd tuyhW fpilf;ftpy;iy/

gpw;fhyg; gy;yth;fs; (fp/gp/570-903)

gpw;fhy gy;yt kuig Jtf;fp itj;jth; rpk;k tpt&;Qq Mthh;/ ,th; ‘mtzp rpk;kd;’vd;W அைழ க ப டா இத

‘உலகி சி க ’ எ ெபா . இவ 6- றா இைட ப ப திய கள ப ர கைள வ தி ெதா ைட

ம டல என tH';fg;gLfpw ,d;iwa fh";rpg[uk; gFjpapy; gy;yth; Ml;rpia bjhl';fp itj;jhh;/ ,th; nrhHh;fis btd;W Me;jpug; gFjpahd tpt&;QqFz;od; Kjy; bjw;fpy; fhtphp MW tiuapy; jdJ nguuir

tphpt[gLj;jpdhh;/

Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kd; (fp/gp/600-630)

rpk;ktpt&;Qqtpd; kfd;

,tiu rhSf;fpa kd;dh; 2-k; g[ypnfrp njhw;foj;jhh;/

jdJ Ml;rp bjhlf;fj;jpy; rkzuhf ,Ue;j ,tiu irtf;Futh; mg;gh; vd;gth; irt kjj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;/

kz;lfg;gl;L. gy;yhtuk;. khkz;L:h;. knfe;jputho. jsthD}h;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp. rpak';fyk; Mfpa ,l';fspy; ,th;

Fltiuf; nfhapy;fis mikj;Js;shh;/

knfe;jputh;kd; ,ir kw;Wk; Xtpaf;fiyapy; ty;Yeh; Mjyhy; ,th; ‘r';fPuz rhjp’ vd;Wk; Xtpaf;fiyapy; ty;Yeh;

Mjyhy; ,th; rpj;jpuf;fhu g[yp vdt[k; g[fHg;gl;lhh;/

knfe;jputh;kd; ‘kj;jtpyhr gpufrdk;’ kw;Wk; ‘gftjtpa{fk;’ Mfpa tlbkhHp E}y;fis vGjpa[s;shh;/

Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd; (fp/gp/630-668)

Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kdpd; kfd;/

,tiu ‘khky;yd;’ vd;Wk; miHg;gh;. ,tuJ bgauhnyna khky;yg[uk; vd;Dk; Ch; tHf;fj;jpw;F te;jJ/

khky;yd; vd;why; kw;nghhpy; rpwe;jtd; vd;gJ bghUs;/

jdJ je;ijia njhw;foj;j 2-k; g[ypnfrpia mtuJ jiyefh; thjhgp tiu brd;W jhf;fp mtiu bfhd;wjhy;

,th; ‘thjhgp bfhz;lhd;’ vdt[k; g[fHg;gl;lhd;/

jdJ ,e;j gilbaLg;gpy; <Lgl;l ,tuJ giljsgjp ‘gu";nrhjp’ Mthh;/

,th; jdJ ,y';ifapd; ez;gd; ‘khzth;kDf;fhf’ ,UKiw ,y';;ifapd; kPJ nghhpl;L Ml;rpia kPl;L

bfhLj;jh ;/

,tரJ Ml;rpapd;nghJjhd; ஹh;rhpd; mitf;F te;j a[thd; Rth';; fh";rpf;Fk; tUif g[hpe;jhh;/

khky;yg[u xw;iwf;fy; ,ujk;. ,th; cUthf;fpanj/

,tiu bjhlh;e;J ,tuJ kfd; ,uz;lhk; knfe;jputh;kd; (fp/gp/668-670) Kjyhk; gunk!;tuth;kd; (fp/gp/670-691)

Mfpnahh; Ml;rp g[hpe;jdh;/

,uz;lhk; eurpk;kth;kd; (m) ,uh$rpk;kd; (fp/gp.691-728)

Kjyhk; gunk!;tuth;kdpd; kfd;/

fh";rp ifyhrehjh; nfhapy; , khky;yg[uj;jpYs;s flw;fiu nfhapy;. gidkiy jhsfPhp!;tuh; nfhapy; ,tuhy;

fl;lg;gl;lit/

,tuJ muz;kida;py; ,Ue;j tlbkhHp mwp"h; jz;o Mthh;/ ,th; jz;o my';;fhuk; vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpa[s;shh;/,J

rk!;fpUj bkhHpapy; vGjg;gl;l ,yf;fzE}y;/

,tuJ Ml;rpapy; rPdht[ld; tzpf உறt[ Vw;gl;lJ/

,uz;lhk; gunk!;tuth;kd; (fp/gp/728-731)

,uz;lhk; eurpk;kth;kd; kfd; fp/gp/728y; mhpaiz Vwpdhh;/

,th; rhSf;fpa kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jdhy; nghhpy; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/

,tnuhL rpk;ktpt&;Qq tHpte;j gy;yt kug[ Kot[f;F te;jJ/ rpk;ktpt&;Qqtpd; tHpte;njhhpy;. fh";rpia Mz;l filrp

gy;yt kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; gunk!;tuth;kd; Mthh;/

,uz;lhk; ee;jpth;kd; (fp/gp/731-796)

,th; rpk;ktpt&;Qq jk;gp ,uz;ath;kdpd; kfd;/

,th; xU tpt&;Qq gf;jd; (itztk;)/

fh";rpapy; ைவFe;j bgUkhs; nfhapiyf; fl;oath; ,tnu/

jpUk';if MH;வாh; ,thpd; rkfhyj;jth;/

K:d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; (fp/gp/847-870)

,th; ‘bjs;shW’ vd;Dkplj;jpy; ele;j nghhpy; ghz;oak kd;dd; _ty;ygid btd;whh;/ vdnt ,th; ‘bjs;shW vwpe;j

ee;jpth;kd;’ vd;W ee;jpfyk;gfk; vd;Dk; E}y; g[fH;fpwJ/

gy;yt Ml;rp Kot[

K:d;whk; ee;jpth;kDf;F mLj;J mtரJ K:j;j kfd; epUgJ';fd; Ml;rpf;F te;jh ;/ epUgJ';fனd; khw;whe;jhapf;F

gpwe;jth; mguh$pதd; Mவா .

,th;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilna Vw;gl;l thhpRhpik nghnர jpUg;g[uk;gpak; nghh; vdg;gl;lJ/

,g;nghhpy; mguh$pjDf;F க க , ேசாழம ன தலா ஆதி த உதவ தன . தலா ஆதி த Ml;rpia

kPl;L bfhLj;J gpwF அபராஜிதைன bfhd;W (fp/gp/913) fh";rpia ifg;gw;wp nrhH nguuRld; ,izj;jhh;/

mguh$pjdpd; Ml;rp 18 Mz;Lfs; (fp/gp/895-913) ePoj;jJ/ ,tnu gy;yt kugpd; filrp murh; Mthh;/

Mfnt gy;ythpd; Ml;rpf;F Kot[ fl;oa nghh; jpUg[wk;gpak; nghh; (fp/gp/895) MFk;/

gy;yth;fs; eph;thfk;

gy;yt ehL gy ‘uht&;ouk;’ vd;w mikg;ghf gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ/

uht&;ouk; (kz;lyk;) tpt&a';fs;(nfhl;lk;) ehL Ch; vd;w mog;gilapy; gy;yt ehL gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/

ைமa murpd; jiyth; murUf;F mikr;rh;fs; cjtpg[hpe;jdh;/

eph;thfj;jpd; mog;gil myF fpuhkk;/ ,jid eph;tfpj;தJ ‘Ch; mit’/

fpuhk tsh;r;rpf;F ‘thhpa';fs; Rkhh; 20 vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;jd/

,yf;fpak;

1/Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kd; - மj;jtpyhrgpufrdk; gftjtPa{fk;/

2/பாரtp - fPh;jhh;Rdpak;

3/jz;o - jz;oay';fhuk;. mte;jp Re;jhp fjhrhuk;

4/bgUe;njtdhh; - ghujbtz;gh

5/Mrphpah; bgah; bjhpahj ee;jp fyk;gfk; kw;Wk;

6/MH;thh;fs;. ehad;khh;fs; ghoa ghly;fs;

fiyfs;

knfe;jputho. khkhz;L:h;. jsthD}h;. rpak';;fyk;.jpUr;rp. jpUf;fGFd;wk; nfhapy;fs; ,it ghiwf;Flt[ nfhapy;fs;.

,it Kjyhk; knfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;jit/

xw;iwf;fy; ,uj';;fs;. kz;lg';;fs;. khky;yg[uk;

gy;yth;fhy Xtpa';;fs; fh";rp ifyhrehjh; nfhapypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

nrhHg;nguuR

nrhHh;fs; gw;wpa tuyhW kfhghujj;jpYk; mnrhfhpd; fy;btl;LfspYk;. bkf!;jdp!;. jhykp MfpnahuJ Fwpg;g[fspYk;

fhzg;gLfpwJ/

nrhHh;fspd; giHa jiyefuk; ciwa{h; ,yr;rpid g[yp/

Kw;fhyr; nrhHh;fspy; fhpfhHr; nrhHd; g[fH;bgw;wth;/ ,th; fy;yidia fl;oath; Mthh;/

gpw;fhyr; nrhHh;fs;

gpw;fhyr; nrhHh;fs; fp/gp/9-Mk; E}w;whz;od; ,ilapy; typikg; bgw;wdh;/ gpw;fhy nrhHh; kuig cUthf;fpath; tp$ahyar;nrhHd; (fp/gp/850-871) tp$ahyar; nrhHd; Kj;jiuah;fsplk; ,Ue;J j";rht{iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/ gpd;dh; j";ir ,th;fsJ jiyefukhdJ/ tp$ahyar; nrhHனd; kfd; Kjyhk; Mjpj;j nrhHd; (fp/gp/871-907) ,th; bjhz;ilkz;lyk;. f';fh;fள bfh';;F

kz;lyj;ija[k; btd;whh;/ Mjpj;j nrhHddpd; kfd; Kjyhk; guhe;jfd; (fp/gp/907-955) ,th; ghz;oah;fis btd;W kJiuia ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

Mjyhy; guhe;jf nrhHd; ‘kJiu bfhz;lhd;’ vdg;g[fHg;gl;lhh;/ ,uhl;ouTo kd;dh; K:d;whk; fpUt&;zd; fp/gp/955-,y; ேபா guhe;jfid njhw;foj;jhh;/

guhe;jfDf;F gpd; Ml;rpaikj;jth;fs;

1/fz;luhjpj;jd; (fp/gp/949-957)

2/mhp";rad; (fp/gp/956-957)

3/,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd; (fp/gp/956-973)

4/Mjpj;jd;(fp/gp/956-966)

5/cj;jk nrhHd; (fp/gp/965-985)

Kjyhk; ,uh$uh$nrhHd; (fp/gp/985-1014)

nrhHh;fspy; kpf rpwe;j Ml;rpahsh; nruh;. ghz;oah;fs;. rhSf;fpah;fs; Mfpnahh;fis nghhpy; btd;whh;/ ,y';if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jid btd;W mtd; jiyefh; mDuhjg[uj;ij jhf;fp mHpj;J jiyefiu

bghydUt[f;F khw;wpdhh;/ m';F rptd; nfhapy; xd;iwa[k; fl;odhh;/ ,uh$uh$nrhHd; Ke;ePh; gHe;jPt[fs; vdg;gl;l khyj;jPt[fs; kw;Wk; fhe;jS:h; rhiy (jpUtde;jg[uk;) vd;Dkplj;jpy; nru

kd;dd; gh!;futh;kd; nghd;wth;fisa[k; btd;whh;/ fy;ahzpia Mz;l rj;aruahit njhw;foj;J nt';fp gFjpia ifg;gw;wp mij rf;jpth;kDf;F mspj;jhh;/ ,tUila kfis rf;jpth;kdpd; rnfhjuh; tpkyhjpj;jDf;F kzKoj;jhh;/ f';ftho. joifgho. behsk;gho Mfpa ikR{h; gFjpiaa[k; bua;r;R{h;. njhMg; gFjpiaa[k; btd;whh;/ Kk;Kor;nrhHd;. b$a';bfhz;lhd;. rptghjnrfud; nghd;wit ,uh$uh$dpd; rpwg;g[ bgah;fs; njthuk; ,th;; fhyj;jpy;jhd; bjhFf;fg;gl;lJ/ fp/gp/1010-Mk Mz;oy; j";irapy; ,th;; gpufjP!;;tuh; nfhapiyf; fl;odhh;/ ,th; fp/gp/1014-,y; ,we;jhh;/

Kjyhk; ,uhn$e;jpud; (fp/gp/1012-1044)

,uh$uh$nrhHdpd; kfd;/

,th; ,ilj;Jiw ehL vdg;gl;l bua;r;R{h; njhMg;. tdthrp vd;w flk;ghpd; jiyefug;gFjp, bfhs;spghf;if vd;Dk;

iஹjuhghj; gFjp. kz;izf;flf;fk; vd;w khy;bfl;. <Hkz;lyk;. ghz;oah;. nruh;. nkiyr; rhSf;fpah;fisa[k; ,th;

btd;whh;/

t';fhsj;jpd; kPJ gilbaLj;J kfpghyd; vd;gtid btd;whh;. ,t;btw;wpapd; epidthf ‘f';;iff;bfhz;l nrhHg[uk;’

vd;Dk; efiu epWtpdhh;/

fly; fle;J nghhpLtjpy; uhn$e;jpud; ty;yth;/ ,th; _tp$ak;. flhuk;. epf;nfhghh; jPt[fs;. knyah jPt[fs; nghd;w

gFjpfis fly;fle;J brd;W ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

f';iff; bfhz;lhd;. gz;oj nrhHd;. flhuk; bfhz;lhd; nghd;wit ,tuJ rpwg;g[ bgah;fs;/

,th; fhyj;jpy; nrhH nguuR cr;repiyia mile;jJ/

,tuJ tHpnjhd;wy;fs ;

1/Kjyhk; ,uh$hjpuh$d; fp/gp/1018-1054

2.,uz;lhk; ,uhn$e;jpud; - fp/gp/1056-1064

3/,uhrknfe;jpud; - fp/gp/1060-1067

4/tPu,uhnre;jpud; - fp/gp/1063-1067

5/Mjp ,uhnre;jpud; - fp/gp/1067-1070

Kjyhk; Fnyhj;J';f nrhHd; (fp/gp/1071-1122)

Kjyhk; ,uhnre;jpud; kfs; mk;kh';fhnjtpf;Fk;. nt';fpiar;nrh;e;j ,uhruhrDf;Fk; gpwe;jth;/

nt';fpia Mz;l rhSf;fpa kuigr;nrh;e;jth;/

,th; nrhHehl;ila[k;. nt';fpiaa[k; xU';fpizj;J Mz;lhh;/ ,jdhy; rhSf;fpa nrhH kuig ,th; njhw;Wtpj;jtuhf

fUjg;gLfpwhh;/

,th; nkiy rhSf;fpaiu btd;W fyp';fj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

,th; fhyj;jpy; ,y';if nrhHg;nguurpy; ,Ue;J tpLjiyg;bgw;wJ/

1077-,y; _tp$ak; vd;w gFjpf;F tzpff; FGtpdh; mDg;gpitj;jhd;/

R';;fthpia ePf;fpajhy; ,th; ‘R';;;fk; jtph;j;j nrhHd;’ vdg;gl;lhd;/

,th; muz;kizapy; fyp';;;fj;J guzpia ,aw;wpa b$a';;;bfhz;lhh;. g[fnHe;jp g[yth;. fk;gh; Kjypa g[yth;fs;

thH;e;jdh;/

nrhHh;fspd; tPH;r;rp nrhH kd;dd; K:d;whk; ,uhnre;jpud; (fp/gp/1246-1279) fhyj;jpy; nrhH nguuR rpijt[w;wJ/

gpw;fhy nrhHh;fspd; ,Wjp murh; K:d;whk; ,uhnre;jpud;/

K:d;whk; ,uhnre;jpuid. ghz;oa kd;dh; ,uz;lhk; $lhth;k Re;jughz;oad; btd;W nrhHg;nguuir Kot[f;F

bfhz;Lte;jhh;/

Ml;rp Kiw

nrhHh;fspd; eph;thf mog;gil myF ‘Ch;’ MFk;/ gy Ch;fs; nrh;e;jit tsehL vd;Wk; gy tsehLfs; nrh;e;jJ

kz;lyk; vd;Wk; nrhH ehL gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/ Ch; tsehL kz;lyk;

nrhHh;fs; fpuhk Ml;rpKiwf;F tpj;jpl;ldh;/

guhe;jf nrhHd; fhyj;jpy; ‘cj;jpunkU:h; fy;btl;L’ nrhHh;fspd; fpuhk eph;thfj;ijg; gw;wp tphpthf tpsf;FfpwJ/

fpuhkrig fpuhk eph;thfj;ij nkw;ghh;itapl;lJ/ fpuhkrig cWg;gpdh;fs; Flnthiy Kiwg;go njh;e;bjLf;fg;gl;ldh;/

thhpa';fs; vd;w tphpthd eph;thf mikg;g[k; ,Ue;jJ/ ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; thhpa bgUkf;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;/

rK:f bghUshjhu epiy

rhjpKiw ,Ue;jJ. rjp. njtjhrp Kiw ,Ue;jJ/ bgz;fs; ‘rpWghL’ vd;Dk; rpWnrkpg;g[ gHf;fj;ij nkw;bfhz;ldh;/ ,uh$uh$nrhHd; fhyj;jpy; thptpjpg;g[ fzf;bfLg;g[g; gzp nrdhjpgjp Futd; vd;guhy; nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ bert[. Cnyhf cUf;Fj; bjhHpy; nkd;ika[w;wpUe;jJ/ rPdh. Rkj;uh. $hth. Mnugpah Mfpa ehLfSld; tzpf cwt[ ,Ue;jJ/

rkaKk; fy;tpa[k;

itztk;. rkzKk; jisj;jpUe;jJ/ nrhHh;fs; nrhHh;fs; irtj;ij gpd;gw;wpdh;/

nrhHh;fs; fhyj;jpy; Mya';fs; kw;Wk; kl';f fy;tp Tl';fshf jpfH;e;jன. ,';F ntjk;. g[uhz';fs;. fzpjk;. kUj;Jtk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld/

,e;j Fwpg;g[fs; vz;zhapuk;. jpUKf;Tly;. jpUg[tdk; Mfpa fy;btl;Lfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd/

,yf;fpak;

1/nrf;fpHhh; - bghpa g[uhzk; (jpUj;bjhz;lh; g[uhzk;) 2/jpUj;jf;fj;njth; - rPtf rpe;jhkzp 3/fk;gh; - fk;g ,uhkhazk; 4/bra';bfhz;lhh; - fyp';fj;Jg;guzp 5/ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp - 12 irtj; jpUKiwfs; 6/ehjKdp - itzt E}yhd ehyhapu jpt;agpuge;jk; 7/xl;lf;Tj;jh; - K:tUyh. Fnyhj;J';fd; gps;isj;jkpH;. jf;fahf guzp 8/,sk;g{uzhh;. ghpnkyHfh;. er;rpdhh;f;fpdpahh; - ciwahrphpah;fs; fiy

nrhHh;fspd; nfhapy; rpwg;g[fspy; Kf;fpakhdJ ‘tpkhd';;fs;’ MFk;/ eh;jhkiy tp$ahya nrhHP!;tuk;. bfhLk;gh h; Ith;nfhapy; nrhHh;fhy Kf;fpa nfhapy;fs;/ j";ir bghpanfhapypd; tpkhdk; 216 mo bfhz;lJ/ K:yth; miw tpkhdk; 13 mLf;F bfhz;lJ/ தாuhRuk; mwptl;nlRtuh; nfhapy; Fk;gnfhzk; mUnf jpUg[tdk; fk;gஹnu!;tuh; my;y jpUg[tnd!;tuh; nfhapy;

nrhHh;fSilanj MFk;/ Xtpak;

nrhHh;fspd; Rth; Xtpa';fs; j";ir. jpUkak;. fh";rp. ehh;jhkiy tpt&;Qq nfhapy; nghd;w ,l';;fspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ/ ,ir

fh;ehlf ,irf;F moj;jskpl;lth;fs; nrhHh;fns. ,nj fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;jhd; guj ehl;oaf; fiya[k; njhd;wpaJ/ ghz;oah;fs;

Mjhu';;;fs ;

1/bkf!;jdp!pd; ,z;ofh Fwpg;g[fs; 2/gpspdp. fpnuf;f vGj;jhsh; Fwpg;g[fs; 3/rk!;fpUj ,yf;fz mwp"h; fj;ahazh; Fwpg;g[ 4/gHe;jkpH; ,yf;fpa';fs; 5/a[thd; Rth'; Fwpg;g[fs; (rPdh) 6/khh;fnghnyh Fwpg;g[fs; (btdp!; th;j;jfh;) 7/,!;yhkpa mwp"h; thr Fwpg;g[fs; Kw;fhy ghz;oah;fs;

r';f fhyg; ghz;oah; vdg;gLk; ,th;fs; kJiuia jiyikaplkhf bfhz;L r';fk; itj;J jkpiH tsh;j;jdh;/

,th;fSila ,yr;rpid kPd;/

jkpHfj;ij fsg;gpuh;fs; ifg;gw;wpanghJ Kw;fhy ghz;oa nguuR tPH;r;rpail தJ/

Kjyhk; ghz;oa nguuR (fp/gp/550-950)

fp/gp/6-k; E}w;whz;oy; fsg;gpuh;fis btd;W ghz;oad; fL';nfhd; kPz;Lk; kJiuapy; ghz;oa nguuir epWtpdhh;/ ,J Kjyhk; ghz;oa nguuR vdg;gl;lJ/

,th;fs; fhyk; fp/gp/550-950

அhpnfrhp khwth;kd;. ,uzjPud;. Kjyhk; khwth;kd; ,uh$rpk;kd;. Kjyhk; tuFzd; kw;Wk; _khwd; _ty;ygd; Mfpnahh; Kjyhk; ghz;oag; nguurpd; Kf;fpa murh;fs;/

,th;fs; Ml;rp j";ir. jpUr;rp. nfhit tiu gutpapUe;jJ/

fp/gp/10 Kjy; 11Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu eilg;bgw;w gy;yth;. nrhHh; nghuhl;l';;fspy; பா oa nguuR mHpt[w;wJ/ gpd;dh; nrhHh; trk; ghz;oa nguuR brd;wJ/

,uz;lhk; ghz;oa nguuR

fp/gp/13-k; E}w;whz;oy; ghz;oah;fs; nrhHh;fsplk; ,Ue;J kPz;Lk; tpLgl;ldh;/ tpf;fpuk ghz;oaDf;Fk;. tPughz;oaDf;Fk; ,ilapy; eilg;bgw;w thhpRhpikg; nghhpy; nrhH nte;jd; K:d;whk;

Fnyhj;J';;fd; tpf;fpuk ghz;oaDf;F Ml;rphpikia kPl;L je;jhd;/ tpf;fpuk ghz;oadpd; kfd; Kjyhk; $lhth;k Fynrfu ghz;oad; mLj;J Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;. cz;ikapy; ,uz;lhk;

ghz;oa nguuir epWtpa bgUik ,tiunarhUk;/

Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;oad; (1216-1238)

fp/gp/ 1219-,y; K:d;whk; Fnyhj;J';;f nrhHid btd;whh;/

Mdhy; bஹha;rhsh; jiyaPl;lhy; nrhHehl;il kWgoa[k; mth;fSf;nf jpUg;gp tH';fpdhh;/

,jdhy; ‘nrhzhLtH';fpaUspய Re;jughz;oad;’ vdg; g[fHg;gl;lhh;/

khwth;kDf;F gpd; Ml;rpaikj;jth; ,uz;lhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;oad; (fp/gp/1238-1253) ,th; bAha;rhs murh;

nrhnk!;tud; cjtpa[ld; nrhH kd;dd; K:d;whk; ,uhn$e;jpudplkpUe;J rpy gFjpfis kPl;lhh;/

Kjyhk; rilath;kd; Re;;jughz;oad; (fp/gp/1253-1268)

‘vk;kz;lyKk; bfhz;lUspa’ Re;jughz;oad; vdg;gl;lhh;/

kfhuh$hjpuh$h. _gunk!;tud;. bghd;nta;;e;j bgUkhs; vd;w gl;lg; bgah;fSk; ,tUf;F ,Ue;jJ/ ,tuJ kfd; Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Fynrfud; (fp/gp/1268-1308) Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/ Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Fynrfud; ,th; ‘bfhy;yk; bfhz;l ghz;oad;’ vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ ,tUf;F 2 kfd;fs; 1/tPughz;oad; 2/Re;jughz;oad;/ tPughz;oad; FynrfuDf;F gpd; mwpaid Vwpdhh;/ ,jdhy; Re;jughz;oad; mhpaizia jdf;F kPl;Lju ntz;o

‘khypfg{iu’ kJiu kPJ gilbaLf;f miHj;jhd;/ gpd;dh; bly;yp Ry;jhd;fspy; Jf;sf; kugpdh; kJiuia kPl;L ghz;oah;fis tpul;o kJiuapy; Ry;jhd;fs; Ml;rpia

epWtpdh;/ ghz;oah; eph;thfk;

ehLkz;lyk; tsehL Ch; vdg;gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/

miwah;fs; vd;w mikr;rh;fs; murUf;F cjtpg[hpe;jdh;/

‘ntshz;ik’ Kf;fpabjhHpy;. ntshz;ik bra;nthh;fs; g{kp g[j;jpuh;fs; vdg;gl;ldh;/

Kj;J Fspj;jYf;F ghz;oa nguuR bgah;nghdJ/

bfhw;if. bjhz;o. rpwe;j JiwKf';fs;/

,yf;fpak;

1/jpUthrfk; - khzpf;fthrfh;

2/jpUg;ghit - Mz;lhs;

3/jpUg;gy;yhz;L - ek;khH;thh;

4/kfhghujk; - tpy;ypg[j;J}uhh;

5/ieljk; - mjptPuராம ghz;oad;

6/nra{h; KUfd; cyh. ,uj;jpdfphp cyh - _ftpuhah;/

ghz;oah;fs;. jpUg;gu';Fd;wk;. Midkiy. fGFkiy. jpUr;rp. Fd;wf;Fo. rpj;jd;dthry; nghd;w ,l';fs; cl;gl

50f;Fk; nkw;gl;l Filtiu nfhapy;fs; mikj;Js;sdh;/

nfhapy;gl;o. jpUg;gj;J}h;. kJiu. _tpy;ypg[j;J}h; Mfpa ,l';;fspy; fl;Lkhd nfhapy;fs; ghz;oah;fs; fl;oa[s;sdh;/

Fynrfu ghz;oad; jdJ Ml;rpapd;nghJ midj;J nfhapy;fSf;Fk; mh;j;j kz;lgk;. kzpkz;lgk;. nghd;wtw;iw fl;o

je;Js;shh;/

_khwd; _ty;ygd; fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘rpj;jd;dthry;’Rtnuhtpak; ghz;oah; Xtpaf; fiyf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L/

4/mnugpah;. JUf;fpah; gilbaLg;g [

,!;yhk; kjj;ij njhw;Wtpj;jth; KfkJ egp (fp/gp/570-632)

,!;yhk; kjk; Kjy; Kjypy; ghiytd ehLfspy; tsh;e;jJ/

Kjypy; ,!;yhk; kjj;ij gpd;gw;wpath;fs; mnugpah;fs; ,th;fns/ ,!;yhk; kjj;ij typikkpf;f kjkhf khw;wpdhh;/

,th;fis bjhlh;e;J ghurPfh;fs; ,!;yhk; kjj;ij typikg;gLj;jpdh;/

JUf;fpah;fs; ,!;yhk; kjj;ij nkw;F kw;Wk; fpHf;F ehLfspy; gutbra;J cyf kjkhf khw;wpdhh;.

rpe;J gilbaLg;g[

mnugpah;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; fp/gp/712 ,y; “rpe;J” vd;w gFjpapd; kPJ gilbaLj;jpdh;/

mg;gilbaLg;ig elj;jpath; “KfkJ-gpd;- fhrpk;”/ ,th; <uhf; MSeh; my;A$h$;. vd;gthpd; kUkfd;/

mg;nghJ fyp`ghthf ,Ue;த fypgh thypj; mDkjpa[ld;. rpe;J kPJ gilbaLf;f fhrpik ஹஜா$;

mDg;gp itj;jhh;/

mg;nghJ rpe;Jit Mz;l kd;dh; “jhஹூ Ph;’

,g;gilbaLg;g[f;F fhuzk; flw;bfhs;isah;fis jLf;f தtwpa rpe;J muriu jhf;ft[k; bry;t tsj;ij Ruz;lt[k;

நைடெப ற . rpe;Jtpd; jiyefh; ‘nuthhpy;’ ele;j nghhpy; jhஹூh; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/ mtuJ kidtp ‘,uhzpghy;’

“$tஹh;” Kiwg;go jPf;Fspj;J ,we;jhh;/

rpe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpd; ‘Ky;jhd;’ vdg;gl;l j';;fefuKk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ/

6000- rphpah ehl;L Fjpiufs;. 6000 xl;lfk;. 3000 ghf;Ohpa ehl;L xl;lfk; 2000 fhyhl;gil. ghiwfis vwpa[k;

ve;jpuk; vd 25000 tPuh;fis bfhz;ljhf fhrpk; gil ,Ue;jJ/

rpe;J K:y;jhd; gFjp 150 Mz;LfSf;F nkyhf fypgh Ml;rpapd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ/

rpe;J gFjp eph;tfpf;Fk; bghUl;L KfkJ gpd; fhrpk; mjid gy ,f;jhh;fshf gphpj;jhh;/

K!;ypk; my;yhnjhh; kPJ $p!pah vd;Dk; thp tR{ypf;fg;gl;lJ/

Fypgh thypj; vd;gtUf;F gpd; Riykhd; vd;gth; fypgh Mdhh;/ mth; KfkJ gpd; fhrpik ifJ bra;J

bkrgnlhkpaht[f;F mDg;gpdhh;/ m';;;F mth; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/

mnugpah; ,g;gilbaLg;gpd; thapyhf ,e;jpa vz;fs;. thdtpaw; fiyfisf; fw;wdh;/ mit m';;;fpUe;J Inரhg;ght[f;F

gutpaJ/

gpuk;krpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; gpuk;kFg;jhpd; E}y; rk!;fpUjj;jpypUe;J mug[ bkhHpapy; bkhHp bgah;f;fg;gl;lJ/

,e;jpa mwptpayhh;fs; bgah;fshd gஹyh. khdfh. rpe;Jghj; Mfpa bgah;fs; mnugpa E}y;fspy; ,lk;bgw;wd/

fypgh ஹhUd;-my;-ut&pj; vd;gtUf;F ,Ue;j Mgj;jhd nehia ‘khdfh’ vd;w ,e;jpah; Fzg;gLj;jpdhh;/

பா தா நக தைலைம ம வராக இ த இ திய ‘ம வ தாணா’.

JUf;fpah; gilbaLg;g[

,th;fs; fp/gp/8 kw;Wk; 9-k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ghf;jhj; fypghf;fSld; trpj;jdh;/ ,th;fs; mnugpah;fis tpl jPtpu

Mf;fpukpg;g[ bfhs;ifa[ilath;fs;/

KfkJ f$pdp

‘f$pdp’ gFjpia Mz;l ‘KfkJ’ f$pdp KfkJ vdg;gLfpwhh;/

,th; rg[f;o$pd; vd;w f$pdp kd;dhpd; kfd;/

fp/gp/1000 Kjy; 1027 tiu ,th; ,e;jpahtpd;kPJ 17 Kiw gilbaLj;jhh;/ fp/gp/998-,y; ,th; gjtp Vw;whh;/

‘rh; bஹd;wp vypal;;’vd;w tuyhw;W Mrphpah; f$pdp KfkJ 17 Kiw ,e;jpahkPJ gilbaLj;jjhf TWfpwhh;/

,thpd; Kjy; gilbaLg;g[ ,e;J rhfp murh; b$aghyh; kPJ epfH;e;jJ/

gpwF Ky;jhd; murh; gnj jht{j; kw;Wk; ehfh;nfhl; murh; Mde;j ghyh; Mfpnahh; kPJ gilbaLj;jhh;/

re;njyh;. kJuh. fndh$;. Fthypah; nghd;w ,l';;;fs; kPJk; bjhlh;e;J gilbaLj;jhh;/

gilbaLg;g[fspnyna kpf Kf;fpa gilbaLg;g[ 16 வ பைடெய பான fp/gp/1025-,y; ele;j ‘nrhkehjg[u gilbaLg;g[‘

MFk;/ ,g;gFjp F$uhj; khepyk; fj;jpathh; gFjpapy; cs;sJ/

,th; gilbaLj;jnghJ F$uhj; kd;duhf ,Ue;jth; ,uh$h gPknjtd;/ ,th; muz;kidia tpl;L Xlnt. f$pdp

KfkJ 20 yl;rk; jpdhh; kjpg;g[s;s bghUl;fis bfhs;isapl;L brd;whh;/

f$pdp KfkJ muz;kid g[yth; ‘gph;bjsrp’ Mthh;/ ,th; ‘t&h ehkh’ vd;Dk; E}iy vGjpa[s;shh;/ இவ

பைடெய ப ேபா இவ ட இ தியா வ தவ ‘அ ப ன ’ ஆவா . அவ எ திய ‘தா -இ-ஹி ’ ஆ .

gpwF f$pdp gFjpahdJ 1186 -,y; nfhhp ehl;ilahz;l myht[jPd; cnrd; vd;gtuhy; bfhs;isaof;fg;gl;L

R{iwahlg;gl;lJ/

KfkJ nfhhp

nfhhp vd;Dk; gFjpia Mz;l KfkJ nfhhp KfkJ Mthh;/

‘ஹPul; kw;Wk; ‘f$pdp’f;Fk; ,ilna cs;s kiyg;gh';;fhd ehnl nfhhp MFk;/

,thpd; Kjy; gilbaLg;g[ 1176-,y; Ky;jhd;. cr; vd;w gFjp kPJ epytpaJ/

1182-,y; rpe;Jit btd;whh;/

1185-,y; g";rhig btd;W rpahy;nfhl; vd;Dk; nfhl;ilia fl;odhh;/

1186-y; yhTiu btd;whh;/

Kjyhk; jiud; nghh; (1191)

1191-,y; gphpj;tpuh$; brsfhd; vd;w ,uh$g[j;jpu kd;dDf;Fk; nfhhpf;Fk; ,ilna ‘jiud;’ vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,g;nghh;

eilbgw;wJ/ gjpz;lh nfhl;ilia gphpj;tpuh$; kPl;L nfhhpia ,g;nghhpy; njhw;foj;jhh;/

,uz;lhk; jiud;nghh; (1192)

1192-,y; nfhhp mnj ‘jiud;’ vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gphpj;tpuh$; brsfhid vjph;bfhz;lhh;/ ,g;nghhpy; nfhhp btw;wp

bgw;whh;/ gphpj;tpuh$; brsfhd; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/

JUf;fpa nguuR ,e;jpahtpy; mika ,g;nghh; tHptFj;J. K!;ypk; Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpy; epUtg;gl tha;g;g[ Vw;gLj;jp

bfhLj;jJ/

,g;nghhpd; Kotpy; nfhhp KfkJ jhd; btd;w ,e;jpa gFjpf;F MSeuhf. jdJ gilj;jsgjp 7 moika[khd

‘Fj;g[jpd; Igf;’ vdgtiu epakpj;jhh;/

gpwF 1193-f;Fk; 1198-f;Fk; ,ilna jhk; ,He;j gFjpfis kPl;f gy ,uhrg[j;jpu muRfs; Kad;;wd/ Mdhy;

‘Fj;g[jpd; Igf;’ ,uh$g[j;jpuh;fis mlf;fp mth;fspd; gFjpfis jk; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPH; bfhz;L te;jhh;/

mth; Vw;gLj;jpa nfhhp murpd; jiyefuhf ‘bly;yp’ mike;jJ/

fp/gp/1194-,y; ‘re;jthh;’ vDk; nghhpy; nfhhpKfkJ fd;ndh$; murh; b$are;jpuid njhw;foj;jhh;/

nfhhp KfkJ jdJ ,e;jpa gilbaLg;gpd; nghJ jdJ gilia 5 gphpthf gphpj;J ,Ue;jhh;/ ,jpy; 5tJ gil

‘fhg;g[ gil’ MFk;/

KfkJ nfhhpapd; kw;bwhU jsgjp ‘KfkJ-gpd; -gf;jpah;/ fpy;$p fp/gp/1202-1203- Mz;Lfspy; ‘tpf;ukrPyh’ kw;Wk;

‘ehse;jh’ gy;fiyf;fHf';;fis ,oj;J jiukl;lkhf;fpdhh;/ nkYk; t';;;fhsk;/ gPfhh; gFjpiaa[k; ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

Kotpy; 1206-Mk; Mz;L t&pah K!;ypk;fSk;. nfhfh; gilapdUk; khh;r; 25-,y; nfhhp KfkJit gLbfhiy

bra;jdh;/

,e;jpa gFjpapy; JUf;fpa nguuir epWtpa bgWik KfkJ nfhhpia nrUk;/

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5/bly;yp Ry;jhd;fs;

fp/gp/1206 Kjy; fp/gp/1526 tiu bly;yp Ry;jhd;fs; fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; 5 kug[fs; Ml;rp

bra;jd/ mit

1/khk;Yf; (m) moik kug[ (1206-1290) Kjy; murh; Fj;g[jpd; Igf; ,Wjp murh; iff;Fghj

2/fpy;$p kug[ (1290-1320) Kjy; murh; - $yh jpd; bgnuh!; fpy;$p

,Wjp murh; - F!;Ufhd;

3/Jf;sf; kug[ (1320-1413)

Kjy; murh; - fh!p khypf; (m) fpahRjPd; Jf;sf;

,Wjp murh; - ehrph; cj;jpd; KfkJ

4/iraJ kug[ (1414-1451)

Kjy; murh; - fp!ph; fhd;

,Wjp murh; - myht[jPd; t&h

5/nyho kug[ (1451-1526)

Kjy; murh; - gஹ ;Yy; nyho

,Wjp murh; - ,g;uhஹ pk; nyho/

1/khk;Y}f; (m) moik kug[

,k;kugpid epWtpath; ‘Fj;g[jpd; Igf;’/ bly;yp Ry;jhd;fs; kuig epWtpah; vd;w bgaUk; ,tUf;F cz;L/ ,th; fp/gp/1206 $%d; 24-y; Ml;rp bghWg;ig

Vw;whh;/ ,e;jpahtpy; JUf;fpah; Mjpf;fj;ij bjhl';;fpatUk; ,tnu/ ‘khk;Y}f;’ vd;gJ Fuhdpd;go ‘moik’ vd;W bghUs;gLk;/ ,th; Ml;rp Vw;wJk;. Ml;rpைய epiyepWj;j ntz;oa fl;lhaj;jpy; rpy gzpfis nkw;bfhs;s ntz;oapUe;jJ/ ,tUila jiyefh; yhTh;/ fthhprk; gFjpapd; myht[jPd; KfkJ bly;yp f$pdpia ifg;gw;whky; jLg;gJ ம ராச திர க தா இழ த

ப திகைள ம க ேம ெகா ய சிைய த ப .

t';;;fhsj;jpd; mypkh;jd;fhd; kw; k; Fபhr;rh. a[y;J!; Mfpath;fis mlf;fp JUf;fpa Ml;rpia ghJfhg;gJ Mfpait ,t d; Kf;fpag;gzp MFk;/

Igf; m$;kPhpy; ‘Ft;tJy; ,!;yhk;’vd;w kR{jpia fl;odhh;/ இ ,!;yhkpa fl;olf;fiyapd; Kjy; fl;olk; MFk;/ bly;ypapy; ‘jha;od;fh n$hd;guh’ kR{jpைய. FJg;kpdhh; vd;w nfhg[u fl;Lkhd gzpfisa[k; Jtf;fp itj;jhh;/

,th; mitapy; ஹhrd; eprhkp. `gf;nuKjph; nghd;w mwp"h;fs; ,Ue;jdh;/ yl;r';fis bfhilahf tH';fpajhy; ‘yhf;gf;t&h’ vdg;g[fHg;gl;lhh;/ nghnyh tpisahl;od;nghJ fp/gp/1210-,y; ,we;jhh;/

,y;Jkpt&; (fp/gp/1211-1236)

kj;jpa Mrpahtpd; ,y;ghhp gH';Foapdj;ij nrh;e;jth;/

1211-,y; Fj;g[jpd; Igf;fpd; kfd; kw;Wk; kd;dUkhd Muhk;t&hit bfhd;W mhpaid Vwpdhh;/

a[y;J!; vd;w nfhhp KfkJtpd; tHpj;njhd;wy; xUtida[k;. cr;. Ky;jhd; gFjpia Mz;l eR{Uj;jpd; Fghr;rhita[k; btd;whh;.

br';fp!;fhd; jiyikapy; k';nfhலிah;fs; 1211-,y; bly;yp kPJ gilbaLj;jdh;/

k';nfhypah;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;l fthhprk; gFjpapd; kd;dh; $yhYjpd; k';fgh;dp ,y;Jkpt&; milf;fyk; bfhLf;f kWj;jjhy; k';nfhypah;fs; ,y;Jkpt&; gFjpia jhf;f Kw;gltpy;iy/

,y;Jkpt&; btspapl;l bts;sp ehzak; ‘l';fh’. ,J 175 kp/fp/ vila[s;sJ/ $Plhy; vd;gJ mth; btspapl;l brk;g[ ehzak; ,itfspy; muhgpa bkhHp bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/

FJg;kpdhh; FJg; -cj;-jPd; gf;jpahh; vd;w R{̀ gp Jwtp epidthf fl;lg;gl;lJ/ ,jid fl;o Koj;jth; ,y;Jkpt&;/ 1236,y; ,yJkpt&; gk;ahd;fs; kPJ nghh; bjhLf;f Kw;gl;lnghJ neha;tha;gl;L ,we;jhh;/ ,y;Jkp!; ‘ehw;gjpd;kh; FG’ vd;w JUf;fpa உah;Fo ப ug[f;fs; ml';;fpa xU F it cUthf;fpdhh;/ mth;fs;

‘rfy;fhd;fs;;’ vdg;gl;ldh;/ Mnugpa bkhHpapy; ehza';;;fs; btspapl;l Kjy; JUf;fpah; vd;w bgUikia ,th; bgw;whh;/

3. Ry;jhdh urpah (fp/gp/1236-1240)

bly;ypapd; Kjy; bgz;z;urp ,y;Jkp!pd; kfs;/ ,th;; ‘gpnuh!; t&h’ itj; bfhd;W mhpaid Vwpdhh;/

1240-,y; ,th; Ml;rp Kot[f;F te;jJ/

,urpaht[f;F gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;jth;fs;

1/gf;uk;t&h (fp/gp/1240-1242)

2/myht[jPd; kR{j; (1242-1246)

3/eRUj;jpd; kfK:j; (1240-1242

4/ghy;gd; (fp/gp/1265-1287)

4. fpahRjpd; ghhy;gd; (fp/gp/1265-1287)

JUf;fpa ,y;ghhp ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;jth;/

1265,y; eR{Uj;jpd; KfkJtpd; ,wg;gpw;F gpd;dh; ghy;gd; Ml;rpapy; mkh;e;jhh;/

,th; ‘bja;tPf chpikfs; nfhl;ghl;oy;’ ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jhh;/

igngh!; vd;Dk; tzf;f Kiwg;go kd;dhpd; fhiy tz';;fp Kj;jkpLk; Kiwia bfhz;Lte;jhh;/

moikahf. jz;zPh; Rkf;Fk; bjhHpyhspahf ntl;ilf;fhuzhf jsgjpahf. ,uh$ je;jphpahf Ry;jhdhf thH;e;jth;

ghy;gd; ஆவா .

இவ நா பதி ம ைவ ஒழி தா .

,tuhy; ‘jpthdp mh;!;’; vd;w gilg;gphpt[ (,uhQqtj;Jiw) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/

,th; fhyj;jpy; t';;;fhs MSeuhf ,Ue;J jd;id Rje;jpu kd;duhf mwptpj;J bfhz;lth; Jf;hpy;fhd;/

‘,e;jpaf; fpsp’ vdg;gl;l mkPh;F!;U. mkPh;ஹhrd; vd;w ftp"h;fs; ,th; muz;kidapy; trpj;jdh;/

,th; fhyj;jpy; eilg;bgw;w k';;nfhypah; gilbaLg;gpd;nghJ ghy;gdpd; kfd; KfkJ ,we;j nghdhh;/ mjdhy; ghy;gd;

neha; tha;gl;L 1287-,y; ,we;jhh;/

ghy;gDf;F gpd; ‘iff;Fghj;’ vd;gtUk; அவர kfd; ifa[khh;Rk; Ml;rp bra;jdh;/

fpy;$p tk;rk; ($yh [jPd; bgnuh!; fpy;$p (1290-1296))

1290-,y; $yh jpd; bgnuh!; fpy;$p bly;ypapd; Ml;rpia ifg;gw;wpனா .

fpy;$p tk;rj;jpd; Kjy; murh; fUiz cs;sk; bfhz;lth;/

$yh [jpd; kUkfd; myht[jpd; fpy;$p இவ fhuhtpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;jhh;/

‘rpj;jp bksyh’vd;w kjthjp $yh jpd; Ml;rpapd;nghJ fytuj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh; mtiu $yht[jpd; bfhd;whh;/

1292,y; ‘R{dk;’ ப திய Vw;gl;l k';nfhypah; gilbaLg;ig jLj;J mth;fSf;F kd;dpg;g[ tH';;fpdhh;/

myht{jPd; fpy;$p $yhYj;jpd; fpy;$pia bfhd;W bly;yp Ry;jhdhf 1296,y; gjtp Vw;whh;/

myht[jpd; fpy;$p (1296-1316)

tl ,e;jpah KGtija[k; jdJ Ml;rpf;F fPH; bfhz;L te;jhh;/

,thpd; tl ,e;jpa gilbaLg;gpw;F jiyik jh';;fpath;fs; ‘cYf;fhd;’ kw;Wk; ‘eruj;fhd;’ Mth;/ ,th;fs; F$uhj;

gilbaLg;gpw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;ldh;/

,g;gil Kjypy; uhe;jk;g{h;. gFjpia btd;W mjd; kd;dh; mkPh; njtiu btw;wpf; bfhz;ldh;/ gpwF rpj;J}h;. khstk;.

மhz;L. c$;$apdp. re;njhp. khh;thh; nghd;w gFjpfSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld/

bjd;dpe;jpa gilbaLg;g[

,jw;F jiyikj;jh';;fpath; ‘khypf;fg{h;’

Kjy; Kjyhf bjd;dpe;jpahtpd; kPJ gilbaLj;j Kjy; bly;yp Ry;jhd; ,tnu Mthh;/ njhw;fof;fg;gl;lth;fs;:-

1/njtfphp - ,uhkr;re;jpu njtd;

2/tuh';fs; - ,uz;lhk; gpujhgUj;ud;

3/bஹha;rsh; - K:d;whk; tPu gy;yhsd;/

4/ghz;oah;fs; - Re;jughz;oad;. tPughz;oad;/

Rkhh; 12 Kiwf;F nky; k';nfhypah; gilbaLg;ig myht[jPd; fpy;$p jLj;J epWj;jpdhh;/

myht[jPd; jd;id flt[spd; gpujpepjpahf fUjpdhh;/

ehl;oy; fyfk; elg;gij jLf;f 4 fl;lisfis gpwg;gpj;jhh;/

,ytrkhf tH';fg;gl;l kw; rkaf; bfhilahf tH';fg;gl;l epy';fs; ghpKjy; bra;ag;gl;lJ/

xw;wh; Kiwia kW rPuikg;g[ bra;J bghJ kf;fs; xd;W TLtij jLj;jhh;/

epue;ju epiyahd gilg;gphpit cUthf;fpdhh;/

FjpiufSf;F R{L nghLk; Kiwia bfhz;L te;jhh;/

m';fhofis fl;LgLj;jpdhh;/ bghUs;fspd; tpiy eph;zak; bra;ag;gl;lJ/ fs;sr; re;ijfs; xHpf;fg;gl;ld/

thpfis bghUshf brYj;Jk; Kiwia bfhz;L te;jhh;/

$prpah thp. nka;r;ry; thp. tPl;L thp nghd;w gy g[jpa thpfis tpjpj;jhh;/

m';fhoia fl;lg;gLj;j jpthdp hpah!j; kw;Wk; ‘Ahdhap kz;o’ vd;w ,U mjpfhhpfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;/

ghkj;fhdh kR{jp. miyjh;thrh. rphpf; nfhl;il. Mapuk; J}z;fs; bfhz;l muz;kid Mfpaitfis myht[jPd;

fl;o Koj;jhh;/

myht[jPd; fpy;$p fp/gp/1316-,y; ,we;jhh;/ mtUf;F gpd; FJg;-cj; - jpd; Kghuf;t&h (1316-1320)e!;Fjpd; F!;Ut&h

(fp/gp/1320) Mfpnahh; Ml;rp bra;jdh;/

Jf;sf; kug[

fpahRjpd; Jf;sf; Jf;sf; kuig epWtpah; Mthh;/ ,th; ‘fh!p khypf;’ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; F!;U: t&h

Ml;rpapd;nghJ g";rhg; MSeuhd ,Ue;jhh;/

,th; ntshz;ik. ghrd trjp. ePjpj;Jiw. fht Jiw m";ry;Jiw Kd;ndw;w';;fSf;F tpj;jpl;lhh;/

tuh';;;fs;/ xhp!htpd; cj;fy;. t';;fhsk; Mfpad ,th; nguuRld; ,ize;jd/

1325,y; t';;;f gilbaLg;gpd; btw;wpapid bfhz;lhLk;nghJ ge;jy; rhpe;J ,we;jhh;/ ,tiu bjhlh;e;J ,tuJ kfd;

‘$Pdhfh ’; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/

KfமJgpd; Jf;sf; (fp/gp/1325-1326)

$Pdhfhd; vd;gJ ,th; ,aw;bgah;. ,th; gl;lg;bgah; KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf;/

1327y; tuh';;;fy; gFjpia ifg;gw;wpdhh;/

uhd;!; Mf;!pahdh. bfhburhd;. <uhf; gilbaLg;ig bjhlu epidj;jhh;/

k';;;nfhypa gilbaLg;ig jLf;f mth;fspd; jiyth; ‘jkpt&phpd;’ vd;gtdplk; el;g[ ghuhl;o ghpR tH';;;fp ehl;il

ghJfhj;jhh;/

cs;ehl;L bfhs;if

cs;ehl;L bfhs;if midj;Jk; njhy;tpapy; Koe;jJ/

1/fhypahf fple;j fUt{yj;ij epug;g ‘njhMg;’ gFjp kPJ thptpjpg;g[

2/jiyefh; bly;ypapypUe;J bjsyjhghj; (njtfphp) efUf;F khw;wk;/

3/brg;g[ ehza';;;fs; mwpKfk;/

jpthd;-,-mkph; nfhஹி vd; k; tptrha Jiwia KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; cUthf;fpdhh;/

KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; Ml;rpapy; rpy eilKiwg;gLj;j ,ayhj jpl;l';;fshy; bly;yp Ry;jhdpa tPH;r;rpf;Fk;. Jf;sf;

kugpd; tPH;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhapd/

1336-y; tp$aeகரg; nguuRk; 1347 ghkpன Ry;jhdpa nguuRk; bly;ypapypUe;J gphpe;J Rje;jpu muRfshf ,th;fhyj;jpy;

kyh;e;jd/

gpnuh!; Jf;sf; (1351-1388)

fpahRjpd; Jf;sf; rnfhjuh; kfd; gpnuh!; Jf;sf; Mthh;/ ,th; 1357,y; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/

‘jf;fhtp’ vd; k; tptrha flid js;Sgo bra;jhh;/

njitaw;w thpfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld/ Mdhy; ப uhkzh;fs; kPJ g[jpajhf $p!pah thp gFj;jg;gl;lJ/

mth; tpjpj;j 4 thpfs;/

1/fnuh$; - tpisr;ry; thp 1/10 g';;F

2/fk;!; - nghh;fspy; ifg;gw;wpa bghUl;fspy; 1/5 g';;;F

3/$p!pah - ,e;Jf;fs; kPjhd jiythp

4/$fhj; - ,!;yhkpa kj rl';;;F thp

aKdh fp!hh; cs;gl gy fhy;tha;fis btl;o bghJg;gzpj;Jiwia nkk;gLj;jpdhh;/

150 fpzWfs;. 50 mizfs;. 100 ghy';;fs; Mfpaitfs; fl;lg;gl;ld/

gpnuh!hghj;. bgjhghj;. $hd;g{h;. Ap!;!hh; nghd;w efu';;;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld/

Fuhdpd; go rl;l';fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld/

rpj;utij bra;jy;. cly; cWg;g[fis btl;Ljy; nghd;w jz;lidfs; xHpf;fg;gl;ld.

g{hp b$fe;ehjh; Myaj;ij mHpj;jth; ,tnuahthh;/

,thpd; Rarhpij gJ}ஹj;-,-bgnuht&hஹி’ .

இவ ப றிய வரலா லான ‘தா -இ-ெபேராஷாஹி’ vd;Dk; E}iy ,tuJ miy g[yth; $paht[j;jpd; guhdp

vGjpa[s;shh;/

,tuJ fhyj;jpy; gy E}y;fs; rk!;fpUjj;jpypUe;J ghurPf bkhHpf;F bkhHpkhw;wk; bra;ag;gl;ld/ mtw;wpy;

Kf;fpakhdJ ‘FJ}g;-bgnuh!;- !hஹி’ vz;Qqk; ,aw;gpay; bjhlh;ghd E}y; Kf;fpakhdJ/

ijK:h; gilbaLg;g[ (fp/gp/1398)

ehrPh; cj;-jpd;-KfkJ vd;w Jf;sf; Ml;rpahshpd; fhyj;jpy; ‘ijK:h;’ vd;w rkh;fz;od; Ml;rpahsh; bly;ypia

R{iwahl;odhh;/ ,e;j gilbaLg;gpd; tpisthf Jf;sf; kug[ tPH;r;rpaile;jJ/

iraJ kug[ (1414 – 1451)

,k;kuig epWtpath; Ky;jhdpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j fp!ph;fhd; Mthh;/

1421,;y; fp!ph;fhdpd; ,wg;gpw;F gpd; mtuJ kfd; Kghuf; t&h (fp/gp/1421-1434) Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/

,th; bly;yp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,e;J cah;Fo;apdiu ePjpgjpfshf mkh;j;jpdhh;/

aKid ejpf;fiuapy; ‘Kghuf; gh ;’vd;Dk; efiu eph;khdpj;jhh;/ ,th; 1434 ,y; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/

Kghuf; t&ht[f;F gpd; KfkJ t&h (fp/gp/1434-1445) Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/ yhTh; MSeuhf mg;nghJ ,Ue;j g y;

nyhof;F ‘fhdp fhdh’ gl;lj;ij R{l;odhh;/

KfkJ t&h itj; bjhlh;e;J myht[jPd; t&h (1445-1457) Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/ Mdhy; ,thpd; Ml;rpapd;nghJk; yhTh;

MSeuhf ,Ue;j gfYy; nyho bly;ypia ifg;gw;wp nyho kuig epWtpdhh;/

fp/gp/1457 ,y; iraJ tk;rk; Kot[f;F te;jJ/

nyho kug[

epWtpath; yhThpd; Mseuhf ,Ue;j gfYy; nyho (1451-1489)

bly;yp Mz;l Ry;jhd;fspy; ,Wjp kug[ ,Jnt MFk;/

nkthh;. rk;jy. rfpl;. vl;th. Fthypah; nghd;w ,l';fs; btd;whh;/

,th; 1489 ,y; ,we;jhh;/

g Yy; nyhof;F gpd; rpf;fe;jh;t&h Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/

g[fH;bgw;w ‘Mf;uh’ vd;Dk; efiu 1506-,y; epWtpath; ,tnu/ nyho tk;rj;J Ml;rpapd;nghJ ‘Mf;uh’ Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

bgw;W tps';;fpaJ/

,th; fhyj;jpy; fzpjk;. ேயாfh. E}y;fs; ghurPf bkhHpapy; bkhHp bgah;f;fg;gl;ld/

,th; ‘brdha;’ ,irapy; Mh;tKs;sth;/

‘லா -$l; -, -rpf;fe;jh; t&hஹி vd;Dk; ,irj; bjhFg;g[ ,th; fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ/

rpf;fe;jh; nyhof;F gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;jth; ‘,g;uhஹிk; nyho’ (1517-1526)

bly;yp Ry;jhdpah;fspy; filrp murh; ,tnu/ ,tiu ghgh; Kjyhk; ghdpgl; nghhpy; 1526,y; njhw;foj;J bly;yp

Ry;jhdpaj;ij Kot[f;F bfhz;L te;jhh;/

ghgiu ,g;uhApk; nyho kPJ gilbaLf;f miHj;jth; g";rhg; MSeuhf ,Ue;j ‘bjsyj;fhd; nyho Mthh;/

Ry;jhd; Ml;rp eph;thfk;

fp/gp/1206 Kjy; fp/gp/1526 tiu 320 Mz;Lfs; epytpaJ/

mikr;rh;fs;

1/ trPh; - gpujkh; kw;Wk; epjpaikr;rh;

2/ jpthdp; hp!hyj; - btspa[wt[ mikr;rh;

3/ rjh;- c rjh; - ,!;yhkpa rl;l mikr;rh;

4/ jpthdp ,d;!h - m";ry; Jiw mikr;rh;

5/ jpthdp mh;!; - ghJfhg;g[ (m) gilj;Jiw

6/ fh!p cy; f!hj; - ePjpj;Jiw

7/ jpthd; , mkph;nfhஹி - ntshz;ik

nguuR ,f;jh t&pf; gh;fhdh fpuhkk; vdg;gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jJ/ t&pf; gFjpapd; eph;thfp t&pf;jhh;/ mkpy; my;yJ Kd;t&pg; gh;fhdhtpd; Kf;fpa mYtyh; ehl;od; Kf;fpa tUtha; epythp jiyik ePjpgjp fh!p cj; f!hj; vdg;gl;lhh;/ Kf;fpaj;bjhHpy; ntshz;ik 2-tjhf bert[j;bjhHpy; F$uhj;. t';fhsk; nghd;w gFjpfspy; jukhd Jzpfs; jahhpf;fg;gl;ld/ fl;olf;fiy

kk;Yf; (m) moik tk;rk; 1/Ft;thJy; ,!;yhk; kR{jp 2/FJg;kpdhh; 3/ehrph;; cj; jpd; KfkJ fy;yiu 4 ghy;gdpd; rkhjp 5/bly;yp jha;od;f n$hd;guh kR{jp fpy;$p tk;rk;

1/rphpf;nfhl;il (m)efuk; 2/Auj; ep$hKjpd; mt[ypah jh;fh 3/ miyj thrh/ Jf;sf; 1/KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; fy;yiw 2/mjpyhghj; nfhl;il 3/Jf;sf;fhghj; 4/$ஹாd;ghdh kw;wit 1/ bly;yp nyho g{';fh. nkhjp kR{jp. rpf;fe;jh; nyhoapd; fy;yiw/

,yf;fpak; Ry;jhd;fspd; mitapy; my;gUzp. mkp!;FU. $paht{jpd; guhzp nghd;w gy mwp"h;fs; ,Ue;jdh;/ cUJ bkhHp ,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthdJ/ my;gU:dp ghurPf cUJ bkhHp gyik bgw;wpUe;jhh;/ ,th; f$pdp KfkJ mitapy; ,Ue;jhh;/ ,th; rk!;fpUj bkhHpia fw;wnjhL cgeplj';;fs; gftj;fPij goj;J

mjd; fUj;Jf;fshy; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;/ my;gUzp vGjpa E}y; jhUf;fp cy; ,e;j;/ ghurPf ftp"uhd mkph;F!;U: 4.00.000 <uor; bra;a[s;fis vGjpa[s;shh;/ ,th; rpwe;j ghlfuhjyhy; ‘,e;jpaf;fpsp’ vd

th;zpf;fg;gl;lhh;/ jdJ ftpij E}ypy; epiwa ,e;jp brhw;fis gad;gLj;jpa[s;shh;/ tPH;r;rp

Jf;sf; kugpdhpd; Ml;rpapd; nghnj bly;yp Ry;jhd; Ml;rpapd; tPH;r;rp Jt';fptpl;lJ/

ijK:h; gilbaLg;g[ (1398) ம ghgh; gilbaLg;g[ 1526 ஆகியைவ ெட லி தானய வ சி fhuzkhயd/

6/tp$a efu ghkpdp nguuR

KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf; Ml;rpf;F gpd; gy khfhz MSeh;fs; bly;yp Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLgl;ldh;/ Kjypy; t';fhsk; kw;Wk; Ky;jhd; btspnawpd/ bjd;,e;jpahtpy; ghkpdp nguuRk;. tp$a efu nguuRk; vGr;rp bgw;wd/

tp$aefu nguuR (1336-1672)

tp$a nguuR 1336,y; ஹ ஹர ;. g[f;fh; rnfhjuh;fshy; mtuJ Mrphpah; ‘Jwtp tpj;ahuz;ah;’; kw;Wk; mtuJ rnfhjuh; ‘rha;dh’Mfpnahh; cjtpa[ld; J';fgj;uh Mw;w';;fiuapy; njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ/

,jd; jiyefh; ஹk;gp.

ெஹாa;rhs murh; K:d;whk; tPugy;yhsdplk; ஹ ஹர ;. g[f;fh; gzpg[hpe;jdh;/

,jpy; 4 nguuRfs; ,Ue;jd/

1/r';fk tk;rk;(1336-1485) Kjy; murh; (ஹ ஹர ;. g[f;fh; த tpUghf;t&h; tiu) 2.rhSt tk;rk; (1485-1506)- rhSt eurpk;kh; த ,k;ko eurpk;kh; tiu 3/JSt tk;rk; (1506-1507)- tPu eurpk;kh; த rjhrptuhah; tiu (g[fH;bgw;w tp$aefu kd;dh; fpUt&;znjtuhah;

,k;kuig nrh;e;jth;/) 4/MutPL tk;rk; (1570-1614)- jpUkiy த nt';;flh; tiu/

r';fk tk;rj;J ஹ ஹர 1336,y; Ml;rpf;F te;jhh;/ ,th; ifg;gw;wpa ,l';;fs; Kjypy; ikR{h; gpd; kJiu

Kjyhk; g[f;fh; 1356,y; mhpaiz Vwpdhh;/ ,th; Ml;rpapd;nghJ muR J';;fgj;uh Kjy; ,uhnk!;;tuk; tiu

tphptile;jJ/

tp$aefu kd;dh;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;fs; ,uz;lhk; ஹ ஹர . Kjyhk; njtuhah;. ,uz;lhk; njtuhah;.

fpUt&;znjtuhah;/

fpUt&;znjtuhah;(fp/gp1509-1529)

tp$aefu nguurpd; kpf rpwe;j murh;. ,tiu ‘KG epiwthd murh;’ vd tuyhw;W mwp"h; ‘nlhkpdpf; ga!;’

Fwpg;gpl;L cs;shh;/

1510-,y; rptrKj;jpuk.; 1512-,y; bua;r;R{h;. 1523-,y; tuh';;fs;. xhp!h kw;Wk; jf;fhzk; gFjpfis ,th; btd;whh;/

,th; nguuR tlf;nf fpUt&;zh. bjw;nf fhtphp. nkw;nf mugpf;fly;. fpHf;nf t';;;ff;fly; tiu gutpapUe;jJ/

nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa mnugpa tzpff; FGtpdiu el;g[wnthL elj;jpdhh;/

‘m!;ljpf;f$';;fs;’ vd;Dk; vl;L mwp"h;fis ,th; mitapy; ,Ue;jdh;/

m!;ljpf;f$';fs;

1/my;yrhdp bgj;jid 2/ee;jp jpk;kd;dh 3/ njdhyp ,uhkd; 4/gl;L K:h;j;jp 5/g[dtPugj;jpud; 6/Jh;$jp

7/ky;yz;zh; 8/gdh$p R{uhdh/

jiyf;nfhl;ilg;nghh; (1565)

tp$aefu nguuir Kot[f;F bfhz;L te;j nghh; ,g;nghhpd;nghJ kd;duhf ,Ue;jth; rjhrptuhah;/ Rjhrptuhahpd; mikr;rh; ,uhkuhanu ,g;nghhpைன elj;jpdhh;/ ,g;nghhpy; ghkpdp muRfshd 1/mfkJ efh; 2/gP$g;g{h; 3/bfhy;bfhz;lh 4/gPடhh; Mfpa 4 K!;yPk; nguu க

tp$aefu nguuir jiyf;nfhl;il nghhpy; njhw;foj;jd. ,uhkuhah; nghhpy; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/

muR

nguuR MW khfhz';fshf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ/ khfhz';;fspd; MSeh; ;ehaf;’ vdg;gl;lhh;/ ‘fpuhkrig’ fpuhk';fis eph;tfpj;jJ/ mr;rigapy; jiyKiw tHpte;;;j fzf;fhsh;. Vilahsh;. fhty;fhuh;. Fwnwtyh;

Mfpnahh; ,lk; bgw;wdh;/ fpuhk eph;thfj;ij fz;fhzpj;jth; ‘kfh ehaf;fur;rhhpahh;’ vdg;gl;l mjpfhhpahthh;/ gilg;gphptpy; fhyhl;gil. Fjpiug;gil. ahidg;gilfs; ,Ue;jd/ kd;dnu ehl;od; jiyik ePjpgjp Mthh;/ ,e;J bewpKiwg;go Fw;w';;fs; tprhhpf;fg;gl;ld/ Ma[தnke;Jjy;. ky;a[j;jk; nghd;w jw;fhg;g[ fiyfspy; bgz;fs; rpwe;J tps';;fpdh;/ ‘epa[d!;’vd;w may;ehl;L gazp jdJ Fwpg;g[fspy; bgz;fspy; bgz; n$hjplh; vGj;jh;. fzf;fhsh;. fhtyh;. ky;a[j;j

tPuh';fidfs; Mfpnahh; muritapy; ,lk;bgw;wpUe;jdh; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;/ knyrpah. gh;kh. rPdh.mnugpah/ ghurPfk; bjd;dhg;gphpf;fh. mgprPdpah. nghh;r;Rf;fy; ehLfnshL thzpf bjhlh;g[ itj;J

,Ue;jdh;/ btspehl;L fg;gy; nghf;Ftuj;J nfhth. ila{. bfhy;yk;. bfhr;rp nghd;w JiwKfk; thapyhf eilg;bgw;wJ/ thridg;bghUl;fs;. jhdpa';;fs;. gl;L. gUj;jp. mgpd;. rhag;bghUl;fs;. Kj;J. F';;Fkg;g{. ,";rp. rh;f;fiu.nj';;fha;

nghd;wit Vw;Wkjp bra;ag;gl;ld/ Kf;fpa ,wf;Fkjp bghUl;fs; Fjpiufs;. ghjurk;. rPdg;gl;L. bty;btl;L Jzpfs; MfpaitahFk;/

nfhapy;fs;

1/ ஹrhnu ,uhkrhkp nfhapy; 2/tpl;lyrhkp nfhapy; (fpUt&;z njtuhah; fl;oait)

Mjut[ bgw;w bkhHpfs;;. jkpH;. bjY';;F. rk!;fpUjk;. fd;dlk;

,yf;fpak;

1/fpUt&;z njtuhah; vGjpa bjY';;;F E}yhd ‘mKf;j khy;ajh’ kw;Wk; tlbkhHp E}y;fshd ct&hghpeak;. $hk;ghtjp

fy;ahzk; Kf;fpakhdit/

nguuR tPH;r;rp

nguuir ,Wjpahf Mz;l tk;rk; ‘MutPL tk;rk;’ MFk;/ 1614y; ,k;kug[ tPH;;r;rpaile;jJ/ ehaf;fh;fs;. gP$g;g{h;.

bfhy;bfhz;lh muRfs; tp$aefu nguurpd; gFjpfis gwpj;J bfhz;ldh;/

ghkpdp muR (1347 - 1526)

ghkpdp muir 1327,y; ‘ஹrd; f';;F ghkpdp’ vd;gth; epWtpdhh;/ ,th; njtfphpia nrh;e;j JUf;fpa mYtyh;/

,th; மாTh; Kjy; bjY';fhdh tiuapyhd gFjpfisa[k; thu';fy;. bfhy;yhg;g{h;. nfhth. khz;L. khstk; Mfpa

,l';;fis btd;whh;/

ghkpdp nguurpd; jiyefh; ;Fy;gh;fh’

Kf;fpa murh;fs;

Kjyhk; KfkJt&h (1358-1377) tp$aefu kd;dh; Kjyhk; g[f;fh; ம tuh';fy; fgah ehaf;fiua[k; btd;whh;/

,uz;lhk; KfkJ t&h (1378-1397) kR{jpfs;. kju!hf;fs; gy fl;oanjhL mz;il ehLfSld; elg[ld; ,Ue;jhh;/

bgnuh!; t&h ghkpdp (1397-1422) rpwe;j nghh; tPuh;. tp$aefu kd;dh; Kjyhk; njtuhah; vd;gtiu njhw;foj;jhh;/

,tuJ eph;thfj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,lkspj;jhh;/ ,Wjpapy; tp$aefu murhy; njhw;fof;fg;gl;lhh;/

mfkJ t&h(1422-1435) bfhL';nfhyh; ,uf;fkw;wth; jdJ jiyefiu Fy;gh;fhtpypUe;J gPlhUf;F khw;wpdhh;/

d;whk; KfkJ t&h(1463-1482)

9 tajpy; gl;lnkw;whh; ,tUf;F ‘KfkJ fthd;’ vd;gth; ghJfhtyuhf ,Ue;jhh;/ KfkJ fவாdhy; bfh';;F ehL.

r';;fnk!;tu;. xhp!;!h. tp$aefh; gFjpfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld/

jf;fhz K!;ypk;fspd;. KfkJ fthd; kPjhd bgha;ahd Fw;wr;rhl;ைட mij ek;gpa றா KfkJ t&h mtUf;F

kuz jz;lid mspj;jhh;/

1481,y; KfkJ fthd; bfhy;yg;gl;lJk; 1482y; K:d;whk; KfkJ t&ht[k; bfhy;yg;gl;lhh;/ mtUf;F gpd; ghkpdp nguuR

gP$g;g{h;. mfkJ efh;. gPuhh;. gPlhh; bfhy;bfhz;lh vd 5 Mf rpjWz;lJ/

ghkpdp muR ‘juh`g[fs;’; vd;Dk; khepy';;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ/mjd; MSeh; juh`g[jhh;/

mug[. ghurPfk; fw;f tHptif bra;ag;gl;lJ/ Fy;gh;fh. bfhy;bfhz;lh. $pk;kh kR{jp. nfhy;Fk;gh!; fl;olk; Mfpait ,th;fSilaJ/

gP$g;g{hpy; cs;s ‘nfhy;Fk;gh fl;olk;’ ‘KDKDf;Fk; mu';;fk;’ vd rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

7/gf;jp. R{`gp ,af;f';;;fs;

gf;jp ,af;fk; Kjypy; bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; bjhl';;fg;gl;lJ/ ,e;j ,af;fj;ij ‘,uhkhde;jh;’ tl,e;jpaht[f;F bfhz;Lngha; nrh;j;jhh;/

63 ehad;khh;fspy; Kjd;ikahdth;fs; jpUeht[f;furh;. Re;juh;. rk;ge;jh;. khzpf;fthrfh; Mthh;/ jpUeht[f;furh; fp/gp/600,y; gpwe;jhh;/ rkzuhd ,tiu ,th; jkf;if jpyftjp rptgf;jdhf khw;wpdhh;/ ,th; vGjpa 49.000 gjpf';;fspy; 311 kl;Lnk fpilj;Js;sd/ Xnu flt[s; vDk; nfhl;ghl;il tHpa[Wj;jpa khzpf;fthrfh; ‘flt[is mila xnu tHp md;g[ kl;Lnk’

vdf;Twpa[s;shh;/ ,th; vGjpa E}y; jpUthrfk;/ rk;ge;jh; 16.000 gjpf';;fis ghodhh;. 384 kl;Lnk fpilj;Js;sd/ vl;lhtJ E}w;whz;oy; bjd;dhw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jth; Re;juK:h;j;jp ,th; 38.000 gjpf';;fis ghodhh;/ ,jpy; 100

kl;Lnk fpilj;Js;sd/ ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhw;iwf; TWk; nrf;fpHhh; ,aw;wpa bghpag[uhzk;. njthuk;/ jpUthrfk;. jpUKiw Mfpa E}y;fs;

,f;fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit/ MH;thh;fs;

tpt&;Qqtpd; ம ghoa Rkhh; 4000 ghly;fis ehjKdp vd;ghh; ehyhapuj; jpt;agpuge;jk; vd;Dk;; E}yhfj; bjhFj;Js;shh;/ gf;jp ,af;f tuyhW

gf;jp ,af;fj;ij bjd;dpe;jpahtpy; bjhl';;fp itj;jth;/ r';;fuhr;rhhpahh;/ ,th; nfushtpy; fhyo vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;/ ,tUila bfhs;if ;mj;itjf; bfhs;if’ MFk;/

r';;;fuhr;rhhpahh; ‘gpuk;kk;;’ vd;w jiyaha rf;jpna cz;ik vd ciwj;jhh;/ ,uhkhQq$h; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhdtuhf jpfH;gth; ,th;/ fp/gp/12k; E}w;whz;oy; _bgUk;g[J}hpy; gpwe;jhh;/ ,th;

itzt bghpahh; Mthh;/ ,uhkhde;jh; ,uhkhD$hpd; rPlh; flt[s; ek;gpf;ifia bghpJk; nghw;wpdhh;/ kf;fs; ngRk; bkhHpapnyna ,th; nghjid

bra;jhh;/ ty;tghr;rhhpahh; fpUt&;ziu tHpgl;lhh; kf;fs; gf;jpapd; K:yk; ,iwtid milayhk; vd nghjpj;jhh;/ grth; ‘tPu irtk;’; vDk; gphpit bjhl';;fpdhh;/ ,tiu gpd;gw;wpnahh; ‘tPuirth;’ my;yJ yp';;fhaj;Jfs;’ vdg;gl;ldh;/ irjd;ah; 1485y; t';;fhsj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. fpUt&;z tHpghl;il gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;/ md;g[k; gf;jpa[k; ,iwtid mila

tHp vd;whh;/ fgPh ; ,uhkde;jhpd; rPlh;. ,e;J K!;ypk; xw;Wikia Kjd;Kjyhf tHpa[Wj;jpath;. ,thpd; rPlh;fs; ‘fgPh; ge;j;’;

vdg;gl;ldh;/ ,tuJ nghjidfspd; bjhFg;g[ ‘gp$fh’ vdg;gLfpwJ/ ,tuJ ghly;fs; ‘njhfh’; tifg;ghly;fs;/ ,uhkhD$k;. ufPKk; xUtnu vd;Wk; ,th; Twpdhh;/ rpiy tHpghL kw;Wk; rhjpKiwis ,th; rhodhh;/ FUehdf; (fp/gp/1469-1538) ,th; rPf;fpa kjj;ij epWtpath; fgPhpd; rPlh;. jhy;tz;o vDkplj;jpy; 1469y; gpwe;jhh;/ kPuhgha;. nkthh; ehl;L kd;dh; unjhh; uj;dh rp';; kfSk; cjag;g{h; kd;dhpd; kidtpa[k; Mthh;/ 1498y; gpwe;jhh;/ ,th;

fpUt&;z gf;ij. g$d; vd;Dk; ,thpd; ghly;fs; ,uh$!;jhd; gFjpapy; gpugyk;/ "hdnjth;. ehknjth;. Vf;ehj;. Jf;fhuhk;. Jsrpjhrh;. uhkjhrh; Mfpnahh; kfhuhl;ou Jwtpfs;/ ஞானேதவ பகவ கீைத உைர எ திய ‘ஞாேன வ ’ என ப கிற .

FUuhkjhrh; ‘jrnghjh’ vd;w E}iya[k;. Jsrpjhrh; ‘,uhkrhpjkhd!;’ vd;w E}iya[k; vGjpa[s;sdh;/ ‘ெசா கேமளா’ எ பவ தா த ப ட இன றவ ஆவா .

R{`gp ,af;fk; R{̀ g; vd;why; Kul;L fk;gsp Milia mzpe;j vspikahd Jwtp vd;W bghUs;/ ghurPfj;jpy; bjhl';;fg;gl;l ,t;tpaf;fk; 12k; E}w;whz;oy; ,e;jpahtpy; gutpaJ/

,t;tpaf;fk; K!;ypk; kjj; jiyth; fyp̀ ghtpd; nghf;if fz;oj;jJ/ KfkJ egpna cz;ikahdth; vd;Wk; TwpaJ/

R{̀ gpfspd; FGj;jiyth; (m) Mrphpah; mugp bkhHpapy; ‘nt&f;’ vd;Wk; ghurPf bkhHpapy; gPh; (m) Kh;t&pj; vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;ldh;/

12 ‘rp;y;rpyh’ vd;why; ‘bjhFg;g[fshf R`gp FGf;fs; gphpf;fg;gl;oUe;jd/ ‘rpy;rpyh’ vd;w bjhlh; r';fpyp vd;W bghUs;/ ,e;jpa R{`gp ,af;fj;jiyth;fs; Fth$h bkha;d; cj;-jPd; -rp!;o 1192y; m$;kPh; tUif g[hpe;jhh;/ ,th;; ViHfspd; fhg;ghsh; vd;w bghUs;gLk; ‘fhpg;

eth$;’ vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lhh;/ ghgh ghpj; rp!;oapd; rPlh; g";rhgp bkhHpapy; gy ghly;fis vGjpa[s;shh;/ bly;yp Ry;jhd; ‘ghy;gd;’ ghgh ghpj;jpd; gf;jh; Mthh;/

ep$hk; cj; jPd; mt[ypah glhapd; vd;w gFjpapypUe;J ,e;jpah te;jth; ghgh`gphpjpd; rPlh; ;bkAg{k; ,-,yhAp vd;W ,tiu miHj;jdh;/ mjw;F flt[spd; md;ig bgw;wth; vd;W bghUs;/ ehTh; Mz;lth; 16k; E}w;whz;ilr; nrh;e;jth;/ ,th; ‘kPuhd; rhfpg;’ vd;Wk; Fthjph; thyp vd;Wk; miHf;fg;gl;llhh;/ ehThpy; ,tuJ fy;yiw cs;sJ/ ,';;F fe;J}hp cU!; vd;Dk; tpHh eilbgWfpwJ/ tpist[fs;

,e;J K!;ypk; xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ. tl;lhu bkhHp ,yf;fpa';;;fs; tsh;r;rpaile;jJ/

Foikapay; 1/ek; ehL

,e;jpahtpd; epy mst[ 32.87,263 rJu fpnyhkPl;lh; gug;gst[. cyfpd; 7tJ bgua ehL kf;fs;bjhifapy; rPdht[f;F mLj;J 2-tJ ,lk; bjhHpy; Jiwapy; 10-tJ ,lk; tpz;btsp Ma;tpy; 6-tJ ,lk; ,Ug;gplk; tlf;nf ,kakiy. bjw;nf ,e;jpag;bgU';fly;.fpHf;nf t';fhs tphpFlh. nkw;nf mugpf;fly; epy vy;iyapd; ePsk; - 15,200 fp/kP/ flw;fiuapd; ePsk; - 7.516/6 fp/kP/ ml;r jPh;f guty; 8° 4’ Kjy; 37° 6’ tl ml;rf;nfhl;ow;Fk; ,ilapYk;. 68° 7’ Kjy; 97° 25’ tiu fpHf;F jPh;f;f

nfhl;ow;F ,ilnaa[k; ,lg;bgw;Ws;sJ/ tlf;F bjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; ePsk; - 3214 Km fpHf;F nkw;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; ePsk; - 2,933 Km. kf;fs;bjhif 2011 d; go 1210/2 kpy;ypad;. Mz;fs; 623/7 kpy;ypad;. bgz;fs; 586/5 kpy;ypad; kf;fs;bjhif mlh;j;jp 382 ngh; fy;tpawpt[ - 74.04%. Mz;fs; - 82.14%, bgz;fs; - 65.46% ,e;jpahtpd; cyfpd; kpfbghpa ehL. ,J 1950 $dthp 26,y; FoaurhdJ/ ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;g[ cyfpd; ePz;l vGjg;gl;l murpay; mikg;g[ MFk;/ ,e;jpah 28 khepy';fisa[k;. 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fisa[k; bfhz;lJ/ bly;yp ,e;jpahtpd; njrpa jiyefh; MFk;/

kj;jpa muR eph;thfk; ,t;turpy; FoauRj;jiyth;. Jizf;FoauRj;jiyth;. gpujk mikr;rh;. kj;jpa mikr;rh;FG kw;Wk; jiyik

rl;lj;jiyth; (ml;lh;dp b$duy;) Mfpnahh; cs;sdh;/ FoauRj;jiyth; ,e;jpa ehl;od; jiyth;. ,tnu ek; Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpa[k; Mthh;/ ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; FokfDk;

,tnuahthh;/ 35 taJ epukgpatuhf ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jpa Fokfd; vtUk; FoauRj; jiyth; njh;jypy; nghl;oaplyhk;/ ,th; kiwKf

njh;jy; K:yk; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLfpwhh;/ Vwf;Fiwa ikamurpd; mjpfhhpfs; midtiua[k; ,tnu epakdk; bra;fpwhh;/ gpujkh; ehl;od; cz;ikahd mjpfhu';;fs; midj;Jk; gpujk mikr;rhplnk ,Uf;fpwJ/ njh;jypy; btw;wpbgw;w bgUk;;ghd;ikkpf;f fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdh;fshy; ,th; njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLfpwhh;/

ehlhSkd;wk; ,U mitfs; cs;sd/ mit 1/nyhf; rgh (kf;fsit) 5 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; kf;fshy; neuoahf

njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/ ,jd; bkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs; 545 MFk;/ (2 cWg;gpdh;fs; M';;fpnyh,e;jpad; epakd cWg;gpdh;fs;) cWg;gpdh; gjtpfhyk; 5 Mz;Lfs;/

2/ ,uh$;a rgh (khepy';;fsit) ,J xU epue;ju mit ,J nkyit vd tH';;fg;gLfpwJ/ ,jd; cWg;gpdh;fs; khepy MLA -f;fshy;

kiwKfkhf njh;e;bjLf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/ ,jd; bkhj;j cWg;gpdh;fs;(238+12) 250/ ,jpy; 12 cWg;gpdh;fs; fiy. ,yf;fpak; rk;ge;jg;gl;l egh;fs; FoauRj;jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;/ khepy muR

khepy murpd; eph;thfj;jpy; MSeh;. Kjyikr;rh;. mikr;rh; FG. rl;lj;Jiwjiyth; Mfpnahh; cs;sdh;/ MSeh; khepyj;jpd; eph;thf jiyth;. ,tiu FoauRj;jiyth; 5 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw epakdk; bra;fpwhh;/

khepyj;jpd; murpayikg;g[j; jiyth; MSenuahthh;/ 35 taJf;F nkw;gl;l vtUk; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;glyhk;/ khepyj;jpd; cz;ikahd midj;J mjpfhuKk; Kjyikr;rhplk; ,Uf;Fk;/

khepy rl;lkd;wk;

Me;jpரா, gPfhh;. $k;K fht&;kPh;. fh;ehlfk;. kfhuht&;ouh. kw;Wk; cj;jpugpunjrk; Mfpa khepy';;fspy; <uit rl;lkd;wk; cs;sJ/ kw;w vy;yh khepy';;fspYk; Xuit rl;lkd;wk; cs;sJ/

<uit rl;lkd;wj;jpy; rl;lkd;w nkyit (MLC). rl;lkd;w nguit (MLA) my;yJ fPHit ,uz;L mitfs; ,Uf;Fk;/ ePjpj;Jiw

mog;gil chpikfspd; fhtyd; vdg;gLtJ cr;r ePjpkd;wnk MFk;/ ,J xU Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghFk;/ cr;rePjpkd;wk; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik ePjpkd;wk; MFk;/ ,jpy; jw;nghJ jiyik ePjpgjp cl;gl 31 ePjpgjpfs;

cs;sdh;/ khepy';fspy; jiik ePjpkd;wk; ‘cah;ePjpkd;wk;’ MFk;/ ,e;jpahtpy; 21 cah;ePjpkd;w';fs; cs;sd/ mtw;Ws; K:d;W

ePjpkd;w';fs; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l khepy';fSf;F bghJthf cs;sd/

,e;jpa njrpa rpd;d';fs; 1/njrpaf;bfho: brt;tf totikg;g[ bfhz;lJ. nkw;g[wk; fhtpepwk; jpahfj;ija[k;. eLtpy; btz;ik epwk;;

cz;ikiaa[k; fPnH fUk;gr;ir epwk; brHpg;iga[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ/ eLtpy; fUePy epwj;jpy; mike;Js;s mnrhf rf;fuk; mwtHpapy; Kd;ndwp brd;W mikjpiaa[k;. brGikiaa[k;

bgw;Wj;ju J}z;LfpwJ/ ,jpy; 24 Mu';fs; cs;sd/ ekJ njrpa bfhoapd; ePs mfyk; 3:2 Mf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/ ekJ njrpaf;bfho $%iy 22- 1947-k; Mz;L m';fpfhpf;fg;gl;lJ/ Mf!;L 15 1947Mk; Mz;L ekJ njrpabfho

Kiwahf Vw;wg;gl;lJ/ bfhoiag;gw;wpa tpjpKiwfs;

1/ekJ bfhoia tpl ntW ehl;L bfho caukhf gwf;ff;TlhJ/ 2/fk;gj;jpd; cr;rptiu bfho cah;e;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;/ 3/R{hpad; kiwa[k; Kd; bfhoia ,wf;fptpl ntz;Lk;/ 4/njrpa jiyth;fs;. el;g[ ehl;L jiyth;fs; ,wg;gpd;nghJ njrpa bfho miuf;fk;gj;jpy; gwf;ftpl ntz;Lk;/ 5/bfhoia Vw;Wk;nghJ ehk; neuhf epw;f ntz;Lk;/

njrpa fPjk;

njrpa fPjj;ij ,aw;wpath; utPe;juehj; jhTh; t';f bkhHpapy; 5 gj;jpfs; bfhz;l ghly; bjhFg;gpy; Kjy; gj;jp kl;Lk; ekJ njrpa fPjkhf cs;sJ/

1950 $dthp 24 Mk; ehs; ekJ njrpa fPjk; murpay; eph;zak; rigapy; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ 1911 Mk; Mz;L ork;gh; 27Mk; ehs; fy;fj;jhtpy; ele;j ,e;jpa njrpa fh';fpu!; khehl;oy; ,g;ghly;

Kjd;Kiwahf ghlg;gl;lJ/ njrpa fPjj;ij ghLk; fhy neuk; 52 tpehofs;

njrpar;rpd;dk;

mnrhfhpd; rhuehj; J}zpy; cs;s rp';f';fspd; cUtk;/ ,J 1950 $dthp 26 Mk; ehs; Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ ,jpy; ehd;F rp';f';fs;. fPH; gFjpapy; Fjpiu. tsg;g[wk; fhis eLtpy; rf;fuk; ,lk; bgw;Ws;sJ/ Fjpiu Mw;wy; kw;Wk; ntfj;ija[k;. fhis fod ciHg;iga[k; cWjpiaa[k;. rf;fuk; jh;kj;ija[k;. mwtHpiaa[k;

Fwpf;fpwJ/ ,jd;fPnH ‘rj;anktb$anj’ vd;Dk; njtehfhp bkhHp thh;j;ijfs; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ ,jd; bghUs; ‘tha;ikna

bty;Yk;’ vd;gjhFk;/ njrpag;ghly;

1/’te;nj khjuk;’ vd;Dk; ekJ njrpa ghly; rk!;fpUj bkhHpapy; ftp"h; gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lh;$p vd;Dk; ftp"uhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ/

,g;ghly; ‘Mde;j klk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; 1882,y; btspaplg;gl;lJ/ 1896,y; fy;fj;jh fh';fpu!; khehl;oy; Kjd;Kjyhf ghlg;gl;lJ/ ,g;ghliy Kjd;Kiwahf utPe;juehj; jhTh;/

njrpa tpy';;F

njrpa tpy';;F - Kjypy; ,Ue;jJ ‘rp';;fk;’ jw;nghJ njrpa tpy';;fhf g[yp Vw;Wf;bfhs;sg;gl;lJ/ njrpa gwit - kapy; njrpa kyh; - jhkiu ,jd; ,jH;fs; xd;W nrh;e;jpUg;gJ xw;Wikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ/ njrpakuk; - Mykuk; njrpa gHk; - kh njrpa tpisahl;L- ஹாf;fp njrpa MW - f';;if njrpa ehs;fhl;o - rhfh fhyg;gphpt[