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Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups
These 3 groups are unresolved
Ranunculaceae
Papaveraceae
Berberidaceae
Platanaceae
Platanaceae
Ranunculaceae
Papaveraceae
Berberidaceae
Eudicots (or Tricolpates)Basal Eudicots
Platanaceae
Portulacaceae Polygonaceae
Ranunculaceae
Papaveraceae
Berberidaceae
Eudicots (or Tricolpates)Basal Eudicots
Basal Core Eudicots
VitaceaePlatanaceae
Portulacaceae Polygonaceae
Ranunculaceae
Papaveraceae
Berberidaceae
Eudicots (or Tricolpates)Basal Eudicots
Hamamelidaceae
Basal Rosids
VitaceaePlatanaceae
Portulacaceae Polygonaceae
Ranunculaceae
Papaveraceae
Berberidaceae
Eudicots (or Tricolpates)Basal Eudicots
Hamamelidaceae
Violaceae Salicaceae
Rosaceae Ulmaceae
Fagaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae
Eurosids I
VitaceaePlatanaceae
Portulacaceae Polygonaceae
Ranunculaceae
Papaveraceae
Berberidaceae
Eudicots (or Tricolpates)Basal Eudicots
Hamamelidaceae
Violaceae Salicaceae
Rosaceae Ulmaceae
Fagaceae Betulaceae Juglandaceae
Malvaceae Anacardiaceae Sapindaceae
Eurosids II
Cornaceae
Ericaceae Sarraceniaceae
Rubiaceae
Apiaceae
Asteraceae
Caprifoliaceae Adoxaceae
*Basal
Euasterids I
Euasterids II
Bogs
Sphagnum
Ericaceae
Sarraceniaceae
Sphagnum Moss
Note distinct “heads”.
Sphagnum gains cations (nutrients) and acidifies the water through cation exchange.
Sphagnum moss
The stalks with capsules are the sporophytes
Note distinct “heads” at ends of stems.
Capsules are audibly explosive-- developing pressures of up to 2 atm and dispersing spores as far as 15 cm!
.
Contents of capsule shrink causing pressure build up, the spores are discharge all at once-- EXPLOSIVELY
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Time lapse
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Sphagnum at 1,000 fps >15cm heights
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Sphagnum capsule at 10,000 fps
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Sphagnum’s air gun is very effective:
Velocity = 13 m/s = 29 mph!!
Acceleration > 105 g
Timescale < 1/30,000 s
Pressure ~ 5 atm ??
Sphagnum capsule at 10,000 fps
Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf -Ericaceae has Wintergreen Leaves
http://68.61.32.46/Wild%20Flowers/
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu
Chamaedaphne calyculata - note typical urn shaped flowers (typical of many Ericaceae), fused petals (typical of the sympetalae)
Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf -Ericaceae. Note undersides of leaves are rust colored.
Vaccinium corymbosum, High Bush Blueberry, Ericaceae. Deciduous leaves, typical urn-shaped flowers, Ericoid mycorrhizae.
Vaccinium angustifolium - Common Low Bush Blueberry - Ericaceae
Vaccinium angustifolium, Low Bush Blueberry, Ericaceae
Fruits are a true berry!
Kalmia polifolia Bog Laurel Ericaceae
Pink bell-shaped flowers with “sprung” stamens in pockets of the corolla.
Opposite, revolute leaves.
In the phyllodocoid clade in the Ericaceae
Kalmia polifolia, Bog Laurel, Ericaceae.
Note reflexed stamens in pockets (3 have been sprung)
Kalmia angustifolia
Note flowers in the whorl just below the top.
Leaves are broad and typically in whorls of 3.
Kalmia angustifolia - note stamens are under tension, bending back into the corolla pockets
Kalmia angustifolia
Andromeda glaucophylla - Bog Rosemary - Ericaceae
Note alternate leaves.
Andromeda glaucophylla blossoms are white tinged with pink.
Note: alternate, revolute leaves and bell shaped flowers with long white pedicel.
Andromeda glaucophylla, Bog Rosemary, Ericaceae
http://68.61.32.46/Wild%20Flowers/
Andromeda glaucophylla
Bog Rosemary
Alternate leaves
Ericacaceae
Ledum groenlandicum, Labrador Tea, Ericaceae
http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/ledumgroe.html
Dense Hairs on Undersides of Leaves
Gaultheria procumbens, Wintergreen, Ericaceae
Epigaea repens, Trailing Arbutus or Mayflower, Ericaceae, State Flower of Massachusetts, Protected. Note oval leaves and paired white flowers (which turn pink with age).
Vaccinium macrocarpon (closely related to V. oxycoccus, the small cranberry which we will see at the bog)
Large Cranberry
Ericaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon, Large Cranberry, Ericaceae Fruit = Berry (In the bog we will see V. oxycoccus, the small cranberry)
Cranberry field at harvest time.
Harvesting Cranberries
Ericoid mycorrhizae in Gaultheria. The dark blobs are the fungus in the root.
Ericoid mycorrhizae- cross section. Note few fungal hyphae on the root surface.
Ericoid mycorrhizae in Leucopogon juniperus (Epacridacaceae- a southern hemisphere heath family)
Ectomycorrhizae (fungus roots) on Pinus strobus.
Fungal hyphae (Amanita muscaria)
X-section showing thick mantle of fungus
Sarraceniaceae
Sarracenia leaves = pitchers
Sarracenia purpurea
Pitcher Plant
Sarraceniaceae
Note downward pointing hairs and purple venation.
Sarracenia purpurea flower
Note peltate style
Stephanomeria exigua
Parent SpeciesStephanomeria malheurensis
Selfing Species
Asteraceae
Mimulus lewisii (low to mid-elevation)
Bee pollinated
Pink petals
Landing Platform
Small Amounts of nectar
Mimulus cardinalis (mid to high elevation)
(Bird Pollinated)
Reflexed petals, no landing platform
Large amounts of nectar
Red Petals
F1 Hybrid
Cross between Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis
F2 generation plants were placed in a grid in the field and scored for pollinators.
•Yellow pigment reduces visits by bees.
•High nectar volume increases
visits by birds.
How might shifts in pollinators affect speciation rates?
Two different pollinators acting on one species could result in reproductive isolation and speciation
? ? ? ?
Back up systems in angiosperms may predispose a species for further speciation
? ?