TG62 - Built Environment Complexitysite.cibworld.nl/dl/publications/TG62.pdfEmbracing Complexity in Design Workshop Meshing Human and Technological Purposes into Design Wednesday 25th

Meeting Report

TG62 - Built Environment Complexity

2007

Report of the Embracing Complexity in

Design Workshop: Meshing Human

Technological Purposes into Design

Wednesday 25th April 2007

Liverpool, United Kingdom

Meeting Report

TG62 - Built Environment Complexity

2007

Report of the Embracing Complexity in Design Workshop: Meshing Human Technological

Purposes into Design


Liverpool, United Kingdom

Contents:

Genies, Robots & Frankensteins (Leonard Bachman, University of Houston, College of Architecture)

How/what/when to include new clean technology into designs? (Richard Dodds, University of Liverpool, School of Architecture)

User-Centred Intelligent Systems in Design: Embracing Complexity

via a Melding of Human and Machine Capability (I.C. Parmee, Institute for People-Centred Computation)

Designing Socio-Technical and Creative Systems (Peter Johnson,

University of Bath)

Co-Evaluation towards Sustainable Development - Synchronising Social and Technical Change (Ralf Brand, Manchester)

Venue: School of Architecture University of Liverpool, Liverpool


Embracing Complexity in Design WorkshopMeshing Human and Technological Purposes into

Design

TG62 Built Environment Complexity &

Organised by:

ECiD Embracing Complexity in Design

School of Architecture

Embracing Complexity in Design WorkshopMeshing Human and Technological Purposes into Design

Theories, implications and applications of complexity and complex adaptive systems have grown enormously since the mid-20th century. Emerging out of the natural sciences and increasingly spilling over into the social sciences and arts, they offer a unique interdisciplinary framework for linking the often separate worlds of natural, social and artistic studies, going beyond the unnecessarily rigid boundaries of individual disciplines and exploring the untapped potential of intellectual crossovers and multidisciplinary interaction

Why the built environment? The nature and multiplicity of the built environment disciplines provides a rich and fertile research landscape for the study of theoretical and applied complexity theory. Complex systems like the built environment can not be understood by studying parts in isolation. The very essence of built environment complex systems lies in the interaction between parts and the overall behaviour that emerges from the interactions. The built environment systems must be analysed as a whole. Achieving this goal will require a shift in current built environment research. The new focus should be on coordinated built environment knowledge management through developing interoperable complex systems to address the needs for integrated systems in order to optimise and deliver a future sustainable built environment. There are a number of topic areas where built environment problems may be investigated using conceptual tools underpinned by complexity science, but we need to make the theory more approachable before one can see real progress. The aim of this workshop is to address the complexity of one of the most important topics in the built environment sector Embracing Complexity in Design is a unique research agenda with the objective of understanding the part played by complexity science in design, and increasingly the potential for design to play a major role in the emerging science of complex systems

Further information contact Halim Boussabaine [email protected]

Embracing Complexity in Design Workshop Meshing Human and Technological Purposes into Design

Wednesday 25th April 200708.30-0.90 Registration and Refreshments

09.00-9.05 Welcome to the workshop: Prof. Robert Kronenburg , Head of the School of Architecture University of Liverpool

09.05-09.15 Introduction to the workshop: Halim Boussabaine , Prof. Jeff Johnson and Theodore Zamenopoulos, Open University

09.15-10.00 Topic: Genies, Robots, and Frankensteins- how design provokes complexity research Prof. Leonard R. Bachman University of Houston USA

10.00-10.45 Topic: How/what/when to include new clean technology approaches into designsProf. Richard G Dodds , Royal Academy of Engineering Visiting Professor University of Liverpool

10.45-11.00 Refreshments break

11.00-11.45 Topic: User-centred Intelligent Systems in Design: Embracing complexity via a melding of human and machine capabilityProf. Ian Parmee, University of West of England

11.45-12.30 Topic: Designing socio-technical and creative systemsProf. Peter Johnson, University of Bath

12.30-13.30 Lunch

13.30-14-15 Topic: Co-evolution towards Sustainable Development - Synchronising social and technical changeDr Ralf Brand, University of Manchester

14.15-15.50 Panel debate: How to embrace complexity in design? Chair: Prof Andy Brown and Prof. Jeff Johnson

15.50-16.00 Summary and closeChair: Prof Andy Brown Jeff Johnson

GENIES, ROBOTS,&

FRANKENSTEINS

How design provokes complexity research

- Perspective- Social Dimensions- Task Environment- Animated Buildings- Accountability- Design Learning

Leonard BachmanUniversity of Houston

College of Architecture

Perspective

- Integrated Systems- Systems Thinking - Mapping Complexity



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IntegrationPROGRAMClient Brief Climate Site Code

CRITICAL TECHNICAL ISSUES INTENTIONInherent Contexual IntentionalPriorities Background Goals

Philosophy

INTERACTIONSPrecedent Generative PatternPrototypes Tensions and Parti

Intent

CONTROLSProgram Delivery IntegrationInterpretation Strategy Oversight

APPROPRIATE SYSTEMSSite Structure Envelope Services Interior

BENEFICIAL INTEGRATIONSPhysical Visual Performance

mutual mutual mutualspace image mandatesP

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nviro

nmen

tR

esou

rces

Man

agem

ent

Com

pone

nts

Design

Technology

A Paradigm

Case Study Method

INTEGRATED INTEGRATED BUILDINGSBUILDINGS

Trend 1Trend 1: From handmade : From handmade to kit of partsto kit of parts

INTEGRATED BUILDINGSINTEGRATED BUILDINGSTrend 2:Trend 2: Condensation of technical timescaleCondensation of technical timescale

INTEGRATED BUILDINGSINTEGRATED BUILDINGSTrend 3Trend 3: Temple, Castle, Cathedral, : Temple, Castle, Cathedral, Palace, Factory, High Rise, LaboratoryPalace, Factory, High Rise, Laboratory

INTEGRATED INTEGRATED BUILDINGSBUILDINGS

Trend 4: Trend 4: From intuitive to From intuitive to optimized decisions:optimized decisions:Complexity has overcome Complexity has overcome the intuitive capacity to the intuitive capacity to make decisionsmake decisionsStandard practice is no Standard practice is no longer sufficiently robust to longer sufficiently robust to satisfy particular needssatisfy particular needs

••Computer accuracy, Computer accuracy, simulation tools & expert simulation tools & expert systemssystems

••Value engineering, lifeValue engineering, life--cycle cycle cost & budget controlcost & budget control

••Occupant productivityOccupant productivity

••Collaborative designCollaborative design

ReRe--Distribution of effort in design servicesDistribution of effort in design services

INTEGRATED BUILDINGSINTEGRATED BUILDINGSTrend 5: Trend 5: From Paleotechnic to Neotechnic: From Paleotechnic to Neotechnic: from industrial to sustainablefrom industrial to sustainable

Geddes and MumfordGeddes and Mumford

Systems

Levels of System•Hardware•Typology•Grammar•Species•Animation•Mind

Mapping Complexity

Physical Design- how architecture embodies materiality, space, and immediacyStrategic Design- how architecture embodies human intelligence, sustenance, and foresightAesthetics – how our appreciations of physical beauty and intellectual beauty are connected by our understanding of their interrelation

Mapping Complexity

Seeking Complexity-search for unique richnessRevealing Complexity-symptoms versus systemsEmbracing Complexity-aesthetics and animationMapping Complexity-defining the problem spaceScoping Complexity-synthesizing informationTracking Complexity-mobilizing and managing

Munich Olympic Stadium, Gunter Behnisch and Partners with Frei Otto, 1972

Inspirational FlowsSolar Form

Luminous Form

Aerodynamic Form

Hydrological Form

Structural Form

People

Sightlines

“Must be the best banking building in the world”• Height and plot ratio limitations

• Poor soil conditions (composted granite)

• Built over existing facility while operating

• Liability of damage to adjacent buildings

• US $228 million site of one acre

• Brief was to be developed by architect

• Inadequate quality of local labor

• Every component custom prefabricated elsewhere and assembled on site

• Cramped construction site, no lay-down

• Must be completed on time

• Typhoons but no wind engineering study

Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, 1986

•Design must satisfy feng shui master

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gazellebookservices.co.uk/ImagesMaster/W150/1894694260.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.gazellebookservices.co.uk/Marketing/Trade/Trade%2520Subject%2520Catalogues/Yoga,%2520Meditation,%2520Feng%2520Shui.htm&h=149&w=150&sz=5&tbnid=OgyaSbLFB9YWVM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=90&hl=en&start=155&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfeng%2Bshui%2Bmaster%26start%3D140%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DSUNA,SUNA:2005-48,SUNA:en%26sa%3DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fengshui911.com/images/Feng%2520Shui%2520Logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fengshui911.com/&h=295&w=208&sz=13&tbnid=5blcMia_Xf3ByM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=78&hl=en&start=160&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfeng%2Bshui%2Bmaster%26start%3D140%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DSUNA,SUNA:2005-48,SUNA:en%26sa%3DN

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fengshuinews.com/articles/images/shen320.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fengshuinews.com/articles/lw-shen.htm&h=310&w=320&sz=28&tbnid=CGPVokNN7o1zAM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=113&hl=en&start=149&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfeng%2Bshui%2Bmaster%26start%3D140%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26rls%3DSUNA,SUNA:2005-48,SUNA:en%26sa%3DN

Social Dimensions

- Postindustrial Design- Agility- Cybernetic Feedback- Split Profession- Inventing the Future

Information SocietyInformation SocietyKnowledge CapitalKnowledge CapitalKnowledge WorkersKnowledge WorkersRust Belt CitiesRust Belt CitiesGlobalizationGlobalizationFuture ShockFuture ShockSystems TheorySystems TheoryComplexity ScienceComplexity ScienceDesigning the FutureDesigning the Future Leonard Bachman

University of HoustonCollege of Architecture

Postindustrial Values

Systems not symptomsLong range not bottom line

Global not localHolistic not piecemeal

Value not profitOrganic not mechanistic

Interrelated not hierarchal Ecological not industrial

People not machinesSustainable not productive

Postindustrial Design in the 1960’s

•Willie Peña, Problem Seeking (1969)•Reyner Banham, Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment (1969) •Ian McHarg, Design With Nature(1969)• Churchman, The Systems Approach(1968)•Christopher Alexander, Notes on the Synthesis of Form (1964)•Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966)•Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962). •Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)

Embracing Complexity

“Today functional problems are becoming less simple all the time. But designers rarely confess their inability to solve them. Instead, when a designer does not understand a problem clearly enough to find the order it really calls for; he falls back on some arbitrarily chosen formal order. The problem, because of its complexity, remains unsolved.”

Christopher Alexander, Notes on the Synthesis of Form (1964)

“First the medium of architecture must be re-examined if the increased scope of our architecture as well as the complexity of its goals are to be expressed. Simplified or superficially complex forms will not work.... Second, the growing complexities of our functional problems must be acknowledged.”

Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966)

"I admire the dazzling manual skill acquired by the students through their instruction at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. . . . I recognize the elegance, which guides the solutions of plan, facade, and section. But, I should like to see intelligence dominating elegance and not being disregarded."

Le Corbusier, When the Cathedrals Were White (1947)

Complex Systems in Other Domains

• Cybernetics- complex, indeterminate, wicked

• Management- organization & information studies

• Physics- chaos, non-linear, emergent order

• Biology- ecological systems, self ordering systems

• Agriculture- organic production

• Medicine- holistic healing, health maintenance

• Psychology- industrial organization

Survival sustenance from nature Ecological sustainability with natureAnthropocentric ideal Biocentric idealLinear production Cyclical flowsTactical objectives Strategic goalsShort-term plan Long-term scenariosIncremental shifts Continuous changeProduct and tradition oriented Process and discipline orientedLocal effects of action Global effects of interactionMechanistic relationships Systemic relationshipsMachine as the model Nature as the modelHeuristic procedures Cybernetic integrationPhysical prototype modeling Simulation modelingMass standardization Mass customizationHierarchical and linear Holistic and non-linearEmbrace deterministic simplicity Embrace teleological complexityIntuitive heuristics of form Self-emergent intelligent formAnticipate the inevitable future Design of future scenariosInnovative individuals Transdisciplinary teamsPioneer-as-hero model Designer-as-collaborator modelDesign for elite status Design for social justiceManual and automatic control Intelligent automationTransient static solutions Robust dynamic solutions

Post-IndustrialEmergence

PLANNING

DESIGN

PRACTICE

Industrial Establishment

Other Strategic LobesLEED and SustainabilityCx- Continuous CommissioningPOE- Post Occupancy Evaluation BAS- Automation and Intelligent BuildingsTQM- Total Building Quality ManagementBSA- Building Systems AssessmentIntelligent “Knowledge Based” DesignAgile Buildings- flexible, adaptable…Scenario PlanningValue Engineering

Split Profession

•Partners•Sullivan & Adler

•Burnham & Root

•McKim Mead & White

•Wright & Peters

•Saarinen, Dinkelo & Roche

•Specialization and Plurality

•Design Architects versus Project Architects

•Serving culture versus society

Task Environment

- Wicked Problems- Satisficing- Adduction- Hermeneutics- Aesthetics



The Study of Design

Wicked and adductive basis of designEmbracing complexity: information problem space as inspirational essence rather than reductive positivism Beyond programming: constructability, serviceability, flexibility, sustainability, adaptability…Multi/Inter/Trans-disciplinary expectationsTotal Quality Management: ISO 9000 for architectural firms?

Embracing Complexity

Systems not symptoms, moves not gesturesHolistic, systemic, and organicTerritory of problem spaceFinding the uniqueness Tools Theory

Facts

Ambiguous Ambiguous problem problem spacespace

Determinate boundaryDeterminate boundary

NoiseNoise

Determinate Determinate BoundaryBoundary

Hermeneutics & Cybernetics

Aesthetics and Eco-Aesthetics

The ontological function of the beautiful is to bridge the chasm between the ideal and the real. Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Relevance of the Beautiful

Aesthetic consideration conveys the interdependence of our sense of beauty and our intellectual understanding. Roger ScruttonArchitectural Aesthetics

Complex Buildings,Mindful Architecture

Form Finding: Invention versus Emergence

- Object versus Phenomenon- Adaptive Organic Whole- Nature as Model- Bimodal Forces- Strategic Performance- Parametric Shaping



Louis Kahn-

Richards Medical Labs

INTEGRATED BUILDINGSINTEGRATED BUILDINGS Olivetti Factory, Merlo Olivetti Factory, Merlo Argentina, Marco Zanuso, 1955Argentina, Marco Zanuso, 1955--19611961

Accountability and the Clinical Practice of Architecture

- Collaborative Stakeholders- Scenario Planning- Postoccupancy Evaluation- Continuous Commissioning- Automated Controls- Intelligent Robots- Genies- Frankensteins



Genies, Robots, & Frankensteins

•Frankenstein buildings have all the parts in all the right places, but none of the systemic complexity that evoke self-emergent order and animation. No organic wholeness.

•Robots will replace human intervention in the dynamic and intelligent adaptive response of buildings

•Genies will act as avatars of the building to interface with occupants and operators

http://honors.rit.edu/~wiki/index.php/Image:Artzybasheff_cybernetics_e52apr.jpg

Intelligent Robotic Buildings

Continuous and integrated monitoring of all systemsInteractive occupant control and feedbackReplace resources, size, and capacity with intelligence (J. T. Lyle)Dynamic response of envelope, mechanical, shading, daylighting, and other systemsBuilding learns from its own databaseArchitectural CAD package as the control interface

Design Learning,Design Research

- Creative- Professional- Aesthetic- Systemic- Complex



Design Learning

•Creativity involves both INNOVATION and APPROPRIATNESS

•Aesthetics involves both APPRECIATION and INTELLIGENCE

•Solutions involve both IMMEDIACY and FORESIGHT

•Architecture involves both MEANINGFUL GESTURES and SYSTEMIC RELATION

•Form seeking involves both INVENTION and EMERGENCE

•Design is the AND/BOTH unifying element

Complimentary Thinking

Studio (why not?)SyntheticReductivePrefiguredConstrained by timeMany permutationsProductFormalPropositionalArguablePhysical (immediacy)

Case Study (so what?)AnalyticalComplexOpen endedCondensed to narrativeOne actual historyProcessPerformalComprehensiveAccountableStrategic (foresight)

Complex Case Studies

Design Studio lacks: stakeholders, technical issues, budget, performance measures, systems selection, time…

Case Studies are: holistic, open-ended, narrative, comprehensive

Scope of Services

PreDesign Marketing DevelopmentContacts

Programming NeedsStrategies

Analysis SitePrecedent

Design Schematic ConceptFeasibility

Development PreliminaryPresentation

Construction DetailingCoordination

Construction Contract CostsQualification

Site Inspection AccuracyChanges

Payments CompletionChanges

Strategic Design Marketing DevelopmentContacts

Programming NeedsStrategies

Analysis SitePrecedent

Precommisioning IntentionAppropriate Systems

Physical Design Schematic ConceptFeasibility

Strategic Management Commisioning CheckQuality Management

Development PreliminaryPresentation

Construction DetailingCoordination

Construction Contract CostsQualification

Site Inspection AccuracyChanges

Payments CompletionChanges

Commissioning Move-inControls

Post Occupancy Post-Occupancy Evaluation SurveyCorrections

Continuous Commissioning BenchmarkingCorrections

""

Principles of Strategic Design

• Embrace complexity • Identify uniqueness• Cycle between global interactions

of interrelated effects and local action of immediate reality

• Separate the known, the unknowable, and the ambiguous as three regions of knowledge

• Focus on the ambiguous• Invent the future (Fuller)• Consider a building as a set of flows

(Groák)• Distinguish systemic solutions from

symptomatic ones

• Differentiate radical influences from secondary ones

• Unify strategic and physical aspects into complete mindfulness

• Understand the mission components

• Distinguish between facts, opinions, and ideas

• Seek collaborative discourse • Beware of hidden agendas• Adapt benchmarks from

relevant existing projects• Find the drivers

Discussion?

GENIES, ROBOTS, &

FRANKENSTEINS



How design provokes complexity research

- Perspective- Social Dimensions- Task Environment- Animated Buildings- Accountability- Design Learning

How/what/when to include new clean technology into designs?

Richard [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Territory

•Sustainable Development

•Housing Stock

•Need for Decision Tools in Design/Upgrading

•Can Complexity approaches help ?

Current Scene

• Sustainable Development is now on the agendas of all the main political parties.

• Affordable technology is becoming available

• Financial interventions are being made by Governments.

Homes – Utility Supplies

• Often choice of gas/oil/electricity/coal

• Ability to switch suppliers of the same fuel.

• External location of meters for easy reading by supplier.

• Water metering is now more popular.

Homes - Emerging capabilities in Utility Use

• Measurement of consumption by appliance.

• Measurement of main meters remotely by supplier.

• Sophisticated controls for heating systems

• Sophisticated on/off for lighting

• Separation and use of grey-water

Homes - Waste Collection

• ‘Add-on’ measures being imposed.• Measure vary by locality.• Sorting of waste at the home.• Financial penalties• Longer periods between collection• No storage space

Homes- Security

• Alarm systems commonplace• Triggering of external lighting systems• CCTV surveillance systems• Remote monitoring• Wireless sensors can be installed

Homes-Insulation

• Technology available• Not installed• Regulations/developers/owners at fault ?

In Summary

• Technology is being applied haphazardly.• Often DIY add-ons.• But generally proven technically with predictable

outcomes.

In Addition- Unproven Technology Options

• Solar Panels• Wind Turbines• Photovoltaic cells

With ..

• Unproven benefits• Uncertain costs• Unknown reliability

What is changing..

• Costs of utilities• Fears of security

PLUS

• Worries about retirement/nursing homes• Wish to keep out of hospitals• Environmental concerns and personal responsibilities

Independent Living

• Move to ground floor in later life?

• Sophisticated monitoring

• Helpful devices

• Medical equipment on permanent or temporary basis

Considerations for Expenditure

• Purchase price and enhancements• Reduction in operating costs• Resale Value (Capital Enhancement)

• Avoidance of alternative living costs• Security

Perspective of Developer

Driven by :

• Minimum Capital Cost ?

• Cost of ‘getting new technology wrong’

• Fitting or ‘preparing for’ new technology

• Degree of aggregation in housing complexes

Gross Uncertainties

• Government interventions

• Utilities/Medical costs

• Utilities/Medical scarcity

Tools for Decision Making

• Simply optimise a cost function?

• Lifetime cost with ‘Independent Living’ factored in as a cost-benefit ?

• Will there be counter-intuitive conclusions?

• Can ‘complexity’ tools help ?

1

I.C. Parmee

ACDDM Lab, CEMS, UWE, Bristol [email protected]

Institute for People-centred Computation(www.ip-cc.org.uk)

User-centred Intelligent Systems in Design:

Embracing complexity via a melding

of human and machine capability.

What is the likely nature of Computational Environments that truly embrace complexity during the early, conceptual stages of

design?

The nature of the domain-

Early / conceptual design -uncertainty and poor problem definition

Initial direction inspired bymental representation, experience, discussion, sparse data, coupled with user intuition and tacit knowledge.

Designer rapidly confounded by complexity

Urgent need for further information to improve understanding

Initial basic machine representation required

2

Initial basic models can be manipulated by machine-based search and exploration systems

Generate, extract, process, visualiseinformation from complex, poorly understood design domains

Reduce perceived complexity via a reduction in cognitive load

The nature of the conceptual designer

Westcotts’s ‘successful intuitives’ and ‘cautious successes’ - sub-groups who require differing amounts of information to solve complex problems.

Former group comfortable exploring uncertainty - confident in arriving at correct solutions based upon small amounts of information

Latter group prefer structure, certainty, control and far more information to arrive at successful conclusion.

Current CAD caters for latter group rather than the former

Only during later design stages that sufficient information available for current CAD.

Earlier stages and ‘successful intuitives’ very poorly supported by powerful computational capability available.

Very necessary to redress this imbalance as we face increasingly complex design

challenges and intrnational competition

3

Can user-centric intelligent systems overcome initial lack of understanding and associated uncertainty; support

an improving knowledge-base stimulate innovation and creativity?

Can they help us embrace complexity manner that will result in human /

machine-inspired emergence?

Initial models - exploration via solution evaluation against criteria / constraints perceived to be relevant at that time.

Provide design insight despite apparent

shortfalls.

Designer evaluates both the solutions and the representation

Qualitative and quantitative user evaluation gives indication of concept viability and model fidelity.

Iterative user / machine exploration lead to:

• improvements in understanding

• better representations

• developing knowledge base

Leads, through knowledge discovery, to representations / models supporting more rigorous analysis.

i.e. Evolve the design space leads to ‘best’ design direction and ultimately to optimal dsigns

4

What is required in re appropriate computational environments?

Development of representations /models from experiential knowledge, sparse data and collective reasoning;

Non-linear search and exploration processes to negotiate resulting complex solution spaces;

Capture of experiential / tacit knowledge

and intuition during reformulation;

Agent-based activities for information

extraction, processing and succinct

presentation;

Integration of machine-learning that

supports semi-autonomous activity.

Overall Aim?

Establishment of people-centredcomputationally intelligent search and exploration environments that support rapid concept formulation,

exploration and evaluation.

Need to concurrently negotiate two design spaces:

1. Machine-based quantitative space - bounded and inflexible when considered stand-alone (space defined by all variable combinations). Evolutionary search and exploration rapidly provides novel information that aids problem understanding. Such understanding and design reformulation radically alters initial bounds.

2. Designers' mental representations of problem - only bounded by current knowledge and understanding. Development of this problem space relies upon external stimuli - including output from (1) plus human intuition and judgement at both a quantitative and qualitative level.

5

Indication is that appropriate melding of these two spaces / approaches will support a holistic, knowledge-based approach results in significant step changes to machine-based representation and in overall understanding.

Such an approach could support the development of intuitive judgement and tacit knowledge relating to highly complex variable, objective and constraint relationships – especially in a such a dynamic design environment

Current work- development of user-centredintelligent systems that, during conceptual design:

Explore multi-variate/objective/constraint space.

Provide succinct graphical representation of complex relationships from various perspectives?

Support a better (intuitional/tacit/implicit?) understanding of complex relationships.

(Johnson, Machwe, Sedwell, Sharma, Simons- engineering, product, drug, software conceptual design)

Cognitive Aspects

Implicit learning and development of tacit knowledge

Regular achievement of high performance solutions to complex problems through manipulation of multiple input variables becomes easier as familiarity with problem increases [Berry D. C., Broadbent D. E., 1984].

Learning process is implicit as subjects have great difficulty in describing how they achieved such results.

Lively debate over validity of implicit learning in terms of how abstract such knowledge is and how unconscious is it acquirement.

Mathews and Roussell: IL’s function is to weave fragments of implicitly acquired knowledge into a coherent story

Reber assumes individuals abstract structural or featuralinformation from training exemplars and store this as a high-level generalisation.

6

Peruchet emphasises fragments (‘fragmentary account’) rather than whole exemplars

Whittlesea and Dorkin – ‘episodic accounts’ – specific processing of particular exemplars (i.e. encompass both exemplar and fragmentary accounts – Neal and Hesketh).

Shanks and St. John – human learning is almost invariably accompanied by concious awareness.

Lewicki – human cognitive system is capable of non-consciously detecting even subtle ‘hidden’ (and often incidental) co-variations between features or events in the environment.

Data Mining COGA Output

Focuses upon variable / objective space interaction

How can we support designer when concurrently negotiating these two n-dimensional spaces?

Current COGA utilisation in combinatorial drug design and in early design of underwater vehicles.

Cluster-oriented Genetic Algorithms

COGAs identify high performance regions of complex preliminary / conceptual design spaces

Approach can be utilised to generate highly relevant design information relating to single, multi-objective and constrained problem

domains

How do COGAs operate?

• Highly explorative GA / GAs

• Solutions extracted and passed through Adaptive Filter

• Better solutions pass into Final Clustering Set - defines HP regions

7

COGA output projected onto 2 dimensional hyperplane of

a multi-variable preliminary airframe design problem

Single objective Multiple objectives

Projection of COGA single and multi-objective output on 2D variable hyperplanes ( data from nine variable problem)

Not feasible to search through all 2D hyperplanes –single graphic required.

Parallel Co-ordinate Box Plot of high-performance solution distribution of each objective across all

variable dimensions. The length of the three vertical axes related to each variable indicates to what

extent COGA output for each objective covers each variable range. The degree of overlap of the three

boxes indicates the manner in which each variable affects the degree of conflict between the

objectives.

8

Utilising PCBP InformationUsing information available within the PCBP designer can:

i)Identify variables least affecting solution performance across full set of objectives (i.e. variables where full axes relating to each objective overlap e.g. 1, 2, 3, 6, & 9).

ii) Further identify minimum objective conflict i.e. where box plots relating to each objective largely overlap

iii) Identify conflicting objectives - evident from diverse distribution of box plots along some axes

iv) View related variable hyperplane projections for a different perspective of spatial distribution of objectives’ high-performance regions

Access to such hyperplanes driven by simple clicking operations on selected variable axes

v) View projections of high-performance regions on objective space – direct mapping between variable and objective space

Projection of ATR / FR regions on objective space

vi) View approximate Pareto frontiers generated from the non-

dominated sorting of HP region solutions

Distribution of solutions for

objective ATR1 and FR against

SPEA-II Pareto front

Distribution of solutions for

objective ATR1 and SEP1

against SPEA-II Pareto front.

9

Approximate Pareto frontiers generated through non-dominated solution sorting within the objectives’ HP regions

Pareto approximations are all that are required during conceptual design

COGA potentially offers more information than standard Pareto based methods

COGAs can provide much high-quality

information relating to solution distribution in

both variable and objective space

• A direct mapping can be achieved between

these two spaces

• Good approximations to relevant Pareto fronts

can be identified.

Questions posed:

Can unconscious recognition of variable, constraint and objective relationships play a role in design problem-solving processes?

Can this support a capability to unconsciously handle far more dimensions of info?

Can this support the development of an ‘intuitional map’ of complex space?

Related Work on Intractive EC

Illustrates representation issues, agent-support and machine- learning of designer preferences

Component-based representation adopted in recent work relating

to the Integration of Aesthetic Criteria with User-centric

Evolutionary Design of bridges and ‘urban furniture’ (Machwe &

Parmee 2005).

Structures developed from range of simple primitive shapes. This

allows required flexibility.

• Construction and Repair Agents (CARAs) assemble

primitives in accordance with appropriate rule-sets.

• CARAs create initial population then EP system performs SEO

within the space of possible structures.

• Disruptive mutation operations monitored by CARAs – repair

carried out if necessary.

10

User-centric design system as created for the interactive design of bridges and ‘urban furniture’.

QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURAL

EVALUATION

The Construction and Repair

Agent (C.A.R.A.)

• Major problem with component based representation: how to bring all components together in a sensible manner for initial population?

• Solution: Have a rule-based construction agent build the initial population within overall user constraints (e.g. span length/maximum height).

The Initial Population(using C.A.R.A. for 100m gap)

All the shapes in the initial population are odd but meaningful.

Quantitative Fitness Evaluation

• Objective 1: To minimise material usage.

• Objective 2: To maximise stability.» Closer the dimensions of a span to the ideal

slenderness ration (20:1) higher the stability.

11

Aesthetics and User Evaluation

Aesthetics take into account both rule-based and subjective factors.

Examples of rule-based aesthetics have:Symmetry of support placement (A1)Slenderness Ratio (A2)Uniformity in thickness of supports (A3)Uniformity in thickness of span sections (A4)

Each defined aesthetic is evaluated by a separate ‘Aesthetic Agent’.

In addition, ‘User assigned fitness’ (Ufit) is fitness given to design by user on a scale of 0 to 10 (10 being the best).

User can also mark solutions for preservation into the next generation.

User stipulates the frequency of user interaction (e.g. once every 10 generations).

Some Resulting Designs (without using aesthetic evaluation)

The designs have been optimised using simple engineering and materials usage minimization objectives.

Aesthetically pleasing shapes after 30 generations with user evaluation at every tenth generation.

.

12

Free-form Design of Urban Seating Arrangements

‘Urban furniture’ work far less constrained with more

complex CARA agent rules

Commenced with bench-like structures and have

progressed to much less restricted form comprising

multiple components

Still a mixture of machine-based and human-based

evaluation.

More complex construction rules

Examples follow.High performing bench-like designs.

Results from more free-form representations

Machine-learning and Reducing User-fatigue

Machine-learning techniques now introduced to reduce

degree of user-evaluation thereby reducing fatigue

Objective is on-line learning of user aesthetic preference –

Machine-based judgement slowly replaces human

judgement as generations progress.

A Case-based reasoning approach has proved best way

forward.

(see Machwe & Parmee; Design 2006, Dubrovnic)

13

Number of user made changes to machine assigned fitness at

different generations.

Now investigating the introduction of machine-learning in terms of user preference relating to CARA rules.

Involves introducing a capability for user to change construction rules and / or alter rule preferences

Machine then utilises Case-based approach to learn user preference and to evolve basic forms that are pleasing to the user

User maintains role thru approving or rejecting machine-generated rules – can step back and re-enter at will.

Moves closer to a generative system

Where are we heading?

Global

Search and

Exploration

Processes

User

Agent-based information / data extractors, collators

and processors

User-machine

InterfaceMachine-user

interface

Reformulated computational

representation and Search

Reconfiguration

Local / Global / ParallelSearch Initiation

Qualitative Solution and Information Analysis

Decision-making Team

Discussion / Brainstorming

Problem redefinition and

reformulation of machine-

based representation

Machine-learning processes

Machine Based

Human Centred

Possible configuration of the various system components and of user interactivity:

14

Imagine…….

Developing basic conceptual design models

Rapidly exploring space using local and global search

Extract info re characteristics of design domain whilst discovering HP solutions that best satisfy objectives / constraints seemingly relevant in terms of current understanding

Background processes present info succinctly, on-screen.

Objective conflicts become quantifiable and presentable thru background data processing.

On-line user actions (constraint softening, objective preference variation, modification of variable ranges) change the nature of the space and search direction

Machine-based agents provide indications of effects of changes - constantly advise user on solution correlation or re-direct to previously visited areas now possibly of more interest etc

Concurrent, finer-grained, localised search processes spawned to explore specific regions.

Actions become semi-autonomous as, via machine-learning, agents become more 'aware' of user requirement.

Environment becomes more immersive as user reacts to presented info and makes iterative changes to landscape.

Results of actions rapidly reported via agent systems

Relatively continuous process can be paused - info downloaded and presented to decision-making team.

Graphics showing history of user-instigated change -support traceability / analysis of team’s thinking.

Promotes discussion - allows perspectives of others to be integrated via problem re-definition.

Confidence in developing design models increases, knowledge-base becomes well-founded, uncertainty decreases.

Reduction in user-interaction - move from high-risk design definition phase through an intermediate phase of increasing confidence to more detailed analysis of a well-defined design space.

15

Possible directions for future Computer-aided Conceptual

Design Environments?

Some Associated Publications

Cvetkovic D., Parmee I. C., 2002. Agent-based Support within an Interactive

Evolutionary Design System.Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design,

Analysis and Manufacturing Journal; Cambridge University Press, 16 No.5.

Berry D [Ed]. How Implicit is Implicit Learning? Debates in Psychology; Oxford

University Press, 1997.

Machwe A. T., Parmee I. C. 2006, Integrating Aesthetic Criteria with

Evolutionary Processes in Complex, Free-form Design - an Initial Investigation.

IEEE Congress on Computational Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada, Best

Student Paper Award. Machwe,A. T, Parmee I. C,. 2006, Introducing

Machine-learning within an Interactive Evolutionary Design. Environment.

Design 2006. Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Machwe A. T., Parmee I. C., Miles.J. C., 2005, Integrating Aesthetic Criteria

with a User-centric Evolutionary System via a Component-based Design

Representation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering

Design (ICED), Melbourne.

Parmee I. C., Hall E. A., Miles J. C., Noyes, J. Simons C., 2006, Discovery in

Design: Developing a People-centred Computational Approach. Design 2006.

Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Parmee I. C., 2005, Human-centric Computational Intelligence Strategies

for Concept Exploration and Knowledge Discovery. The Analyst - Journal of

the Royal Society of Chemistry; 130 (1), 2005; PP 21-34

Parmee I. C., 2005, Human-centric Intelligent Systems for Design

Exploration and Knowledge Discovery. Proceedings of ASCE 2005

International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering, Cancun,

Mexico; July, 2005

Parmee I. C., Abraham J. A., 2004. Supporting Implicit Learning via the

Visualisation of COGA Multi-objective Data Proceedings of IEEE

International Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Portland, USA, pp

395-402, Best Overall Paper Award..

Parmee I. C., 2002. Improving Problem Definition through Interactive

Evolutionary ComputationJournal of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering

Design, Analysis and Manufacture - Special Issue: Human-computer

Interaction in Engineering, 16(3).

Parmee I.C., Bonham C.R.,1999. Towards the Support of Innovative

Conceptual Design Through Interactive Designer/Evolutionary Computing

Strategies. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and

Manufacturing Journal; Cambridge University Press, 14, pp 3-16.

Peter Johnson, Engineering Socio-technical Systems

Designing socio-technical and creative systems

Prof. Peter Johnson, University of Bath.


Background > Problem > Example > Insight> Application > Conclusion

• Systems– Comprising

• People, software, hardware - Interacting and working together• Full and through life health and evolution • Environmental, psycho-social, organistational, political,

economic and technical properties and constraints,– Delivering

• Services, capabilities and products• to a guaranteed level and cost• to a variety of users in a range of contexts

– That are• Designed, assessed, certified and used to good effect• In many domains of interest - health, defence, finance,

transport, manufacturing, leisure/entertainment, education and government

• .



• How can we understand the situations and contexts ?• How can we understand the components and their

interactions ?• How can we assess and guarantee the quality of the

services and capabilities ?• How do we design new systems that extend and

improve things? • How can we design, develop and assess systems

that we can understand and trust?



• Systems notoriously fail in delivery of service, in quality of service, in cost of development, …in ways we haven’t even thought of.

• There are many challenges surrounding people and systems.• People are involved in many ways:

• As designers• As direct users• As indirect users• As organisations• As Institutions

• The systems themselves include people.• Consider the Design problems and the Use problems



• Design Problems• Designing “capability”:

– Designers understanding is vague– Design representations are poor for this – Design process is not understood– Engineers are not skilled in designing systems that include

people.• How do we support designers with usable theory, principles,

methods, design tools, environments and processes.• How do we evaluate the usability of those tools etc etc• How well do those tools etc enable usable Systems to be

developed .



• Direct User Problems.• Users as components in the system that have to interact and

possibly even be instructed/commanded by non-human components.

• Users as interactors/collaborators with automated systems -issues of awareness, trust, tasking, and being tasked, teamwork, (shared responsibility and goals).

• Users as system configurers• Users as recipients (of System capability)



• Indirect Users– Purchasers– Suppliers– Commissioners - decommissioning– Strategy and Mission Planners– Maintenance and enhancement– Preceding and proceeding teams– Assessors

– Multiple and single Institutions:– as suppliers– as coordinators– as end users

• Acting as a System itself that provides, delivers and uses capability • Technology enabling new forms of business, service delivery and new

experiences of use.–



• User Requirements cannot be fully defined in advance of design

• Requirements “emerge”as design progresses.

• Need to involve Users in design• Participatory Design• Scenarios as Representations• Evaluation at every stage• Flexible and easily modifiable design

representations



• Participatory Design



• Scenario based design



• Evaluation at every stage



• Flexible and easily modifiable design representations


Interaction in Creative TasksSupporting Ideation, Representation and

Evaluation in Composition

Tim Coughlan & Peter JohnsonDepartment of Computer Science,University of Bath


Overview

• Creativity Research• Observational Study of Musical

Composition• Idea Representation and Creativity Support• Designing and Evaluating a Support Tool


Research Focus• The design of systems to support creative

tasks– Application of creativity research to design– Analysing individual and collaborative creative

processes– Designing prototype tools and observing the

effects of introducing them on the creative process

– Comparing support needs in different creative domains and how research can be generalised


Creative Tasks

“The production and use of ideas leading to a novel and valuable outcome”

(Necka, Csikszentmihalyi, Boden)


Creative Process: The Individual

• Structural ModelsPreparation:Incubation:Illumination:VerificationNot linear process, overlapping, parallel

• Two Stages / Types of Thought ProcessAssociative and Analytic ThinkingProblem finding and problem solving

• Problem finding: Exploration• Problem solving: Ill-structured


Creative Process: Groups / Social

• Recent shift to situationalist approaches• Creativity exists within a sociocultural context:

domain knowledge / rules and judgement through a field

(Csikszentmihalyi)• Diachronic (sharing of creative products)• Synchronic ('real-time' creativity)• Synchronic reliant on interactional synchrony

(understanding intentions & predicting next moves of collaborators)

(Sawyer)


Technology and Creativity• Tools are integral to the creative process in

most domains: New technology supports the production of novel outcomes

• Technology supports creative tasks: – Collect– Relate– Create– Donate

(Shneiderman)• Need to understand how people interact

with tools and each other to be creative


Studying Musical Composition• Field study of musical

production society meetings

• Session with separate group of five musicians

• Six hours of observation • Observations of two

software tools used by individual & pair of musicians: Fruity Loops and Hyperscore


Analysis: Observations• Composition occurs across sessions • Individuals bring personal composition ideas to sessions (diachronic and synchronic interaction)• Multiple composition methods• Ideas as atomic components of the process:

“A thought, image, notion or concept formed by the mind”

• Ideas in music: melody, structure, use of style • Development through cycles of idea creation, representation and evaluation


Model of Representation Use


Analysis: Software Tools

• Tools offer new creative opportunities but...• Constrained creativity through design of

representational form– Lack of information– Lack of flexibility

• Same cyclical process identified but...– Play of instruments was replaced by machine

play– Confined to set method of visual representation


Idea Representation“Any externalisation, either a physical object or temporal

signal, which describes elements of a creative idea”

• Reflective Practice: a conversation with materials used to understand the problem

• Pen and Paper as a shared 'virtual world' in which possible solutions are explored

(Schön)• Representational determinism: Representations of the

problem available change problem solving process and outcomes

(Zhang / Zhang & Norman)


Types of Idea Representation Used

– Play • For communication and realisation of ideas / composition

– Vocalisations• Voice used to communicate ideas humming, whistling etc.

– Play Gestures • Coordinate Play, Communicate tempo, opinion

– Verbal Communications• Communicate possible moves, opinions, refer to domain

– Visual Representation• Represent structure / retain between sessions

– Artefact Gestures• Pointing at visual representation to communicate use of ideas

– Recordings• Review / retention in natural form


Designing a Support Tool for Idea Representation

• Explore support for idea representation in music– Iterative design and evaluation process – Build on requirements from theory & our analysis– Qualitative data on process, not measurement of value

of creative outcomes• Test under various use conditions

– Where and how is it useful?• Study effects on composition process

– Supporting new types of collaborative composition


Designing a Support Tool for Idea Representation

Requirements• Minimal idea

representation costs• Any instrument• Support evaluation of

ideas individually and in different contexts

• Support free-form visual representation

• Collaborative and individual use in different environments

Implementation• Foot pedal or one click

audio recording• Link recordings to play

sequentially / simultaneously

• Free-form 2D space for representing composition

• Sketch icons• Networked space


Sonic Sketchpad

1st Design Iteration●Single Machine●Single 'Page'

2nd Design Iteration●Standalone / Networked●Library of Recordings / Pages


1st Iteration Evaluations• Evaluation as two individuals and pairProcesses

– Jam together, Record and review, Record over playUsability

– Pedal useful but users not paying attention to the screen– Icon sketching distracting or just novel?


2nd Iteration Evaluations• Pair of users: Synchronous Distanced, Synchronous

Co-located & Asynchronous use• Co-located: Jamming and Recording• Distanced / Asynchronous: 'Call and response'• Achieved support for multiple evaluations of

recordings and responses


Conclusions• Musical composition involves a cyclical process

of ideation and evaluation, this is compatible with a generalised view of creativity

• The representational forms available affect creative process and outcomes

• How to generalise creativity support research while supporting domain-specific interpretation?

• Idea representation is central to creative processes and connects the domain-specific (types) and the generalisable (uses)



• Socio-technical Systems are complex systems. • Their requirements change as technology develops• They are not encompassed by standard systems

engineering• That require us to develop:

– new conceptual understanding, – new forms of modelling– new methods of analysis and assessment

• To enable the different communities to work together.• To design the interaction of the components.


Thank you.

Questions and discussions …..

…..please




• Carroll - Why Designing User Interaction is hard?



• Systems, involving software, hardware, people, networked and interacting together.

• Providing services and capabilities• In Complex situations and contexts• Serving the needs of people, societies and

organisations to enhance society, the environment and the quality of life.



• Understanding systems, components and their interactions– Analysing– Modelling– Designing– Assessing– Maintaining – Certifying– …..– ….



• No single discipline.• Many disciplines can make valuable contributions.• Challenge - to create strong inter-disciplinary design

environment,– In which discipline experts can contribute,

stimulate and be stimulated,– Drawing upon collective strengths,– In specialist environments in which those

strengths are created, nurtured and thrive.

Co-evolution towards Sustainable DevelopmentSynchronising social and technical change

Ralf Brand

Embracing Complexity in DesignMeshing Human and Technological Purposes into Design

University of Liverpool, 25th April 2007

How to make the world a better place?

Rely ontechnologies

Improvehumanbeings The contribution of the

design professions?

Technical fix versus social fix



Tate, J. and Mulugetta, Y. (1998) Sustainability: The technocratic challenge. Town Planning Review, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp 65-86.

Aim of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014):

“…to bring about behavioural changes”


Lamberton, G. (2005) Sustainable sufficiency - an internally consistent version of sustainability. Sustainable Development. Vol.13, No. 1; pp 53-68.

In Hasselt:

Suggestion to build a third ring-road around the city


In Hasselt:

Suggestion for an awareness-raising campaign


Structure of the SD Discourse

Win-Win-Win

Carrots and Sticks

Technical fix Social fix

Tacit efficiency

“Truer” pleasures

Calls for responsibilityCalls for responsibility

BehaviourTechnology

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnology Draught

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnology Draught Doorcloser

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnologyDoorcloser Wedge

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnologySensor Wedge

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnologySensor Uninvitedguests

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnologyChip card

Uninvitedguests

STS Basics

BehaviourTechnology

STS Basics


Win-Win-Win

Carrots and Sticks

Scripts


Tacit efficiency


Calls for responsibility


Win-Win-Win

Carrots and Sticks

Scripts


Tacit efficiency


Calls for responsibility

– Artefacts that enforce or enable certain behaviours

– Artefacts’ “scripts” (Akrich),

“programmes” (Latour)

“affordances” (environmental psychology)

“agendas” (Brand)

– ≠ Technological determinismbut acknowledgement of gravitational pull on behaviour

Technology

STS Basics

Behaviour

Re-action xRe-action xRe-Re-action xRe-Re-action xRe-action x

Re-action xRe-action xRe-Re-action xRe-Re-action x

Technology

STS BasicsRe-action x

Behaviour

Social fixes and technical fixes …

• are deceptively simple / simplistic …• but ignore / reduce complexity …• to an illegitimate / unuseful degree.

• The relationship between the social and the technical is recursive, fluid, dynamic, in short: complex.

• In order to solve real problems we need to pay attention to socio-technical complexity.

The automobile as the result and shaper of social practices.

The arms race between spam authors and spam filters.

“Seamless web”(Hughes)

“Movens motumque”(Brand)

“The technical and the social always come in a package.”(Bijker)

Neither structure nor agency take primacy (Giddens)

Increasing printer performance and social expectations

ConceptsExamples

STS, Complexity, Design & Sustainability

• Examples from sustainable buildings– Subversion of high-efficiency aircon – I– Subversion of high-efficiency aircon – II

• Sus. buildings alone cannot constitute sustainability

• Sus. citizens alone cannot constitute sustainability– Bicycling commuters– Kiss & Ride lane

• We need to understand people’s total chain of experiential needs in order to achieve user compliance and to facilitate sustainable social practices.

Facilitation of social practices}

Usercompliance}

Co-evolution of social and technical change

• alias: synchronisation of technical & social change

• meshes human and technological purposes into design

• embraces the complexity and messiness of the socio-technical

• anticipates re-re-re-actions through dialogue

• negotiates and defines affordances ex-ante

• requires collaboration between natural and social sciences

• works best if users are appointed as co-designers

• is not equivalent to social engineering or dominationbecause it does not rely on prescriptive artefactsit makes use of “enabling” artefacts (Latour)

Co-evolution in Action

- Radical remodelling of the mobility infrastructure- From 4 to 2 lanes, bus lanes, bicycle lanes- Focus on aesthetically pleasant environment- Massive greening, car-free zones- Guarded bicycle stands- Showers and lockers for cyclists in companies- Shopping trolleys between stores- Bus shelters upgraded- Bus services increased eightfold & free of charge

With massive citizen inputNeither a technical nor a social fix

Co-evolution in Action

Further topics

1) Definition of Co-evolution

2) Further examples of prescription in the built environment

3) Co-evolution and questions of governance

4) Vested interests in reducing the socio-technical complexity

Definition: Co-evolution

Co-evolution tries to overcome the dichotomy

between technology-oriented and behaviour-oriented

approaches in the sustainability discourse. This

happens through strategic alliances between users

and providers / designers of technologies, in order to

jointly define problems and to search for innovative

solutions. The result is a new technological ‘regime’

which makes new social practices attractive.



















Further topics





Prescription in the built environment• Improve human beings through technical objects

– Gualdo Tadino / Cardinal del Monte (1487–1555)

– Jeremy Bentham’s (1748–1832) Panopticon

– Robert Moses’ bridges to Long Island (1930s to 50s)

– Gottfried Feder’s “Neue Stadt” (1930s)

– CPTED (Since 1970s)

– Merchant-friendly design of cities

– “Self-explaining street”

Prescription in the built environment• Brodey praises “intelligent environments”

• Sommer endorses “design for behavior change”

• Lipman: behavior “determined by the physical environment”

• Becker & Keim: The urban environment as a “potential impulse for collective behavior”

• Moos: “The design of environments is … probably the most powerful technique to influence behavior”

• “Social engineering”

Further topics





Questions of Governance• Co-evolution takes user concerns into account

– It works best with proactive user input / participation

– Can user input be substituted with enlightened leadership?

• Co-evolution is a concerted & coordinated approach– Is top-down leadership indispensable?

– Can bottom-up efforts provide the necessary framework?

• Can someone (the state, the market, the citizenry) provide process leadership without pre-empting substantive outcomes?

Questions of Governance• State Case study Singapore

• Market Case study Houston, TX

• Citizenry Case study The Hague

+ Reverse study Case study Vancouver

Forms of Governance & Co-evolution

Further topics





Vested interests in reducing the socio-technical complexity

• Truth claims

• Institutions

• Money

• Demand

Vested interests in reducing complexity

• Truth claimsTechnophilia Modernism

Technophobia Anti-Modernism

– Modernists: Teleological mission

– Modernists: Universal certainty

– Anti-modernists: Denial of absolute Truth

– Anti-modernists: Fear of Faustian technologies

Polemical allegations

~ “The uniqueness of science grants natural scientists and engineers a continued privileged status in the quest for uncovering the scientific aspects for sustainability”(Bäckstrand)

“Frantic, self-righteous calls by neurotic dropouts to give up soap and hot water and live in teepees are not likely to have wide appeal.“ (Bisk)

• Institutions

– Natural sciences versus Social sciences

– Civil engineers versus Social workers

– RAE’s “Units of Assessment”

– UK Research Councils

– Journal missions & peer-review process

– “Groomed solipsism”

Arts & HumanitiesEconomic & Social Res.

Engineering & Physical Sc.Natural Environment Res.


• Money– Commodification of solutions

– Return for R&D

– “Rage for the new” (Cohen)

– Facilitation of dialogue costs money

– Long-term savings as sufficient argument?

– Positive development: “User Innovator” trend


• Demand

– Simple solutions are easier to sell

– Contrasts attract attention

– “Synchronisation” has a lower slogan-value

– “More action – Fewer words”

Some “environmentalists expect enlightened dictators to bite the bullet of technological reform …if a greedy populace shirks its duty" (Feenberg)


Further topics





www.coevolution.info

[email protected]

Thank you

Documents

TG62 - Built Environment Complexitysite.cibworld.nl/dl/publications/TG62.pdfEmbracing Complexity in Design Workshop Meshing Human and Technological Purposes into Design Wednesday 25th