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The 8 Principal Parts of Speech
NounA noun names a person, place, thing, quality, or condition.
Nouns have number: singular and plural and gender: masculine, feminine or neuter.
Types of Nouns Proper nouns name a specific person, place, thing,
quality, or condition. They are always capitalized.
Common nouns name ordinary persons, places, things, qualities, or conditions.
*Frequent noun suffixes: -ion, -er/-or, -on, -ity, -ing (without a preceding helping verb).
Pronoun
A pronoun replaces a noun or other pronoun. All pronouns have number and gender.
ALL pronouns need clearly stated antecedents.
Antecedent: a noun to which the pronoun refers or a noun the pronoun replaces.
Types of Pronouns(Examples and explanations follow.)
• Personal: replace people; reflect CASE (usage) and PERSON (who is speaking)• Reflexive: refer to –self/-selves• Demonstrative: replace by pointing out nouns/pronouns• Interrogative: ask questions• Indefinite: replace non-specific nouns/pronouns• Relative: connects a noun or adjective clause to the independent clause
Personal and Reflexive PronounsNominativeUsed as subject or predicate nominative
ObjectiveUsed as direct or indirect object or object of a preposition
PossessiveUsed to show ownership;
may also be possessive adjectives
ReflexiveUsed to refer to self
1st I me my, mine myself
2nd you you your, yours
yourself
3rd he, she, it
him, her, it
his,
her, hers,
its
himself,
herself,
itself
1st we us our, ours ourselves
2nd you you your, yours
yourselves
3rd they them their, theirs
themselves
Types of Pronouns
• Demonstrative
• Interrogative: when response is a noun/pronoun– Who? replaces people; nominative case– Whose? replaces people; possessive case– Whom? replaces people; objective case– Which? replaces objects/places; nominative, objective,
possessive case– What? replaces objects/places; nominative or objective case
singular plural
near this these
far that those
Types of Pronouns
• Indefinite– Always singular: each, either, neither, one
no- every- -one
some- any- -body– Always plural: both, few, several, many– Either depending on antecedent: some, all,
any, none, most
Types of Pronouns
• Relative– who refers to people; nominative case– whom refers to people; objective case– whose refers to people; possessive case– which refers to things/places; all cases– that refers to all; all cases
Adjective
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.It will answer the following questions:
- What kind of noun/pronoun?- Which noun/pronoun?
- How many noun/pronoun?
*Frequent adjective suffixes: -ive, -ous, -ate, -al, -ful
Types of Adjectives (Examples and explanations follow.)
• Article: state a noun/pronoun will follow
• Demonstrative: show nouns/pronouns
• Interrogative: ask questions about
nouns/pronouns
• Indefinite: describe non-specific
nouns/pronouns
Types of Adjectives
• Articles (the, a/an)– Definite: speaker and audience share specific
noun/pronoun – Indefinite: speaker and audience relate
unknown noun/pronoun
• Demonstrative (used before a noun/pronoun)
singular plural
near this these
far that those
Types of Adjectives• Interrogative (used before a noun/pronoun)
– What? – Which?
• Indefinite (used before a noun/pronoun)– Each - Most– Either - No– Neither - All– Some - One– Any
VerbA verb is a word that shows action, state of
being, links a word in the subject to a word in the predicate, or helps another verb show tense.
A verb phrase is one or more helping verbs and a main verb that show action, state of being, or link a word in the subject to a word in the predicate. The group of words functions as one verb.
Types of Verbs (Examples and explanations follow.)
• Action: Can you or could you do it?
• Linking: functions like an =
• Helping: helps other verbs show tense
Tense is the time the verb shows.
Frequent verb suffixes: -ed, -ing
Types of Verbs
• Action Verbs– Transitive: must be used with a direct object
• Direct Object: Find these three criteria:» Noun or pronoun» After Action Verb» Answers: (Action Verb) whom?
(Action Verb) what?
– Intransitive: never a direct object after it
Types of Verbs
• Linking Verbsseem stay is
smell grow are
taste remain was
look appear were
feel become be
sound being been
Types of Verbs• Helping Verbs (always followed by another verb in a
verb phrase)
am can shall
is may will
are must have
was might has
were could had
be would do
being should did
been does
AdverbAn adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
It will answer the following: (verb/adjective/adverb) how? “ when? “ where? “ why? “ to what extent? how long/much? “ under what conditions?
Frequent adverb suffixes: -ly (Not all -ly words are adverbs.)
Always adverbs: not, never, always, very, soon, too,
also
Prepositions
A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun after it to another word in the sentence.
The noun or pronoun after the preposition is called the Object of the Preposition. A preposition may not exist in a sentence without an object.
Think of it as anywhere a cat can be or go in relationship to a house. (p. 352)
Conjunction
A conjunction connects words or groups of words.
Types of Conjunctions (Examples and explanations follow.)
- Coordinate/coordinating - Correlative - Subordinate
Types of Conjunctions
Coordinate/Coordinating: joins equal words or
groups of words
- and: joins equals- but: excludes equals- or: allows choice- nor: negative choice- for: similar to because- yet: similar to but
Types of Conjunction
Correlative Conjunctions: joins equal words
or groups of words;
found in pairs
-either … or
-neither … nor
-both … and
-not only …but also
Types of Conjunctions
Subordinate: joins unequal parts of sentences; usually an adverb clause to an independent clause
Examples: because, so, when, if, where,
while (p. 419)
InterjectionAn interjection shows emotion or strong feeling
but has no other grammatical tie to the sentence.
Types of InterjectionsMild interjections are punctuated with a comma
and are not separated from the rest of the sentence
Strong interjections are punctuated with an exclamation point and are separated from the rest of the sentence.