THE AGE OF

IMPERIALISMEUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN

CHINA, INDIA, AND AFRICA

VOCABULARY OF IMPERIALISM

IMPERIALISM–THE PRACTICE OF ACQUIRING COLONIES FOR

THE BENEFIT OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY

MOTHER COUNTRY– A state that controls colonies

COLONY– An area controlled by another country for that

country’s benefit

VOCABULARY OF IMPERIALISM

RAW MATERIALS– Natural material that can be manufactured into a

more valuable product• For ex: rubber is a cheap natural resource necessary for

manufacturing tires

MANUFACTURED GOODS– Products made in a factory from raw materials that

can be sold to consumers• For ex: tires are a manufactured good that can be sold to

consumers at a higher price than rubber

COLONY

Produces raw materials for the mother country’s

industry and buys the manufactured goods the mother country

produces

COLONY– MOTHER COUNTRY RELATIONSHIP

MOTHER COUNTRY

Uses raw materials from the colonies to make manufactured goods and then sells them to the colonies

MANUFACTURED GOODS

•RAW MATERIALS

•MONEY

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

ECONOMIC• Because of the Industrial

Revolution many European countries produced a surplus of manufactured goods

• Factory owners also needed raw materials for factories

• Factory owners needed places to sell the goods they produced

• European countries acquired colonies to gain raw materials and sell manufactured goods

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

POLITICAL• NATIONALISM–Countries competed to

acquire colonies to show their power and show up their rivals

• PRESTIGE–Honor and respect–More colonies = more prestige

from other countries

• These two ideas caused European countries to acquire colonies in Asia and Africa

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

MILITARY• NAVAL BASES– European countries built advanced

and large navies– They needed bases to supply their

ships all over the world– Europeans took colonies to serve

as bases– Great Britain, Germany, Japan, the

USA, Italy, and France all did this

• MANPOWER– European countries used the

population of their colonies as soldiers

MILITARY BASES

CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

RACIAL• SUPERIORITY

– Europeans were technologically superior to all other parts of the world

– They viewed all other peoples as inferior to them

• THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN– Europeans felt it was their duty to

“civilize” non-Europeans– They wanted to make non-

Europeans more like them – They conquered Asians and

Africans• Forced natives to speak their

language• Changed native customs• Spread Christianity• Westernization

WHO PRACTICED IMPERIALISM?

USAEUROPE

JAPAN

RUSSIA

WHO WERE THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALISM?

AFRICA

CHINA &

KOREA

IN DI A

IMPERIALISM IN

INDIA

INDIAN HISTORY: A TIMELINE

MAURYAN EMPIRE•321 BC – 232 AD•Emperor Asoka

GUPTA EMPIRE•320 AD – 535 AD•Golden Age of Hindu culture

MUSLIM INVASIONS•1000 AD – 1500 AD

MUGHAL EMPIRE•1526 AD – 1857 AD•Muslim dominated•Emperor Akbar the Great

GREAT BRITAIN’S IN INDIA•1600 – 1857: British East India Company increasingly controls India•1857: SEPOY REBELLION•1858 – 1947: Britain controls India as a colony

BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN INDIA

BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES TO INDIA: 1600 – 1750•Private company given control over trade w/ India by the British government in 1600•Established trading posts and traded tea and other luxuries w/ Europe

BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY TAKES CONTROL: 1750 – 1857•Mughal Empire was very weak and was losing control of India•As a result the British East India Company took control over much of India•The East India Company controlled these areas like a government:

Collected taxes, built roads and schools, spread ChristianityCreated an westernized army using native Indian soldiers called SEPOYS

THE SEPOY REBELLION: 1857 – 1858•Many Indians were unhappy w/ the British East India Company’s rule of India•East India Company went too far by giving bullets to their Sepoys greased w/ cow and pig fatThis violates the beliefs of Muslims and HindusThe Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and tried to drive the British out of India (very violent and brutal)•The rebellion failed, Britain’s Parliament took away the East India Company’s power and ran India as a colony until 1947

THE SEPOY MUTINY

BRITISH INDIA

THE RISE OF JAPAN

MEIJI RESTORATION OF 1868

OLD JAPAN

EMPEROR

SHOGUN(Military leader)

DAIMYO(Nobles)

SAMURAI(Similar to knights

in Europe)

Peasant Farmers &

Craftsmen

Merchants

JAPAN MODERNIZES: 1853 – 1905

1853PERRY EXPEDITION•USA sends a naval expedition to force Japan to trade with America•Japan is threatened into agreeing to give up isolation and trade with Europe & America

1904 – 1905RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR•Japan & Russia both wanted Korea as a colony and to use China as a market for goods and source of raw materials•Japan shocks the world and defeats Russia, a major European power•Treaty of Portsmouth: gives Japan control of Korean and spheres of influence in China

1868MEIJI RESTORATION•Emperor Meiji and his supporters force the conservative shogun out of power•Create a limited monarchy based on Germany’s government•Reduced the power of daimyo & samurai•Immediately westernized Japan’s military, government, economy, and society

1894 – 1895SINO – JAPANESE WAR•Japan fights a war with China over control of Korea•Japan’s westernized army defeats China easily•Japan begins to acquire colonies throughout Asia

PERRY EXPEDITION

MEIJI RESTORATION

A SCENE FROM A NEW MODERN JAPAN AFTER THE REFORMS OF THE MEIJI RESTORATION

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE

How did they do it?• POLITICAL REFORMS– MEIJI CONSTITUTION

(1889)• Emperor held most political power in Japan• Established equality of all men before the law• Created an elected legislature with limited powers• Only wealthy men had the power to vote

– Created a strong government to implement reforms

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE

How did they do it?• ECONOMIC REFORMS– Government helps

business• Builds railroads and ports• Sets up banks & factories

– Wealthy families buy factories from the government and set up their own businesses

– Japan quickly goes through an Industrial Revolution

– The Japanese economy is westernized and modern

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE

How did they do it?• SOCIAL REFORMS– Established equality

between social classes• Took away some of the privileges of the daimyo and samurai, but they still held political power

– Built schools and universities• Increased education• Students sent to Europe to study western ideas

– Adopted western dress, customs, and culture

– Women had few rights and were left out of government

JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE

How did they do it?• MILITARY REFORMS– Main goal of Japan’s

plans for westernization – Wanted a strong to

resist western imperialism

– Copied western armies and navies• Used guns and cannons• Built modern warships• Created large armies

using peasant manpower– Built a very strong

military based on the Prussian army

SINO-JAPANESE WAR

RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR

JAPAN BUILDS A COLONIAL EMPIRE

THE DECLINE OF THE CHINESE

EMPIRE&

IMPERIALISM IN CHINA

CHINESE DECLINE: mid 1800s

TAIPING REBELLION• Peasant rebellion in

the mid 19th century• Caused by peasants’

desire for their own land

• Killed millions of Chinese

• Eventually stopped by the government

• Caused massive chaos and destruction

OPIUM WARS• British government sold

opium (an addictive drug) to the Chinese people

• Chinese government tried to stop the drug trade

• Britain declared war and used modern technology to defeat the Chinese army & navy

• Unequal treaties favored Britain, forcing China to trade with Europe

TAIPING REBELLION

OPIUM WARS

EUROPE COMES TO CHINA:

Spheres of Influence• “Sphere of Influence”– An area of one country unofficially controlled

by another country

• Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and Japan divide China into “spheres of influence”– They each wanted raw materials, markets,

naval bases, prestige, and to spread Western culture

• Europe now controlled much of China

WHAT DID CHINA DO ABOUT IT?

FAILURE TO REFORM

• Conservatives controlled the Chinese government

• They did change China to meet the European threat

• China failed to westernize or modernize its military, economy, or society

BOXER REBELLION• In 1899, Chinese

nationalists rebelled to kick foreigners out of China

• They were called Boxers

• The Boxers hated foreigners and attacked Europeans all over China

• European countries & the USA teamed up and crushed the rebellion

FAILURE OF THE BOXER REBELLION

•The Boxers tried to drive “foreign devils” from China

•The Boxers used martial arts and believed they were immune to bullets, they were wrong

•Europeans crushed the rebellion and established stronger control over China

IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM ON

CHINABEFORE IMPERIALISM CHINA WAS:

• A powerful empire• United under a

strong central government

• The most powerful empire and culture in Asia

AFTER IMPERIALISM CHINA WAS:

• Weak & divided• Controlled by

European states• 2,000 year old

Chinese empire collapsed in 1911

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

WHY COLONIZE AFRICA?

• NATIONALIST CAUSES– Nationalist feelings led to competition between

European countries to gain colonies in Africa– European states all wanted the PRESTIGE

increase that came from gaining colonies– Europeans took over most of Africa for this

reason

• ECONOMIC CAUSES– Africa was rich in natural resources• Gold, coffee, silver, rubber, copper, diamonds, etc.

– Colonies in Africa provided raw materials and were a market for European manufactured goods

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”

• Before 1878 most of Africa was free• Between 1878 and 1914 European states

acquired colonies over almost all of Africa• Only two African states (Liberia & Ethiopia)

were not colonies of Europe in 1914• CONGRESS OF BERLIN– In 1884, the countries of Europe met and

started to divide up Africa between them– After this meeting European countries

“scrambled” to take as many colonies in Africa as they could

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”

• FRANCE–Conquered a large empire in west Africa

• BRITAIN–Conquered the largest empire in Africa–Controlled South Africa, Egypt, and most

of the land in between

• OTHER EUROPEAN STATES–Belgium, Germany, Italy all acquired a

few colonies to add to their prestige

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”

“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”

SCRAMBLING FOR AFRICA

1.How does this cartoon reflect the idea of a “scramble” for Africa?

2.Why were European countries interested in acquiring colonies in Africa?

POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES OF IMPERIALISM FOR COLONIES &

MOTHER COUNTRIES

POSITIVES OF IMPERIALISM

• MOTHER COUNTRY– Access to raw materials & markets– Increased political power and prestige– Naval bases and ports for fueling ships– Spreading their culture, language, and way

of life• COLONY– Political Unity

• Ex) India, under British rule, became united for the 1st time ever

– Westernization• Increased education, literacy, medicine, and disease

prevention– Economic development

• Europeans built roads, railroads, telegraph lines, mines, sewers

NEGATIVES OF IMPERIALISM

• MOTHER COUNTRY– Competition for colonies led to war & conflict

with other European countries– Cost of maintaining & defending colonies was

high– Opposition by natives to being controlled by

Europe• COLONY

– Lack of political freedom– Artificial borders

• Europeans created colonies with groups of people living together that historically didn’t get along

– Lack of economic development• Colonies relied on Europeans for ALL manufactured

goods– Suppression of native culture

• Europeans restricted the culture, religion, and customs of people they controlled in colonies