1861-1865

The Civil War (1861-1865)a period of war between Northern + Southern statesThe free states were called the Army of the Union (U.S.) and were compromised of 23 states;The 11 slave states called themselves the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)

The Civil War (1861-1865)By the end of the war, 600,000 soldiers had diedWhich represents more than all the deaths of our other campaigns combined!Over die from disease than bullets

A Deeply Divided AmericaBefore the war, the country boasted 31,000,000 citizens and34 states (Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas)In the South, 4,000,000 were slaves They made up of the total population. During this time, blacks are born & live in filth, disease, and ignorance.

A Deeply Divided AmericaTaylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan were Presidents between 1849-1861They were largely ineffective, and their inactions helped further the cause for war.

Differences between northern and southern states:__________ economyindustrialfree__________ economyagriculturalslave

A Deeply Divided AmericaSecession had been suggested many times as only way to deal with slaveryIn their eyes slavery only way to preserve their economy - they didnt know what to do without slavesAmerican Slavery had existed for so long (1619) that it was called a peculiar institution

Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) - by Harriet B. Stowe told a violent story that moved many to join abolitionistsSold 300,000 copies in the first year.2 million in a decade!Society tried to end slavery several times during this period.

Societys Efforts to Stop SlaveryThe Underground Railroad was created by Harriet Tubman + other conductors to evacuate slaves from South- nearly 50,000 saved by the railroad.Tubman herself rescued over 300 slaves after her escape.

The State of Slavery in AmericaRACISM RULED throughout countryEven Northern Abolitionists were racist by modern standards. Churches, schools, and even cemeteries wouldnt accept them; workers didnt trust them because they were worried about their own jobs

The State of Slavery in AmericaIn the South, girl slaves were used and sold as breeders for more slaves.

Southerners saw their slaves as property, which could be moved with them to new lands.

The Wilmot Proviso (1846)The Wilmot Proviso (1846) unsuccessfully tried to end slavery by making it illegal in lands won during the Mexican War.

An America Free, or Slave?Several attempts made to deal with slavery NONE WERE SUCCESSFULThe Missouri Compromise (1820) The nation kept an uneasy balance of power by admitting Missouri (SLAVE state) and Maine (FREE state)

An America Free, or Slave?The Compromise of 1850 California statehood swung the balance to the North. To maintain the balance, power and future states were allowed popular sovereignty.

Path to War (1850-1856)Several events placed the country on a path to war.Bleeding Kansas (1856) proved that popular sovereignty was a failure in settling this issue.As a result, Kansas collapsed into civil war and more than 200 people were killed.The debate even spilled over into violence in the nations capital.

Path to War (1850-1856)In 1856, Preston Brooks brutally attacked Charles Sumner with a cane over a speech Sumner had made.

Path to War (1850-1856)In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost. The Supreme Court said that Scott was not a free man, and that Congress had no right to outlaw slavery in any territory.

The Final Straws came in 1859-1860When John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry failed. He was captured and hanged by the South.

1860ElectionResults

Abraham Lincolns ElectionFinally, Lincolns election in 1860 pushed the South over the edge: slaveholders call him The Black Republican because he supported abolition. On December 20, 1860 South Carolina seceded from the Union, in response to Lincolns victory.

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Abraham Lincoln won the election in 1860 over his longtime rival Stephen Douglas, who Lincoln debated several times in 1858.With Lincolns election, the nation began to tear itself apart.

Leadership during the WarAbraham Lincoln (US)Jefferson Davis (CSA)

The Union and Confederacy in 1861

Realities of the CampaignEach side made critical errors in the early years of the WarLincoln seriously underestimates the will of the South not prepared for response his army receives in early years of the WarThe South wrongly assumes Britain will come to its aid all of Europe has banned slavery by 1860

Ranking North v. South: 1861

Resources

22 million populationBank industry and factoriesValue of goods increasedHorses and Railroad tracksFirearms and munitions Production 90% of industry GOODSControlled the Navy

excellent generals -Robert E. Lee and Thomas JacksonFamiliarity with the land makes defending always easier than attackingFarmers fight better than factory workersProfitable economy based on cotton exports

Weapons of the Civil WarMost soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, (only three times in one minute.) Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards.

Destruction from ArtilleryIn the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power.Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!. Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards.

The Monitor

Key BattlesFort Sumter ( April 1861): Start of the War

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July 1861 Union defeat Forces both sides to realize that the War will not end quickly

Fort Donelson February 1862Attacks by Ulysses S. Grant gave the Union its first victory of the War

Shiloh - April 1862Union Victory (24,000 casualties)

Antietam, 1862Union Victory largest loss of life during the War (more than 25,000 casualties)

January 1, 1863Freed the slaves only in states that seceded from the Union.It did not free slaves in border states.Constitution forbid Lincoln to free slaves in the Union

After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union ArmyInitially they were only used for manual laborEventually, Blacks saw live combat54th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney

African-Americans in Civil War Battles

Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territoryJuly 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa.Confed. bombardment; Union held firmon July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down (= "Picketts Charge")Lee was defeated and retreated to VirginiaGettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

Vicksburg July 1863won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi RiverGrant was then given control of all Union armies began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South

Shermans Total War March 1864General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah tore up rail lines, destroyed crops, burned/looted towns

Presidential Election of 1864 Shermans Total War Assures Victory

Surrender at Appomattox April 1865April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's armyLee surrenders on April 9, 1865 Terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Effects of the Civil WarCreation of a single unified country (nationalism)Abolition of slaveryIncreased power of fed. gov't killed the issue of states rights To cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and intro'd income taxIn a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interruptedU.S. now an industrial nationW. lands increasingly opened to settlementSouth was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...

Abraham LincolnLincoln was an outspoken opponent of slavery Abraham Lincolns speeches help define peoples perceptions of basic human rights & the role of government in protecting it

Abraham LincolnA house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. - (1858)

Abraham LincolnThe mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearth-stone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature." - 1st Inaugural Address (1861)

Abraham Lincoln"...that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that this government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." - Gettysburg Address (1863)

Abraham Lincoln"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphan - to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations." 2nd Inaugural Address (1865)

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